DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB LAB-4 18th September 2013

ARJUN M ASHOK (B100218EC)

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 FOURIER SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM . . . . . . . . . 1.3 FOURIER SERIES OF DISCRETE TIME 1.4 FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD . . . . . . . . 2 Observations and Discussion 2 2 3 3 3 4

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 FOURIER SERIES

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES: A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function x(t) in terms of an innite sum of sines and cosines. Fourier series makes use of the orthogonality relationships of the sine and cosine functions.A periodic signal x(t) with period T can be expressed as a sum of sinusoid of period T and its harmonics.

x(t) = ao +
n=1

an cos(nwt) +
n=1 +T /2

bn sin(nwt)

where, ao = 1/T
T /2 +T /2

x(t)dt x(t) cos(nwt)dt

an = 2/T
T /2 +T /2

bn = 2/T
T /2

x(t) sin(nwt)dt

T=timeperiod of f(t) w=2 /T EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES: The Exponential Fourier Series uses, instead of the bases of the sines and cosines of the Trigonometric Fourier Series, an equivalent bases of exponential functions.
+

x(t) =
n=

Dn exp(jnwt)

where,
+T /2

Dn = 1/T
T /2

x(t) exp(jnwt)dt

T=timeperiod of f(t) w=2 /T 2

1.2

FOURIER TRANSFORM

If a function is dened over the entire real line, it may still have a Fourier series representation if it is periodic. If it is not periodic, then it cannot be represented by a Fourier series for all x. In such case we may still be able to represent the function in terms of sines and cosines, except that now the Fourier series becomes a Fourier integral.The motivation comes from formally considering Fourier series for functions of period T and letting T tend to innity. Fourier transform is a mathematical transform which converts a time domain signal, which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into frequency domain signal.It is also called frequency spectrum of function f(t). Fourier transform of a function f(t) is dened as
+

F (w) =

f (t) exp(jwt)dt

1.3

FOURIER SERIES OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

A real, N-periodic, discrete-time signal x(n) can be represented by a linear combination of the complex exponential signals.Because of the fact that sinusoidal sequences are unique only for digital frequencies from 0 to 2 ,the expansion contains only a nite number of complex exponentials as follows:
N 1

x(n) =
k=0 N 1

ak exp(jkwn)

ak = 1/N
k=0

x(n) exp(jknw)

where w=2 /N aks are called spectral coecients , k=0,1,......N-1

1.4

FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD

The fundamental frequency, is dened as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In terms of a superposition of sinusoids (e.g. Fourier series), the fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency sinusoidal in the sum.We can show a waveform is periodic by nding some period T for which the following equation is true: x(t) = x(t + T ) Where x(t) is the function of the waveform. This means that for multiples of some period T the value of the signal is always the same. The least possible value of T for which this is true is called the fundamental period.

Chapter 2 Observations and Discussion

1. In implement 1, x1 is non-periodic and x2 is perodic.The frequency at which magnitude spectrum is at its peak is dierent for x1 and x2. x1 (n)=cos( (2)n)

Spectrum of x1 (n)=cos( (2)n)

2. In implement 2, as in gure 2.3 , we can observe that the fourier transform of the step function is an impulse function . Ideally it is an impulse of innite amplitude but as we are taking a xed length for the unit impulse so the amplitude of impulse is also nite.

3. In implement 3, the two sin signals x1 and x2 are taken and convolution is done and the fourier transform of the signals are taken and are multipied. That is convolution is done in time domiain which is equivalent to the multiplication in frequency domain as shown in gure 2.4

4. In implement 4, as shown in gure 2.5 we can look at the spectrum and say that if the signal is under-sampled or sampled at Nyquist rate and Over-sampled. If the spectrum is continous then we can say that it is sampled at Nyquist rate and if there is a huge gap in the spectrum then it is over-sampled, if overlapping occurs in the spectrum then it is under sampled. As seen in gure 2.5 the rst part of the gure is undersampled as overlapping occurs, this can be observed form the gure as the amplitude dierence between main lobe and side lobes is less.The second is sampled at nyquist rate as it is continous and the last part of gure is over-sampled as there is a gap in the spectrum.

Bibliography
[1] J. G. Proakis and D. G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, Pearson, 2007. [2] Modern Digital and Analog Communication systems B.P.Lathi,Third Edition.