P rinciples of Ultra Wideband Communication

Overview yang.yongzhao@ nokia.com

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Introduction
His tory What is Ultra wideband technology Main principlee Difference from WCDMA S ignal & S pectral characteris tics Channel s tatis tical characteris tics Modulation & demodulation T rans ceiver Antenna Applications R eference
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His tory
T he earlies t UWB s ys tem, S park-gap trans mitter in 1897 by Gugliermo Marconi UWB as a technology began developing in 1950s Larry F ullerton is the firs t who conceived the idea of UWB in 1973 and founded the T ime Domain Corporation Modern UWB s ys tem, is done at S perry R es earch Center in the 1980s by R os s in 1980s and 1990s the principle of time-domain electromagnetics were applied to wireles s communications

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Difference from WCDMA

It is not the traditional s pread s pectrum technique. Lower interference Without dedicated frequency Inherent covertnes s in s ecure Us ing a unique timing code for a pair of s pecific trans ceivers Multiple puls e compris e each bit, + timing code make this technology s uitable for nois y radio environment S ame advantage: enhance proces s gain on received s ignal, operate in the pres ence of other higher-powered radio s ys tem
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UWB characteris tics (1)

UWB s hares the s ame s pectrum with exis ting us ers A revolutionary wireles s technology UWB s ys tems make us e of narrow puls e (Impuls e) and time-domain s ignal proces s ing. T rans mitting digital data over a wide s pectrum of frequency with very low power (Ptx<50mw) At very high trans mis s ion rate (WLAN) (s hort dis tance); At very low trans mis s ion rate (telemetry applications ) Ability to carry huge amount of data through doors or other obs tacles

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UWB characteris tics (2)

T ime modulation UWB technology is not a continuous s ine wave technology Does not require an as s igned frequency or a power amplifier T his technology does not interfere with regular radio s ervices T he invention potentially opens up an almos t limitles s number of new channels for communication Low probability of intercept/detection and anti-jam properties : ideal for covert communication links No interference to the narrowband s ys tem in deicated bands
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P rinciple (1)
T ime Domain's founder, Larry F ullerton dis covered that s ingle R F monocycles could be trans mitted through an antenna and by precis ely pos itioning thes e monocycles in time and then us ing a matched receiver to recover the trans mis s ions created a whole new wireles s medium. Utilizing narrow Gaus s ian mono-puls es and time hopping s pread the s ignal s pectrum over a wide frequency range Puls e timing within the allotted puls e frame is controlled by a time PN code. T he PN code determines the time bin as s oiated with each puls es niominal time. T ime modulation (T M) is utilized to trans mit each data bit by precis ely controlling the timing of each puls e within its des ignated time bin. T ime hopping s pread the s ignal s pectrum -> R F energy to dis tribute more uniformly acros s the frequency band. -> channelization for multiacces s s ys tems

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P rinciple (2)
In traditional fas hion, the communication s ys tem alway us es the s ome frequency band, and the radio s pectrum is divided into band and the channel. and then the s ignal trans mitted in the channel can be tractable, and the s ignal is s aid carrying by the carrier. UWB s ys ytem operates as s pread s pectrum s ys tems : i.e. bandwidth>> minimal effective data rate Very s hort duration of puls e -> T he duration of the puls e is typically s hort that the interval corres ponding to a s ingle bit. UWB does not rely on a s preading s equence or a hopping s equence to produce a wide bandwidth s ignal -> s hort duration of bas ic puls e It has always been pos s ible to generate the s ignal without the carrier. Carrierles s -> Anttena is excited with bas eband s ignal directly.
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UWB works in the power-limited regime.

UWB s ys tems
S ys tem can be des igned with traditional R F principle, with the high attenuation. High carrier freq. >10GHz

F rB<0.25

UWB s ys tem It is difficult tpdes ign the s ys tem with traditional R F principle. lower carrier freq. 2-3GHz

F rB>0.25

F ractional bandwidth (F rB): is the ratio of the bandwidthof a s ignal to the center frequency of trans mis s ion.
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T ime-domain modulation i.e. impuls e radio

S patial S pectrum
Power s pectral dens ity (PS D)

Conventional radio s ervice trans mis s ion

UWB trns mis s ion F requency

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S patial Capacity

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S ignals
A general UWB puls e train s ignal cab be pres ented as a s um of puls es s hifted in time:

s (t ) =

k =

p (t t k )

where, s (t) is the UWB s ignal; p(t) is the bas ic puls e s hape; ak and tk are the amplitude and time offs et for each individual puls e. Due to the s hort duration of the puls e, the s pectrum of the UWB s ignal can be s everal gigahertz or more in bandwidth. F CC propos es that UWB s ys tem be permitted to operate on an unlicens ed bas is at extremely low trans mit power levels .

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S ignal - monocycle

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Monocycle in T D and F D

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P uls e train in T D and F D

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Generate the long s equence

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Near-white UWB s ignal s pectrum

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Modulation (1)
B P S K (Binary phas e-s hift keying) modualtion: if data
s equence is random and i.i.d. with zero mean, the s pectrum will vanis h. (S pectrum lines will incur the reduction of the total trans mit power.)

P uls e-pos ition modulation (PPM): T ime domain s ignal proces s ing:

T he puls es are not uniformly paced in time.

s (t ) =

k =

p(t kT + a T )
k

where, ak is the data ak {-1,1} and T is the amount of puls e advance or delay in time relative to the reference (unmodulated) pos tion Whenever 1/ is an interger greater that two, then there are no s pectrum lines . OOK: On-off keying PAM: Puls e-amplitude modulation

Others :

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Modulation (2)
Cons ider the trans mis s ion of a train of puls es equally s paced in time. the receiver proces s ing determines whether each received puls e is located where expected or arrives early or late. With PPM, a s lightly retarted puls e could repres ent a 0 and a s lightly advanced puls e could repres ent a 1 when trans mitting digital information. T he important point in Modulations s election is to cons ider the s pectral properties in order to archieve maximum power efficiency.

i.e. to s elect a power efficient modulation s cheme with a s mooth PS D (power s prectrum dens ity).

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P uls e P os ition Modulation

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Coding and channelization

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Cons tallation dis grams

BPS K
Greates t inter-s ymbol dis tance: 3 dB advantage in efficiency than PPM. It s eems the bes t s election from this viewpoint.

PPM
T ime offs ets for the puls es are chos en to make two pos s ible puls es orthogonal at the receiver. PPM mus t us e 2 times bit energy to archieve the s ame bit error rate compared to BPS K

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S pectrums
BPS K:

1 2 BPSK ( f ) = P( f ) T OOK: (PPM: when 1/ is an integer greater than two)

1 1 2 ( f ) = P( f ) + 2 T T

k =

k k P( ) ( f ) T T
dis crete s pectral lines

where P(f) is the F ourier trans form of p(t) (f) is the unit impuls e

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Demodulation
S cheme s election: T arget is to reduce the complexity of s tructures . Non-coherent (an envelope detector) demodulation is bas ed on

S implify timing requirement Bandwidth required of s amplers or A/D converters

UWB has had many properties to reduce the des ign complexity:

No requirement on carrier recovery or frequeny trans lation UWB trans mitter will not require a power amplifier. BPS K mus t us e a coherent demodulation: every puls e looks the s ame out of the envelope detection. Pos s ible to us e the optimal R AKE combining to improve the S /I.

Coherent demodulation:

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F orward error correction and coding

Operation in a power-limited regime has implications for forward error correction techniques . S ignal-s pace codes , s uch as T relli codes , that increas e the alphabet s ize are good for band-limited applications , but not as appropriate for UWB s ys tems . Appropriate coding technique for power-limited regime als o has the potential to s ignificiantly improve the UWB s ys tem performance.

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T rans mitter/receiver
UWB trns mitter: operates in bas eband, no power amplification, bas eband mono-puls e is directly apllied to the antenna UWB receiver: operates in bas eband, no IF s tage E ntire UWB trans ceiver s ys tems have been fabricated on CMOS chips .

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P uls eON T M UWB trans ceiver

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Correlator Output
A correlator is a correlation receiver A correlator multiplies the received R F s ignal with a templete waveform, and then integrates the output of that proces s to yield a s ingle DC voltage. T his multiply-Integrate proces s occurs over the duartion of the puls e Correlator is an optimal earlt/late detector: when the received puls e is of a puls e early, the output is +1 when the received puls e is e of puls e late, the output is -1 when the received puls e arrives centered in the correlation window, the output is 0 T he puls e-integration proces s will pick up the trans mitted s ignal below the nois e floor
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Antennas
Antenna technique has a challenge for UWB s ys tem, es pecially for one in which the fractional bandwith is greater than 0.25.

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An indoor channel model

Indoor communication is the main us e of UWB in communication field now. T he channel can be modeled by the s ignal (las t s lide) Main parameters to characterize the indoor channel model

Multipath delay s pread Multipath idens ity profile Multipath fading dis tribution Multipath arrival times

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Indoor UWB channel s tatis tics (1)

A UWB channel can be defined by the S NR of the LOS path.

SNR = 10 log

N 1 2 n =0 2

s (n, )

where, s (n,) is the normalized larges t incident s ignal; N is the numer of time s amples where the s ignal is as s umed to be nonzero, is the angle-of-arrival, and 2 is the variance of the nois e floor.

dB

T he temporal-s patial dis tribution of s ignal energy is charateris ed by the firs t moment and the root of sN econd moment of power delay profile: 1
Tk

2 nr (n, k ) n =0 N 1 2 n =0

r (n, k )
2 2 ( n T ) r (n, k ) k n =0 N 1

T ,k =

N 1 2 n =0

r (n, k )

where, r(n,k) is the kth received s ignal (bas ed on dis crete time s ignals )
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Indoor UWB channel s tatis tics (2)

Delay s pread is often reported as the median of the collection of meas urement T he s patial dis tribution of the s ignal energy can be meas ured by the firs t and root of s econd moments of received angular profile: N 1 2
=

k n =0 N 1 2 n =0

k =

2 2 ( ) k n =0

N 1

2 n =0

N 1

where k is the amplitude of the s ignal component incident from angle k, is the power2 weighte average AOA, and is the R MS AOA k can be interpreted as the energy accumulated at the angle k during the meas urement time window.

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Multipath components
One of potential benefits of UWB radio is its multipath res olution. T he multipath components can be dis tinct identified in UWB s ys tem, but may not be res olved in more narrow s ys tem. T raditional s pectrum analyzers cannot be us ed to meas ure the UWB channel res pons e at a meaningful dis tance. A receiver us ing a time modulated ultra-wideband rake receiver concept, s canning receiver, has been deveploing in T imeDomain Ltd. Divers ity is applied for improving the s ys tem performance
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P ower delay profile

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P ropagation properties

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Multipath

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Multipath reflection

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S ys tem capacity
Puls ON radio s ys tem T hous ands of voice channels per cell without s pecial s ignal proces s ing algorithm 200-1000 s imultaneous duplex 64 kbps telephone convers ation per bae s tation Us ing s ectored bas e s tation antenna technique, more capacity can be achieved

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Applications
Geo-loaction s ys tem R adar, pos ition locator, tracking, ranging Indoor wireles s communication (s hort range) with

Unlicens ed operation R es is tance to multipath interference Low trans mit power

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R eference

T he temporal and s pectral characteris tcs of Ultra wideband s ignals , William A. Kis s is ck, U.S . Department of Commerce, Jan. 2001, NT IA report 01-383. T ime Domain Coroperation, www.time-domain.com Ultra-wideband Working goup, www.uwb.org/s tandards .htm Broad is the way, lower power radio, T erry Mitchell, IE E R eview Jan. 2001.pp. 35-39 S patio-temporal divers ity in Ultra-wideband radio, J.m. Cramer, and etc. IE E E , 1999, pp. 888-892 S ys tem cons iderations for Ultra-Wideband wireles s networks , Matthew L. Welborn, XtremeS pectrum, Inc., IE E E 2001, pp. 5-8 Ultra-Wideband antenna array, Kaveh Heidary, IE E E 2001, pp.472-475 Preliminary res ults of an ultra-wideband (impuls e) s canning receiver, P. Withington, etc, 1999IE E E , 11861190 Impuls e R adio: How it works , Moe Z . Win., et al, 1998IE E E , communication letters , Vol 2, No. 2, F eb. 1998, pp. 36-38 Ultra-ide bandwidth time-hopping s pread-s pectrum impuls e radio for wireles s multi-acces s communications , Moe, Z . Win, et,al, IE E E , T rans . on Communications , vol. 48, No.4 April 2000, pp. 679691 S pectral dens ity of random time-hopping s pread-s pectrum UWB s ignals with Uniform timing Jitter, Moe Z . Win., 1999IE E E , pp.1196-1200 Ps eudo-Chaotic time hopping for UWB impuls e radio, Gian Mario Maggio, et al, IE E E T rans on Ccircuits and s ys tems , vol. 48, No. 12, Dec. 2001

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