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BriefOverview
Problemswithincreasingnetworkdemands Solutionsproposed&theirlimitations EvolutionofDWDM Technicaldetails Drawbacks OngoingResearch Conclusion
GrowingNetworkUsagePatterns
Issues
Exponentialincreaseinuserdemandforbandwidth
Doublingofbandwidthrequirementevery69months
Consistencyinqualityofservicesprovided Keepingthecostofsolutionsatbay
Solutions
Increasechannelcapacity:TDM,WDM Statisticalmultiplexingofusers:Multipleopticalfibers
Anotherglimpseatthesolutions
TDM
Slotting of channels simultaneous users Increasing bit rate to maximize utilization of given bandwidth
WDM
Use of optical fibers to achieve higher speeds Utilize wavelengths to multiplex users Allow continuous channel allocation per user Increases the effective bandwidth of existing fiber
Limitationsofcurrentsolutions
TDM
fast can we go? (Decides how small the time slots can be)
WDM
Inefficient usage of full capacity of the optical fiber Capability C bilit of f carrying i signals i l efficiently ffi i tl over short h t distances di t only l
EvolutionofDWDM
Late 1990s 1996 DWDM Early 1990s Narrowband WDM 1980 s 1980s Wideband WDM
64+ channels 25~50 GHz spacing 16+ channels h l 100~200 GHz spacing 2~8 channels 200~400 GHz spacing 2 channels 1310nm, 1550nm
WhatisDWDM?
Definition
Densewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(DWDM)isafiberoptic transmissiontechniquethatemployslightwavelengthstotransmit dataparallelbybitorserialbycharacter
HowdoesDWDM W Mfairbetter?
NoOEOrequired Protocol&BitRateindependence p yatmuchlowercost Increasedoverallcapacity
Currentfiberplantinvestmentcanbeoptimizedbyafactor ofatleast32
Transparency
Physicallayerarchitecture supportsbothTDManddata formatssuchasATM,GigabitEthernet,etc.
Scalability
Utilizeabundanceofdarkfibersinmetropolitanareasand enterprise p networks
CapacityExpansion
BasicComponents&Operation
Transmitting T i i Side Sid
Laserswithprecisestable wavelengths OpticalMultiplexers
OntheLink
O Optical i lfib fiber Opticalamplifiers
ReceivingSide
Photodetectors OpticalDemultiplexers
Opticaladd/drop multiplexers
OpticalAmplifier
Drawbacks
Dispersion p
Chromaticdispersion Polarizationmodedispersion p
Attenuation
Intrinsic:Scattering,Absorption,etc. Extrinsic:ManufacturingStress Stress,Environment, Environment etc etc.
Fourwavemixing
Nonlinearnatureofrefractiveindexofopticalfiber LimitschannelcapacityoftheDWDMSystem
OngoingDevelopments
NortelNetworks
MetroDWDM OPTeraLongHaul5000OpticalLineSystem
CiscoSystems
ONS15200Metro M t DWDMSolution S l ti
LucentTechnologies
LambdaXtremeTransport WaveStarOLS1.6T
AgilityCommunications&UCSantaBarbara
TunableLasersusedformultiplewavelengths
Conclusion
Robustandsimpledesign WorksentirelyintheOpticaldomain Multipliesthecapacityofthenetworkmanyfold CheapComponents HandlesthepresentBWdemandcosteffectively Maximumutilizationofuntappedresources Bestsuitedforlonghaulnetworks