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A Liquie 8 SS] Voiatilo | Mild oxidation | Voiatite product product, c o a) i) State the functional group present in each of A, B, C and D. ii) Give your reasoning for these conclusions. iii) Calculate the number of moles of silver bromide produced, iv) Hence calculate the relative molecular mass of B and deduce the identity of the gas A b) i) Briefly describe a process for the direct conversion of A to C, giving the appropriate conditions. ii) Describe and explain the effects of variation of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium yield of C obtained. iii) Indicate how the use of excess water (as steam) might influence the equilibrium yield of C. (WJEC92) Compound B, a diacid that occurs in apples and other fruit, has the following composition by mass: C, 35.8% H, 4.5% O, 59.7% B reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid under reflux to give C, CsH),O;. Compound C evolves hydrogen gas when treated with sodium metal and reacts with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to give compound D. Compound 1) produces an orange precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine but has no reaction with Fehling’s or Tollens’ reagent. a) Calculate the empirical formulae of B. b) Suggest structures for compounds B, C and D and explain the reactions described. «c92) . Hippuric acid, an organic substance, was first obtained from horse's urine (Greek, bippos = horse). Historically, organic substances were believed to need a ‘vital force’ to be made. Today, hippuric acid is made in the laboratory by the follow- ing overall reaction: coc CONHICH,COOH or exitercoon —= Oo “a Benzoyl chloride Glycine Hippuric acid268 Catculations for A-level Chemistry pressure during each hydrogenation involving the reacting amounts shown. Mass of compound | Mass of hydrogen | Heat O Compound ‘aken/e usedig | evolved/kJ A 90.0 5.09 344 B 73.0 5.77 389 Cc 100.0 5.66 195 D 90.0 5.87 396 E 90.0 6.92 296 F 100.0 6.52 225 AHE/kJ mol"! +83 +11 124 Draw up a table showing the mass of each compound A to F which reacts with one mole of hydrogen, and also the heat evolved per mole of hydrogen consumed. Use this information to deduce the relative molecular masses (which are integral to within +0.1%) and hence the possible structural formulae of these compounds. Explain clearly why the heat evolved per mole of hydrogen consumed is not the same in each case. You will need to use the following data. Benzene(g) | Cyclohexene(g) | Cyclohexane(g) b) b) Identify one of the compounds A to F which has four isomeric forms, Draw a structure for each of the four isomers. Compound G has ten carbon atoms per molecule. Full hydrogena- tion of 2.56g of G using exactly 0.200 g of hydrogen produces sufficient heat to raise the temperature of 500g of water by 3.29 K. Deduce the molecular formula of G and draw its structural formula.- (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2) K"' g"!.) (JMB90,5) Consider the reaction scheme shown opposite. The compounds, A-/, each contain only one functional group; R represents an alkyl group. i) Identify the functional groups present in compounds 8, ( and D respectively. ii) Identify the reagents whereby the conversions A> B, D= E, E+E, F>A, and A>F may be brought about, giving brief reasoning in each case. Use all the quantitative information given below to identify fully the compounds A-F above. i) When 0.2500g of A,a monobasic carboxylic acid, was titrated against 0.1000 mol dm“? sodium hydroxide solution, 41.63 cm* of the latter was required for complete reaction.Organic Chemistry 269 Heat with NaOH (aq), then Haq) Heat alone (mol #30 fost > is heated, as shown, with sodium hydroxide solution, ia is evolved in a 1:1 mole ratio to C. When 0.3000 g of C was thus treated, and the ammonia released absorbed in water, the resulting solution required 25.39 cm of 0.2000 mol dm" hydrochloric acid solution for complete reaction. iii) When F reacts to form F, as shown above, nitrogen is evolved in a 1:1 mole ratio. When 0.2000 of E was thus treated, 108.44 cm? of nitrogen gas, measured at 298 K and 1.01 X 105 Pa, was evolved, (A(©) = 12.01, A,(H) = 1.01, 4,(N)= 14.01, 4,(O) = 16.00; 1 mol of 2 gas occupies 2.24 x 104 em? at 273 K and 1.01 X 10° Pa.) (WJEC91) 8. This question concerns the organic compound, X, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. a) X contains C = 66.67%; H = 11.11%; O = 22.22% by mass. Show that the empirical formula of X is CsH,O. (Relative atomic masses: H=1,C=12,0=16) b) The relative molecular mass of X is 72. What is the molecular for- mula of X? c) Give the structures of the non-cyclic isomers of X which do not react with bromine water. d) Select an isomer of X which can be readily oxidised and describe its behaviour with a named oxidising agent. Give the reaction conditions and the structures of the organic product(s). e) Outline the method you would use in order to identify X. (L91)Answers to Exercises ‘The examination boards accept no responsibility whatsoever for the accuracy of the answers given. CHAPTER 1 Practice 1 1. Density Volume = 2a TSR 3.) Rae pont 4. 2) Mass of solute = Concentration X Volume of solution ‘Mass of solute 1b) Volume of solution = = 2° DUN Concentration P P 3.0055 beat Practice 2 e aay r= mya kt R P =f4 aft Ree base axbxger __pke sap e a Tbe Practice 3 4. 244m? aug 3. 300 tonnes Exercise 1 4. a) 2.3678 X10" b) 4.376 x 10? 16) 1.69 X10"? d) 3.45 x 10"* €) 6.72891 x 10 2.) 5.85 X1ot b) 2.66 x 10 ©) 6.35 X10" d) 1.21 X10 €) 1.34 x 10" 3.4) 3.32 X 108 b) 2.72 x 108 16) 1.86 X10-¢ 4d) 644 x 10°F @) 611X107 4, a) 2.001 X10" b) 5.648 x 10” ©) 1.29 x 10° d) 1.12. x10 ©) 6.252 x 10" 5 bp2x10* 5X 108 di xio® 6.) 3.6753 b) 3.7052 2.8771 4) 1,003 3 ©) -5.6356 7. 8) 2.862 x 10? b) 1.135 <} 6.969 10" 4) 3.3791 1077 ©) 8.7680 X 10°* 8. 4) 4.264x 10% b) 2.867 x 10-7 +) 4.037 X10? ) 2.055 X10-" ©) 3.781 X 10" 9. 4)# =7 or —13 byx=4or—04 9 dy =5 dye=i4or2 ° A}or—#} 270Exercise 7 Exercise 8 Exercise 9 CHAPTER 6 Exercise 10 CHAPTER 7 Exercise 11 1, $,03°(aq) + 21°(aq) —* 1,(ag) + 280,7°(aq) 2, HNSO, (aq) + OH“(aq) —> NH@ + 30,'Caq) 3. Na,8,0,(aq) + AgCl(s) ——> Nacl(aq) + NaAgS,0,(aq) 4.C\Hy + 2Br, —® C\H,Br, S.C\H.NH, + 3Br, —* C,H,BrNH, + 3HBr 1,92.9% 2.905% 3. 89.0% 5. 99.2% 1. 436 tonnes 2. 4okg 32.7 kg 5.93.5% SECTION 1 1. Mg, 5. PLO, 6. a) P,0, ©) MnO, TA =GFi 3. ALO, ©) PbO, @) crcl, G=GHCl, aD SECTION? 1. a) MgO. b) Cac, ©) Fecl, ©) Lit 2a) Feo b) Fe,0, ©) FeO, ©) K,Cr,0, cH 2 GH, kala=s b)b=6 end oc=6 4. a) Cyto b) Cyl ,,0 5.) GO 6.8) CHO, b) CH iQ0, 7. CH ,0; SECTION 1 1a) 2C,Hglg) + 70,(g) —e 4€0,(_) + 611,04) b) 30cm? ©) 40% 2.6 3.6 4.6) i)579.em? ii) 308m? ©) 44.60, SECTION 2 1, 20cm? ethane + 10 em? ethene 2. a) Zdm* b) 750.cm* ©) 625em" ¢) 24m? 3. 500em?SO, 4. 50% 54 Answers 273 4.91.0% 4. 304 kg BaGl;*2#1;0 d) SiO, 4) Cus a) K,Cr0, dds3 ) CHO d) 937.5 cm?274 Calculations for A-level Chemistry Exercise 12 Exercise 13 Exercise 14 = 30cm’, 6 = 40cem* 1. GH, 2. GH 4.CH, +20, ——e CO, + 2H,0; CH, SECTION! 1.25, 600m? 2.3250g, 1120dm’ 3. 560em?, 120m? 4.2) 2H,0 on LUS by 133g. S.a)2H,OonRHS —b) i) 16.0g ii) 33.38. SECTION 2 1a) KOy b) KO, + 260, ——e 30, + 2K,CO, ©) 2374m? 2.3.58 3. 690 daily 4.267 dm? 3. 3.50dm" 61.107 g 7.2.388 g 8.3.646¢ 9. 11.5dm 10. 2460 dm’ 4-b) CaPe;O, oxidation no. of Fe = +3 2.) S.C, Sx £1 a “Ss b)BisS.N, CisH-S=N ©) S\N, + 2SnGl, + 411Cl ——e SHIN + 25nCl, 4) A large volume of gas, SQ, and NO, is farmed when the solid is ignited B.AisCrO, Bis€eO, Cis (NE),Cr,0, D is Cr0,C1; Cro, + 1,0 —* H,Cr0, H,C1O, + 2NAOH ——* Na,CrO, + 2,0 4CrO, —* 2Cr,0, + 30, 2Cr0, + 2NH, + H,O —> (NH),Cr.0, (NH),Cr,0, —* N, + 4H,0 + 6,0, CO, + 2HCl —= Cr0,Cl, + 1,0 4.0) D694kg it) 69400dm" 3.) ii) 74.8% 6, ¢) 1,63 tonne 4) iv) 9380 titres 7, d) ii) 21.8% 8.A and arc pentaarnminenitrocobalt(III} sulphate Ico! n,),NQ, 50.7" (co-ordination through N of the —NO,” group) i) CH, and pentaamminenitritocobalt( Ill} sulphate Icol!NH, ),ONO}"*S02° (co-ordination through O of the -O-N=0 group) Another isomer is tcollavn,),50, 1° NO” 9. a) CaCl, b) [cl-1-cl- ©) linear aay ©) ICl;"(aq) + S04() + 21,00) —e Pq) + 26h Gq + S02°Gq) + 4H%aQ) 8) DARCIG) + 2NHy(aq) —e AgtNHt,),Claq) Hi) 2aghs) + 2H,S0,(aq) —e 1y(s) + 50,(@) + Ag,S0,60) + 21,00)276 Calculations for A-level Chemistry Exercise 18 Exercise 19 2. a) Snis oxidised from +2 to +4; Pb is reduced from +410 +2. b) Ma is oxidised from +2 to +7; Bl is reduced from +5 to +3. } Asis oxidised from +3 to +7; Mn is reduced from +7 to +2. 3. a) F is reduced from 0 to—1. b) Cl disproportionates from 0 to +5 and —1 © N disproportionates from —3 and + 5 to — 4) Cris reduced from +6 to +3. +) Cis oxidised from +3 to +4, 4.0) =2 by42 5.a)10,” + 717 + BH” ——* 41, + 411,0 2) BO,” + 61" + GHY ——~ Br + 31, + 3H,O jy 2V 4 1,0, —= 2vO™ + 211" 4)SO, + 2H,0 + Br, =e 4H" + SO + 2Be" ‘4NH, + 30, ——* 2N, + 61,0 ) 2NHs + 20, —* N,O + 31,0 B)4NH, + 50, —— 4NO + 61,0 ‘h) Fe#C,0,7" + 3Ce* —e 200, + 3Ce* + Fe 6.,0,% + 61” + 14H7—™ 31, + 2Ce™ + 7H,0 1.4) NO," + H,O ——* NO," + 2Ut + 2¢7 B)ASO.” + H,O ——> As," + 2H" + 2e° ) Hg, ——P 2g + 207 4) H,0, —* 2H" + 2e° + 0, vis HO —* vo¥ 4 2H + 2.4) NO," + 2H* + e” —+ NO, + H,0 b)NO,” + 4H? + Ge” ——® NO + 21,0 NO,” + 10H" + Be” ——> NH,’ + 31,0 4)2Br0," + 12H" + 10e° —> Br, + 6H, PbO, + 4H” + 2c” —© Pot + 21,0 3. a) 2MnO,"(aq) + SH,O,(aq) + 6H*(aq) — 50,(g) + 2Mn**(aq) + 84,00) ‘b)Mn0,(s) + 4H%(ag) + 2CI"Gaq) —* Mn™(aq) + Cl(g) + 21,011) 2MnO4"(aq) + 5C,02-(aq) + 1611*(aq) —> 2Mn (aq) + 10CO,(g) + 8H,OC 4) €r,0,7"(aq) + 3C,04aq) + 14H"%aq) —> 2Cr¥"(aq) + 660.4) + 7H,OW) 9 Cr,0.)"(ag) + 61g) + 14H"(ag) —™ 2Cr*(aq) + 31,(aq) + 71,00) 1) H,0,(aq) + NO,-(aq) ——© NO,“(aq) + 4,00) 4.01510 mol 75X10 mol —«) 75X10 mold) 7.5 X 10°? mol 9.1.5 X10 mol $.2)6.0X10"mol BY. X10" mol) G.0X10™ mold) 3,0 X 10" mol 2) 3.0 X 10 mol 6.a)4.0X10"%mol 2.0 X10-%mol_—«) 2.0107 mold) 4.0X 10"? mol ©)6.7 X10 mol 7.2) 625em? b) 250m? ©) $.00em? 4) 12.5 em? 8.3 em? 8.0) 45.0cm? by 12.0cm* ©) 720m" 4) 4.500m? 1 9.0.6m> 9.0.090moldm? — 10, 0.0195 moldm’? 11, 0.0894 moldm™? 12, 99.5% 13.90.6% 14, 1.64 X 10°? mol. dm“? 15. 0.103 mol dm"? 16. a) [Fe**] = 0.0600mol dm-* by [Fe] = 0.0160meldm™> 17. a) 20.0cm* b)22.4cm" 18, 7.63 X 10°* moldm-? 19. +4 20, 2,7 «10°? mol dmv"? 21, a) INH,OH:2Fe* by —1 o-1 aot ONO f) 2NH,OH + 4Fe* ——» 4Fe + N,O + 4,0 + 4H 22, 82.3% 23. b) 0.74moldm”? 1. 9.37 X10" mol dm” 2. 73ppm 3. 60.0%C20 40.0% MgO 4018Exercise 20 Exercise 21 Answers 277 4. 1.48 X 10°? moldm? 2. 49.7% 3. 34.6% NaCl 65.4% NaBr 4.2.77 x10" mol dm"? S. a) 1.58% 10% moldm™ b) 4.97 X10-*moldm* 6. 55.3% A. ¢) $.0% 10" mol I"! 2. g) 1.010"? mol 14% i) 34% 3.6) I) MnO, aq) + BH"(aq) + Se —* Mni*(aq) + 44,00) ) Feag) ae Fe(ag) + iii) C0, (aq) ——e 260,(g) + 26° 3MnO, + SFe* + 5C,0,2 + B4Ht —e 3Mn** + SPeM + 10C0, + 1211,0 Volume = 41.7 em? 4.6) 045 ) 1) 210," + 12H" + 10° —e 1, + OH,0 227 —* 1, + 26° 10, + SIX + 6H* ——e 31, + 31,0 iif) 0.383 g e*(agq) ——e Fea) + & MnQ, (ag) + BH"(aq) + Se ——> Mn*faqy + 411,00) MnO,(ag) + 8H*(aq) + 5Fe™ (aq) —e Mn?{agh + SFe 4) 4.67% S08) q) + 441,04) 6.6) IC] + KI ——e 1, + Kel ©) 4.0% 10"? mol d) 2.010" mot l,, 2.0 10°* mol ICL ¢) 0.5 10°* mol IC] £ 100 7. b) 63.5% 8. a) PisNaClO, — 3NaC10, ——® NaCl + 2NaClO, b) First: 2NO, (aq) + 411%(aq) + 21 (aq) ——e I,(g) + 2NOCg) + 211,00) Second: ZNO, (aq? + BH"(aq) + 6I"Geq) —> 31,(aq) + 2NOG) + 24,00) Air oxidises NO,” to NO,", from +3 oxidation state to +5 oxidation state. Instead of changing from +3 in NO,” to +2 im NO, N changes from +5 in NO,” to +2in NO, and ean therefore oxidise three times the amount of iodide ion. ay 10. a) A isC10, bb) In 2. chlorate(1I), C10,”, is formed. In 5. ClO, disproportionates to form ICL and HCIO,, chloric(V} acid 012.010, + © —e Cloy Gs 3) Of —+ 0, + 26° Gt) wy ‘Adding the two half-equations, 2Cl0, + 07" —» 2Cl0, + 0, RClOy + 4H + 4° —e cr + 214,0 (+3) oD 2 yt te cD o Adding the two halt-equations, C1O,"(aq) + 4HMagy + 40° 4.27 —e 1, + te 1g) — CI-(aq) + 21,fag) + 211,00) cn o NOS + 2H" + & ——s NO, + H,0 Gs) on Adding the ewo half-equations, 21a) + 2NO,tag) + 2H"lag}—* 1g) + 2NO,(g) + 2H,00)278 Calculations for A-level Chemistry CHAPTER Exercise 22 S.a) ClO, + 4H" + Se” ——e Cr + 2H,0 4) oD ClO, + OH — clog +H te 4) 5) Adding the two equations, 6CI0, + SOH” ——* Cl + SCIO + HY + 24,0 DICIOS + OH + be ——e Cr + 3H,0 (+5) eu 27 ee 1, + 20° oy o Adding the two equations, ClOy (aq) + 6H" (aq) + 6I-(ag) —e GI + 31,faqd + 311,00) 11. b) 3) 95% 12.4) )2Smol ii) 60X10-mol DAS X10 mol —_ iv) 190 ppm 13. ©) MgBa(CO,), 14,4) 1) 0.0129 me! ii) 0.0905mol ii) 7 1b) i) 65.9:mg Z0S04°7H,0 ii) 4.58. X 10°? moldav® €)i) 1:1 i) to ensure that edta is ionised i) Sodium zineate would be formed 15.4) )2MnO,” + 16H? + SC,0,° —— 2Mn™* + 8H,O + 10CO, ii) 2.598 'b) i) Mtn* (aq) is precipitated ax MnCO,(s). When the carbonate is heated in air, it dissociates to form CO, and MnO, which is immediately oxidised to MnO, 19 0.537 g ©) K.Mn(C,0,),+21,0 L dD+2 i) t a hee Ss e t m Ligand and stands tor 9s p<} 0 ° 16, b)ii) 1) Loss in mass corresponds ta PbGI,(s) ——= PbCI,(s) + Chi(g) 2)When PbCl is) + H,00) —> Ais) + Blaq), 1.43% 10"? mol PbCl, forms 5.73 X10"? molCI", that is 1 mol PbCl, forms 4molCl’. Therefore PbCIs) + H,0() ——* #1CKaq) + PbO,6) 17.41) 0.83.mol_ ii) 16.4-volume 1.85.60 2. 6.8u 3.243 4.3 C11 "Ch 35.50 5.6.93 61H 23H 3H 42H, 170'H 18,03H and 11,0 19,'1HO 20,7H,"0. Ide 8."Ca “ow “cud “oud “CuNO, “CuO, “cuINo), “CuO,280 Calculations for A-level Chemistry CHAPTER 10 Exercise 26 1a) 185em? by 387em! ) 623d @) 132em* adm 2ALISx10°N m? — 3.0.983dm? 4. 484K 5.586cm 6, a) 185¢m* 1b) 36.7em* c) 646d" 4) 3.83der &) 43cm? Exercise 27 1a) 46 b) NO, 2. 59 em. 3. 160 aa S.A=H, B=O, 6.485 7.16.3.cm’ min“? 8. 24.9. cm? 9. CO, 25% CO, 75% 10. NO,,43.7% —N,0,. 56.3% 1. 44.1 gmol"® 2. 398gmol 3. 6.01dm* 4. 83.8gmol 5..0.583 mol 6. 44.0gmol™ 7.6.18dm* 8B. 7.54% 10 mol Exercise 29 1. a) 176.5.em? by 207 em? ©) 26.3dm” 2.2.73 X10°Nm™ 3.2.53 X10°Nm™ = 4. 4.50X10°Nm™ 5. a) p(N,) = 3.00 X10°Nm™ ptOy) 63 X10'Nm™, p(CO,)= 1.88 10¢N m* ‘b)p(N,) = 3.00 X10*N mm? p{O,) = 2.63 X 10°Nm™* G. 4) pNH,) = 6.00 X10¢N im“? p(H,) = 3.75 X10'Nm™? p(N,) = 5.25 X 10*N mm“ b) p(H,) = 3.75 X10'Nm™? p(N,) = 5.25 X10*Nm™ Exercise 30 1, 84.4g mol 2. 1840ms™* 3. 3410} mol 4.413ms" 5. 44.1 gmol™* 6. 2.02 7. %2ms* 8.4) 447 b) 460K Exercise 31 4.452 10-8 2b) 16 i) 64 3. a) 24.9dm" bp 46 c) i) C,H,O ii) C,H,QH and CH,OGH, ii) 20,110 + 70, —~ 4C0, + 61,0 i) EH,0H — ii) 2C,H,OHA) + Nas) —e 2C,H,0NU9 + Fe) 4. a) 2490J moi" b) iii) 36.5, 5.a) CH, b) 56, Catly on HOH OH H : tid Hg. cH, cit, Nome—C—C—H Seal ace n” tf WW “A 4c SH Hn CHAPTER 11 Exercise 32 1.343 gol" 2.PF, 3. 90gmol 4. 64.6 gmol- $.134gmol” 6. a) 46 gmol™! b) 58 gol ©) 74gmol™282 Calculations for A-level Chemistry CHAPTER 12 Exercise 40 SECTION 1 1a) 2.4) 3.0) 4d) $.b) SECTION 2 1,0.265 2.0403 g 1) doubled b) doubled ©) unchanged S.L24gCa 2.21 gC, 4.0.05605 5. a) 0.06724 b) 23.4.6m* ©) 0.195 g 6. 268 minutes 7.04544 8.1.77moldm? —_9, 2482 hours 10, 2.14dm°0, — 4.28dm*H, 11. 1.84 X10" 12, 10508, Exercise 41 1.4.75 x 10" moldm™ 2.2) 0.0271 b) 6.78 X 10~*mol dm"? ©) 1.89 x 10°F 01 dim? 1) 0.230 ) 1.37 X10-? mol dm? 1,75 x 10 mold 8) 0.0256 b) 2.02 x 10S mol dm“? Exareise 42 PH pOH pH pOH pli pon pH pOH a8 6 b)4 10 on 7 422 118 245 95 His 125 2060 13.4 bk 5.7 62 78 10 130 a) 12 bit ©) 6.0 4) 12.7 oi 9129 p12 hy 9.7 i) 68 46 3. In mol dm”®, the values are: a) 1.00 b) 5.01 x10-* 6) 447 610% d) 0.0132 ©) 7.08 10" 9 145 x10 8) 6.17 « 10" hh) 2.00 x 10" i) 3.16 x10" j) 234x107 4.) 0.784 b) Los 2) 133 12.7 on 2.82 6. a} 1,00 x 10 mol dm“* b) 6.00 9.92 a) 3.710" b) 1.7410" ©) 3.96% 10" d)1.3x10°* {all in moldm*) 9a) BBL x 10°F b) 397 x10" s) 143 x10° 4) 2.00% 10° Gall in mol din") 10, a) 2.28X10"" b) 5.62 x10" ©) 1.86 x20" 4) 4.24 x10" (il in mol dn 1.a) b) 241x107 ©) 1.89 x10? 4) 7.93 x10 Gall in mol dmx"? 12. a) 2.00 b) 120 ©) 2.30 13. 0.110%, 4.1L 15. a) 10°* b)6 16. pH 8) 9.6m? b) 0.90 em? Exercise 43 2. 1.00mole 3.0) 3.34 by 3.94 b) 0.117 molAnswers 287 i) ind the sum of the mean bond enthalpies of the bonds broken and the sum of the mean bond enthalpies of the bonds erated. Then AH® = + (sum of mean bond enthalpies of bonds broken) ~ (sum of mean bond enthalpies of bonds created) 13, a) ti) 2154 kj mol"! b)i) SrCl, will nor be formed as the energy required is high. Whereas the formation of SrC! is exothermic, the formation of SrCl, is more exothermic and therefore this is the product that is formed ii) 1) S?* isa much smaller ion than Sr*s therefore Cl” approach more closely to Sr?” and the lattice energy of SrCl, is much greater than that of SrCl 2) In forming Se" from Sr, the two electrons are removed. To form Se** a third electron must be removed from Sr; this is a d-electron and much mare difficult toremove 9) ).as° = aH/T = +63.7 ) Kt mort iy as = 482.1) mol? iii) AG® = AN® — TAS? = —5.46k) mol” negative, the reaction is feasible 14. a) =316kj mot 15.b) ZaQs) + C6) —e Znls) + CO) AG? = + 35KJmor at 1200 K Aluminium, yes. Hydrogen, no ©) i) Sinee 1 valume of gas is converted into a solid, S decreases: AS* is negative. The value of —TAS° becomes more positive as T increases: therefore AG becomes less negative as T increases ii) Singe 1 volume of gas forms 2 volumes of gas, 85° is positive; therefore the value of —TAS® becomes more negative a8 T increases and AG® becomes mote negative as T increases 16. d) i) 182 kj mot ii) —35 ky mot" ili? Reverse the second equation; then add the first equation and the reverse of the second equation to obtait Ife) + Clg) —e 2ICKRy For this reaction, AH = OH, — aft, CHAPTER 14 Exercise 51 a2 Bawa A 2wintB ad 4 A caixit 0 5. 10,0mol"! dm! st dt “ KIA] 2.010" dm? mot 7 Tea) 1 b)2 4.67 X105mol-tdm‘ ht of 464 mol"? dts"! 8 ail =&IN,O,) a) 0.150.moldm b) 1.80. moldm™ s* Exercise 52 1.1.54. «10454 2.1.10 1075"! 3. Gradients/mol dm” min a) -0.842 b) —0.386 ©} —0.200 d)Q 0.365 min“ or 6.10 X10%st 4, a) Initial rates/motdm">min“!: 136.30%10" —2)4.27 X10"? 3) 1.90 X 10°? byt ©) 3.75min 7.50min 1 ay SAG) ow {A}tB] —«) 1.06% 10-%den? mos itThis popular and comprehensive guide gives thorough, expert explanations, worked examples and plenty of practice in chemistry calculations. MU ate MM alice lenin eur cM Collar Ue M LoL weld] Svea ema Maare) emeel el oes cela aL eo equations and volumetric analysis for students starting A/AS work from National Curriculum GCSE Science: Double Award. The selection of questions from past papers has been updated and all numerical answers are included. ISBN O-7487-1594-0 STANLEY THORNES ] Ellenborough House v Wellington Street CHELTENHAM 9 Glos. GL50 1YW 780748 715947)