EnergyManagementSystems (EMS)

DrMSRMurty

SCADASystem
SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA) SupervisoryControl=>RemoteControlofFieldDevices DataAcquisition=>MonitoringofFieldConditions SCADASystemComponents MasterStation=>SystemNerveCenterLocatedin ElectricUtilityEnergyControlCenter(ECC); DispatchersUsetoMonitorandControlPowerSystem FieldDevices=>NeededWhereverThereisDatatobeSent toMasterStation(Substations,LinesorFeeders) Communications=>LinksMasterStationwithField Devices;Continuous24by7Operation

SCADASYSTEMCONFIGURATION

EnergyControlCenter

EnergyManagementSystem(EMS) PrimaryFunctions
NetworkConfiguration/TopologyProcessor StateEstimation ContingencyAnalysis ThreePhaseBalancedOperatorPowerFlow OptimalPowerFlow DispatcherTrainingSimulator

DistributionAutomationSystem(DAS) PrimaryFunctions
VoltageReduction LoadManagement PowerFactorControl TwoWayDistributionCommunications ShortTermLoadForecasting Fault Identification/Fault Isolation/Service Restoration InterfacetoIntelligentElectronicDevices(IEDs)

Energy Management System: Applications

Operations Load Management Energy Management Training Training Simulator

Data Acquisition

SCADA

Automatic Generation Control

EMS Functions Power System Simulation

Supervising Control

Security Control

Instructional System

SCADA Functions
Data acquisition. Supervisory Control. Tagging: Identifying a device that should not be operated. Alarms: Analysis, Chronology. Logging. Load Shedding Trending.

SCADA Computer
Downloading RTV files. Conversion of engineering units. Management of communication circuit configuration. Detection & ciation of alarms. Sequence of events recording. Respond to operator requests for information display, execution of control action, etc.

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

Major functions: a) Load Frequency Control (LFC). b) Economic Dispatch (ED). Objectives of Load Frequency Control:

i) To maintain frequency at scheduled value. ii) To maintain net power inter-changes with neighboring control areas at scheduled values. iii) To maintain power allocation among generated units at economic values.

Economic Dispatch
Minimum cost dispatch : Equal incremental cost criteria ED Algorithm (Thermal) considers

: Generator incremental Costs- Penalty factors Transmission loss factors : Water worth concept is used.

For Hydro

LFC and ED functions in real time:

LFC : Every few seconds ED : Every few minutes Conflict : Unit control Errors (UCE) in different directions by LFC & ED Logic : Permissive Control : Follow load Mandatory control : Follow Economics

Energy Management Functions

System load forecast Unit Commitment : Every hour for a period of 1-7 days. : Start up & shut down times for most economic operation of thermal units for each hour. : Economic choice, fuel purchase contracts.

Fuel Scheduling

Transaction evaluation : Purchase & sale of energy with neighboring companies. Transmission loss minimization : Controller actions for minimization of loss. Security constrained dispatch : Ensuring eco dispatch without violating network security. Production cost calculation : Actual & economical for each generated unit on hourly basis.

Real-time Network Analysis Sequence

Transmission Loss Factors Optimal Power Flow

SCADA

Network Topology

State Estimator

Contingency Analysis

Security Enhancement

Bus Load Forecast

Preventive Action

Study Network Analysis: Based on postulated state

Power Flow Contingency Analysis Optimal Power Flow Short Circuit Analysis

Security Control
Starts with current state and executes programs sequentially. Contingency: Event that causes important component to be removed from service (eg:tr-line, generator, transformer). A list of contingencies are processed as applicable to current state.

 Topology Processing: Building a network model based on real-time measurements. State Estimator: Determining best estimate from real-time measurements. Power Flow: Load flow analysis (Voltages, Phase angles). Contingency Analysis: Impact of a set of contingencies to identify harmful ones.

 Optimal Power Flow: Optimization of a specified objective function (with constraints). Preventive Action: To prevent contingency. Short Circuit Analysis: Determines the fault currents for 1- & 3- faults for fault locations across the power system network.

Power System
National SCADA/EMS Regional SCADA/EMS Substation Substation Regional SCADA/EMS

Generation Transmission

G
RTU

SCADA RTU

SCADA RTU RTU Substation

Distribution

Substation

SCADA/EMS/DMS Architecture
HMI

Measurements RTU Controls

Process Communication Unit

SCADA

EMS

DMS

Measurements

Approximate sizes Data points SCADA EMS DMS 100 1 000 000 10 000 100 000 Sub stations 1 10 000 100 10 000

High load Updated events per second analogs per second 10 10 000 10 10 000

10 000 1 000 000 1000 100 000

DMSFunctions
ThreePhaseUnbalancedOperatorPowerFlow MapSeriesGraphics InterfacetoAutomatedMapping/Facilities Management(AM/FM)orGeographic InformationSystem(GIS) InterfaceToCustomerInformationSystem (CIS) InterfacetoOutageManagement

IntelligentElectronicDevice(IED)
IED BuildingBlockofSubstationIntegration andAutomation Anydeviceincorporatingoneormore processorswiththecapabilitytoreceiveor senddata/controlfromortoanexternal source(e.g.,electronicmultifunction meters,digital relays,controllers)

Sometimescalesingridmanagement
Therearefourlevelsin gridmanagement.
Unitcommitment whichworks onascaleofdays Schedulingneededonaday upondaybasis Loadfollowingwhichhasatime scaleofminutestohours Regulationwhichhappenover secondstominutes

Weneedtounderstandthatit isacomplexissueandneeds detailedanalysiseitherto acceptorrejectanidea.

Evacuation Thebigpicture Northern&SouthernGrids

NR

NER
Freq 1

ER

WR

5RegionalNetworksintheCountry
Freq 2

SR

Currently4RegionalNetworksmerged INDIACURRENTLYOPERATINGAT TWOFREQUENCIES NORTH&SOUTH

INTERREGIONALEXISTING CAPACITIES

INTERREGIONALPROPOSED CAPACITIESBY201112

4600 MW

NORTHERN REGION

13450 MW
ER
NORTHEASTERN REGION

6450 MW
WESTERN REGION

EASTERN1000 REGION

MW

1300 MW Weaklink

3700 MW 30,000MW OFINTERREGIONALPOWERBY

201112 NOAugmentation proposedbetween Southern&NorthernGrids
SOURCE : CEA

SOUTHERN REGION