Young Modulus Apparatus, Searles Type (1040120)

The apparatus has been designed to find out the Youngs modulus of elasticity of the wire material. Apparatus Consists of: (1) An attachment with micrometer and spirit level (2) Two wires of brass and steel each of length 1 meter (3) One ceiling bracket (4) Cylindrical weight with hook Other Items Required: (1) Screw gauge (2) Plier (3) Screw driver (4) Meter scale Elasticity: An external deforming force acting on a body may produce a change in length, volume or shape. On withdrawing the force, the body more or less regains its original length, volume or shape. This property of body to regain its original length, volume or shape when the deforming forces have been removed is called elasticity. When an external force acts on a body relative displacement of its various parts taken place. The displaced particles tend to come to their original positions to restore the original length, volume or shape of the body and thus exert a restoring force. The restoring force per unit area inside the body is called stress. The reaction set up in the body is equal and opposite to the applied force, so long as there is no permanent change produced in the body. The restoring force is, therefore, equal to the applied force. Hence if a force F is applied normally to the area of cross section a of a wire, then F Stress = ---a S.I unit of stress are Newton per square meter(Nm-2) The external force acting on the body causes a relative displacement of its various parts. A change in length, volume or shape takes place. The body is then said to be under a strain. Strain: It is the ratio of change in length, volume or shape to its original length, volume or shape. Strain is thus a pure ratio and has no units. Young Modulus: It is defined as the ratio of stress to longitudinal strain within elastic limits. The longitudinal strain is measured by observing the change in length per unit length. If L is the length of a wire and an increase in length l is produced by a force F, then l Strain= ---L

Stress F l FL Youngs modulus (Y) ---------- = ------ ------ = ------Strain a L al In S.I units, Youngs Modulus is expressed in Newton per square meter (N/m2)

(1)

Description: A specially designed apparatus capable of greater degree of sensitivity and accuracy. Two cast metal rectangular frames hinged together parallel to each other to allow only vertical relative motion, with a spirit level fixed on a cross-bar pivoted across the frames for noting the reference point. One frame has vertical scale 10-0-10mm with a micrometer head along it reading to 0.01 mm for adjusting the spirit level. Each frame has a self-centering chuck at its top for holding wires and load hooks at the bottom. Also included with ceiling bracket carrying a pair of chucks, a counterpoise weight and a set of two wires, one each of brass and steel. The relative displacement between the two frames can be known from the micrometer reading after adjusting the bubble of spirit level.

Ceiling bracket Chucks

Wires

10 0 10

Main scale reading

Circular scale reading

Fig.(2)
Cylindrical weight

Fig. (1)

Procedure: (1) Make the arrangement as shown in the fig.(1). Fix the ceiling bracket to any overhead beam or door frame with proper size screws to ensure that the attachment fixed properly. It is easy to clamp the ceiling bracket in a wooden frame. (2) First use steel wire and divide it into two equal parts using any cutter and plier. Clamp each set of wires into self-centering chucks provided with the ceiling bracket. Tight the chucks firmly. The wire should not loose inside the chucks otherwise use plier to tight the chucks. (3) Measure the diameter of the wire at five different places, direct and cross wire, with the help of screw gauge. (4) Now fix another ends of wires with the self-centering chucks provided with the apparatus. Adjust the height of the both wires similar. (5) Measure the length of test wire fitted in between the two chucks. To measure the distance, use a piece of ordinary cotton thread (non-elastic). First take the distance with the thread and then measure its length against a meter scale. (6) Adjust the micrometer till the spirit level not comes in leveling. At this point note down the reading in the observation table for micrometer reading. (7) Now hang the cylindrical weight in any one hook provided with the apparatus. There is some disturbance occur inside the spirit level. Adjust the micrometer again for leveling the spirit level and note down the micrometer reading inside the observation table for micrometer reading. (8) Repeat the same process with brass wire and note down the reading of micrometer in table . Observations: Material of the wire= . Measurement of radius of the wire by screw gauge Distance traveled on the main scale Pitch of the screw gauge= -----------------------------------------------No. of rotation by circular scale Pitch Least count (L.C) = ----------------------------------------No. of divisions on circular scale mm

Observation Table for Diameter of Rod : S.No. 1 2 3 Main Scale Reading (M) Circular Scale Reading(C) Diameter of Rod (d) M+(C x L.C)10-3m Radius of Rod (r) r = d/2 Mean value of (r)

Measurement of micrometer reading

Distance traveled on the main scale Pitch of the screw gauge= -----------------------------------------------No. of rotation by circular scale

mm

Pitch Least count (L.C) = ----------------------------------------No. of divisions on circular scale Observation Table for micrometer readinhg: S.No Main Scale Reading (M) Circular Scale Reading(C) Micrometer reading with out load (l1) M+(C x L.C)10-3m Micrometer reading with load (l2) M+(C x L.C)10-3m Change in length of wire (l) l=l2-l1

1 2 3

Calculation: Cross sectional area of test wire (a) = r2 Force on test wire (F) = (Cylindrical weight in Kg) x 10 N Length of test wire =L Change in length of wire on hanging weight=l Put all above values in formula no. (1) and calculate the young modulus. Precaution: (1) Tighten the wires perfectly, otherwise their may be slip of the end of the wire and the whole experiment may be spoiled. (2) Always use a sufficiently large length of wire. (3) To avoid any injury, you are advised not to stand on the side of hanging weights, when you are performing the experiment.