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Features
Application Note
Products:
| R&S
SMW200A
| R&S
SMU200A
| R&S
AMU200A
| R&S
SMBV100A
| R&S
CMW500
| R&S
TS8980
| R&S
FSW
| R&S
FSQ
| R&S
FSV
| R&S
FSG
LTE the fastest growing mobile radio
standard had its beginnings in 3GPP
Release 8. Initial improvements and new
features were implemented in Release 9.
This Application Note describes the T&M
methods for LTE Release 9 features using
Rohde & Schwarz instruments.
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Table of Contents
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 2
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................ 3
2 LTE Rel. 9 signal generation ................................................. 4
2.1 Evolved MBMS (eMBMS, MBSFN) .............................................................. 5
2.2 Positioning methods ..................................................................................12
2.3 Dual-layer beamforming (TM8) ..................................................................14
2.4 Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Receiver Tests ...................25
3 LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis ................................................... 26
3.1 Measurements with PRS ............................................................................26
3.2 Dual-layer beamforming measurements ..................................................29
3.3 Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Transmitter Tests ..............35
4 LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500 ............................................... 37
4.1 LTE in the CMW protocol tester ................................................................38
4.1.1 LTE E2E throughput tests .........................................................................41
4.1.2 MLAPI + UL measurements parallel .........................................................43
4.2 LTE in the CMW RF tester (call box) .....................................................43
4.3 Data Application Unit (DAU) for CMW ......................................................45
4.4 Channel simulation fading .....................................................................46
5 LTE Rel. 9 RF Conformance Test System TS8980 ............ 47
6 Appendix ............................................................................... 51
6.1 Literature .....................................................................................................51
6.2 Additional Information ...............................................................................51
6.3 Ordering Information .................................................................................52
The following abbreviations are used in this application note for Rohde & Schwarz test equipment:
The R&S
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Table 1: Allowed precoding weights for TM 8 (with two layers) for two antennas.
Similarly, indices 0 to 15 are used for four antennas (table in [6])
Mapping Coordinates displays the defined weights, either in Cartesian or cylindrical
coordinates.
LTE Rel. 9 signal generation
Dual-layer beamforming (TM8)
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 21
Random codebook
Fig. 27: Random codebooks for tests in accordance with TS36.521, section 8.3.
In this case, the codebooks are randomly selected from the tables. This mode
corresponds to test specification TS36.521, section 8.3.
Because the weight settings change continually, Mapping Coordinates is not visible.
Fixed weight
Fig. 28: Fixed weight for TM 8 with two antennas.
The weights can be set in Mapping Coordinates. They apply to all user allocations over
the entire frame.
Additionally the settings are displayed again in the Enhanced Settings for the allocation
(Fig. 29).
LTE Rel. 9 signal generation
Dual-layer beamforming (TM8)
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 22
Fig. 29: Display of the beamforming settings in the allocation; this example shows TM 8 on APs 7/8
with codebook 0.
Dual-layer beamforming for multiple users
The individual layers are provided to various UEs (users) in the same way as in multi-
user MIMO.
To do this, two users are first created with different UE IDs in the Configure User
screen.
Fig. 30: Setting the users in dual-layer mode for two UEs. Note the different UE IDs.
LTE Rel. 9 signal generation
Dual-layer beamforming (TM8)
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 23
Two users are also created in the PDCCH settings. Again, dual-layer mode with DCI
format 2B is selected.
Fig. 31: Setting the DCI format in the PDCCH for TM 8 with two UEs: DCI format 2B.
The data to be transmitted in the selected DCI format, and thus also the PDSCH
settings, can be further configured by clicking Config Content. The transmitted bit
pattern of the defined settings can be read in the bottom Data section. The number and
position of the resource blocks (RBs) can be set via Resource Block Assignment, while
the modulation is set via Modulation and Coding Scheme [9]. Because multi-user mode
is now used, the second codeword is disabled for both users by setting Redundancy
Version to 1 and MCS to 0 (see Fig. 32) according to [6]. AP7 and AP8 are
distinguished by the different setting of the New Data Indicator (see Fig. 33).
LTE Rel. 9 signal generation
Dual-layer beamforming (TM8)
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 24
Fig. 32: Example configuration of DCI format 2B for TM 8 in multi-user mode. The second codeword
(CW) is disabled by setting Redundancy Version 1. Enabling the New Data Indicator in allocation 3
sets AP8.
Fig. 33: Different antenna port (AP) settings in Dual-Layer Beamforming for multiple users.
LTE Rel. 9 signal generation
Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Receiver Tests
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 25
Fig. 34: Example of an automatically defined PDSCH allocation in Auto/DCI mode for MU
beamforming (data source of the defined PDSCH allocation is set to User 1 and 2; in this example
using Resource Block Assignment 1 and Modulation and Coding Scheme 0 (MCS 0), one RB is
allocated with an offset of 37 RBs and QPSK modulation). Two independent layers, each with one
codeword (CW), are automatically allocated for the various users.
The settings for the weightings correspond to those described in single-user mode.
2.4 Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Receiver
Tests
At a minimum, the MSR-BS must meet the receiver characteristics requirements from
chapter 7 of TS 37.141.
Rohde & Schwarz
signal generators, in particular the SMU and the SMBV, are
available for receiver measurements on BS and MSR-BS. These instruments allow
various test and reference signals to be generated for the required measurements.
Software options allow generation of test signals for all of the standards required for
the MSR-BS measurements, i.e. GSM/EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA and LTE
FDD/TDD. Note, however, that channel coding for GSM is not supported by the
GSM/EDGE option of the SMU or SMBV and needs to be done via a properly coded
data list.
An SMU with options for two RF paths and two basebands allows more complex test
scenarios with only one instrument. This means, for example, that both interfering and
useful signals can be generated on a single instrument. Other options also make it
possible to add fading and noise to the signals.
When using the internal baseband generator, the SMU can generate RF signals with a
bandwidth of up to 80 MHz, the SMBV up to 120 MHz.
A detailed description of the receiver test solutions of MSR-BS can be found in the
Application Note: Measuring Multistandard Radio Base Stations according to TS
37.141 [4].
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Measurements with PRS
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 26
3 LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
LTE analysis software provides users of the FSx family of instruments with an easy-to-
understand, user-friendly software application. The following options are integrated into
the software:
LTE FDD Downlink, Option K100
LTE FDD Uplink, Option K101
LTE Downlink MIMO, Option K102
LTE-A Uplink and MIMO, Option K103
LTE TDD Downlink, Option K104
LTE TDD Uplink, Option K105
Two versions of the software are available for the various analyzers: Users can choose
the integrated version or the PC-based software program. The description in this
section assumes a basic understanding of how to handle LTE on the FSx.
The LTE Rel 9 changes in the physical layer affect the downlink. Measurements are
therefore performed on the base station (BS) transmitters (eNB).
3.1 Measurements with PRS
Release 9 introduced new reference signals for PRS in the LTE downlink. These must
be taken into consideration when performing transmitter measurements in an LTE BS.
The PRS segments can be set in the Positioning Reference Signal section, which is
found on the Downlink Advanced Signal Characteristics tab of the Demodulation
Settings screen.
Selecting the Present field indicates to the LTE analysis software that PRS should be
enabled. The Configuration Index field defines the offset in the time axis (subframes) to
the 0th subframe, taking the frame offset into consideration. The Num. Subframes
(N_PRS) field defines the number of sequential subframes that will contain PRS. This
count includes any subframes that are available for PRS (no special subframes; only
downlink subframes in TDD). The Bandwidth field specifies which segment is used for
PRS (how wide on the frequency axis). The PRS segment is always positioned at the
center.
Fig. 35: Setting the PRS segments in the LTE analysis software for the FSx.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Measurements with PRS
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 27
Fig. 36 through Fig. 38 show various measurements. The dark blue crosshatching in
Fig. 36 indicates the PRS segments. Fig. 37 lists all allocations that are found. The
PRS is listed as Pos. RS, with modulation, power and EVM. Finally, Fig. 38 shows the
constellation diagram for the PRS allocation.
Fig. 36: Display of the allocation IDs in the LTE Analysis SW. The areas with blue crosshatching in
the first and second subframe represent the PRS segments (outlined in red).
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Measurements with PRS
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 28
Fig. 37: Display of the allocation summary in the LTE Analysis SW. Subframes 1 and 2 include the
measured values for PRS (Pos. RS), along with other information.
Fig. 38: A constellation diagram is also available for the positioning reference signals.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 29
3.2 Dual-layer beamforming measurements
Beamforming was first specified in LTE Release 8, and dual-layer beamforming was
added in Release 9. For an in-depth discussion of beamforming, refer to the
Rohde & Schwarz White Paper: Beamforming in LTE [2] as well as the Application
Note: LTE Beamforming Measurements [3].
This application note limits itself to dual-layer beamforming (TM 8).
The LTE analysis software for the FSx signal and spectrum analyzers can be used
for the familiar LTE measurements, including power, EVM and spectrum, and also to
verify that the beamforming transmission modes are implemented correctly. It displays
up to four measurement screens in parallel.
In beamforming mode TM 8, both the UE-specific reference signals and the data in the
PDSCH are beamformed. All other channels remain unweighted, i.e. they are
transmitted with no phase difference (0). This means that for the PDSCH and DM-RS,
the constellations are rotated based on weighting.
Testing single antennas in Transmission Mode 8
Fig. 39 shows the fundamental test setup. The antennas are switched one after the
other to the input of an FSx.
Fig. 39: Test setup for the base station transmitter test with LTE analysis software.
In the LTE Analysis Software, open the Demodulation Settings dialog box and set the
number of antennas (two in this example) in the MIMO Configuration section (Fig. 40),
and set Antenna Selection to one single antenna mode (Antenna 1/2). TM8 uses two
codewords on two layers. Set the Codeword-to-layer Mapping in the Enhanced
Settings and then select Beamforming (UE-RS) as Precoding for an allocation (Fig.
41). The two code words are automatically prefilled in the Demodulation Settings (Fig.
40 and Fig. 41). It also allows multiple different beamformed allocations to be
analyzed. All standard measurements can be performed.
The setup with one analyzer allows all measurements on one single antenna and a
demodulation of all channels except the UE-specific RS and PDSCHs.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 30
Fig. 40: Beamforming settings in the LTE analysis software for the FSx; TM 8 on one single antenna
in this example.
Fig. 41: Additional settings. The precoding is set to beamforming (UE-specific RS). In TM87, two
codewords are mapped to two layers at antenna ports 7 and 8.
Demodulation of beamformed channels in Transmission Mode 8 with two
analyzers
Using a setup with two analyzers (Fig. 42) and enabling the Compensate Crosstalk
feature (Fig. 44) enables the LTE Analysis Software to demodulate PDSCH allocations
with reference to DM-RS.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 31
Fig. 42: Test setup for the base station transmitter test with LTE analysis software.
Fig. 43: Setup Demodulation settings with two analyzers: Set the Antenna Selection to All.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 32
Fig. 44: Enabling the Compensate Crosstalk to demodulate mixed weighted PDSCHs.
Compensate Crosstalk allows compensation of layers with mixed weightings. As a
result, EVM and constellation diagrams for the PDSCH can be evaluated.
Fig. 45 shows an EVM measurement and a constellation diagram.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 33
Fig. 45: Summary EVM measurement on antenna 1 and constellation diagram of a beamformed
QPSK-modulated data allocation (PDSCH) in TM 8.
Fig. 46: PDSCH and UE-RS can be demodulated using the compensate crosstalk feature. This figure
shows the listing in the allocation summary.
Beamforming measurement
The beamforming measurement determines the magnitude and phase of the UE-
specific RS and displays them separately. For example, the phase differences for
various antenna ports (AP) can be displayed.
The measurement results can be selected for the individual antennas or antenna ports
(in the Antenna Selection field under General Settings, and ports in the beamforming
measurement under Beamforming Selection) (Fig. 47). You must also specify a
subframe.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Dual-layer beamforming measurements
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 34
Fig. 47: Selecting the antenna or antenna ports and the subframe for beamforming measurements.
Fig. 48: Example beamforming measurements. The display includes both the amplitude and the
phase response over frequency. Both screenshots are for antenna 2; AP7 is at the top and AP8 at the
bottom. In this example, the phase difference is 180.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Transmitter Tests
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 35
3.3 Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations:
Transmitter Tests
At a minimum, the MSR-BS must meet the transmitter characteristics requirements
from chapter 6 of TS 37.141.
The FSW, FSQ and FSV spectrum and signal analyzers can be used to perform TX
tests on MSR-BS.
The FSW, FSQ and FSV base units can be used for spectrum measurements as well
as for measurements of spurious emissions, out-of-band emissions and adjacent
channel leakage ratio.
More extensive tests are possible with powerful options that are capable of analyzing
and demodulating standard signals. Software options in the FSW, FSQ and FSV are
available to support the standards GSM, WCDMA, LTE FDD/TDD and TD-SCDMA.
In addition, a special Multi-Standard Radio Analyzer Mode (MSRA) to measure
different standards in parallel is available for the FSW.
In the MSRA operating mode, which is part of the basic software functions of the FSW
analyzer, IQ-Data are captured over the full bandwidth (up to 160 MHz, depending on
options) over a long period of time (up to 200 Msamples), and may be analyzed for
various mobile radio standards. With this mode e.g. interactions between the different
carriers can be found and the reasons for possible performance degradation can be
traced.
MSRA supports following mobile standards (depending on installed options):
3GPP FDD (W-CDMA)
CDMA2000
1xEV-DO
GSM
LTE
Fig. 49 shows the MSRA-View for an MSR signal example, which consists of a LTE
and a W-CDMA carrier. The top shows the entire spectrum of the signal with the
marked frequency ranges used by the applications. At the bottom, the results for the
LTE part is shown on the left and the W-CDMA part on the right.
LTE Rel. 9 signal analysis
Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Transmitter Tests
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 36
Fig. 49: MSRA view with overview of the LTE and W-CDMA signal.
A detailed description of the transmitter test solutions of MSR-BS can be found in the
Application Note: Measuring Multistandard Radio Base Stations according to TS
37.141 [4].
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
Multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations: Transmitter Tests
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 37
4 LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
The CMW can be used as a protocol tester (message analysis) as well as a radio
communication tester (call box, RF test).
In addition to LTE (FDD and TDD), the CMW offers other radiocommunication
standards, including W-CDMA, GSM, CDMA2000, 1x-EV-DO . This makes it possible
to test Inter-RAT scenarios, such as W-CDMA handover to GSM or LTE.
Equipped with powerful hardware and various interfaces to wireless devices, the CMW
can be used throughout all phases of LTE device development from the initial
module test up to the integration of software and chipset, as well as for conformance
and performance tests of the protocol stack of 3GPP standard-compliant wireless
devices, see Fig. 50.
Fig. 50 Consistent hardware and software concept for all device development phases.
CMW500 LTE Release 9
LTE Features
Positioning Reference Signal (PRS)
Enhanced Cell ID (eCID)
Dual Layer Beamforming (TM8)
Public Warning System: Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS)
Table 2: LTE Release 9 features in the CMW500
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW protocol tester
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 38
4.1 LTE in the CMW protocol tester
The CMW protocol tester provides developers of UE protocol stacks with a
specification-conforming reference implementation of the air interface. The
comprehensive functions of the programming interfaces and the highly detailed
representation in the analysis tools can be used to quickly detect discrepancies in the
DUT protocol stack.
The widely used MLAPI interface provides the C++ programming interface to the
protocol tester, allowing users to run predefined example or reference scenarios and
also to develop and modify their own scenarios.
The Message Composer allows users to compose send and receive constraints,
whereas the Message Analyzer provides the means to analyze results and export
constraints. The TestSuite Explorer defines configurations and manages suites, while
the Project Explorer defines sequences and executes and manages the results.
Finally, MS Visual Studio is available for developing and building test scenarios, while
the Automation Manager provides full automation during the execution of all test cases
and scenarios with minimal or no human interaction. The workflow is illustrated in Fig.
51.
Fig. 51 Test case development workflow.
The CMW protocol tester supports a very large number of test cases (TCs). Registered
users can view a summary of the currently available TCs on the CMW Customer Web
at https://extranet.rohde-schwarz.com/ .
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW protocol tester
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 39
Fig. 52: Project Explorer with Release 9 test cases for LTE testing.
Fig. 53: The Message Analyzer makes it easy and fast to analyze protocol logfiles. This example
shows a logfile for a dual-layer beamforming scenario.
The following options are available for testing Release 9 features:
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW protocol tester
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 40
CMW-KF500 LTE Example Scenarios
Example scenarios for Release 9
Number Description Test
ML_019 LPP capabilities
ML_020 System information
modification with CMAS
ML_021a Beamforming (Single Layer)
This scenario setups a Cell which is configured for
Beamforming. Initial registration is performed without
beamforming, then the transmission mode is changed to
TM7 (for the single-layer case) or TM8 (for the dual-layer
case). Directly after the TM change, the DCI format remains
as 1A in the DL and is then changed to use single (DCI
format 1) or dual layer (DCI format 2B) beamforming. There
are two variants of this test for the single layer (ml_021a)
and dual layer (ml_021b) cases.
ML_021b Beamforming (Dual Layer)
ML_024a LPP: OTDOA Measurement The LTE Positioning Protocol using hyperbolic time-
difference of arrival (TDOA) and enhanced cell ID (eCID) is
for non-GNSS devices, hybrid use and for GNSS-denied
environments. MME issues the positioning request to E-
SMLC which then commands UE and eNB to perform
positioning. The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) consists of
three independent procedures:
(i) capability exchange (LPP Request/Provide
Capabilities))
(ii) assistance data exchange (LPP Request/Provide
Assistance data, i.e. when the UE does not have the latest
measurements))
(iii) location information exchange (LPP Request/Provide
location information for AGNSS, OTDOA, ECID or location
estimate)
ML_024b LPP: E-CID Measurement
CMW-KF511 LTE MLAPI commercial mobile alert system (CMAS)
This option contains 32 scenarios. See [7] for additional information.
As an example for the process followed in CMAS, the LTE_CMAS_I00_01 procedure
is listed here: BROADCAST CMAS MSG WITH SAME MESSAGE ID AND SAME
SERIAL NUMBER IN CONNECTED MODE .
In detail, the procedure is:
1. Keep sending a CMAS message with Message ID "A" and Serial Num "X"
only.
2. Verify that UE displays the correct CMAS message on the UE screen.
3. Have user acknowledge the message.
4. Verify that the UE does NOT re-display the message after user's
acknowledgment.
5. Now send a CMAS message with Message ID "A" and serial Num "X" but with
an updated 4-bit Update Number and different message content.
6. Verify that UE displays the updated CMAS message on the UE screen.
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW protocol tester
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 41
CMW-KF512 LTE LLAPI Rel-8/9 PHY scenarios
At the moment this package contains different configurations according to Release 8
such as SPS and TTI bundling. The package will be extended with the Beamforming
Transmission Modes TM7 and TM8.
4.1.1 LTE E2E throughput tests
In addition to message analysis, the main test requirement is to determine the
throughput capabilities of the device under test (DUT), ideally allowing an E2E
application to run a specific service of interest. The above illustrated tool chain and the
LTE functionality offer an ideal environment to assess the DUT performance, including
E2E testing.
The Throughput Configuration Tools (TCT) for LTE allow users to configure a variety of
throughput tests quickly and easily (Fig. 54).
Fig. 54: Quick and convenient configuration of throughput tests with the TCT. This example shows
the settings for dual-layer beamforming (TM8).
The tests defined using the TCT are started as normal from the Project Explorer (Fig.
55).
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW protocol tester
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 42
Fig. 55: A TCT test in the Project Explorer.
After the test case is started successfully, the throughput can be evaluated by starting
the Protocol Testing Monitor (PTM), for example (see Fig. 56). The logging capabilities
of the protocol tester and the message analyzer permit a detailed investigation of the
message flow, making it easy to identify loss of performance due to incorrect behavior
and/or protocol errors, for example.
In addition to the throughput performance at RLC level, it is essential to identify the
E2E capabilities of the device under test. This is necessary in order to understand the
performance of a specific service at IP level.
IP data has to be provided from a suitable application. The Data Application Unit (DAU,
see 4.3) generates UPLANE traffic (IPERF, PING, FTP, HTTP, Video etc) as an
internal solution.
LTE Rel. 9 with the CMW500
LTE in the CMW RF tester (call box)
1MA210_1e Rohde & Schwarz Testing LTE Rel. 9 Features 43
Fig. 56: LTE throughput measurement with the protocol tester.
4.1.2 MLAPI + UL measurements parallel
As mentioned above, the CMW can be used as both a protocol tester and an RF tester.
It is even possible to install both protocol testing and RF testing software options, and
consequently to run RF measurements in parallel to a MLAPI test scenario started in
the protocol environment. The CMW radio communication tester offers a multi-
evaluation mode for performing RF measurements as illustrated in Fig. 57 (see next
section 4.2).
It allows users to analyze the throughput and at the same time monitor whether basic
Tx operation of the DUT is still running within 3GPP-specified limits.
4.2 LTE in the CMW RF tester (call box)
When used as an RF tester, the CMW consists of a generator for the LTE downlink. It
can play back ARB files generated using an external tool, such as WinIQSIM or
MATLAB