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Introduction
During initial design of reinforced concrete beams, structural engineers typically estimate the general sizing of the beam using conventional hand equations. [Reference ACI 318]
Conventional hand analysis approaches involve using linear elastic equations to compute equivalent, or transformed, cross sectional properties. Elastic equations are limited to estimating the onset of RC beam cracking of the concrete and to some extent also approximating ultimate failure of the RC beam after initial cracking. To analyze the regions between initial cracking and ultimate failure, nonlinear FE analysis techniques are required.
RC Beam Definition
RC Beam from Buckhouse Testing (1997) Marquette University1,2
Reinforcement Layout
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Elastic Cracked Approach: The elastic cracked method assumes concrete tension
stress has exceeded cracking limits and neglects any concrete tension stress. Linear elastic compressive stresses are balanced by tension stresses in the reinforcement.
= 7.5 = 7.5 4,800 = 520 Calculated cracking moment, Mcr, and corresponding equivalent loading Pcr = 4,680 lbs. The equivalent linear elastic deflections = 0.050; gross section properties per ACI. Cracking moment, Mcr_tr, and corresponding equivalent loading Pcr_tr = 5,080 lbs. The equivalent linear elastic deflections for this applied loading = 0.052; composite transformed section properties.
The calculated ultimate moment capacity Mu = 826,740 in-lbs. Equivalent ultimate loading Pu, = 13,780 lbs. The equivalent deflections at this applied ultimate loading applied loading = 0.548.
RC Beam Ultimate Cracked Section Properties
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For comparison purposes it was decided to duplicate as closely as possibly the RC beam test article and FEA model definition described by Foley & Buckhouse1 and Wolanski2.
Due to the symmetry of loading and geometry, the full RC beam can be idealized using quarter symmetric idealization; symmetric boundary conditions (constraints) are denoted.
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= 0.62 /
Typical stress-strain
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Steel Reinforcement
The steel reinforcement (rebar & stirrups) is idealized using Rod/Truss elements with discrete idealization of rebar with the concrete; i.e. rebar & concrete elements sharing common nodes.
Linear Youngs Modulus, Es = 29,000,000 psi Poissons Ratio, = 0.3 Yield Stress, Fty, = 60,000 psi Bi-Linear Elastic-Plastic Modulus, E1 = 2,900 psi (nearly perfectly plastic)
Applied Loading
Buckhouse1 lists the ultimate recorded loading at failure equal to 16,300 lbs. To ensure uniform deflections at the load points, individual concentrated loading is distributed as shown below.
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Solution Parameters
The MSC/Marc nonlinear solution Load Increment Parameters were set to Adaptive increment type as shown below. The Iteration Tolerance Parameters for convergence were set to Residual Force = 10%.
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Results: Notes
The nonlinear FEA MSC/Marc solution contains only 17 output steps using adaptive load stepping In the analysis performed by Wolanski2 the iteration parameters were adjusted during selected load steps to ensure the analytical results better fit the experimental data. Having prior knowledge of the solution to the nonlinear response is not what is generally available to analysts attempting to predict the response of beams before they are built. For the analysis outlined herein, no prior knowledge of the solution is assumed and it was decided to perform the analysis by applying the full ultimate loading and letting the program solution determine what happens in between zero load and full ultimate loading.
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References
1. Christopher M. Foley and Evan R. Buckhouse, Strengthening Existing Reinforced Concrete Beams for Flexure Using Bolted External Structural Steel Channels, Structural Engineering Report MUST-98-1, January 1998. 2. Anthony J. Wolanski, B.S., Flexural Behavior of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams Using Finite Element Analysis, Masters Thesis, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin May, 2004.
3. ACI 318-08, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1992.
4. MSC/Marc Reference Manuals & Finite Element Analysis System: Volumes A, B, C, D" MSC Software Corporation, 2 MacArthur Place, Santa Ana, California 92707
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