CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

M. J. D. TAGAZA INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: JANUARY 8, 2014 INSTRUCTORS NAME: MARO PEA

METHODOLOGY In the experiment, the effects of temperature and concentration on equilibrium were determined on different systems. The first system was the Iron (II)-Silver Ions system. 1ml of 0.1M FeSO4 was mixed with 0.1M AgNO3 in a centrifuge test tube. The setup was then centrifuged and the supernate was transferred into another test tube by decantation. Drops of the supernate in three different test tubes were tested for the presence of Fe2+, Ag+, and Fe3+. Drops of 0.1M K3Fe(CN)6 was added to the first test tube to confirm the presence of Fe2+ ions, 1.0M HCL was added to the second test tube to confirm for the presence of Ag+ ions, and 0.1M KSCN was added to the third test tube to confirm for the presence of Fe3+. In the second system, the Copper (II)Ammonia system, 1 ml of 0.1M CuSO4 was transferred into a test tube and 1.00M NH3 was added to the set-up dropwise, counting the number of drops needed to from a precipitate and also the number of drops needed for the precipitate to dissolve. The associated color changes were also recorded. In the third system, the ChromateDichromate system, a spot plate was used and labelled the four wells 1 to 4. Five drops of 0.10M K2CrO4 was placed in wells 1 and 2, while 5 drops of 0.10M K2Cr2O7 were placed in wells 3 and 4. The colors of the solutions in wells 1 and 3 were compared with the colors of the solutions in wells 2 and 4 after adding 2 drops of 2.0M H2SO4 in wells 1 and 3 and 2 drops of 2.0M NaOH in wells 2 and 4.

In the fourth system, the Iron (III) ChlorideThiocyanate system, a stock solution was prepared by putting 1 ml of 0.1M FeCl3, 1 ml of 0.1M KSCN and 50 ml of distilled water in a 100-ml beaker. Two milliliters of the stock solution was put in each of the four test tubes labelled 1 to 4, with the test tube 1 serving as the control. The color of the solutions and the formation of precipitate in each test tubes were recorded after 10 drops of 0.1M FeCl3 were added to test tube 2, 10 drops of 0.1M KSCN were added to test tube 3, and 3 drops of 2.0M NaOH were added to test tube 4. In the last system, the Cobalt (II) Ions system, a hot water bath was prepared and two test tubes were labelled 1 and 2, with test tube 1 serving as the control. One milliliter of 0.10M CoCl2 was put to each test tube and drops of concentrated HCL were transferred into test tube 2 until the color of the solution changed. Afterwards, test tube 2 was placed in the prepared water bath and the color change was recorded. The color change was recorded again when it was placed in an ambient water bath. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The different systems tested in the experiment met the expected results. The experiment was all about the concept of chemical equilibrium and the reaction systems that are in equilibrium followed the Le Chateliers Principle consistently. In the first system, iron (II) silver ions system, the result for testing for the presence

of Fe2+, Ag+, and Fe3+ in the supernate turned out to be positive. It can be concluded that the reaction followed the Le Chateliers Principle and the system is in equilibrium since the rate of the forward and reverse reactions were equal. In the second system, copper (II) ammonia, addition of ammonia showed the forward phase of the reaction since the stress was at the reactant side. The system tends to shift to either side of the reaction in order to maintain equilibrium when the either of the systems side is disturbed, like the addition of reagents. In the third system, chromate-dichromate system, Cr2O72- is stable in acidic medium while CrO42- is stable in basic medium. The addition of acid or base in the system caused the concentration to change so when CrO42was exposed in an acidic medium, it pushed the system to form Cr2O72- ions, while exposing Cr2O72- in a basic solution pushed the reaction to form CrO42- ions. The color changes that were recorded were due to the shifting in equilibrium. In the fourth system, iron (III) chloridethiocyanate system, the reaction between SCN- and Fe3+ formed Fe(SCN)3. Increasing the reactant concentrations created more products and pushed the system to favor the forward reaction. Upon the addition of NaOH to the solution in test tube 4, no color change appeared, but in the addition of FeCl3 and KSCN to the test tubes 2 and 3, the color

orange became darker due to the bias in the forward reaction. In the last system, Cobalt (II) ions system, the effect of temperature was observed. The solution turned from purple color to a bright blue complex at high temperature because the reaction was endothermic, which favoured the forward reaction, producing more CoCl42- which is blue in color. When the reaction was exothermic, it favoured the reverse reaction, producing Co(H2O)62+ which is pink in color. The solution was said to be in equilibrium if the color was pink (both blue and pink complexes were present). The experiment could obtain better results if the reagents were of high purity and the amounts of reagents that were used in the different system being observed were exact, so it is recommended that instead of using droppers, use a measuring pipette. REFERENCES [1] Chemistry 17 Laboratory Manual, Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman. [2] Petrucci, R. H., et al. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 10th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 2010