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Introduccin
Muchas personas asocian la contaminacin del aire con el advenimiento de la Revolucin Industrial (Peavy et al., 1998) La contaminacin del aire ha estado presente desde hace siglos Los primeros eventos de contaminacin probablemente fueron de origen natural (gases de volcanes, incendios forestales, resuspensin elica, aerosoles naturales formados por terpenos) Luego, las causas de tipo antrpico aparecen en 2 escena
Introduccin
Actualmente, la contaminacin del aire se genera principalmente por las actividades socioeconmicas (demanda de energa) Industria Transporte
Generacin elctrica
Agricultura
Introduccin
Cada da, millones de personas desarrollan actividades que demandan energa (IEA, 1997) Hay que trasladarse hasta los sitios de trabajo, universidades, producir bienes de consumo, servicios, transportar mercancas, calentar o enfriar las viviendas y edificios.
Introduccin
Eficiencia energtica (The World Bank, 1998): It is one of the main strategic measures not only for conservation of energy resources but also for abatement of air pollution and the slowing down of anthropogenic climate change. measures to reduce energy demand should be priorities across all sector of economy
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Introduccin
Contaminacin del aire La sociedad moderna basa su nivel de vida en actividades que consumen ingentes cantidades de recursos energticos Las eliminacin de estas actividades afectara de manera drstica el nivel de vida. Esta opcin muy pocas veces es considerada. En todos los pases se prefiere continuar con las actividades y tratar de controlar la emisin de contaminantes del aire
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Coal was used not only in lime kilns and forges, but also in glass furnaces, brick furnaces, breweries and home heating
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Water is boiled under a close device. The steam push up a piston in a cylinder, and the movement of the cylinder could be used to do work Thomas Savery patented the first steam engine (inefficient, capturing only 1 percent of the maximum possible energy)
James Watt improved its efficiency and made some modifications
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1948
1952 1962
Donora, Pennsylvania
London London
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4 000 700
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Symptoms included chest pain, cough, shortness of breath and eye irritation 20
Symptoms: cough, sore throat, chest constriction, shortness of breath, eye irritation, nausea and vomiting
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Noontime photography of Donora, on October 29, 1948, during a deadly smog event (Jacobson, 2002). The smog event darkened the city during peak daylight hours
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Photochemical smog
Also, persistent pollution problems in sunny regions have gained notoriety in the twentieth century Layer of pollution formed almost daily in Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles (July 23, 2000)
Other sources than smokestacks, as locomotives, diesel trucks, backyard incinerators an automobiles
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Photochemical smog
The chemistry photochemical smog was first elucidated by Arie Haagen-Smit (1900 1977) He found than when exposed to ozone sealed in a chamber, plants exhibited the same type of damage as did plants exposed to outdoor smog, suggesting that ozone was a constituent of photochemical smog
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Photochemical smog
Haagen-Smit also found that ozone caused eye irritation, damage to materials and respiratory problems Other researchers found that rubber, exposed to high ozone levels, cracked within minutes
In 1952, Haagen-Smit discovered the mechanism of ozone formation in smog. In the laboratory, he produced ozone from oxides of nitrogen and reactive organic gases in the presence of sunlight (Jacobson, 2002)
He suggested that ozone and its precursors were the most important constituents of Los Angeles photochemical smog
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Photochemical smog
It has since been observed in most cites of the world. Notable sites: Mexico City, Santiago, Tokyo, Beijing, Johannesburg, European Mediterranean zones, specially Athens It is now recognized that to be a world-wide problem in areas where volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from major mobile and stationary sources are trapped by thermal inversion and irradiated by sunlight during transport to downwind regions (Finlayson and Pitts, 2000)
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