3G Radio Network Planning Guideline RAS06 RU10 V 1 0

Nokia Siemens Networks
3G Radio Network Planning Guideline

for
RAS06 and RU10
2007 NSN Siemens Networks All rig!ts reser"ed
.
Revision History
#ate Re" Summar$ of %!ange
March 20, 2008 0.1
Document created and based on 3G Plannin
Guideline by !hris "ohnson.
May 1#, 2008 0.$% Dra&t ready &or revie'
"une 18, 2008 1.0 ())roved version 'ith revie' comments
&ditor's(
!hris "ohnson, "ar**o +t*onen,
,a*ari ,istonen
#ate( 18.-.2008
)ersion( v.1.0
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 2 018%1
2he in&ormation in this document is sub3ect to chane 'ithout notice and describes only the )roduct de&ined in the introduction o& this
documentation. 2his document is intended &or the use o& /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s customers only &or the )ur)oses o& the areement under
'hich the document is submitted, and no )art o& it may be used, re)roduced, modi&ied, or transmitted in any &orm or means 'ithout the )rior
'ritten )ermission o& /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s. 2he document has been )re)ared to be used by )ro&essional and )ro)erly trained )ersonnel,
and the customer assumes &ull res)onsibility 'hen usin it. /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 'elcomes customer comments as )art o& the )rocess o&
continuous develo)ment and im)rovement o& the documentation.
2he in&ormation or statements iven in this document concernin the suitability, ca)acity, or )er&ormance o& the mentioned hard'are or so&t'are
)roducts are iven 4as is5 and all liability arisin in connection 'ith such hard'are or so&t'are )roducts shall be de&ined conclusively in a
se)arate areement bet'een /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s and the customer. Ho'ever, /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s has made all reasonable e&&orts to
ensure that the instructions contained in the document are ade6uate and &ree o& material errors and omissions. /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 'ill, i&
deemed necessary by /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s, e7)lain issues 'hich may not be covered by the document.
/,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 'ill correct errors in the document as soon as )ossible. +/ /8 9:9/2 ;+<< /,/ ,+9M9/, /92;8R=, >9 <+(><9
?8R 9RR8R, +/ 2H+, D8!@M9/2 8R ?8R (/A D(M(G9,, +/!<@D+/G >@2 /82 <+M+29D 28 ,P9!+(<, D+R9!2, +/D+R9!2,
+/!+D9/2(< 8R !8/,9B@9/2+(< 8R (/A M8/92(RA <8,,9,, ,@!H (, >@2 /82 <+M+29D 28 <8,, 8? PR8?+2, R9:9/@9,
>@,+/9,, +/29RR@P2+8/, >@,+/9,, 8PP8R2@/+2A 8R D(2( 2H(2 M(A (R+,9 ?R8M 2H9 @,9 8? 2H+, D8!@M9/2 8R 2H9
+/?8RM(2+8/ +/ +2
2his document and the )roduct it describes are considered )rotected by co)yrihts and other intellectual )ro)erty rihts accordin to the
a))licable la's.
;ave loo is a trademar* o& /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 8y. /,/ is a reistered trademar* o& /,/ !or)oration. ,iemens is a reistered
trademar* o& ,iemens (G.
/P8C/,8 !a)ability Manaement DateD 18.-.2008
3G Radio /et'or* Plannin Guideline :ersion 1.0
.
*a+le of %ontents
1 A,-U* *./S #-%U0&N* 11
2 #%. 1eatures 12
2.1 +ntroduction ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 R@10 ?eatures .................................................................................................................................. 13
3 ,*S %onfigurations 17
3.1 +ntroduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1E
3.2 R@10 ?eatures .................................................................................................................................. 1$
3.3 ?le7i /ode > ...................................................................................................................................... 21
3.# @ltra,ite ............................................................................................................................................ 2#
3.% Metro,ite %0 ...................................................................................................................................... 2-
3.- Picocell .............................................................................................................................................. 28
3.E ?emto ................................................................................................................................................ 30
3.8 +ndoor ,olutions ................................................................................................................................ 33
3.$ Microcell ,olutions ............................................................................................................................ 3E
3.10 Re)eaters ........................................................................................................................................ #3
3.11 Remote 9lectrical 2ilt ...................................................................................................................... #E
3.12 +m)act o& /ode > !on&iurations .................................................................................................... #$
2 Air3/nterfa4e Performan4e 56
#.1 <in* >udet (nalysis ......................................................................................................................... %-
#.2 !a)acity analysis .............................................................................................................................. -E
5 Radio Network Planning 71
%.1 +ntroduction ....................................................................................................................................... E1
%.2 ,ite ,election .................................................................................................................................... E3
%.3 ,ite Desin ........................................................................................................................................ E-
%.# ,cramblin !ode Plannin ................................................................................................................ E$
%.% Ma7imum /eihbour <ist <enths ..................................................................................................... 82
%.- 3G +ntraF&re6uency /eihbour <ist Plannin ..................................................................................... 8-
%.E 3G +nterF&re6uency /eihbour <ist Plannin ..................................................................................... $1
%.8 2G /eihbour <ist Plannin .............................................................................................................. $#
%.$ >,! 3G /eihbour <ist Plannin ...................................................................................................... $E
%.10 <ocation (rea, Routin (rea, ,ervice (rea and !ell +dentity Plannin ......................................... 100
%.11 R/! (rea Plannin ....................................................................................................................... 10#
%.12 @R( area )lannin ........................................................................................................................ 10E
%.13 8ther ;!DM( ?re6uencies .......................................................................................................... 10$
6 %o3siting and Re31arming 116
-.1 ;!DM( 2100CG,M $00 !oF,itin and ;!DM( 2100CD!, 1800 !oF,itin .................................. 11-
-.2 ;!DM( 8%0CP!, 1$00 !oF,itin and ;!DM( 1$00CG,M 8%0 !oF,itin .................................... 120
-.3 G,M$00 and ;!DM($00 Re&armin ............................................................................................. 12#
.
7 Radio Network Planning *ool 125
E.1 ())roaches to 3G Radio /et'or* Plannin .................................................................................... 12%
E.2 Pro)aation Modellin .................................................................................................................... 132
6 Parameter Planning and Radio Resour4e 0anagement 135
8.1 +ntraF&re6uency cell reFselection ...................................................................................................... 13%
8.2 +nterF&re6uency cell reFselection ...................................................................................................... 138
8.3 +nterFR(2 cell reFselection ............................................................................................................... 1#1
8.# !ell reFselection &rom G,M to ;!DM( layer .................................................................................. 1##
8.% !ell reFselection 'ith H!, ............................................................................................................... 1#$
8.- !ell access control .......................................................................................................................... 1%3
8.E !ell status and s)ecial reservations ................................................................................................ 1%%
8.8 !ell selection 'ith emerency call .................................................................................................. 1%%
8.$ Do'nlin* !ommon !hannel Po'ers ............................................................................................... 1%-
8.10 Do'nlin* 2ransmit Po'er !alculations ......................................................................................... 1-1
8.11 @)lin* 8)en <oo) Po'er !ontrol .................................................................................................. 1-8
8.12 ,o&t Handover ............................................................................................................................... 1E3
8.13 Po'er balancin ............................................................................................................................ 180
8.1# <ayerin ........................................................................................................................................ 181
8.1% Pac*et data handlin on D!H ....................................................................................................... 182
8.1- />F and ;>F(MR ........................................................................................................................ 183
7 Referen4es 165
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae # 018%1
.
8ist of 1igures
1igure 1 9 Generi4 inter34onne4tion of Node , :lug3in units ;1<1<1 Node ,=25
1igure 2 9 /nter34onne4tion of 0etroSite 50 :lug3in units27
1igure 3 9 Pi4o4ell network ar4!ite4ture w!en using an &t!ernet 4onne4tion27
1igure 2 9 1emto network ar4!ite4ture31
1igure 5 9 1emto de:lo$ment wit! a two R1 4arriers31
1igure 6 9 &>am:le 4o"erage areas +elonging to two se4tors of a mi4ro4ell21
1igure 7 9 1le>i 4onfiguration51
1igure 6 9 %o"erage and 4a:a4it$ limitation 65
1igure 7 9 U8'#8 :at!loss 4om:arison U& *? :ower 22 d,m@ feeder loss 2 d, and 0.A
in use 20 A PA65
1igure 10 9 U8 link ada:tation wit! A0R 4ode4 rate sele4tion66
1igure 11 9 #8 :ower of #%. 4!annel wit! and wit!out .S#PA@ and .S#PA :ower66
1igure 12 9 #8 load and total :ower as fun4tion of num+er of A0R 122 users wit! 20A
;2A :ilot= and 20 A ;6A :ilot= 4ell67
1igure 13 9 #8 load and :ower wit! different A0R 4ode4s70
1igure 12 9 ,asi4 :lanning :ro4ess71
1igure 15 9 &>am:les of :oor and good roof3to: antenna lo4ations76
1igure 16 9 Prin4i:le of a"oiding s!adowing from a roof3to:77
1igure 17 9 Prin4i:le of a"oiding s!adowing from walls77
1igure 16 9 0inimum reBuirements for !oriContal and "erti4al antenna se:arations76
1igure 17 3 URA :lanning106
1igure 20 9 Relations!i: +etween :at! loss and 4ell range for ea4! o:erating +and 112
1igure 21 9 /n3+and and out3of3+and interferen4e for a A%#0A re4ei"er116
1igure 22 9 /n4rease in A%#0A re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ GS0 s:urious
emissions 117
1igure 23 9 /n4rease in GS0 re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ A%#0A s:urious
emissions 116
1igure 22 9 /n3+and and out3of3+and interferen4e for a A%#0A re4ei"er120
1igure 25 9 /n4rease in A%#0A re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ GS0 s:urious
emissions 121
1igure 26 3 /n4rease in GS0 re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ A%#0A s:urious
emissions122
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae % 018%1
.
1igure 27 *!e 4o"erage in t!e 7000.C +and is +etter 4om:ared to A%#0A 21000.C
+and122
1igure 26 9 &>am:le 4o"erage :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio
network :lanning w!en a::l$ing 4lutter de:endent signal strengt! t!res!olds for a
s:e4ifi4 ser"i4e127
1igure 27 9 &>am:le +est ser"er :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio
network :lanning127
1igure 30 9 &>am:le %'/ anal$sis :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio
network :lanning126
1igure 31 9 &>am:le 4o"erage :lot for t!e 62'62 k+:s %S data ser"i4e127
1igure 32 9 &>am:le :lot of u:link load130
1igure 33 9 &>am:le 4ell +lo4king re:ort130
1igure 32( A%#0A measurement triggering126
1igure 35( 2G 3D 3G 4ell resele4tion :ro4edure ;Rel 5=126
1igure 36 3 %ell re3sele4tion wit! .%S150
1igure 37 3 /ntra3 and interfreBuen4$ ;a= and inter3RA*'GS0 ;+= 4ell measurement rules
wit! .%S151
1igure 36 9 *!e signaling and timing asso4iated wit! u:link and downlink air3interfa4e
s$n4!ronisation172
1igure 37 9 /m:ulse res:onse of t!e la$er 3 filter w!en in:uts are :ro"ided e"er$ 200 and
100 ms 175
1igure 20 3 Relati"e s:ee4! Bualit$ of different A0R 4ode4s163
1igure 21 3 Relati"e 4ell 4a:a4it$ wit! different A0R 4ode4s162
1igure 22 3 Relati"e 4ell 4o"erage wit! different N,3A0R 4ode4 rates162
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae - 018%1
.
8ist of *a+les
*a+le 1 3 #%. 1eature Set for RU1012
*a+le 2 3 Node , 1eature Set for RU1016
*a+le 3 3 S$stem module 4a:a+ilities22
*a+le 2 3 *rans:ort su+3module 4a:a+ilities22
*a+le 5 3 Range of R1 modules and remote radio !eads22
*a+le 6 RU10 RR. su::orted 4onfigurations23
*a+le 7 9 *!e ma>imum num+er of :lug3in units a44ommodated +$ ea4! UltraSite %a+inet
22
*a+le 6 9 *!e !ardware 4onfigurations su::orted +$ ea4! Node , 4a+inet25
*a+le 7 3 %onfigurations su::orted +$ t!e 0etroSite 5026
*a+le 10 3 Plug3in units w!i4! 4an +e a44omodated +$ t!e 0etroSite 5027
*a+le 11 9 %om:arison of Pi4o4ell releases27
*a+le 12 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to indoor solution design32
*a+le 13 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to mi4ro4ell solution design36
*a+le 12 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell u:link link +udget assum:tions37
*a+le 15 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell u:link load eBuation assum:tions20
*a+le 16 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell downlink link +udget assum:tions20
*a+le 17 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell downlink load eBuation assum:tions20
*a+le 16 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e de:lo$ment of re:eaters23
*a+le 17 9 RN% data+uild :arameters w!i4! de:end u:on t!e Node , !ardware
4onfiguration50
*a+le 20 9 #efault :arameter "alues for t!e most 4ommon Node , 4onfigurations50
*a+le 21 9 RAS06 1le>i ,*S 4onfigurations51
*a+le 22 9 RU10 1le>i ,*S 4onfigurations52
*a+le 23 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to link +udgets57
*a+le 22 9 Generi4 NSN u:link ser"i4e link +udgets56
*a+le 25 9 As an e>am:le +uilding :enetration losses and slow fading 4!ara4teristi4s 60
*a+le 26 9 Generi4 NSN downlink ser"i4e link +udgets61
*a+le 27 9 Generi4 NSN downlink %P/%. link +udget63
*a+le 26 9 %om:arison of NSN link +udget results62
*a+le 27 9 Power am:lifier and :arameters66
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E 018%1
.
*a+le 30 9 APA im:a4t on downlink 4ell radius66
*a+le 31 9 Site sele4tion 4riteria used to determine w!et!er or not a site s!ould +e
4onsidered for in4lusion wit!in t!e 3G radio network :lan72
*a+le 32 9 Site sele4tion 4riteria used to :rioritise +etween sites w!i4! are +eing
4onsidered for in4lusion wit!in t!e 3G radio network :lan72
*a+le 33 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to s4ram+ling 4ode :lanning60
*a+le 32 9 SiCe of a single A#ES for in4lusion wit!in S/,1163
*a+le 35 9 SiCe of a single A#E/ for in4lusion wit!in S/,1162
*a+le 36 9 SiCe of a single A#EG for in4lusion wit!in S/,1162
*a+le 37 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G intra3freBuen4$ neig!+our list
:lanning67
*a+le 36 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to Soft .ando"er +ased on #ete4ted Set
feature in RU1066
*a+le 37 9 *$:i4al intra3freBuen4$ neig!+our list lengt!s 67
*a+le 20 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G inter3freBuen4$ neig!+our list
:lanning72
*a+le 21 9 *$:i4al inter3freBuen4$ neig!+our list lengt!s 73
*a+le 22 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 2G neig!+our list :lanning75
*a+le 23 9 *$:i4al inter3s$stem neig!+our list lengt!s76
*a+le 22 9 ,S% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G neig!+our list :lanning76
*a+le 25 9 *$:i4al ,S% 3G neig!+our list lengt!s77
*a+le 26 9 RN% :arameters rele"ant to lo4ation area@ routing area@ ser"i4e area and 4ell
identit$ :lanning101
*a+le 27 9 SGSN data+uild :arameters rele"ant to lo4ation area@ routing area and 4ell
identit$ :lanning101
*a+le 26 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to RN% area :lanning102
*a+le 27 9 NSN RN% 4a:a4it$ 4onfigurations105
*a+le 50 9 RN% :arameters rele"ant URA area :lanning107
*a+le 51 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e use of ot!er freBuen4$ +ands110
*a+le 52 9 3GPP Release 77 1## freBuen4$ +ands110
*a+le 53 9 3GPP Release 7 1## freBuen4$ +ands111
*a+le 52 9 %om:arison of link +udget assum:tions for o:erating +ands /@ //@ /) and )112
*a+le 55 9 #ifferen4e +etween t!e u:link and downlink :at! losses for o:erating +ands /@
//@ /) and )113
.
*a+le 56 9 #ifferen4e +etween t!e :at! loss in o:erating +and / and t!e :at! loss in
o:erating +ands //@ /) and ) 112
*a+le 57 9 &>am:le su+ur+an 4ell ranges for o:erating +ands //@ /) and ) 115
*a+le 56 9 GS0 700 and #%S 1600 +ase station s:urious emissions :erforman4e
reBuirements117
*a+le 57 9 A%#0A Node , re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements117
*a+le 60 9 A%#0A Node , s:urious emissions :erforman4e reBuirements116
*a+le 61 9 GS0 and #%S +ase station re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements 117
*a+le 62 9 A%#0A Node , re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements121
*a+le 63 3 A%#0A Node , s:urious emissions :erforman4e reBuirements122
*a+le 62 9 GS0 and P%S +ase station re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements122
*a+le 65 9 &>am:le translation of 3G link +udget result to :lanning tool signal strengt!
t!res!old126
*a+le 66 9 A::li4a+ilit$ of t!e -kumura3.ata and Aalfis4!3/kegami :ro:agation models
133
*a+le 67 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e downlink 4ommon 4!annels ;F +ased
on A%&8 "alue if 4ell in same RN%@ ot!erwise set +$ :arameter@ default 21 d,m=
136
137
122
*a+le 70 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e 4ell3resele4tion from GS0 to
A%#0A125
150
153
155
*a+le 72 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e downlink 4ommon 4!annels157
*a+le 75 9 Relations!i: +etween t!e num+er of :aging indi4ators and t!e num+er of +its
:er :aging indi4ator156
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $ 018%1
.
*a+le 76 9 %al4ulation of t!e a"erage downlink transmit :ower for t!e 4ommon 4!annels
157
*a+le 77 9 %al4ulation of t!e :eak downlink transmit :ower for t!e 4ommon 4!annels160
*a+le 76 9 *!e ma>imum downlink transmit :ower for t!e 62 k+:s data ser"i4e160
*a+le 77 9 %om:arison of t!e P3%%P%. and S3%%P%. link +udgets wit! t!e 62 k+:s data
ser"i4e 160
*a+le 60 9 &>am:le downlink transmit :owers162
*a+le 61 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to downlink transmit :ower 4al4ulations
162
*a+le 62 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to u:link o:en loo: :ower 4ontrol167
*a+le 63 9 Node , 4ommissioning :arameters rele"ant to u:link o:en loo: :ower 4ontrol
167
*a+le 62 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to soft !ando"er172
*a+le 65 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e :ower +alan4ing160
.
1. ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
2his document is based on earlier 3G Radio /et'or* Plannin Guideline by !hris "ohnson, 'hich can be still used
and in some'hat there is more detailed in&ormation available. 2his document &ocuses and has been ada)ted on
R(,0- and R@10 level. 2his document tal*s about R$$ D!H related &unctionalities and &eatures as 'ell as eneral
)lannin to)ics, se)arated H,P( )lannin uideline includes H,DP( and H,@P( related &unctionalities and
&eatures. 2his document discusses about the basic )lannin as)ects, &or e7am)le /ode >s in R(,0- and R@10
and their con&iurations. Main /ode > in R(,0- and R@10 is ?le7i, thus main &ocus is on it. 2his document does
not cover H,DP( and H,@P( as there is available document R(,0- H,P( Plannin Guideline 'hich &ocuses on
the to)ics and &eatures around H,DP( and H,@P(, this document 'ill be u)dated to R@10 level later
0a))ro7imately end o& B2C20081.
;hen tal*in about R@10 'e are then re&errin to R/! ,; level R/#.0 and >2, ,; level ;/%.0, corres)ondinly
R(,0- re&ers to R/3.0 and ;/#.0. 2his document hihliht the main stream &eatures, thus notice that di&&erent
>2,s than ?le7i and @ltra miht have 6uite di&&erent &eature su))ort. !hec* corres)ondin &eatures &rom )roduct
line.
(s this document is based on earlier 3G )lannin uideline by !hris "ohnson, ne7t short hihliht o& 'hat has been
chaned and u)dated.
2he document structure is chaned and alined 'ith H,P( )lannin uideline, this in order to enable easier
document &ollo'u). Document structure &ollo's 3G )lannin )rocess, thusD
!ha)ter 2. Describes R@10 &eatures, this is a ne' cha)ter to earlier document.
!ha)ter 3. Hihlihts /ode >s used in R@10 time&rame and also >2, &eatures, this cha)ter includes a
ne' material and em)hasis on ?le7i as it is /,/Gs main >2, )roduct already in R(,0-. (lso ?emto is
described as a ne' indoor solution.
!ha)ter #. ,hortly describes air inter&ace )er&ormance via coverae and ca)acity analysis. Main chane
to earlier document is lin* budet ada)tation to /,/ s)eci&ic lin* budet. (dditional ne' to)ics are related
to ca)acity )er&ormace.
!ha)ter %. +s mainly ta*en &rom earlier document, but all content has been ta*en to R(,0- and R@10 ,;
level. Main chanes are in /eibour list )lannin via ,+>11 e7tension and @R( )lannin. (ll ,ections
hihliht at the beinnin )ossible chanes due to the R(,0- or R@10 ,;.
!ha)ter -. Material has not been chaned. /e' added to)ic is G,M$00 and ;!DM($00 re&armin,
'here only some ood re&erences are hihlihted. 2hose documents are &ocusin in a detail on re&armin
related issues.
!ha)ter E. /o chanes
!ha)ter 8. 2his cha)ter has been chaned 6uite e7tensively and es)ecially ne' material and u)dates are
made to meet the R(,0- and R@10 ,; level and &eatures.
.
2. DCH FEATURES
21 /ntrodu4tion
2he D!H &eature set is )resented in 2able 1. 2his table e7cludes the &eatures associated 'ith H,P(. +t also
e7cludes the &eatures associated 'ith the +ub trans)ort net'or*.
#%. 1eature 1eature
Num+er
RAS05'
RAS051
RAS06 RU10
@2R(/FG(/ +nter'or*in R(/1183 F F 8)tional
!ell ,election Parameter ,et R(/1138 F F >asic
,o&t Handover based u)on Detected ,et Re)ortin R(/12-- F F 8)tional
+nterF,ystem Handover !ancellation R(/12E% F F >asic
+nterF?re6uency Handover over +ur R(/1#%% F F >asic
97tension o& ,+>11 usin ,+>11bis R(/1323 F F >asic
RR! ReFestablishment &or Real 2ime ,ervices R(/1E30 F F >asic
<oad based (MR !odec Mode ,election R(/%80 F F >asic
?ast !all ,etu) &rom !9<<HP!H ,tate R(/1232 F F >asic
P, R(> Recon&iuration R(/$30 F F 8)tional
P, @9 ,tatesD @R(HP!H R(/833 F F >asic
,(,F!entric +u)c R(/118E F F 8)tional
<!, ,u))ort in Dri&t R/! R(/118% F F 8)tional
<!, Periodical Re)ortin R(/12$- F F 8)tional
<!, ,ha)e !onversion R(/1-#0 F F >asic
R,!P 2riered +,H8 !ancellation R(/1E2- F >asic >asic
Directed Retry R(/$28 F 8)tional 8)tional
?le7ible +u 'ith MultiF8)erator R(/ R(/1-02 F 8)tional 8)tional
;ideband (MR !odec ,et 012.-%, 8.8%, -.-1 R(/831 F 8)tional 8)tional
?le7ible +u R(/83# F 8)tional 8)tional
9merency !all Redirect to G,M R(/11EE F 8)tional 8)tional
<atency ,tatistics &or @9 Positionin R(/121$ F >asic >asic
M8R(/ &or u) to # 8)erators R(/1#%2 F 8)tional 8)tional
9nhanced Priority >ased ,chedulin R(/3$% 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
<oad and ,ervice >ased +,C+? Handover R(/1#0 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
?le7ible @)rade o& /R2 D!H Data Rate R(/2#2 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
2hrouh)ut >ased 8)timisation o& the Pac*et
,cheduler (lorithm
R(/#0$ 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
Po'er >alancin R(/1#- 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
(MR !odec ,ets 012.2, E.$%, %.$0, #.E%1 and 0%,
%.$0, #.E%1
R(/830 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
@9 >ased (FGP, @sin 97ternal Re&erence /et'or* R(/223 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
+ntellient Directed 9merency !all +nterF,ystem
Handover &or @,
R(/81# 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
,u))ort &or 2andemC2ranscoder ?ree 8)eration R(/13# 8)tional 8)tional 8)tional
*a+le 1 3 #%. 1eature Set for RU10
.
22 RU10 1eatures
221 U*RAN3GAN /nterworking ;RAN1163=
Generic (ccess /et'or* 0G(/1 is also *no'n as @nlicensed Mobile (ccess 0@M(1. G(/ )rovides )rovides
combined G,M and ;<(/ access ca)abilities. 2his &eature is a))licable to s)eech connections. +t enables both
incomin and outoin interFsystem handovers bet'een @2R(/ and G(/.
+ncomin handovers a))ear to the R/! in the same 'ay as other interFsystem handovers. 8utoin handovers are
handled by includin the G,M cells belonin to G(/ 'ithin the interFsystem neihbour list. 2he R/! con&iures
the +nterFR(2 re)ortin even 3a IThe estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain
threshold and the estimated quality of the other system is above a certain thresholdI. @9 'hich su))ort handover
&rom @2R(/ to G(/ are able to simultaneously access both ;<(/ and @2R(/. 2his means that com)ressed
mode is not necessary &or the @9 to com)are the 6uality o& the @2R(/ and G(/ systems. +& the @9 is in G(/
)re&erred mode, the @9 re)orts event 3a a&ter it has success&ully reistered 'ith a G(/ cell. 8ther'ise, i& the @9 is
not in G(/ )re&erred mode then the @9 re)orts event 3a once the 6uality o& the current @2R(/ cell &alls belo' the
event 3a threshold and a&ter it has success&ully reistered 'ith a G(/ cell. 2he R/! instructs the handover once it
has received the event 3a measurement re)ort.
222 %ell Sele4tion Parameter Set ;RAN1136=
2his &eature alins the /,/ im)lementation 'ith the release % version o& 3GPP 2, 2%.30#. ,ome chanes to the
cell reFselection )arameter set 'ere introduced 'ithin R(,0%.1. R/2.2 !D2 allo's the Ssear4!.%S )arameter to
be broadcast 'ithin ,+>3 'hile H!, is disabled. R/2.2 !D2.2 allo's the S!4sRA* )arameter to be broadcast
'ithin ,+>2 'hile H!, is disabled. 2he )arameters can be used to trier interF&re6uency and interFsystem cell
reselection measurements based u)on !P+!H R,!P. 2hese thresholds are used in combination 'ith the e7istin
!P+!H 9cC+o thresholds 0!ha)ter 8 )rovides a more detailed e7)lanation to these )arameters1. 2he ob3ective o&
includin !P+!H R,!P thresholds is to ensure that measurements are triered in noise limited scenarios 'here
the !P+!H 9cC+o remains hih at distant locations &rom the /ode >.
2he R@10 so&t'are release introduces the use o& ,+>#. ,+># is a))licable to RR! connected mode @9 'hile ,+>3
is a))licable to RR! idle mode @9 0,+>3 is a))licable to all @9 i& ,+># is not broadcast1. 2he introduction o& ,+>#
allo's the de&inition o& di&&erent cell reselection )arameter sets &or RR! idle and connected modes. 2he )arameters
'hich can be de&ined se)arately areD ,intrasearch, ,intersearch, ,searchH!,, ,searchR(2, ,H!,HR(2,
,limit,earchR(2, Bhyst1, Bhyst2, 2reselection and @se8&H!,.
2he R@10 so&t'are release also allo's !P+!H R,!P to be used as a 6uality measure durin the ran*in
)rocedure, i.e. 'hen com)arin the 6uality o& the current servin cell 'ith the 6uality o& the neihbourin cells. +&
!P+!H R,!P is con&iured as a 6uality measure then it re)laces !P+!H 9cC+o as a 6uality measure.
2he R@10 so&t'are release also introduces di&&erent 2reselection, Bhyst1 and Bhyst2 )arameters &or !9<<H?(!H
and !9<<HP!H 0@R(HP!H uses the same )arameters as !9<<HP!H1. 2his means that there are three sets o&
)arameters to con&iureD RR! +dle mode, !9<<H?(!H and !9<<HP!H. +n addition, interF&re6uency and interFR(2
2reselection scalin &actors are introduced. 2hese are intended to allo' larer 2reselection values &or interF
&re6uency and interFR(2 cell reFselections, e.. to ma*e it more di&&icult &or the @9 to com)lete interFR(2 cell
reselection.
2he R@10 so&t'are release also introduces the conce)t o& nonFH!, hih mobility. Prior to the release % version o&
the 3GPP s)eci&ications, hih mobility detection is used to direct the @9 to'ards a s)eci&ic net'or* layer 'hen H!,
is enabled. 2he release % version o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications introduces a scalin &actor 'hich is a))lied to
2reselection 'hen the @9 detects that it is cateorised as hih mobility. Hih mobility is detected by monitorin the
number o& cell reselections 'ithin a s)eci&ic time interval.
.
223 Soft .ando"er +ased u:on #ete4ted %ell Re:orting ;RAN1266=
2his &eature ma*es use o& Idetected cellI re)ortin &rom the @9. Detected cells are cells 'hich the @9 measures but
'hich do not a))ear 'ithin the neihbour list nor the current active set. Detected set re)ortin is a))licable to intraF
&re6uency measurements com)leted by @9 in the !9<<HD!H state. 2his &eature allo's the R/! to &ilter o&&
detected cells 'hich do not a))ear 'ithin any o& the active set cell neihbour lists con&iured at the R/!, i.e. the
candidate cell must still a))ear 'ithin the neihbour lists con&iured at the R/!. 2his e&&ectively increases the
ma7imum neihbour list lenth &rom 32 to -# 'hen there are t'o cells in the active set and &rom 32 to $- 'hen
there are three cells in the active set. 2he &ilterin is used to hel) ensure that handovers are not attem)ted to
erroneous detected cells.
222 /nter3S$stem .ando"er %an4ellation ;RAN1275=
2his &eature allo's the interFsystem handover )rocedure to be cancelled )rior to sendin the handover command.
!ancellation is a))licable i& the handover )rocedure has been triered by either coverae or 6uality and i&
conditions subse6uently im)rove 'hile the handover )rocedure is onoin. !overae and 6uality interFsystem
handover trierin mechanisms are based u)on !P+!H R,!P, !P+!H 9cC+o, do'nlin* transmit )o'er, u)lin*
transmit )o'er and u)lin* taret ,+R. 2he R/! relies u)on the @9 re)ortin that conditions have im)roved &or the
!P+!H R,!P, !P+!H 9cC+o and u)lin* transmit )o'er, i.e. usin re)ortin events 1e and -b. 2he R/! is able to
detect that conditions have im)roved &or the do'nlin* transmit )o'er and u)lin* taret ,+R. +n addition, active set
u)dates are used to cancel the interFsystem handover )rocedure. Part o& this &eature is introduced 'ith R(,0-
9D1, i.e. &eature R(/1E2- allo's cancellation based u)on !P+!H R,!P measurements.
225 /nter31reBuen4$ .ando"er o"er /ur ;RAN1255=
2his &eature allo's interF&re6uency handover to taret cells 'hich belon to dri&t R/!. 2his increases the )otential
&or identi&yin the best candidate cell at locations to'ards R/! boundaries, i.e. the interF&re6uency handover
success rate is li*ely to im)rove at R/! boundaries.
2his &eature also allo's interF&re6uency handovers to be com)leted 'hile the servin R/! is anchored. 2his
ca)ability is most im)ortant &or net'or*s 'hich do not su))ort ,R/, relocation &or !, connections, i.e. the !, core
net'or* vendor does not su))ort ,R/, relocation. +t is also a))licable to net'or*s 'hich do not su))ort ,R/,
relocation &or P, connections but in this case the re6uirement is less im)ortant because P, connections can ma*e
a short transition to RR! +dle mode be&ore reFestablishin on the dri&t R/! 'hich then becomes the servin R/!
0and the re6uirement &or interF&re6uency handover across the +ur is no loner re6uired1.
226 &>tension of S/,11 using S/,11+is ;RAN1323=
2his &eature )rovides su))ort &or ,+>11bis. ,+>11bis has been introduced 'ithin the release - version o& 3GPP 2,
2%.331 to overcome the issues associated 'ith ma7imum neihbour list lenths 'hen usin ,+>11, i.e. the ca)acity
o& ,+>11 is not su&&icient to su))ort 32 intraF&re6uency cells, 32 interF&re6uency cells and 32 interFsystem cells.
,+>11bis re)resents an e7tension &or ,+>11 0used &or idle mode1 but does not re)resent an e7tension &or ,+>12, i.e.
cell reFselection in RR! connected mode remains limited to the neihbours listed 'ithin ,+>12.
227 RR% Re3esta+lis!ment for Real *ime Ser"i4es ;RAN1730=
Prior to R@10, RR! connection reFestablishment is )ossible &or ac*no'leded mode R<! connections, i.e.
interactive and bac*round P, data connections. 2he reFestablishment )rocedure &or ac*no'leded mode R<!
connections ma*es use o& 231%. 2his &eature introduces the use o& 231# to allo' RR! connection reFestablishment
&or trans)arent and unac*no'leded mode R<! connections, i.e. s)eech, !, data and P, streamin services. 2he
reFestablishment )rocedure is the same &or all connection ty)es, i.e. the @9 moves to !9<<H?(!H a&ter
e7)eriencin a radio lin* &ailure and then has the time interval de&ined by 231#C231% to reFestablish airFinter&ace
synchronisation and to send a !ell @)date messae to the R/! 0usin cause value o& radio lin* &ailure1. 2he R/!
can then instruct the @9 to return to !9<<HD!H and continue 'ith the oriinal connection. +& the 231#C231% timer
e7)ires then the @9 dro)s to RR! +dle mode and the R/! releases all o& the connection resources.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1# 018%1
.
226 8oad +ased A0R %ode4 0ode Sele4tion ;RAN560=
Prior to R@10, (MR codec mode selection is based u)on the @9 chanin its bit rate accordin to the u)lin*
coverae conditions, i.e. the @9 selects a lo'er bit rate as it moves to'ards the cell ede. (ssumin a mobileFtoF
mobile connection, this im)acts the u)lin* o& one @9 and the do'nlin* o& the other @9. Prior to R@10, the R/! also
su))orts the ma7imum rate control )rocedure 'hich allo's the R/! to acce)t instructions &rom the core net'or* to
chane the ma7imum allocated bit rate. 2his can be a))licable i& the remote R(/ or >,, su))orts &unctionality
'hich dynamically controls the ma7imum (MR bit rate. +n this case, the R/! can receive a ma7imum rate control
messae &rom the core net'or*, instructin it to limit the ma7imum used bit rate. 2he R/! then recon&iures the
connection to reduce the ma7imum allo'ed bit rate.
R@10 introduces su))ort &or load based (MR codec mode selection. 2his allo's the ma7imum allocated bit rate to
be controlled based u)on both airFinter&ace, s)readin code and +ub conestion. +n the case o& ne' connections,
the (MR codec mode set J%.$, #.E%K is allocated 'hen a s)eci&ic load threshold is e7ceeded. +n the case o& e7istin
connections, the ma7imum allocated bit rate is reduced 'hen a hih load threshold is e7ceeded. 2he ma7imum
allocated bit rate is increased i& the load &alls belo' a lo' load threshold. 2he di&&erence bet'een the hih and lo'
load thresholds de&ines an area o& hysteresis. +n the case o& e7istin connections, the ma7imum bit rate chanes
are con&iured radually to avoid eneratin )ea*s in sinallin activity.
227 1ast %all Setu: from %&88GP%. State ;RAN1232=
2his &eature is a))licable to @9 in !9<<H?(!H and !9<<HP!H. +t reduces the connection establishment delay by
more than 1 s. Prior to R@10, @9 in !9<<H?(!H or !9<<HP!H 'hen initiatin a ne' connection are &irst moved
into !9<<HD!H and are subse6uently recon&iured &or the ne' connection. ?or e7am)le, in the case o& initiatin a
s)eech call 'hile in !9<<H?(!H, the @9 is moved to !9<<HD!H usin the !ell @)date )rocedure and is
subse6uently recon&iured &or the s)eech call usin a Radio >earer ,etu) )rocedure. R@10 allo's the ne'
connection to be con&iured at the same time as movin the @9 into !9<<HD!H. 2his is done by usin a Radio
>earer ,etu) messae 'hen instructin the @9 to move &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H, i.e. the R/! res)onds
to the u)lin* !ell @)date messae 'ith a do'nlin* Radio >earer ,etu) messae.
2210 PS RA, Re4onfiguration ;RAN730=
2his &eature allo's the R/! to recon&iure an e7istin R(> 'hen re6uested to do so by the core net'or*. 2he core
net'or* can re6uest a recon&iuration usin the R(/(P R(> ,etu) messae. 2his &eature is a))licable to P,
interactive and bac*round connections. 2he R(> )arameters 'hich can be modi&ied areD tra&&ic class
0interactiveCbac*round1, ma7imum u)lin* and do'nlin* bit rates, interactive R(> 2ra&&ic Handlin Priority 02HP1
and (llocation and Retention Priority 0(RP1. 2he bene&it o& this &eature de)ends u)on the im)lementation and
desin o& the core net'or*. 2he /,/ GG,/C+,/ su))orts I,ervice based Bo,I. 2his &unctionality allo's the core
net'or* to reconise the hiher layer a))lication by ins)ectin the )ac*ets bein trans&erred. 2he GG,/ can then
initiate a PDP conte7t modi&ication )rocedure to ensure that the Bo, )ro&ile matches the a))lication. 2his ty)e o&
&eature allo's the o)erator to use a sinle (P/ &or all services 'ithout losin the ability to a))ly service s)eci&ic
Bo, )ro&iles. 2his hel)s to reduce the com)le7ity o& the core net'or* desin.
2211 PS U& States( URAGP%. ;RAN633=
2his &eature introduces su))ort &or the RR! connected mode state, @R(HP!H. 2his means that the /,/
im)lementation su))orts all states 'ithin RR! connected mode. @R(HP!H hel)s to reduce the sinallin load by
reducin the re6uirement &or cell u)date )rocedures resultin &rom @9 mobility. @9 are moved &rom !9<<HP!H to
@R(HP!H i& they com)lete more than a s)eci&ic number o& cell reFselections 'ithin a s)eci&ic time interval.
>ene&itin &rom @R(HP!H re6uires the radio net'or* )lanner to de&ine @2R(/ Reistration (reas 0@R(1 in
addition to <ocation (reas and Routin (reas. 2he dra'bac* o& usin @R(HP!H is a slihtly increased )ain
load, i.e. )ain messaes are broadcast across @R( rather than across individual cells. @R( can be de&ined to
overla) 'ith one another to avoid )inF)on scenarios &or @9. ( sinle cell can belon to a ma7imum o& 8 @R(.
2he &irst @R( listed 'ithin ,+>2 re)resents the )rimary @R( 'hile the remainin @R( re)resent secondary @R(.
2he )rimary @R( is selected 'hen a @9 &irst enters @R(HP!H and also subse6uent to a cell u)date )rocedure.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1% 018%1
.
2he @9 only needs to com)lete a cell u)date )rocedure i& the selected @R( does not a))ear 'ithin the list o& @R(
'ithin ,+>2.
2212 SAS3%entri4 /u:4 ;RAN1167=
2his &eature is a))licable to <ocation ,ervices. Prior to R@10, the R/! is res)onsible &or selectin the )ositionin
method and com)letin the subse6uent )ositionin calculations. 2he release E version o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications
introduce Positionin !alculation ())lication Part 0P!(P1 sinallin 'hich allo's a ,tandF(lone ,M<! 0,(,1 to
select the )ositionin method and com)lete the subse6uent )ositionin calculations. 2his &eature )rovides su))ort
&or the relevant release E P!(P sinallin. 2his re)resents a ne' &unctional s)lit, i.e. &unctionality is moved &rom the
R/! to a ,(,. 2his chane in &unctionality is not visible to the @9 nor /ode >. 2he ,(, may initiate several
methods simultaneously or se6uentially &or the same re6uest to achieve the best )ossible estimate o& the )osition.
:ia the R/!, the ,(, may initiate a cell based 0!+CR221 or GP, based )ositionin method 0standaloneC@9C/;
based (GP,1. (&ter com)letin the )osition determination )rocess the ,(, returns the &inal res)onse to the R/!,
'hich conveys the res)onse to the core net'or*.
2213 8%S Su::ort in #rift RN% ;RAN1165=
2his &eature is a))licable to <ocation ,ervices. +t introduces the ca)ability to trans&er )ositionin in&ormation across
the +ur. 2his trans&er uses the R/,(P sinallin )rotocol. 2he &eature is a))licable to connections 'hich have all o&
their radio lin*s controlled by a dri&t R/!. 2he Radio <in* ,etu) Res)onse, Radio <in* (ddition Res)onse, Radio
<in* ,etu) ?ailure and Radio <in* (ddition ?ailure messaes allo' the trans&er o& !ell Geora)hical (rea +dentity
0!ell G(+1 in&ormation. 2he dri&t R/! sends the servin R/! the coordinates corres)ondin to the centre o& the cell.
2he servin R/! can then use this in&ormation 'hen res)ondin to a core net'or* location re6uest. 2he dri&t R/!
calculates the center o& the cell usin the /ode > coordinates and the cell mathematical model stored in the
controllin R/!. +& )ositionin is re6uired in the anchorin conditions, the servin R/! al'ays uses the cell
identi&ier 0!+1 based method and )asses the coordinates received &rom the dri&t R/! to the !/.
2212 8%S Periodi4 Re:orting ;RAN1276=
2his &eature is a))licable to <ocation ,ervices. +t allo's the core net'or* to re6uest )eriodic location re)ortin &rom
the R(/. 2his re)resents a 3GPP release E ca)ability. 2he core net'or* is able to s)eci&y the re)ortin interval and
the number o& e7)ected re)orts. 2he R/! &or'ards the core net'or* re6uest to the ,tandFalone ,M<! 0,(,1,
'hich ta*es care o& the )eriodical )osition calculation and re)ortin, until the re6uested 6uantity o& re)orts have
been sent. 2he location result re)orts are sent to the R/!, 'hich then &or'ards them to the core net'or*. 2he
same )ositionin methods, 'hich are available &or the on demand re6uest, are also used &or the )eriodical
re)ortin. +& (FGP, method is used &or the )eriodical re)ortin, more accurate )ositionin results may be achieved i&
the @9 utiliLes the )revious results as an in)ut &or the ne' )ositionin.
2215 8%S S!a:e %on"ersion ;RAN1620=
2his &eature is a))licable to <ocation ,ervices. +t allo's the R/! to convert a )ositionin estimate )resentation
&orm 0or sha)e1 received &rom the @9 or ,(, to another &orm de&ined by the o)erator. 2his can be used to ensure
that the &orm bein used is com)atible 'ith the hiher layer a))lication re6uirin the )ositionin in&ormation. +& the
@9 or ,(, re)orts an unallo'ed sha)e, the R/! 'ill convert the sha)e to another &ormat, 'hich is 'ithin the
allo'ed list con&iured by the o)erator.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1- 018%1
.
3. BTS CONFIGURATIONS
31 /ntrodu4tion
2he D!H &eature set associated 'ith R@10 is )resented in 2able 2. 2his table e7cludes the &eatures associated
'ith H,P(. +t also e7cludes the &eatures associated 'ith the +ub trans)ort net'or*.
#%. 1eature 1eature
Num+er
RAS05'
RAS051
RAS06 RU10
2imin over Pac*et Module M28P(M &or ;!DM(
@ltra,ite
R(/132- F F @ltra,ite
?le7i >2, Multimode ,ystem Module R(/101- F F ?le7i
,u))ort &or <are >2, !on&iurations u) to 12 !ells
0?le7i>2,1
R(/10$2 F F ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 9thN91C21C"21 ,ubFModuleM?2+>M
'ith 2imin over Pac*et
R(/11%% F F ?le7i
?le7i R? Module 2ri)le E0; 2100 R(/121- F F ?le7i
(ntenna (larm 'ith Receiver ,inal !om)arison R(/11$ F F @ltra,ite
O ?le7i
Pico ;!DM( >2, Rel.3 ,; R(/1%$% F F Pico
!PR+C8>,(+ #0; Remote Radio Head F ?RG/ R(/1%3$ F F ?le7i
8>,(+ -0; Remote Radio Head 2100 R(/1%#% F F ?le7i
M8R(/ F 8)erator Dedicated >> &or ?le7i ;!DM(
>2,
R(/12E# F F ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 2100 Hih Gain R(/1E33 F ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 2100 /e' :ariants R(/1E3# F ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, (+,G 1.1 ,; ,u))ort R(/1E3- F ?le7i ?le7i
#0; Remote Radio Head 2100 R(/1223 F ?le7i ?le7i
,u))ort &or ?RM>C! @nit in ?le7i ;!DM( >2, R(/1#-3 F ?le7i ?le7i
?(D> ?le7i Multiradio !ombiner &or $00MHL R(/113$ F ?le7i ?le7i
?(!> ?le7i Multiradio !ombiner &or 8%0 MHL R(/10E$ F ?le7i ?le7i
Pico ;!DM( >2, Rel.2 ,; R(/1%$# F Pico Pico
Pico ;!DM( >2, 'ith 9thernet 2rans)ort R(/$23 F Pico Pico
@ltra,ite 9DG9 ;ideband !ombiner &or ;!DM(
Re&armin
R(/1-E0 F ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 3GPP (ntenna 2ilt ,u))ort R(/$0- F ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!MD( >2, (+,G MH( ,u))ort R(/$08 F ?le7i ?le7i
97ternal GP, ,ynchronisation &or ?le7i >2, ,ystem
Module Rel 1
R(/1222 F ?le7i ?le7i
?(G> ?le7i Multiradio combiner &or 2100 MHL R(/1#-2 F @ltra,ite
O ?le7i
@ltra,ite
O ?le7i
97tended !ell 0180 *m1 R(/112E F @ltra,ite
O ?le7i
@ltra,ite
O ?le7i
;MHD Mast Head (m)li&ier R(/130$ F @ltra,ite
O ?le7i
@ltra,ite
O ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, $00 R(/$1- ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 8%0 R(/$1E ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 1$00 R(/$1# ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E 018%1
.
>aseband 97tension &or ?le7i ;!DM( >2, R(/1000 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
!on&iuration 3
rd
Party MH( ,u))ort &or ?le7i>2, R(/1133 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, #0 ; !arrier Po'er ,u))ort R(/1002 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 8 ; R? Po'er <imitation R(/11## ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, HoriLontal Mountin =it &or G,M
9DG9 >2,
R(/11#- ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, R? Module 'ith (! +n)ut Po'er R(/11#% ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, ,econd !arrier ,u))ort R(/1001 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
Distributed >2, ,olution R(/1#3$ ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i Mountin ,hields R(/1#-$ ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
/,/ ?le7i ;!DM( >2, R(/$00 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, 1E00C2100 R(/$$$ ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
(ntenna <ine ,u)ervision R(/$0E ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?eederless ,ite ,olution &or ?le7i ;!DM( >2, R(/10#- ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
?le7i ;!DM( >2, /,/ MH( ,u))ort R(/$0% ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
<icensed >ased >2, !hannel 9lement !a)acity R(/$12 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
,ynchronisin ;!DM( R(/ 0?le7i ;!DM( >2,1 R(/$#3 ?le7i ?le7i ?le7i
Metro,ite%0 R(/-11 Metro%0 Metro%0 Metro%0
,u))ort &or (symmetric >2, !on&iurations R(/-8% @ltra,ite @ltra,ite @ltra,ite
,u))ort &or <are >2, !on&iurations R(/3$3 @ltra,ite @ltra,ite @ltra,ite
(dvanced +ndoor Radio 0(+R1 R(/120 @ltra,ite @ltra,ite @ltra,ite
M8R(/ F 8)erator Dedicated >> R(/10%- @ltra,ite @ltra,ite @ltra,ite
*a+le 2 3 Node , 1eature Set for RU10
.
32 RU10 1eatures
321 *iming o"er Pa4ket 0odule H*-PAH for A%#0A UltraSite ;RAN1326=
2his &eature )rovides hard'are su))ort &or 2imin over Pac*et 02oP1 accordin to +999 1%88v2. 2his hard'are
must be combined 'ith the so&t'are &eature I2imin over Pac*et &or >2, ())lication ,o&t'areI 0R(/12%#1. 2he
28P( module allo's the @ltra,ite /ode > to e7tract timin in&ormation and synchronise usin an 9thernet )hysical
inter&ace. 2his is in contrast to the e7istin synchronisation methods based u)on e7tractin timin in&ormation &rom
the 91C21C"21 or ,2MF1C8!3 inter&aces, or via an e7ternal synchronisation source, e.. 2G >2,, ,HD,< Modem,
M;R or GP,. ( 2oP master cloc* is re6uired to su))ort this &unctionality by sendin timin )ac*ets to the
)o)ulation o& base stations. 2he 2oP master cloc* can be located at or close to the R/! site. 2he 28P( is a
module 'hich )lus into the +?@H inter&ace unit o& the (P!. 2he 28P( is not a mandatory &eature &or the +?@H and
timin in&ormation can alternatively be e7tracted &rom else'here.
322 1le>i ,*S 0ultimode S$stem 0odule ;RAN1016=
2his &eature re)resents a ne' ?le7i /ode > system module. 2he Multimode system module is a hih ca)acity
system module 'hich can be used either &or ne' /ode > or to u)rade e7istin /ode >, i.e. the Multimode system
module can be chained 'ith a release 1 system module 0?,M>1. 2here are t'o versions o& the Multimode system
moduleD ?,M! 'hich su))orts u) to 180 channel elements &or tra&&ic 0total o& 2%0 channel elements1Q ?,MD 'hich
su))orts u) to 3$- channel elements &or tra&&ic 0total o& %00 !91. 2he Multimode system module is also able to
su))ort <29 a&ter a so&t'are u)rade.
+n eneral, it is not necessary &or the ?,M! and ?,MD system modules to allocate Itra&&icI channel elements to
su))ort the common channels. 2his is true &or the &ollo'in /ode > con&iurationsD
1 R ,ystem ModuleD 3 cellsC20 *m 0e. 1N1N1 'ith 20 *m cells1
1 R ,ystem ModuleD - cellsC10 *m 0e. 2N2N2 'ith 10 *m cells1
2 R ,ystem ModuleD - cellsC20 *m 0e. 2N2N2 'ith 20 *m cells1
2 R ,ystem ModuleD $ cellsC10 *m 0e. 3N3N3 'ith 10 *m cells1
2 R ,ystem ModuleD 12 cellsC10 *m 0e. #N#N# 'ith 10 *m cells1
+& there is a re6uirement to con&iure a larer cell radius then Itra&&icI channel elements must be allocated to the
common channels.
- cellsC20 *m cell radius 'ith 1RRel2 ,ystem ModuleD 3- !9 license *ey needed
$ cellsC20 *m cell radius 'ith 2RRel2 ,ystem ModulesD 3- !9 license *ey needed
12 cellsC20 *m cell radius 'ith 2RRel2 ,ystem ModulesD E2 !9 license *ey needed.
Ma7 ca)acities &or tra&&ic use 'hen usin t'o ,ystem Modules in the same siteD
?,M> N ?,M!D ma7. ,ite ca)acity #20 !9 0S 2#0 !9 N 180 !91 F !9 &or !ommon !ontrol !hannels
?,M> N ?,MDD ma7. ,ite ca)acity -3- !9 0S 2#0 !9 N 3$- !91 F !9 &or !ommon !ontrol !hannels
?,M! N ?,M!D ma7. ,ite ca)acity 3-0 !9 0S 180 !9 N 180 !91
?,M! N ?,MDD ma7. ,ite ca)acity %E- !9 0S 180 !9 N 3$- !91
?,MD N ?,MDD ma7. ,ite ca)acity E$2 !9 0S 3$- !9 N 3$- !91
Ma7imum 3 R? Modules are su))orted )er /ode >.
?,=(, ?le7i ,ystem 97tension =it 0cable set1 is re6uired 'hen usin t'o system modules in the same site.
323 Su::ort for 8arge ,*S %onfigurations u: to 12 %ells ;1le>i,*S= ;RAN1072=
Prior to R@10, the ?le7i /ode > is able to su))ort a ma7imum /ode > con&iuration o& 2N2N2. 2his &eature )rovides
su))ort &or the 3N3N3 and #N#N# con&iurations 'hen usin the ?le7i /ode >. +t also )rovides su))ort &or the
2N2N2N2N2N2 con&iuration.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1$ 018%1
.
322 1le>i A%#0A ,*S &t! < &1'*1'E*1 su+module H1*/,H wit! *iming o"er Pa4ket
;RAN1155=
2he I?2+>I is a ?le7i trans)ort submodule 'hich is accomodated 'ithin the ?le7i system module. >oth the I?2+(I and
I?2+>I trans)ort submodules )rovide # PDH inter&aces con&iurable as 91, 21 or "21, )lus 2 ethernet inter&aces and
1 iabit ethernet inter&ace. 2he I?2+>I trans)ort submodule also )rovides hard'are su))ort &or 2imin over Pac*et
02oP1 accordin to +999 1%88v2 and ,ynchronous 9thernet. 2his hard'are must be combined 'ith the so&t'are
&eature I2imin over Pac*et &or >2, ())lication ,o&t'areI 0R(/12%#1. 2he ?2+> allo's the ?le7i /ode > to e7tract
timin in&ormation and synchronise usin an 9thernet )hysical inter&ace. 2his is in contrast to the e7istin
synchronisation methods based u)on e7tractin timin in&ormation &rom the 91C21C"21 or ,2MF1C8!3 inter&aces, or
via an e7ternal synchronisation source, e.. 2G >2,, ,HD,< Modem, M;R or GP,. ( 2oP master cloc* is
re6uired to su))ort this &unctionality by sendin timin )ac*ets to the )o)ulation o& base stations. 2he 2oP master
cloc* can be located at or close to the R/! site.
325 1le>i R1 0odule *ri:le 70A 2100 ;RAN1216=
2his &eature re)resents a ne' ?le7i R? module. 2his R? module includes three E0 ; )o'er am)li&ier 'hich o)erate
across the 2100 MHL &re6uency band. Prior to the introduction o& this R? module, R? modules had a ma7imum
ca)ability o& t'o %0 ; )o'er am)li&iers, i.e. a minimum o& t'o R? modules 'ere re6uired &or a 1N1N1 /ode >
con&iuration. 2his R? module allo's 1N1N1 T #0 ; and 2N2N2 T 20 ; /ode > con&iurations to be desined
usin a sinle R? module. 2he E0 ; )o'er am)li&ier ca)ability is reduced to -0 ; at the /ode > antenna
connector. 2he tri)le R? module reduces )o'er consum)tion by a))ro7imately 2% U as a result o& im)roved )o'er
am)li&ier e&&iciency. 2he tri)le R? module also su))orts hih ain MH( 'hich are not available &or the sinle and
dual R? modules.
326 Antenna Alarm wit! Re4ei"er Signal %om:arison ;RAN1216=
2he &eature )rovides a mechanism &or raisin an alarm 'hen the received )o'er levels on the receive and receive
diversity branches di&&er by more than # d>. 2his )rovides an indication that there may be a &ault on an antenna line.
327 Pi4o A%#0A ,*S Rel3 SA ;RAN1575=
2his &eature )rovides su))ort &or 1# Mb)s H,DP( and 2 Mb)s H,@P(. +t is a))licable to the Pico >2, 'ith 91,
,2MF1 and 9thernet. 2his &eature also )rovides su))ort &or H,@P( !onestion !ontrol 0R(/$$21 and !entralised
@ser +n&ormation Manaement &or >2, 0R(/-181. 2his &eature also )rovides su))ort &or -# simultaneous H,DP(
connections and 1% simultaneous H,@P( connections.
326 %PR/'-,SA/ 20A Remote Radio .ead 3 1RGN ;RAN1537=
2his hard'are unit is a #0 ; Remote Radio Head 0RRH1 'hich is com)liant 'ith the inter&aces de&ined by the
!ommon Public Radio +nter&ace 0!PR+1 and 8)en >ase ,tation (rchitecture +nitiative 08>,(+1. 2his RRH is
a))licable to the ?le7i /ode > rather than the @ltra,ite /ode >. ( ?ibre connection lin*s to the RRH to the ?le7i
system module. 2he unit is able to su))ort u) to # R? carriers and is also able to su))ort R(/ sharin scenarios.
327 -,SA/ 60A Remote Radio .ead 2100 ;RAN1537=
2his hard'are unit is a -0 ; Remote Radio Head 0RRH1 'hich is com)liant 'ith the inter&ace de&ined by the 8)en
>ase ,tation (rchitecture +nitiative 08>,(+1. 2his RRH is a))licable to the ?le7i /ode > rather than the @ltra,ite
/ode >. ( ?ibre connection lin*s to the RRH to the ?le7i system module. 2he unit is able to su))ort u) to # R?
carriers and is also able to su))ort R(/ sharin scenarios.
3210 0-RAN 3 -:erator #edi4ated ,, for 1le>i A%#0A ,*S ;RAN1272=
2his &eature )rovides dedicated baseband ca)acity &or o)erators sharin ?le7i ;!DM( >2, 'ith usin the MultiF
8)erator R(/ 0M8R(/1 &eature. 2his &eature allo's o)erator s)eci&ic baseband dimensionin in a shared ?le7i
>2,. +& the ?le7i >2, has t'o release 1 system modules 0?,M>1 then the baseband ca)acity can be shared
bet'een 2 o)erators and each o)erator has access to the resources 'ithin 1 system module. <i*e'ise, i& the ?le7i
>2, has one release 1 system module 0?,M>1 and one release 2 system module 0?,M!C?,MD1 then the
baseband ca)acity can be shared bet'een 2 o)erators and each o)erator has access to the resources 'ithin 1
system module. +& the ?le7i >2, has t'o release 2 system modules 0?,M!C?,MD1 then the baseband ca)acity can
be shared &reely bet'een u) to # o)erators.
.
33 1le>i Node ,
2he main com)onents o& the ?le7i /ode > are the system module and R? module. 2he system module
)rovides the baseband )rocessin and +ub inter&ace 'hile the R? module )rovides the transciever, )o'er
am)li&ier and antenna &ilter.
,ystem module ?,M> is release 1 hard'are 'hereas system modules ?,M! and ?,MD are release 2
hard'are. Release 2 hard'are does not re6uire licensed channel elements to be allocated to the common
channels unless relatively lare cell ranes are con&iured &or a relatively larer number o& cells.
2he 'ide rane o& R? modules caters &or the set o& ;!DM( &re6uency bands. R? modules can include 1, 2
or 3 )o'er am)li&iers. 2he ma3ority o& R? modules include %0 ; )o'er am)li&iers. 2he R? module 'hich
includes 3 )o'er am)li&ier has a ratin o& E0 ;.
R? modules can be re)laced by remote radio heads. Remote radio heads are desined to be easier to
install ad3acent to the antenna. +nstallin the R? module or remote radio head ad3acent to the antenna
removes the re6uirement &or mast head am)li&iers and minimiLes cable losses due to the re)lace o& &eeder
cables 'ith &iber .
NSN Recommendation: The Flexi Node B should be considered for all site deloyments! The aroriate RF
modules should be selected to suite the site requirements! "i#ewise one or more system modules should be
selected to rovide sufficient baseband rocessin$ caability with the aroriate transort connections! To
obtain best erformance feeder less solution% fiber used% is roosed!
2he ?le7i /ode > is com)act and modular. 2he main com)onents o& the ?le7i /ode > are the system module and
the R? module. ( ?le7i /ode > can be con&iured 'ith one or more o& each module ty)e. >oth the R? and system
modules have dimensions o& 13.3 ##.E #2.2 cm. 2he system module has a ma7imum 'eiht o& 18 * 'hereas
the R? module has a ma7imum 'eiht o& 20.1 *. 2he R? module can be re)laced by one or more remote radio
heads. 2he dimensions o& a remote radio head di&&er &rom the dimensions o& an R? module, e.. the R(,0- #0 ;
remote radio head has dimensions o& EE.8 2$.- 1%.1 cm. !ustomer documentation reardin the ?le7i /ode >
)roduct can be &ound 'ithin /8<, at ?le7i /ode > 'ithin /8<,.
2he system module )rovides the /ode > baseband )rocessin ca)ability. +t also )rovides an inter&ace to the +ub
trans)ort net'or* and an inter&ace to one or more R? modules 0or remote radio heads1. ( ?le7i /ode > re6uires at
least 1 system module. ( ma7imum o& 2 system modules can be chained.
2he baseband )rocessin ca)ability is 6uanti&ied in terms o& channel elements. ( sinle channel element
corres)onds to the )rocessin ca)ability re6uired to su))ort a sinle s)eech user or a sinle 1- *b)s data
connection. ( sinle system module has a s)eci&ic ma7imum channel element ca)ability. !hannel elements can be
licensed u) to the ma7imum channel element ca)ability. !hannel elements are licensed usin a so&t'are *ey 'hich
can be enabled 'ithout a site visit. 2he ?le7i )roduct )ort&olio includes 3 versions o& the system module F ?,M>,
?,M! and ?,MD. 2he ca)ability and timescales o& these system modules are )resented in 2able 3. 2he ?,M>
ca)ability de)ends u)on 'hich so&t'are level is loaded. 2he ca)ability increases 'hen R(,0- so&t'are is installed.
+n the case o& release 1 hard'are 0?,M>1, the channel elements used by the common channels have to be
allocated &rom the )ool o& licensed channel elements. +n the case o& release 2 hard'are 0?,M! and ?,MD1, the
channel elements used by the common channels are )reFallocated and do not re6uire licensed channel elements,
i.e. the di&&erence bet'een the 2%0 !9 and 180 !9 &iures &or the ?,M! corres)onds to the !9 allocated to the
common channels. +n this case, the common channels can be served &rom the )reFallocated channel elements as
lon as the number o& cells andCor the cell rane does not become too reat. 2he )reFallocated channel elements
&rom a sinle system module are su&&icient to serve 3 cells 'ith a 20 *m rane or - cells 'ith a 10 *m rane. +& t'o
system modules are used then the )reFallocated channel elements are su&&icient to serve - cells 'ith a 20 *m rane
or 12 cells 'ith a 10 *m rane.
.
1S0, Rel 1 .A 1S0% Rel 2 .A 1S0# Rel 2 .A
R(/ so&t'are release R(,0%.1 R(,0- R@10 R@10
2otal !9 !a)acity 1$2 !9 2#0 !9 2%0 !9 %00 !9
!9 available to license 1$2 !9 2#0 !9 180 !9 3$- !9
Ma7imum number o& R? modules 3 3 3 3
Ma7imum number o& cells - - - 12
*a+le 3 3 S$stem module 4a:a+ilities
2he system module +ub trans)ort ca)ability is de)endant u)on 'hich trans)ort subFmodule is included 'ithin the
system module. +& system modules are chained then it is only necessary to have a trans)ort subFmodule 'ithin one
o& the system modules. 2he di&&erent ty)es o& trans)ort subFmodule are )resented in 2able #.
?2P> 8 PDH inter&aces con&iurable as 91, 21 or "21
?29> 8 PDH coa7ial 91 inter&aces
?2?( 2 /,/ ?le7>us inter&aces
?2+( # PDH inter&aces con&iurable as 91, 21 or "21, )lus 2
9thernet inter&aces N 1 Giabit 9thernet
?28( 1 o)tical ,2MF1 inter&ace
*a+le 2 3 *rans:ort su+3module 4a:a+ilities
2he system modules can connect to a ma7imum o& 3 R? modules. 2he R? module re6uirement de)ends u)on the
/ode > site desin and also the ty)e o& R? module, i.e. R? modules can include 1, 2 or 3 )o'er am)li&ier units. 2he
R? modules can be located ad3acent to the system module or ad3acent to the antennas. ?ibre o)tic is used to
connect the system module to the R? modules. 2he rane o& R? modules and remote radio heads is sho'n in
2able %. 2he R? modules and remote radio heads )rovide the transceiver, )o'er am)li&ier and antenna &ilterin
ca)ability.
*$:e Power 0odel Single APA #ual APA *ri:le APA 1reBuen4$ ,and
R? Module %0 ; ?R+( P 1E00C2100
%0 ; ?R+> P 1E00C2100
%0 ; ?RG! P 2100
%0 ; ?RGD P 2100
%0 ; ?RG" P 2100
%0 ; ?RG= P 2100
%0 ; ?RG< P 2100
%0 ; ?RGM P 2100
%0 ; ?R!( P 8%0
%0 ; ?R!> P 8%0
%0 ; ?RD( P $00
%0 ; ?RD> P $00
%0 ; ?R?( P 1$00
%0 ; ?R?> P 1$00
%0 ; ?R"( P 2000
%0 ; ?R"> P 2000
E0 ; P 2100
Remote
Radio Head
#0 ; ?RG9 P 2100
-0 ; ?RGG P 2100
#0 ; ?RG/ P 2100
*a+le 5 3 Range of R1 modules and remote radio !eads
2here are &our *inds o& R? Modules availableD
.
,inle R? Module 0%0; F ?R7> or ?RGD V su))ortin one sector1, e.. 3RR? module su))orts 2N2N2 'ith
20; in R(,0-CR@10
Dual R? Module 0 %0; F ?R7( or ?RG! V su))ortin one or t'o sectors1, e.. 3RR? module su))orts 2N2N2
'ith #0; in R(,0-CR@10
2ri)le R? Module 0E0; F ?RG? V su))ortin one, t'o or three sectors1, e.. 2RR? module su))orts 2N2N2 'ith
-0; in R@10
RRH Module 0-0; F ?RGG or #0; ?RG/ V su))ortin one sector1, e.. 3RRRH su))orts 2N2N2 'ith 20; in
R(,0- and 2N2N2 'ith 30; 'ith -0; RRH in R@10
;hereD
;!DM( &re6uency >and + 8ther &re6uencies in R? modules
?RG?V 2100MHL
?RG! V 2100MHL
?RGD V 2100MHL
?RG/ V 2100MHL
?RGG V 2100MHL
?R7( or ?R7>D
! S 8%0MHL
D S $00MHL
9 S 1E00 O 1800 MHL
? S 1$00 MHL
G S 2100 MHL
+ S 1E00C2100 MHL
"S2000 MHL
+n R@10 the RRH )rovides scalability u) to 3 carriers )er on -0 ; RRH, 'ith #0 ; u) to 2 carriers is already
)ossible in R(,0-. (nd 'ith 3 RRH con&iuration u) to # carriers is )ossible.
!on&iuration !arrier Po'er RRH modules
1 C 2 C 3 20C30C-0; 1
1N1 C 2N2 30C-0; 2
1N1N1 C 2N2N2 20C-0; 3
3N3N3 C #N#N# 1%C20; 3
*a+le 6 RU10 RR. su::orted 4onfigurations
.
32 UltraSite
(n @ltra,ite /ode > cabinet accommodates a set o& )luFin units. 2he choice o& cabinet has an im)act u)on
ho' many )luFin units can be accommodated and thus 'hich /ode > con&iurations can be su))orted.
/ode > cabinet limitations are less li*ely to have an im)act durin initial system de)loyment than durin the
ca)acity evolution )rocess, i.e. not all cabinets su))ort the hihest ca)acity con&iurations.
2he ma3ority o& /ode > )luFin units are available in more than one version, e.. ;2R( and ;2R>.
NSN Recommendation: The Flexi Node B should be considered as a relacement for the UltraSite Node B! &t is
recommended that all new deloyments are based uon the Flexi Node B rather than the UltraSite Node B!
2he @ltra,ite /ode > is available in a rane o& cabinet ty)es F indoor and outdoor ,u)reme, indoor 8)tima, outdoor
8)tima !om)act 'ith R? e7tension and outdoor 8)tima !om)act 'ith +nterated >attery >ac*u) 0+>>@1. 9ach
cabinet ty)e is )o)ulated by a set o& )luFin units. ( detailed descri)tion o& these )luFin units is )rovided in /8<,
at @ltra,ite /ode > 'ithin /8<,. 2he ma7imum number o& )luFin units 'hich can be accomodated by each
cabinet ty)e is )resented in 2able E. ?or e7am)le the indoor @ltra,ite ,u)reme cabinet is able to accommodate a
ma7imum o& - ;ideband (ntenna ?ilter 0;(?1 units and there&ore can be con&iured as a - sector /ode >. 2he
+ndoor @ltra,ite 8)tima cabinet is able to accommodate a ma7imum o& 3 ;(? and there&ore cannot be con&iured
as a /ode > 'ith more than 3 sectors. /ode > cabinet limitations are not li*ely to have an im)act durin initial
system de)loyment 'hile relatively lo' ca)acity /ode > con&iurations are used. Ho'ever the /ode > cabinet may
have an im)act u)on the ca)acity evolution roadma).
/ndoor and
-utdoor Su:reme
/ndoor -:tima -utdoor -:tima
%om:a4t ;R1
e>t=
-utdoor -:tima
%om:a4t ;/,,U=
;(? - 3 - 3
;PD 1 1 1 1
;8! 3 2 3 2
;P( - 3 - 3
;+! 3 2 3 2
;2R - 3 - 3
;,M 3 2 3 2
;,P 18 12 12 12
;(M - # # #
;P, 3 2 3 2 0only D!1
;,! 2 2 2 2
(P@ 2 2 2 2
+?@ % 3 3 3
*a+le 7 9 *!e ma>imum num+er of :lug3in units a44ommodated +$ ea4! UltraSite %a+inet
2he indoor and outdoor su)reme cabinets o&&er the reatest ca)acity in terms o& )luFin units. 2hese t'o cabinets
are identical in terms o& the number o& )luFin units 'hich can be accommodated. 2he outdoor 8)tima !om)act
'ith the R? e7tension )rovides reater ca)acity that the indoor 8)tima and outdoor 8)tima !om)act 'ith
interated battery bac*Fu). 2he ma3ority o& )luFin units are available in more than one version, e.. a ;2R is
available as a ;2R( or a ;2R>. ( ;2R> unit has t'ice the ca)acity o& a ;2R( unit. +n other e7am)les, the
di&&erence bet'een unit versions may be o)erational rather than ca)acity related, e.. a ;P(+ is a 20 ; unit
re6uirin (! )o'er 'hereas a ;P(" is a 20 ; unit re6uirin D! )o'er. +n some cases a sinle /ode > cabinet
can accommodate a combination o& di&&erent )luFin unit versions. 2he use o& the various )luFin unit versions relies
u)on the a))ro)riate /ode > so&t'are. ?iure 1 illustrates the eneric interFconnection o& )luFin units &or a 1N1N1
/ode > con&iuration. 2his e7am)le is based u)on ;,P cards )o)ulatin all three baseband subFrac*s o& an indoor
or outdoor @ltra,ite ,u)reme cabinet.
.
2<!+
bus
,!+Fbus
,!+Fbus
8!+
bus
8!+
bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
2Fbus
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
D,!Fbus
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
;+?
;+?
(P@
+?@
;,!
R2F
bus
RRF
bus
,RFbus
;+!
;+!
;+!
RFbus
RFbus
2Fbus
2Fbus
RFbus
D,!Fbus
D,!Fbus
,2Fbus
97ternal alarms
and controls
!+?
bus
+ub
+nter&ace
2<!+
bus 2<!+
bus
2<!+
bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
2<!+
bus
8!+
bus
,!+Fbus
!!+
+nter&ace
H@>
H@>
H@>
2<!+
bus
!+?
bus
!+?
bus
2<!+
bus
,!+Fbus
,!+Fbus
8!+
bus
8!+
bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
2Fbus
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
D,!Fbus
;(?
;2R ;,M
;P(
;
,
P
;
,
P
;
,
P
;(M
;+?
;+?
(P@
+?@
;,!
R2F
bus
RRF
bus
,RFbus
;+!
;+!
;+!
RFbus
RFbus
2Fbus
2Fbus
RFbus
D,!Fbus
D,!Fbus
,2Fbus
97ternal alarms
and controls
!+?
bus
+ub
+nter&ace
2<!+
bus 2<!+
bus
2<!+
bus
(!+ inter&ace
2<!+ bus
2<!+
bus
8!+
bus
,!+Fbus
!!+
+nter&ace
H@>
H@>
H@>
2<!+
bus
!+?
bus
!+?
bus
1igure 1 9 Generi4 inter34onne4tion of Node , :lug3in units ;1<1<1 Node ,=
+n the case o& a 1N1N1 R8! /ode > there 'ould be only a sinle ;P( connected to the three ;(?. 2he
connection to the ;(? 'ould be made via a ;PD 'hich s)lits the do'nlin* )o'er bet'een the three sectors.
?iure 1 illustrates the e7am)le o& three subFrac*s )o)ulated 'ith three ;(M and each ;(M su))ortin a set o&
;,P cards. +t is im)ortant to di&&erentiate bet'een a set o& ;,P cards that are connected to the same ;(M and a
set o& ;,P cards that are connected to di&&erent ;(M. 2he &ormer )rovides reater trun*in e&&iciency but lo'er
resilience in the case o& a &ailure. 2he trun*in e&&iciency is reater because 'hen the data rate o& a connection is
increased, e.. a P, call data rate increase as a result o& e7ceedin an R<! bu&&er threshold, the re6uirement &or
&urther baseband )rocessin ca)ability can only be served &rom ;,P cards connected to the same ;(M. +& all
;,P cards are connected to the same ;(M there is a larer )ool o& resources. Ho'ever the resilience is lo'er
because a sinle ;(M &ailure could disable the com)lete set o& ;,P cards.
2he /ode > hard'are con&iurations su))orted by each /ode > cabinet are )resented in 2able 8. 2his table is not
e7haustive in terms o& all the con&iurations su))orted by /,/. 2he com)lete set o& con&iurations su))orted by
/,/ is s)eci&ied in sales uidelines and dimensionin documents.
/ndoor and
-utdoor UltraSite
Su:reme
/ndoor UltraSite
-:tima
-utdoor UltraSite
-:tima %om:a4t
;R1 e>t=
-utdoor UltraSite
-:tima %om:a4t
;/,,U=
20 A 1<1<1<1<1<1 %&% Aes /o Aes /o
20 A 1<1<1 %&% Aes Aes Aes Aes
10 A 2<2<2 %&% Aes /o Aes /o
20 A 1<1<1 R-% Aes Aes Aes Aes
20 A 1<1<1 R-% Aes Aes /o /o
20 A -mni ;single 4arrier= Aes Aes Aes Aes
20 A -mni ;single 4arrier= Aes Aes Aes Aes
20 A -mni ;dual 4arrier= Aes Aes Aes Aes
*a+le 6 9 *!e !ardware 4onfigurations su::orted +$ ea4! Node , 4a+inet
.
35 0etroSite 50
2he Metro,ite %0 o&&ers an increased do'nlin* transmit )o'er, reater baseband )rocessin and a 'ider
rane o& site con&iurations relative to the oriinal 3G Metro,ite.
+t is li*ely that the Metro,ite %0 'ill be su)erseded by the ?le7i /ode >.
2he Metro,ite %0 is able to su))ort the 1Fomni, 2Fomni, 1N1 R8! and 1N1N1 R8! con&iurations.
( sinle %0 ; )o'er am)li&ier can be accomodated. 2he %0 ; ca)ability is reduced to #0 ; at the /ode >
antenna connector. R8! con&iurations &urther reduce the transmit )o'er ca)ability.
( ma7imum o& 3 ;,P! cards can be accomodated.
2he +ub can be based u)on 91, "21, ,2MF0, ,2MF1 or /,/ ?le7bus. Hybrid bac*haul is also su))orted.
@)lin* receive diversity is su))orted.
!urrently it is in&ormed that ne' Metro%0 >2,s can be ordered until 31.1.200$, e7)ansions can be ordered
until 28.$.2012
NSN Recommendation: Flexi BTS is main NSN '()*A Node B roduct!
+roduct related recommendation! &f the *etroSite ,- is confi$ured without ulin# receive diversity then the 'AF
should be used to rovide the 'TR with two equal si$nals ori$inatin$ from the same antenna element! The Flexi
Node B should be considered as a ossible alternative when deloyin$ new *etroSite ,- Node B!
2he Metro,ite %0 re)resents an evolution o& oriinal 3G Metro,ite. 2he Metro,ite %0 o&&ers an increased do'nlin*
transmit )o'er ca)ability, reater baseband )rocessin ca)acity and an increased rane o& site con&iuration
o)tions. !ustomer documentation reardin the Metro,ite %0 )roduct can be &ound 'ithin /8<, at Metro,ite %0
/ode > 'ithin /8<,.
2he Metro,ite %0 /ode > re)resents a relatively com)act /ode > 'hich has dimensions o& 110 #3.% #0 cm.
2he cabinet 'eihs less than 80 * 'hen &ully )o)ulated. 2he set o& con&iurations su))orted by the Metro,ite %0
/ode > is )resented in 2able $.
0etroSite 50 %onfiguration 0a>imum #ownlink
*ransmit Power :er
%arrier
0a>imum #ownlink
*ransmit Power :er Se4tor
1Fomni #0 ; #0 ;
2Fomni 1%.% ; 31 ;
1N1 R8! con&iuration 3E.0 ; 18.% ;
1N1N1 R8! con&iuration 3E.% ; 12.% ;
*a+le 7 3 %onfigurations su::orted +$ t!e 0etroSite 50
2he Metro,ite %0 is able to accommodate a ma7imum o& 1 )o'er am)li&ier unit 0;MP1. ( ;MP is able to su))ort
either 1 R? carrier or 2 ad3acent R? carriers. @sin a sinle ;MP results in the limitation o& a sinle cell )er R?
carrier, i.e. the Metro,ite %0 is not able to su))ort 1N1 or 1N1N1 con&iurations. ( 1N1N1 Roll 8ut !on&iuration
0R8!1 is su))orted but this corres)onds to a sinle do'nlin* cell and the same R? sinal is transmited across all
sectors. 2he ;MP has a %0 ; transmit )o'er ca)ability 'hich is reduced to #0 ; at the antenna connector o& the
/ode > cabinet. 2his &iure is &urther reduced 'hen the )o'er is divided bet'een sectors &or a R8! con&iuration.
2he Metro,ite %0 is able to accommodate 2 ;2R )luFin units. 2his )rovides su))ort &or the 3 u)lin* cells
associated 'ith the 1N1N1 R8! con&iuration 02 transceivers )er ;2R )luFin unit1.
2able 10 summarise the Metro,ite %0 )luFin unit re6uirement &or each o& the su))orted con&iurations.
.
Plug3/n Unit 13omni 23omni 1<1 R-% 1<1<1 R-%
+?@ 1 1 1 1
(P@ 1 1 1 1
;(M 1 1 1 1
;,P u) to 3 u) to 3 u) to 3 u) to 3
;2R 1 1 1 2
;MP 1 1 1 1
;(? 1 1 1 1
*a+le 10 3 Plug3in units w!i4! 4an +e a44omodated +$ t!e 0etroSite 50
2he Metro,ite %0 is able to accommodate a ma7imum o& 3 ;,P! cards, i.e. a ma7imum o& 1$2 channel elements.
2his is su&&icient to su))ort both H,DP( and H,@P( in combination 'ith D!H tra&&ic. 2he Metro,ite %0
accomodates a ma7imum o& 1 +nter&ace @nit 0+?@1 &or )rovidin the )hysical connection to the +ub. +?@ card ty)es
(, !, D, 9 and ? are su))orted allo'in connection usin 91, "21, ,2MF0, ,2MF1 and /,/ ?le7bus. Hybrid
>ac*haul is also su))orted allo'in 9thernet to be used as a connection media.
2he interconnection o& the various )luFin units 'ithin the Metro,ite %0 is illustrated in ?iure 2.
1igure 2 9 /nter34onne4tion of 0etroSite 50 :lug3in units
2he eneral architecture o& the Metro,ite %0 is the same as that &or an @ltra,ite /ode >. 2he Metro,ite %0 su))orts
u)lin* receive diversity. +& receive diversity is not used then the ;(? should be used to )rovide the ;2R 'ith t'o
u)lin* sinals &rom the main antenna, i.e. the ;2R is iven the im)ression that u)lin* receive diversity is used.
2he relatively hih transmit )o'er ca)ability o& the Metro,ite %0 means that it can be used &or both macrocell and
microcell de)loyment scenarios. 2he relatively com)act cabinet siLe means that it can also be used as an indoor
solution. +t is li*ey that ?le7i /ode > de)loyments 'ill su)ersede Metro,ite %0 de)loyments as a result o& the
increased &le7ibility o& the ?le7i /ode > and its com)act cabinet siLe.
.
36 Pi4o4ell
2he Picocell is a very com)act /ode > tareted at )rovidin ca)acity 'ithin tra&&ic hots)ots or )rovidin
coverae across areas 'here the macrocell coverae is relatively )oor.
2here are 3 releases o& the Picocell 'ithin the timescales o& R@10. H,@P( and 9thernet are not su))orted
in the &irst release. 2he H,DP( and H,@P( throuh)ut ca)ability is reatest in the third release.
;hen usin an 9thernet connection &or the +ub, a 2ransmission Gate'ay @nit is re6uired to translate the
9thernet )rotocol stac* to an (2M )rotocol stac* )rior to inter&acin 'ith the R/!.
2he Picocell can be )lanned in the same 'ay as an indoor solution. Picocell may be distributed throuhout
a buildin to re)lace a central /ode > connected to an active or )assive distributed antenna system.
2he baseband )rocessin ca)acity o& the Picocell is su&&icient to su))ort 80 (MR connections or E P, data
connections 'ith bit rates o& 38# *b)s.
NSN Recommendation: +icocells should be considered as an alternative to other Node B tyes when identifyin$
a solution for traffic hotots and indoor solutions! The .thernet or ST*/0 connections should be used to avoid
limitin$ the 1S+A throu$hut erformance!
2he Picocell is a very com)act /ode > havin dimensions o& #3 2E.# $.- cm. 2he cabinet 'eihs - * and
occu)ies a volume o& less than E litres. 2he Picocell )roduct is tareted at )rovidin ca)acity 'ithin tra&&ic hots)ots
or )rovidin coverae across areas 'here the macrocell coverae is relatively )oor. !ustomer documentation
reardin the Picocell )roduct can be &ound 'ithin /8<, at Picocell /ode > 'ithin /8<,.
2here are 3 releases o& the Picocell 'ithin the timescales u) to and includin R@10. 2hese are summarised in
2able 11. (ll 3 releases are based u)on a 2# d>m do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability 'hich can be distributed
across 1 or 2 R? carriers. 2he do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability is ty)ical &or an indoor solution. 9ach R? carrier is
limited to a sinle cell. @)lin* receive diversity can be used i& 2 antenna elements are available. Pico internal
antenna su))orts receiver diversity, diversity is also su))orted 'ith e7ternal antenna i& 7F)ol antenna is used. +n
case o& D(,, use o& diversity 'ill re6uire du)lication o& com)onents and ty)ically diversity is not used. @)lin*
receive diversity is recommended 'hen there is a re6uirement to ma7imise the )er&ormance o& H,@P(.
1eature Release 1 ;RAS051= Release 2 ;RAS06= Release 3 ;RU10=
Ma7. cells )er R? !arrier 1 1 1
Ma7. R? !arriers 2 2 2
?re6uency >and 2100 MHL 2100 MHL 2100 MHL
Ma7imum 8ut)ut Po'er 2%0 m; 02# d>m1 2%0 m; 02# d>m1 2%0 m; 02# d>m1
Receive Diversity ,u))orted ,u))orted ,u))orted
>asebandProcessin !a)ability 80 !9s 80 !9s 80 !9s
+ub 2rans)ort !a)ability 2 91C21C"21
1 ,2MF1
2 91C21C"21
1 ,2MF1
1 +PC9thernet
@>RN
2 91C21C"21
1 ,2MF1
1 +PC9thernet
@>RN
H,DP( !a)ability 1- connections
1-B(M, % codes
3.- Mb)s
P? ,cheduler
32 connections
1-B(M, 1% codes
12.8 Mb)s
P? ,cheduler
#8 connections
1-B(M, 1% codes
1# Mb)s
P? ,cheduler
(MR MultiFR(>
H,@P( !a)ability /ot ,u))orted - connections
2 ,?# codes
1.## Mb)s
- connections
2 ,?# codes
2.0 Mb)s
.
H,@P( !onestion !ontrol
*a+le 11 9 %om:arison of Pi4o4ell releases
2he +ub inter&ace associated 'ith the &irst release o& the Picocell is limited to 2DM connections, i.e. 91, 21, "21 or
,2MF1. 2he second and third releases o& the Picocell also allo' the use o& an 9thernet connection. 2his allo's the
Picocell to be connected to a )ac*et s'itched net'or*. 2he use a )ac*et s'itched net'or* re6uires additional
net'or* elements to inter&ace 'ith the R/!. 2hese are illustrated in ?iure 3. 2he 2ransmission Gate'ay @nit
02G@1 )roides a )rotocol stac* translation &unction bet'een the 9thernet )rotocol stac* on the Picocell side and the
(2M )rotocol stac* on the R/! side. 2he ,ecurity Gate'ay @nit 0,G@1 )rotects the R/! and +ub bac*bone &rom
the )ublic internet. Picocells can be connected directly to the )ublic internet or onto an )rivate <(/ 'hich is
subse6uently connected to the ,G@.
1igure 3 9 Pi4o4ell network ar4!ite4ture w!en using an &t!ernet 4onne4tion
2he H,DP( ca)ability o& the release 1 Picocell is limited to 1-B(M and % codes, i.e. a ma7imum throuh)ut o& 3.-
Mb)s. 2he ma7imum number o& connections is 1- and a )ro)ortional &air scheduler is included. 2he release 2
Picocell increases the H,DP( ca)ability by su))ortin u) to 32 connections. +n addition 1-B(M and 1% codes are
su))orted 'hich allo's the throuh)ut ca)ability to increase to 12.8 Mb)s. 2he release 3 Picocell &urther increases
the H,DP( ca)ability by su))ortin u) to #8 connections and a ma7imum throuh)ut ca)ability o& 1# Mb)s.
+ncreasin the ma7imum throuh)ut ca)ability &rom 12.8 Mb)s to 1# Mb)s is unli*ely to have a sini&icant im)act in
)ractise as a result o& the lo' )robability o& bein able to achieve 1# Mb)s. 2he release 3 Picocell also su))orts
H,DP( and (MR multiFR(> connections.
2he release 1 Picocell does not su))ort H,@P(. 2he release 2 Picocell su))orts H,@P( 'ith a ma7imum
connection throuh)ut o& 1.## Mb)s. ( ma7imum o& - H,@P( connections can be established. 2he release 3
Picocell im)roves the H,@P( ca)ability by increasin the ma7imum connection throuh)ut to 2 Mb)s and addin
+ub conestion control &unctionality. 2he conestion control &unctionality allo's the Picocell to limit the airFinter&ace
throuh)ut 'hen the R/! detects conestion across the +ub.
2he Picocell )roduct can be )lanned in the same 'ay as an indoor solution althouh the architecture may be
di&&erent. 8ne or more Picocell may be distributed throuhout a buildin to re)lace a central /ode > connected to
an active or )assive distributed antenna system. Radio net'or* )lannin can be based u)on 'al* test
measurements or )revious )ractical e7)erience. 2he baseband )rocessin ca)acity o& the Picocell is su&&icient to
su))ort 80 (MR connections or E P, data connections 'ith bit rates o& 38# *b)s.
;hen doin H; dimensionin and !9 estimation it is ood to notice that )ico !9 consum)tion 0also !!H1 di&&ers
&rom /,/ o'n )roducts.
&ub "AN
Office LAN
2G@
,G@
?ire'all
+nternet
2ransmission
Gate'ay @nit
,ecurity
Gate'ay @nit
R/!
.
37 1emto
2he ?emto solution is intended to )rovide customers 'ith localised coverae at home. !ustomers 'ith a
?emto !ustomer Premises 96ui)ment 0!P91 are able to )lace the !P9 'ithin their home to )rovide indoor
coverae ca)able o& su))ortin hih data rate connections.
?emto !P9 connect to a ?emto Gate'ay rather than the R/!. 2he ?emto Gate'ay connects directly to the
core net'or*. ?emto Gate'ays are ty)ically able to su))ort 20 000 !P9.
?emto !P9 are third )arty )roducts )rovided by /,/ a))roved su))liers. >oth 2homson and (irvana are
/,/ a))roved su))liers &or the ?emto !P9.
2he introduction o& ?emto !P9 re6uires the use o& at least 2 R? carriers. 2his allo's @9 'hich are not
reistered 'ith a !P9 to reFselect a di&&erent R? carrier 'hen in close )ro7imity to a !P9. 2he use o&
multi)le R? carriers re6uires a cell reFselection stratey &or directin @9 to'ards the a))ro)riate R? carrier.
+t is necessary to reserve a subset o& scramblin codes &or the ?emto !P9. 2his avoids the )ossibility o& a
customer s'itchinFon a !P9 at a location 'here the macrocell net'or* is usin the same scramblin code.
2he scramblin codes allocated to the ?emto !P9 must be included as neihbours across the entire
macrocell net'or*. 2his has an im)act u)on the macrocell neihbour list ca)acity and )rovides an arument
&or minimisin the number o& scramblin codes reserved &or ?emto !P9.
?emto !P9 neihbours are added automatically by the !P9 'hich scans &or neihbourin scramblin
codes.
!ell reFselection is su))orted &rom the macrocell net'or* to the ?emto !P9 'hile both cell reFselection and
handover are su))orted &rom the ?emto !P9 to the macrocell net'or*.
+t is necessary to reserve a subset o& <ocation (rea !odes 0<(!1 &or the ?emto !P9. 2his ensures that @9
com)lete a reistration )rocedure 'hen reFselectin a !P9. 2he reistration )rocedure 'ill be success&ul i&
the @9 is included 'ithin the (ccess !ontrol <ist 0(!<1.
?emto Gate'ays are allocated an R/! identity &or the )ur)ose o& routin )ain messaes and com)letin
handovers &rom a !P9 to the macrocell net'or*.
2he ca)acity o& a !P9 de)ends u)on the ca)ability o& the third )arty e6ui)ment. !P9 are ty)ically able to
su))ort at least # simultaneous connections. H,DP( and H,@P( are ty)ically su))orted.
2he coverae )rovided by a !P9 should be su&&icient &or a ty)ical home 'ithout the re6uirement &or any
additional )lannin considerations, i.e. it should be su&&icient 3ust to s'itchFon the !P9.
NSN Recommendation: Femto (+. should be deloyed on a second or third RF carrier! (ell re/selection
arameters should be used to ush U. towards the Femto RF carrier! Femto (+. should be allocated "A(
which are not used by the macrocell networ#! Aroximately , scramblin$ codes should be reserved for Femto
(+. but the existin$ nei$hbour list len$ths should be evaluated rior to reservin$ Femto scramblin$
codes!Femto scramblin$ codes should be added as nei$hbours at all cells within which the Femto may be
located! RN( identities should be reserved for the Femto 2ateways!
2he ?emto introduces a chane to the traditional 3G net'or* architecture. 2he /ode > is re)laced by a ?emto
!ustomer Premises 96ui)ment 0!P91. 2he ?emto !P9 connects to a ?emto Gate'ay instead o& connectin to an
R/!. 2he ?emto Gate'ay is res)onsible &or )rovidin connectivity directly to the core net'or*. 2his architecture is
illustrated in ?iure #.
.
1igure 2 9 1emto network ar4!ite4ture
2he inter&ace bet'een the ?emto !P9 and ?emto Gate'ay is de&ined by the +u inter&ace )rotocol stac*s, i.e.
R(/(P sinallin and +u ?rame Protocol. 2here is also an additional sinallin inter&ace 'hich is based u)on a
)rotocol de&ined by the D,< ?orum. 2he 2echnical Re)ort 02RF0-$1 'hich de&ines this )rotocol can be do'nloaded
&rom D,< ?orum 2echnical Re)orts.
?rom a radio net'or* )lannin )ers)ective, the main issues 'hich should be addressed are listed belo'D
R? carrier allocation
,cramblin code )lannin
/eihbour list )lannin
<ocation area )lannin
R/! identity
,ervice area )lannin
!ell +dentity
?emto ca)acity
?emto coverae
2he introduction o& ?emto !P9 re6uires the use o& at least 2 R? carriers. 2his re6uirement results &rom the coF
channel inter&erence enerated by the ?emto !P9. +& a ?emto !P9 is de)loyed on the same R? carrier as a sinle
layer macrocell net'or* then @9 'hich move into the coverae area o& a ?emto !P9 'ill e7)erience hih levels o&
do'nlin* inter&erence unless they are reistered 'ith the ?emto !P9. ,ome @9 may reselect G,M under these
conditions. De)loyin ?emto !P9 on a second or third R? carrier allo's the @9 'hich are not reistered 'ith the
!P9 to reFselect a di&&erent R? carrier. 2he R? carrier allocated to the ?emto !P9 can be either shared 'ith the
macrocell net'or* or dedicated to the )o)ulation o& ?emto. 2hese scenarios are sho'n in ?iure %.
1igure 5 9 1emto de:lo$ment wit! a two R1 4arriers
@sin multi)le R? carriers means that it is necessary to ensure that @9 movin into the area o& a ?emto !P9 reF
select the a))ro)riate R? carrier. 8ther'ise, @9 'hich are reistered 'ith the ?emto 'ill continue to use the
macrocell layer and 'ill not ta*e advantae o& the ?emto. 2his can be achieved usin the set o& )arameters
associated 'ith cell reFselection.
D,< ?orum 2RF0-$ based
?emto manaement
?emto !P9
?emto Gate'ay
!ore
/et'or*
+u,)s and +u,cs over +P
0!ontrol O @ser Planes1
+u,)s and +u,cs over +PC(2M
0!ontrol O @ser Planes1
R? !arrier 1
R? !arrier 2
Macrocell
Macrocell N ?emto
Macrocell
?emto
,cenario 1 ,cenario 2
.
+t is necessary to reserve a subset o& scramblin codes &or the ?emto !P9, e.. % scramblin codes could be
reserved, ,! allocation is de)ended on )enetration. 2hese reserved scramblin codes should not be allocated to
the macrocell layer. 2he net'or* o)erator does not have control over the location o& the ?emto !P9. 2he customer
is able to )urchase a !P9 and then s'itch it on at any location across the net'or*. Reservin a set o& scramblin
codes avoids the )ossibility o& the customer s'itchin the !P9 on at a location 'here the same scramblin code is
used by the macrocell net'or*. ,cramblin codes are allocated to the !P9 at the time o& )urchase, i.e. they are not
)lanned by radio net'or* )lanners once the location o& the !P9 is *no'n 0the !P9 could be moved &rom one
location to another1. +t is necessary to reserve more than a sinle scramblin code &or the !P9 to co)e 'ith
scenarios 'here multi)le !P9 are used in close )ro7imity to one another. ?or e7am)le, a bloc* o& a)artments
'ould re6uire multi)le !P9 scramblin codes to ensure )ro)er cell reFselection.
2he macrocell net'or* should include neihbour de&initions 'hich allo' @9 to com)lete cell reFselection &rom the
macrocell net'or* to the ?emto !P9. Handover &rom the macrocell net'or* to the ?emto !P9 is not su))orted
'ithin the timescales o& R@10. 2he un*no'n location o& the !P9 means that neihbour cell de&initions must be
de&ined across the com)lete macrocell net'or*, i.e. all cells across the net'or* must be neihboured to the
scramblin codes reserved &or the !P9. >oth interF&re6uency and intraF&re6uency neihbour cell de&initions should
be de&ined. Reservin a lare number o& scramblin codes &or the !P9 'ill consume sini&icant neihbour list
ca)acity. 2his re)resents an arument &or minimisin the number o& scramblin codes reserved &or the !P9. 2he
dra'bac* o& reservin only a small number o& scramblin codes is the )otential &or cell reFselection and handover
issues at locations 'here multi)le !P9 share the same scramblin code 'ithin the same eora)hic location. +t is
not necessary to de&ine neihbour cells &or mobility &rom the ?emto to the macrocell net'or*. ?emto !P9 include
scanners 'hich are able to detect the neihbourin macrocells. 2he relevant neihbour cell de&initions are then
added automatically. >oth cell reFselection and handover are su))orted 'hen movin &rom a ?emto to a macrocell.
,imilar to scramblin codes, it is necessary to reserve a set o& <ocation (rea !odes 0<(!1 &or ?emto !P9.
(llocatin uni6ue <(! means that @9 'ill al'ays attem)t a reistration )rocedure 'hen reFselectin a ?emto !P9.
2he ?emto ate'ay includes a list o& the +M,+ 'hich are allo'ed to access the set o& <(! reserved &or the ?emto
!P9. 2his list may also be co)ied to the ?emto !P9. 2he 2M,+ 'ill also be included once it has been allocated. +&
the @9 is not included 'ithin the ?emto (ccess !ontrol <ist 0(!<1 then the location area u)datin )rocedure 'ill be
re3ected and the @9 'ill revert to the macrocell net'or*.
2he ?emto Gate'ay is allocated an R/! identity althouh the ma3ority o& its &unctionality is di&&erent to an R/!. 2he
R/! identity is used by the core net'or* 'hen routin )ain messaes to the a))ro)riate net'or* nodes. +t is
also used durin the handover )rocedure &rom a ?emto !P9 to the macrocell net'or* 'hich is e&&ectively a hard
handover 'ith an ,R/, relocation. ?emto !P9 should be allocated uni6ue !ell +dentities and ,ervice (rea !odes
to ensure )ro)er addressin across the net'or*.
2he ca)acity o& a ?emto !P9 de)ends u)on the choice o& )roduct. ?emto !P9 are third )arty e6ui)ment )rovided
by /,/ a))roved su))liers. 2he &irst a))roved su))liers are 2homson and (irvana. 2hese !P9 su))ort both
H,DP( and H,@P(. +t is ty)ical &or # simultaneous connections to be su))orted. 2his indicates that althouh
?emto !P9 are able to su))ort hih bit rate connections, they are not intended to su))ort lare numbers o&
connections. +t should not be necessary to com)lete a detailed lin* budet analysis &or ?emto cells. ( ty)ical
ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is 20 d>m. 2his should be su&&icient to )rovide coverae throuhout a home.
?rom handovers )ers)ective +?H8 &rom ?emto to macro cell is only su))orted. +?H8 &rom macro to ?emto is not
su))orted. ,imilarly ?emto does not su))ort ,H8 and +ntraF&re6uency H8 due to the &act that mobility bet'een
?emtos is not su))orted.
.
36 /ndoor Solutions
+ndoor solutions can be de)loyed &or coverae, ca)acity or both coverae and ca)acity.
+ndoor solutions can be based u)on either @ltra,ite or Metro,ite /ode > cabinets or ?le7i 'C'o R? head,
as 'ell as 'ith )ico and ?emto
+ndoor solutions can be either active or )assive, and can share a distribution system 'ith G,M.
+ndoor solutions can enerate lea*ae into the neihbourin macrocells.
2he minimum cou)lin loss bet'een a @9 and a /ode > can be relatively lo' &or an indoor solution.
2he R/! databuild can be tuned &or the re6uirements o& an indoor solution.
NSN Recommendation: &ndoor solution desi$n should start with a clarification of whether the site is intended for
covera$e% caacity or both covera$e and caacity! Scanner measurements should be used to quantify existin$
covera$e from the macrocell layer! "in# bud$et and caacity analysis should be comleted on a er scenario
basis! Node B cabinet tye selection should be based uon hysical sace and the requirement for sectorisation!
The selection between an active and assive )AS should be based uon the ability to maintain a secific
downlin# transmit ower at the connector of each remote antenna and also the requirement for sectorisation!
*inimum coulin$ loss requirements should account for both the ulin# and downlin#! The quantity of lea#a$e
from an indoor solution should be limited! The ulin# of an indoor solution should be desensitised if there is
otential interference from nei$hbourin$ U.! &f the )AS is shared with 2S* then the inter/system isolation
should be verified! The RN( databuild should be modified accordin$ to the default indoor solution databuild!
361 RN% #ata+uild Parameters
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to indoor solution desin are )resented in 2able 12.
Name S4o:e Range 0a4ro4ell
Re4ommended )alue
/ndoor
Re4ommended )alue
9b/o,et+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 3, ste) 1 1 2
MH( ;!9< 0 0/o1, 1 0Aes1 /o 0'ithout MH(1
Aes 0'ith MH(1
/o 0)assive D(,1
Aes 0active D(,1
Pt7Primary!P+!H ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1
d>m
33 d>m 0@ltraC?le7i1
2$ d>m 0Metro,ite1
33 d>m 0@ltra?le7i1
2$ d>m 0Metro,ite1
/rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
Rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
(ddition2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms,
variable ste)
100 ms 100 ms
(ddition;indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> # d> # d>
Dro)2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms,
variable ste)
-#0 ms -#0 ms
Dro);indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> - d> - d>
9c/o?ilter!oe&&icient ?M!, 0 to -, ste) 1 3 3
Re)lacement2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms,
variable ste)
100 ms 100 ms
Re)lacement;indo' ?M!, 0 to E.%, ste) 0.% d> 2 d> 2 d>
(d3s9c/o8&&set (D", F10 to 10, ste) 0.% d> 0 d> 0 d>
,intrasearch ;!9< 0 to 20, ste) 2 d> 10 d> 10 d>
/rtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
RtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
(d3sBo&&set2 H8P, F%0 to %0, ste) 1 d> 0 d> 0 d>
PR(!HRe6uiredReceived!+ ;!9< F3% to F10, ste) 1 d> F2% d> F2% d>
!able<oss ;!9< 0 to 100, ste) 0.1 d> 3 d> 3 d>
Bhyst2 ;!9< 0 to #0, ste) 2 d> 2 d> 2 d>
2reselection ;!9< 0 to 31, ste) 1 s 2 s 2 s
.
*a+le 12 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to indoor solution design
362 %on4e:ts and A::roa4!es
2his section )rovides an overvie' o& radio net'or* )lannin &or indoor solutions. 2he start o& an indoor solution
desin should include clari&ication o& 'hether the indoor solution has been )ro)osed &or coverae reasons, &or
ca)acity reasons or &or both coverae and ca)acity reasons. +& the indoor solution has been )ro)osed &or coverae
reasons alone then it is )ossible that e7ternal macrocells are able to )rovide ade6uate coverae and the indoor
solution may not be re6uired. ( ;!DM( scanner may be used to veri&y the e7tent o& the e7istin indoor coverae.
Macrocell !P+!H 9cC+o, !P+!H R,!P and R,,+ measurements should be recorded. +& neihbourin macrocells are
)lanned but have not yet been de)loyed then the !P+!H 9cC+o, !P+!H R,!P and R,,+ should be estimated usin
a combination o& )lannin tool results and &ield e7)erience. 2he !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P measurements
should be used to evaluate the e7istin indoor coverae. 2he R,,+ measurements should be used throuhout any
subse6uent lin* budet and ca)acity analysis.
+ndoor solution lin* budets should be com)leted on a )er scenario basis rather than relyin u)on a set o& eneric
ma7imum allo'ed lin* loss results. @)lin* service, do'nlin* service and do'nlin* !P+!H lin* budets should be
com)leted. 2he do'nlin* lin* budets should incor)orate the R,,+ measurements recorded &rom the macrocell
layer. 2he limitin lin* budet should be a))lied to the subse6uent indoor desin )rocess. +ndoor solution ca)acity
should be evaluated in terms o& the R?, the baseband )rocessin and the +ub ca)acity. 2he R? ca)acity
re6uirements are de)endent u)on the number o& @9 and the averae tra&&ic )ro&ile )er @9. 2he ca)acity o&&ered by
a s)eci&ic /ode > R? con&iuration should be evaluated on a )er scenario basis at least until )ractical e7)erience
demonstrates that eneric ca)acity assum)tions can be a))lied. 2he R? ca)acity should be evaluated in both the
u)lin* and do'nlin* directions. 2he do'nlin* R? ca)acity should incor)orate the R,,+ measurements recorded
&rom the macrocell layer.
2he selection o& /,/ /ode > cabinet ty)e should be based u)on )hysical s)ace and the level o& sectorisation. 2he
Metro,ite /ode > cabinet should be used at locations 'here there is not su&&icient s)ace &or an @ltra,ite cabinet.
2he @ltra,ite 8)tima !om)act cabinet could be used i& there is s)ace and i& the level o& sectorisation is not
e7)ected to e7ceed 3 sectors. 2he @ltra,ite ,u)reme cabinet could be used i& there is s)ace and i& the level o&
sectorisation is e7)ected to e7ceed 3 sectors.
Minimum !ou)lin <oss 0M!<1 re6uirements &or an indoor solution should account &or limitations in both the u)lin*
and do'nlin*, i.e. the ma7imum allo'ed /ode > and @9 received )o'er. M!< re6uirements should be based u)on
lin* loss rather than )ath loss. 2hey should be s)eci&ied se)arately &or active and )assive D(,. +n cases 'here the
M!< re6uirement is dominated by the ma7imum allo'ed @9 received )o'er then the M!< re6uirement should be a
&unction o& the do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
2here is a re6uirement to minimise the 6uantity o& lea*ae &rom an indoor solution to the outdoor environment. +& the
6uantity o& lea*ae is not limited then @9 in the outdoor environment could cam) and establish connections u)on
the indoor solution. +n addition, the indoor solution could lead to increased levels o& do'nlin* intercell inter&erence
&or @9 connected to the macrocell layer. +n eneral, indoor solution lea*ae should be su&&iciently lo' to allo' the
macrocell layer to dominate around the e7terior o& the buildin. +ndoor solution antenna )lacement should account
&or service and !P+!H lin* budet re6uirementsQ lea*ae re6uirementsQ minimum cou)lin loss re6uirementsQ
distribution o& inter&erence &rom the macrocell layerQ and distribution o& @9 and the associated tra&&ic.
2here may be scenarios 'here it is necessary to desensitise the u)lin* o& an indoor solution to hel) )rotect the
receiver &rom inter&erence oriinatin &rom @9 connected to other cells. Desensitisation is most li*ely to be re6uired
&or active indoor solutions 'hich do not e7)erience the u)lin* attenuation )rovided by a )assive distributed antenna
system. 2he selection bet'een an active and )assive D(, should be based u)on the ability to maintain a s)eci&ic
do'nlin* transmit )o'er at the connector o& each remote antenna. +& the )assive distributed antenna system loss
becomes so lare that the desired do'nlin* transmit )o'er cannot be maintained then an active indoor solution
should be used. (n active indoor solution is also more attractive &or indoor solutions 'hich have a )otential
re6uirement &or sectorisation subse6uent to initial de)loyment. ( eneral ruleFo&Fthumb is that i& the D(, has more
than # antennas then it is su&&iciently lare to 3usti&y the re6uirement &or an active D(,. Di&&erent sectors o& an
indoor solution should be relatively 'ell isolated &rom one another to avoid lare 6uantities o& so&t handover and
.
interFcell inter&erence. 2he re6uirement &or sectorisation should be evaluated based u)on the indoor solution
ca)acity re6uirements.
+& there are both G,M and ;!DM( indoor solutions de)loyed then there is a re6uirement to s)eci&y interFsystem
isolation as a total loss bet'een G,M >2, and ;!DM( /ode >. 2he isolation re6uirement is a &unction o& the
;!DM( /ode > ma7imum transmit )o'er ca)ability, 'hether the D(, is active or )assive and 'hether G,M$00
or G,M1800 is bein used. 2he 'ay in 'hich the isolation re6uirements are achieved de)ends u)on the D(,
desin. ( di)le7or is able to )rovide the ma3ority o& the isolation re6uirement.
+ndoor solutions and the macrocell layer may be assined either shared or dedicated R? carriers. (ssinin a
shared R? carrier has the bene&it o& allo'in so&t handover bet'een the macrocell layer and the indoor solution. +& a
dedicated R? carrier is assined then hard handovers are re6uired. (ssinin a shared R? carrier has the
dra'bac* o& a reduced isolation bet'een the indoor solution and the macrocell layer. +n this case the indoor solution
desin must account &or the inter&erence enerated by the macrocell layer. +t is common &or indoor solutions 'hich
)rovide coverae and ca)acity to the u))er &loors o& hih rise buildins to be assined a dedicated R? carrier.
,o&t handover and cell reFselection boundaries should be evaluated to ensure that @9 cam) and establish
connections u)on the a))ro)riate cells. ,o&t handover radio lin* balance should be evaluated to ensure that radio
lin*s are relatively 'ell balanced. +& an indoor solution and neihbourin macrocell are con&iured 'ith di&&erent
!P+!H transmit )o'ers and have di&&erent receiver sensitivities then radio lin*s can be susce)tible to losin
synchronisation durin so&t handover.
2he number o& di&&erences bet'een an indoor solution R/! databuild and a macrocell R/! databuild should be
minimised. Minimisin the number o& di&&erences hel)s to sim)li&y system desin and decrease the )robability o&
e7)eriencin errors in the databuild. 2he R/! databuild )arameter 9b/o,et+denti&ier should be con&iured 'ith an
indoor solution s)eci&ic value. 2he de&ault indoor solution 9b/o,et+denti&ier )arameter value should instruct the
R/! to a))ly a set o& 9bC/o values 'hich do not include the e&&ects o& u)lin* receive diversity. 2he R/! databuild
)arameter MH( should also be con&iured 'ith an indoor solution s)eci&ic value. +& the indoor solution has a )assive
D(, then the MH( )arameter should be con&iured 'ith a value o& /o. +& the indoor solution has an active D(,
then the MH( )arameter should be con&iured 'ith a value o& Aes. 2he !P+!H transmit )o'er should be con&iured
such that 10 U o& the total do'nlin* transmit )o'er is assined to the !P+!H. 2he remainin )arameters )resented
in 2able 12 have the same de&ault values &or both indoor solutions and macrocells. 2hese )arameters may re6uire
tunin on a )er indoor solution basis.
2he ca)acity evolution roadma) o& an indoor solution usin an @ltra,ite /ode > cabinet should &ocus u)on
sectorisation. ,ectorisation allo's so&t handover and is not limited by the number o& licensed R? carriers. 2he
ca)acity evolution roadma) o& an indoor solution usin a Metro,ite /ode > cabinet should &ocus u)on the addition
o& a second R? carrier. 2he Metro,ite /ode > cabinet does not su))ort sectorisation. 2he ca)acity evolution
)rocess &or an indoor solution can be based u)on the )rocess develo)ed &or the macrocell layer. 2he )rocess
should be sim)li&ied because indoor solutions have less &le7ibility in terms o& R? o)timisation, i.e. antenna tilts and
aLimuths cannot be tuned in the same 'ay.
363 *ools
Radio net'or* )lannin tools &or indoor solutions are available on the mar*et. Ho'ever it is not very common to
)lan an indoor solution usin a radio net'or* )lannin tool. +t is more common to com)lete the )lannin activity
usin test transmitters and )ath loss measurements. 2he test transmitter can be a sim)le !; transmitter. +t does
not necessarily have to be a ;!DM( transmitter. ;al* testin should be com)leted to 6uanti&y the )ath loss both
inside and outside the )lanned coverae area. +& the indoor solution is relatively small then it may be )ossible to
com)lete the )lannin activity based u)on )revious e7)erience.
362 %ommon Pra4ti4e
+t is common &or o)erators to subcontract the )lannin o& their indoor solutions. 2he o)erator may select the /ode >
cabinet ty)e and 'hether the D(, is active or )assive but then may leave the )lannin &or a subcontractor to
com)lete. 2he subcontractor is ty)ically re6uired to satis&y a set o& criteria s)eci&ied by the o)erator, e.. coverae,
ca)acity and lea*ae re6uirements. 8)erators are already usin both @ltra,ite and Metro,ite /ode > cabinets as
.
'ell as both active and )assive D(,. R? carrier assinment strateies vary sini&icantly. ,ome o)erators have
o)ted to assin the same R? carrier as the macrocell layer 'hereas others have o)ted to assin a di&&erent R?
carrier. +n eneral, a di&&erent R? carrier has been assined &or indoor solutions 'hich )rovide coverae to hih rise
buildins 'hich have relatively little isolation &rom the macrocell layer. 2he /,/ (+R solution is a relatively ne'
commercial )roduct and trials are onoin. 2he initial release re6uires ;P( 'ithin the /ode > cabinet and thus
o&&ers less bene&it than &uture releases.
.
37 0i4ro4ell Solutions
( microcell can be cateorised as a /ode > 'hich has outdoor, belo' roo&to) antenna )lacement.
( microcell /ode > cabinet can be either an @ltra,ite or a Metro,ite or a ?le7i >2,.
Microcells can be de)loyed &or coverae or ca)acity reasons.
2he isolation )rovided by neihbourin buildins limits intercell inter&erence and so&t handover.
+nter&erence &rom the macrocell layer de)ends u)on the )ro7imity o& the dominant macrocell and 'hether or
not an R? carrier is shared 'ith the macrocell layer.
,electin either a shared or dedicated R? carrier balances the re6uirement &or hard handovers aainst the
bene&it o& increased isolation and im)roved dominance.
,ectorisation is not common as a result o& the )oor isolation bet'een sectors.
Radio net'or* )lannin re6uires buildin vectors and relatively com)le7 )ro)aation modelin.
Microcell and macrocell lin* budets include di&&erent assum)tions.
Microcell ca)acity u)rade strateies ty)ically &ocus u)on the addition o& a second R? carrier.
NSN Recommendation: *icrocell solution desi$n should start with clarification of the RF carrier assi$nment
strate$y! &f a shared RF carrier is assi$ned then scanner measurements should be used to quantify the
interference from nei$hbourin$ macrocells! A set of ulin# and downlin# microcell lin# bud$ets should be
$enerated! Radio networ# lannin$ should be comleted usin$ buildin$ vectors% and whenever ossible% ray
tracin$ roa$ation modelin$! 'hen a shared RF carrier is assi$ned then soft handover radio lin# balance
should be considered! A traffic mana$ement strate$y should be develoed if microcells are bein$ used to add
another layer to the radio networ# lan! The minimum coulin$ loss requirements should be accounted for durin$
the desi$n hase! The caacity u$rade strate$y should focus uon the addition of a second RF carrier while
accountin$ for the baseband rocessin$ caability and the &ub caacity! )ifferences in the macrocell and
microcell RN( databuilds should be minimised to hel reduce comlexity and the otential for errors!
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to microcell solution desin are )resented in 2able 13.
Re4ommended
)alue
0i4ro4ell
Re4ommended
)alue
9b/o,et+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 3, ste) 1 1 2 0i& receive diversity
is not used1
MH( ;!9< 0 0/o1, 1 0Aes1 /o 0'ithout MH(1
Aes 0'ith MH(1
/o 0'ithout MH(1
Aes 0'ith MH(1
Pt7Primary!P+!H ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 33 d>m 0@ltraC?le7i1
2$ d>m 0Metro,ite1
33 d>m 0@ltraC?le7i1
2$ d>m 0Metro,ite1
/rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
Rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
(ddition2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms, variable
ste)
100 ms 100 ms
(ddition;indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> # d> # d>
Dro)2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms, variable
ste)
-#0 ms -#0 ms
Dro);indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> - d> - d>
9c/o?ilter!oe&&icient ?M!, 0 to -, ste) 1 3 3
Re)lacement2ime ?M!, 0 to %000 ms, variable
ste)
100 ms 100 ms
Re)lacement;indo' ?M!, 0 to E.%, ste) 0.% d> 2 d> 2 d>
(d3s9c/o8&&set (D", F10 to 10, ste) 0.% d> 0 d> 0 d>
.
,intrasearch ;!9< 0 to 20, ste) 2 d> 10 d> 10 d>
/rtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
RtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 1 1
(d3sBo&&set2 H8P, F%0 to %0, ste) 1 d> 0 d> 0 d>
PR(!HRe6uiredReceived!+ ;!9< F3% to F10, ste) 1 d> F2% d> F2% d>
!able<oss ;!9< 0 to 100, ste) 0.1 d> 3 d> 3 d>
Bhyst2 ;!9< 0 to #0, ste) 2 d> 2 d> 2 d>
2reselection ;!9< 0 to 31, ste) 1 s 2 s 2 s
*a+le 13 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to mi4ro4ell solution design
( microcell can be cateorised as a /ode > 'hich has outdoor, belo' roo&to) antenna )lacement. 2he /ode >
cabinet may be either an @ltra,ite or a Metro,ite. Microcells can be con&iured 'ith multi)le sectors and R?
carriers althouh it is not common to do so. @ltra,ite /ode > cabinets o&&er reater &le7ibility in terms o& con&iurin
multi)le sectors and R? carriers. 2he do'nlin* transmit )o'er and )otential baseband )rocessin ca)abilities are
also reater. 2he Metro,ite cabinet is bene&icial in terms o& its siLe and 'eiht. 2he Metro,ite cabinet is limited to
su))ortin a sinle sector 'ith u) to 2 R? carriers and a ma7imum o& 2 ;,P cards. 2he current ma7imum do'nlin*
transmit )o'er o& a Metro,ite is 8 ; com)ared to the 20 ; or #0 ; o&&ered by an @ltra,ite.
Microcells can be de)loyed &or coverae or ca)acity reasons. 2he belo' roo&to) antenna )lacement means that
coverae is relatively limited. /eihbourin buildins tend to obstruct the radio sinal and limit the cell rane. 2he
neihbourin buildins are also able to )rovide isolation &rom neihbourin sites. 2his limits the 6uantity o& intercell
inter&erence and increases the cell ca)acity. +& a microcell is de)loyed 'ithin the coverae area o& a macrocell 'hich
is usin the same R? carrier then the 6uantity o& intercell inter&erence can be relatively hih. +n this case, the
dominance area o& the microcell can be relatively small. 2his de)ends u)on 'hether or not the microcell is to'ards
the ede o& the macrocell coverae area 'here the macrocell sinal is relatively 'ea*. 2he coverae and ca)acity
o& a microcell is very scenario de)endant and 'henever )ossible, it should be studied on a caseFbyFcase basis.
Modelin microcells 'ithin a radio net'or* )lannin tool is more com)le7 than modelin macrocells. 2his is
because the R? )ro)aation has an increased de)endence u)on the neihbourin buildins. >uildin vectors
should be made available to the radio net'or* )lannin tool. >uildin vectors can be either t'o or three
dimensional. 2'o dimensional buildin vectors de&ine the layout o& the buildins in terms o& their 7Fy coFordinates
but assume a &i7ed buildin heiht. 2'o dimensional buildin vectors may be su&&icient &or microcell modelin 'hen
all antennas are belo' roo&to). 2hey may also be su&&icient &or areas 'here the buildin heiht is a))ro7imately
uni&orm. 2he MultiFRadio module o& /,/ /et(ct Planner v%.0 includes a microcell )ro)aation model. +t also
su))orts an inter&ace to third )arty )ro)aation models V :olcano, ;ave,iht and ;inPro). 2he microcell model
incor)orated 'ithin the MultiFRadio module is less so)histicated than the third )arty models. +t is based u)on a
)seudo rayFtracin techni6ue that uses buildin outlines and terrain heiht. 2he third )arty )ro)aation models
ma*e use o& more com)le7 ray tracin techni6ues. +n eneral there is a tradeFo&& bet'een the accuracy o& the result
and the associated )rocessin time. More detailed in&ormation describin the )ro)aation models can be &ound
'ithin the MultiFRadio @ser Re&erence Guide.
+& radio net'or* )lannin is ma*in use o& the )ath loss based a))roach rather than the 3G simulation based
a))roach then the associated lin* budets should be reFevaluated &or the microcell environment. +t is im)ortant that
both u)lin* and do'nlin* lin* budets are com)leted. 2he do'nlin* lin* budet is li*ely to dominate i& the microcell
is located 'ithin an area o& e7istin macrocell coverae, i.e. the microcell do'nlin* transmit )o'er has to overcome
the bac*round R,,+ enerated by the macrocell. ( ;!DM( scanner may be used to veri&y the e7tent o& the
e7istin macrocell coverae and the associated bac*round R,,+. 2he R,,+ measurements should be used
throuhout any subse6uent do'nlin* lin* budet and ca)acity analysis. ( microcell lin* budet &ollo's the same
eneral )rinci)les as that &or a macrocell. 2able 1# )resents the di&&erences bet'een the macrocell and microcell
u)lin* lin* budets.
0a4ro4ell 0i4ro4ell 0i4ro4ell
.
;wit! u:link R> di"= ;wit!out u:link R> di"=
/ode > antenna ain 18.% d>i 12.0 d>i
!able loss 2.0 d> 1.0 d>
>ene&it o& usin MH( 2.0 d> MH( not used
?ast &ade marin 1.8 d> %.0 d> %.0 d>
12.2 *b)s s)eech 9bC/o #.# d> #.# d> E.# d>
-# *b)s !, data 9bC/o 2.0 d> 2.0 d> %.0 d>
-# *b)s P, data 9bC/o 2.0 d> 2.0 d> %.0 d>
2aret u)lin* load %0 U 80 U
*a+le 12 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell u:link link +udget assum:tions
Microcell antennas ty)ically have a lo'er ain than macrocell antennas. 2he reduced ain means less directivity
and allo's an increase in the vertical beam'idth o& the antenna ain )attern. 18.% d>i macrocell antennas ty)ically
have a vertical beam'idth o& 10 derees 'hereas 12.0 d>i microcell antennas ty)ically have a vertical beam'idth
o& 30 derees 0assumin a horiLontal beam'idth o& -% derees in both cases1. (n increased vertical beam'idth
reduces the rate o& reduction o& antenna ain at locations a'ay &rom the main lobe. +n )ractice, the lare 6uantity o&
scatterin associated 'ith the microcell environment means that @9 'ill receive sinals oriinatin &rom relatively
'ide sections o& the antenna ain )attern. ?or e7am)le, a @9 may be 30 derees a'ay &rom the main lobe o& the
antenna 'hen measurin the anle 'ith a direct lineFo&Fsiht )ath but the @9 may still receive a sinal &rom the
main lobe i& it has been re&lected o&& a neihbourin buildin. 2his ty)e o& e&&ect ma*es it di&&icult to )redict the
antenna ain e7)erienced by a @9 at a s)eci&ic location and increases the re6uirement to use ray tracin
techni6ues.
+t is common to assume that microcells are de)loyed 'ith relatively short &eeder lenths. +n eneral, this means that
the cable loss 'ill be less than that &or a macrocell unless di&&erent ty)es o& &eeder are used. +t is )ossible that
microcells are de)loyed usin &eeders 'hich have a reater loss )er meter. ( hiher loss &eeder may be selected to
reduce costs or to allo' the use o& a &eeder 'ith a smaller diameter and a corres)ondinly smaller bend radius.
>end radius re6uirements may be more demandin &or a microcell de)loyment scenario. 2he reduced cable loss
enerally associated 'ith microcells means there is less )otential bene&it &rom usin mast head am)li&iers 0MH(1. +t
is thus common to e7clude MH( &rom microcell lin* budets. +n these cases the hih ain, lo' noise am)li&ier 'ithin
the /ode > cabinet 'ideband antenna &ilter 0;(?1 )luFin unit e&&ectively re)laces the MH(.
2he radio )ro)aation environment associated 'ith a microcell, i.e. hih 6uantities o& scatterin and multiF)ath,
results in relatively dee) &ades. 2he relatively lo' @9 s)eeds, e.. 'al*in, associated 'ith a microcell means that
inner loo) )o'er control is able to trac* the &ades. 2hese t'o &actors mean that the lin* budet should include a
relatively lare &ast &ade marin. +& the @9 s)eeds 'ere hih then the inner loo) )o'er control 'ould not be able to
trac* the &ades and the im)act o& the &adin 'ould become incor)orated 'ithin an increased 9bC/o re6uirement
'hile the &ast &ade marin 'ould tend to Lero. Microcells are o&ten de)loyed 'ithout u)lin* receive diversity
althouh both the Metro,ite and @ltra,ite cabinets are ca)able o& su))ortin it. 2he cost o& usin receive diversity
oriinates &rom the re6uirement to have multi)le &eeders and multi)le antenna elements. +& receive diversity is not
used then the u)lin* 9bC/o re6uirements can be assumed to be a))ro7imately 3 d> reater. (n increase in the
9bC/o re6uirement has an im)act u)on both the u)lin* lin* budet and the u)lin* ca)acity. 2he taret u)lin* load
&or a microcell is usually assumed to be reater than that o& a macrocell 0or com)arable to that &or a macrocell in a
dense urban environment1. 2his re&lects the increased ca)acity o& the microcell. (n increased u)lin* load results in
an increased u)lin* inter&erence marin. ( macrocell 'ith a %0 U taret u)lin* load has a 3 d> inter&erence marin
'hereas a microcell 'ith an 80 U taret u)lin* load has a E d> inter&erence marin, i.e. inter&erence marin S F10
<o01 V load1.
+& a microcell has been sectorised 'ithout u)lin* receive diversity then it is )ossible that the u)lin* 9bC/o
re6uirement is reduced by a Macro Diversity !ombination 0MD!1 ain 'hen a connection is in so&ter handover.
2y)ical macrocells do not bene&it &rom MD! ain in the u)lin* direction because dual branch receive diversity
already )rovides a diversity ain and the incremental ain &rom so&ter handover is small. +& receive diversity is not
used then the incremental MD! ain can be more sini&icant. Ho'ever it is not common to sectorise microcells.
.
<evels o& interFcell inter&erence do not a))ear e7)licitly 'ithin the u)lin* lin* budet. 2hey a))ear 'ithin the u)lin*
load e6uation and contribute to'ards the u)lin* load. 2able 1% )resents the levels o& intercell inter&erence ty)ically
assumed &or macrocells and microcells.
0a4ro4ell 0i4ro4ell
+ntercell inter&erence ratio -% U 2% U
*a+le 15 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell u:link load eBuation assum:tions
2he intercell inter&erence ratio is assumed to be reduced &rom -% U to 2% U &or a microcell. 2his reduction results
&rom the isolation )rovided by the neihbourin buildins. 2able 1- )resents the di&&erences bet'een the macrocell
and microcell do'nlin* lin* budets.
0a4ro4ell 0i4ro4ell
;0etroSite=
0i4ro4ell
;UltraSite=
/ode > antenna ain 18.% d>i 12.0 d>i
!able loss 2.0 d> 1.0 d>
MH( insertion loss 0.% d> 0.0 d>
!P+!H transmit )o'er 33 d>m 2$ d>m 33 d>m
12.2 *b)s s)eech ma7 t7 )o'er 32.2 d>m 28.3 d>m 32.2 d>m
-# *b)s !, data ma7 t7 )o'er 3%.2 d>m 31.2 d>m 3%.2 d>m
-# *b)s P, data ma7 t7 )o'er 3%.2 d>m 31.2 d>m 3%.2 d>m
128 *b)s P, data ma7 t7 )o'er 38.0 d>m 3#.0 d>m 38.0 d>m
38# *b)s P, data ma7 t7 )o'er #0.0 d>m 3-.0 d>m #0.0 d>m
?ast &ade marin 0.0 d> 0.0 d> 0.0 d>
12.2 *b)s s)eech 9bC/o E.$ d> $.% d> $.% d>
-# *b)s !, data 9bC/o %.3 d> E.0 d> E.0 d>
-# *b)s P, data 9bC/o %.0 d> E.0 d> E.0 d>
128 *b)s P, data 9bC/o #.E d> -.% d> -.% d>
38# *b)s P, data 9bC/o #.8 d> -.0 d> -.0 d>
2aret do'nlin* load 80 U $0 U
*a+le 16 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell downlink link +udget assum:tions
2he /ode > antenna ain and cable loss assum)tions are e6ual to those assumed &or the u)lin*. MH( enerate an
insertion loss in the do'nlin* direction. +& microcells are assumed to be de)loyed 'ithout MH( then this insertion
loss is not )resent. 2he Metro,ite has a ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er o& 3$ d>m 08 ;1 com)ared to the
@ltra,ite ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er o& #3 d>m 020 ;1. 2his means that all o& the Metro,ite do'nlin*
transmit )o'ers are reduced by # d> relative to those &or an @ltra,ite. 2he do'nlin* 9bC/o re6uirements &or a
microcell are reater than those &or a macrocell. 2his increase is caused by the radio )ro)aation environment
associated 'ith microcells, i.e. hih 6uantities o& scatterin and multiF)ath. (n increase in the 9bC/o re6uirement
has an im)act u)on both the do'nlin* lin* budet and the do'nlin* ca)acity. 2he taret do'nlin* load &or a
microcell is usually assumed to be reater than that o& a macrocell 0or com)arable to that &or a macrocell in a dense
urban environment1. 2his re&lects the increased ca)acity o& the microcell.
<evels o& interFcell inter&erence, so&t handover and orthoonality do not a))ear e7)licitly 'ithin the do'nlin* lin*
budet. 2hey a))ear 'ithin the do'nlin* load e6uation and contribute to'ards the do'nlin* load. 2able 1E )resents
the levels o& intercell inter&erence, so&t handover and orthoonality ty)ically assumed &or macrocells and microcells.
0a4ro4ell 0i4ro4ell
+ntercell inter&erence ratio -% U 2% U
,o&t handover overhead #0 U 20 U
8rthoonality 0.% 0.8
*a+le 17 9 0a4ro4ell and mi4ro4ell downlink load eBuation assum:tions
,imilar to the u)lin* direction, the intercell inter&erence ratio is assumed to be reduced &rom -% U to 2% U &or a
microcell. 2his reduction results &rom the isolation )rovided by the neihbourin buildins. 2he so&t handover
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae #0 018%1
.
overhead is assumed to be reduced &rom #0 U to 20 U. 2his reduction results &rom not havin so&ter handover
0assumin a sinle sector microcell1 and &rom the increased isolation bet'een sites. 2he level o& orthoonality is
assumed to increase &rom 0.% to 0.8. 2his increase results &rom the reduced delay s)read 'hich is )resent in a
microcellular radio )ro)aation environment.
,ectorisation o& 3G microcells is not common because it is di&&icult to achieve su&&icient isolation bet'een sectors.
,ectorised G,M microcells bene&it &rom havin di&&erent R? carriers assined to each sector. 2his introduces
isolation in the &re6uency domain. 2he hih 6uantity o& scatterin tends to mean that sectors have very similar
coverae areas. (ntenna direction may not have a very lare im)act as a result o& the scatterin. ?iure - illustrates
an e7am)le o& the coverae areas )rovided by t'o sectors o& a microcell. 2hese )lots 'ere enerated usin a ray
tracin )ro)aation model.
1igure 6 9 &>am:le 4o"erage areas +elonging to two se4tors of a mi4ro4ell
Macrocell and microcell layers may be assined either shared or dedicated R? carriers. (ssinin a shared R?
carrier has the bene&it o& allo'in so&t handover bet'een the t'o layers. +& a dedicated R? carrier is assined then
hard handovers are re6uired and interF&re6uency neihbours must be de&ined. (ssinin a shared R? carrier has
the dra'bac* o& a reduced isolation bet'een the macrocell and microcell layers. +n this case the microcell desin
must account &or the inter&erence enerated by the macrocell layer. +& the inter&erence is too reat then it may not be
)ractical to de)loy a microcell solution on a shared R? carrier. 2he R? carrier stratey should de)end u)on the
de)loyment scenario. +& a microcell is bein introduced to im)rove coverae then it is li*ely to be assined the same
R? carrier as the macrocell layer. +& a microcell is bein introduced to increase system ca)acity then it is more li*ely
to be assined a dedicated R? carrier. (ssinin a shared R? carrier 'ould decrease the ca)acity o& the microcell.
2he R? carrier stratey should also account &or the number o& R? carriers 'hich are available. +& only t'o R?
carriers are available then it is li*ely that both R? carriers 'ill be assined to the macrocell layer at some )oint in
time and thus the microcell layer 'ill have to ma*e use o& a shared R? carrier.
,o&t handover and cell reFselection boundaries should be evaluated to ensure that @9 cam) and establish
connections u)on the a))ro)riate cells. 3GPP 2,2%.30# s)eci&ies the use o& Hierarchical !ell ,tructures 0H!,1 as
a 'ay o& manain tra&&ic 'ith cell reFselection. H!, allo's )riorities to be assined to s)eci&ic cells. 2his means
that 'hen @9 are com)letin a cell reFselection, and have more than a sinle candidate cell, the )riorities can be
used to select the a))ro)riate cell. H!, also includes &unctionality to account &or the s)eed o& a @9 0measured by
the @9 as a rate o& cell reFselections1. @9 'hich are cateorised as &ast movin, i.e. com)letin a hih number o&
cell reFselections )er unit time, inverse the H!, )riorities relative to a slo' movin @9. 2his is intended to )rovide a
'ay o& allo'in &ast movin @9 to cam) and connect u)on larer macrocells, 'hile slo' movin @9 can cam) and
connect u)on smaller microcells. 2he /,/ R(/ su))orts the con&iuration and broadcast o& the relevant H!,
)arameters but not all @9 su))ort the H!, &eature.
.
,o&t handover radio lin* balance should be evaluated to ensure that radio lin*s are relatively 'ell balanced. +& a
microcell and a neihbourin macrocell are con&iured 'ith di&&erent !P+!H transmit )o'ers and have di&&erent
receiver sensitivities then radio lin*s can become susce)tible to losin synchronisation durin so&t handover.
2he ca)acity evolution roadma) &or a microcell should &ocus u)on the addition o& a second R? carrier. ,ectorisation
is less )ractical due to the )robable lac* o& dominance bet'een sectors. Do'nlin* transmit diversity is also an
o)tion once it becomes available. 2he ca)acity evolution roadma) &or a Metro,ite should account &or the baseband
)rocessin ca)ability. 2he Metro,ite cabinet accommodates a ma7imum o& t'o ;,P cards. +& the microcell
ca)acity limitation oriinates &rom the baseband )rocessin ca)ability then there is no )oint addin a second R?
carrier. +t should also be noted that 'hen a second R? carrier is added to a Metro,ite then the )o'er )er R? carrier
is halved, i.e. the oriinal )o'er am)li&ier is shared bet'een the t'o R? carriers. Microcells usin an @ltra,ite
cabinet are more &le7ible in terms o& their u)rade )ath, i.e. more baseband )rocessin and )o'er am)li&iers can be
added.
Minimum !ou)lin <oss 0M!<1 re6uirements &or a microcell should account &or limitations in both the u)lin* and
do'nlin*, i.e. the ma7imum allo'ed /ode > and @9 received )o'er. M!< re6uirements should be based u)on lin*
loss rather than )ath loss. +n cases 'here the M!< re6uirement is dominated by the ma7imum allo'ed @9 received
)o'er then the M!< re6uirement should be a &unction o& the do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
2he number o& di&&erences bet'een a microcell R/! databuild and a macrocell R/! databuild should be
minimised. Minimisin the number o& di&&erences hel)s to sim)li&y system desin and decrease the )robability o&
e7)eriencin errors in the databuild. 2he R/! databuild )arameter 9b/o,et+denti&ier should be con&iured 'ith a
microcell s)eci&ic value i& u)lin* receive diversity is not bein used. <i*e'ise, the R/! databuild )arameter MH(
should also be con&iured 'ith a microcell s)eci&ic value is an MH( is not used. 2he !P+!H transmit )o'er should
be con&iured such that 10 U o& the total do'nlin* transmit )o'er is assined to the !P+!H. 2he remainin
)arameters )resented in 2able 13 have the same de&ault values &or both microcells and macrocells but may re6uire
tunin on a )er microcell basis.
373 *ools
(s described in the )revious section, radio net'or* )lannin &or microcells re6uires the use o& buildin vectors and
a relatively so)histicated )ro)aation model. +& the )rocessin resource is available then a ray tracin model should
be ado)ted. /,/Gs /et(ct Planner su))orts microcells in terms o& bein able to inter&ace 'ith third )arty ray tracin
tools. +t also )rovides a relatively sim)le microcell )ro)aation model in case ray tracin tools are not available or
are &ound to be too time consumin. +t is 'ise to )recede microcell radio net'or* )lannin 'ith a 'al* or drive test
usin an R? scanner. 2he R? scanner 'ill )rovide an indication o& the e7istin coverae and inter&erence levels.
2he inter&erence levels should be accounted &or durin the radio net'or* )lannin )rocess.
372 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators are currently &ocused u)on de)loyin their macrocell net'or*s and there is less &ocus
u)on microcells. ,ome o)erators have de)loyed microcells over relatively lare areas in historical centers o& old
cities to be able to co)e 'ith the environmental re6uirements and the small street 'idth. +n these coveraeForiented
scenarios, it has been &ound that the use o& the same R? carrier as the macrocell layer 'as )rovidin a better
mobility )er&ormance 'ith so&t handover than 'ith interF&re6uency handover, at the e7)ense o& an increased
inter&erence at the ede o& the microcell area.. ,ome o)erators have com)leted trials to evaluate the )er&ormance
and behaviour o& microcells. 2here have been e7am)les o& microcells bein assined the same R? carrier as the
macrocell layer and havin very small dominance areas because o& the relatively stron macrocell coverae. (
larer number o& o)erators have com)leted theoretical studies o& microcells and develo)ed their de)loyment
strateies &or &uture use.
.
310 Re:eaters
/,/ does not currently o&&er a ;!DM( re)eater )roduct. Ho'ever third )arty re)eaters may be used in
combination 'ith the /,/ R(/.
Re)eaters are relatively trans)arent to the &unctionality o& the R(/ and can )rovide coverae to either
outdoor or indoor locations.
2he ma3ority o& re)eaters do not ma*e use o& u)lin* receive diversity.
Re)eaters desensitise the u)lin* receiver o& their donor cell i& their u)lin* ain is too hih.
( re)eater introduces a time delay o& a))ro7imately - s. 2his may have an im)act u)on receiver
)er&ormance i& a donor cell is transmittin to and receivin &rom a @9 directly as 'ell as via a re)eater.
2heoretical 'orst case calculations indicate that there may be issues 'ith interFo)erator ad3acent channel
inter&erence 'hen de)loyin re)eaters.
NSN Recommendation: Reeaters should be lanned usin$ ulin# service% downlin# service and downlin#
(+&(1 lin# bud$ets! 'hen a reeater is bein$ used for an indoor solution then the downlin# $ain should be at
least 0- dB less than the reeater to donor cell lin# loss% and the ulin# $ain should equal the downlin# $ain!
'hen a reeater is bein$ used for a macrocell solution then the downlin# $ain should be equal to the reeater to
donor cell lin# loss% and the ulin# $ain should be 3 dB less than the downlin# $ain! A chec# should be made to
ensure that the reeater4s donor cell antenna is located within the covera$e area of the donor cell! *inimum
coulin$ loss requirements should be defined to rotect both the U. and the donor cell! The delay introduced by
a reeater should be accounted for when evaluatin$ the maximum cell ran$e! Reeaters should be lanned such
that U. do not have both direct and reeater roa$ation aths towards the donor cell! The isolation between a
reeater4s donor antenna and covera$e antenna should be at least 0, dB $reater than the $ain of the reeater!
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to the de)loyment o& re)eaters in 2able 18.
Re4ommended )alue
0a4ro4ell
Re4ommended )alue
w!en 4onne4ted to a
Re:eater
9b/o,et+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 3, ste) 1 1 2
(+!H2ra2ime ;!9< 0, 1 0 1 0i& re)eater delay
e&&ectively increases cell
rane beyond 10 *m1
!ellRane ;!9< 100 to 20 000, ste)
100 m
10 000 m 20 000 m 0i& re)eater
delay e&&ectively increases
cell rane beyond 10 *m1
*a+le 16 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e de:lo$ment of re:eaters
/,/ does not currently o&&er a ;!DM( re)eater )roduct. Ho'ever third )arty re)eaters may be used in
combination 'ith the /,/ R(/. Re)eaters may be used to enhance or e7tend an area o& e7istin macrocell
coverae. 2he re)eater coverae area may be either an outdoor or indoor location. #3 d>m re)eaters are available
&or )rovidin macrocell coverae. <o'er )o'er re)eaters are available &or )rovidin indoor coverae. Re)eaters
are relatively trans)arent to the &unctionality o& the R(/ and can be added 'ithout havin a sini&icant im)act u)on
the R/! and /ode > con&iurations. Re)eaters are relatively sim)le to de)loy in terms o& their siLe and 'eiht. 2he
siLe and 'eiht o& a re)eater varies accordin to the transmit )o'er ca)ability. ( lo' )o'er re)eater ty)ically
'eihs less than % * and measures 1- cm by 12 cm by # cm. ( hih )o'er re)eater ty)ically 'eihs #3 * and
measures %# cm by #E cm by 1$ cm. Re)eaters are also relatively sim)le to de)loy in terms o& not re6uirin a
.
transmission lin* to'ards the R/!. ( re)eater is ty)ically connected to its donor macrocell usin a directional radio
lin*, i.e. a directional antenna at the re)eater.
2he ma3ority o& )lannin issues related to re)eaters have been discussed by 3GPP durin the standardisation
)rocess. 2hese discussions have been documented in 3GPP 2R2%.$%-. Re)eaters have their o'n set o& radio
transmission and rece)tion s)eci&ications 'ithin 3GPP 2,2%.10-.
2he u)lin* receiver belonin to a re)eater has a thermal noise &loor. 2his thermal noise &loor is am)li&ied by the
u)lin* ain o& the re)eater and is transmitted to'ards the donor cell. 2he donor cell 'ill be desensitised i& the value
o& the ain a))roaches the value o& the lin* loss bet'een the re)eater and the donor cell. 2his )laces a limit u)on
the ma7imum allo'ed u)lin* re)eater ain. +& the u)lin* and do'nlin* re)eater ains are con&iured too lo' then the
coverae area served by the re)eater 'ill be relatively small. +& the u)lin* ain is con&iured to be sini&icantly less
than the do'nlin* ain then there may be issues 'ith so&t handover radio lin* imbalance. ;hen a re)eater is bein
used &or an indoor solution then the do'nlin* ain should be at least 10 d> less than the re)eater to donor cell lin*
loss, and the u)lin* ain should e6ual the do'nlin* ain. +n eneral, the re)eater ain should be con&iured to
achieve a ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er 'hich is a))ro)riate &or an indoor solution. ;hen a re)eater is bein
used &or a macrocell solution then the do'nlin* ain should be e6ual to the re)eater to donor cell lin* loss, and the
u)lin* ain should be - d> less than the do'nlin* ain. 2his con&iuration )rovides a tradeFo&& bet'een the siLe o&
the coverae area )rovided by the re)eater, desensitisation o& the donor cell and )otential issues 'ith so&t handover
)er&ormance.
Radio net'or* )lannin &or a re)eater should account &or 'hether or not the re)eater )rovides u)lin* receive
diversity. 2he ma3ority o& re)eaters do not ma*e use o& u)lin* receive diversity. 2his means that the u)lin* 9bC/o
re6uirement is increased and the u)lin* coverae and ca)acity decreased. @9 connected to the donor cell via the
re)eater 'ill have a larer 9bC/o re6uirement than @9 connected directly to the donor cell. 2his ma*es it di&&icult to
con&iure the 9bC/o re6uirements 'ithin the R/! databuild. +& the 9bC/o are con&iured such that they corres)ond
to not havin receive diversity then u)lin* admission control decisions may become )essimistic &or @9 connected
directly to the donor cell. +& the 9bC/o are con&iured such that they corres)ond to havin receive diversity then the
initial ,+R taret 'ill be relatively lo' &or the @9 connected to the donor cell via the re)eater. +t is currently
recommended to con&iure the 9bC/o such that they corres)ond to not havin receive diversity.
Plannin the coverae area o& a re)eater re6uires the com)letion o& u)lin* service, do'nlin* service and do'nlin*
!P+!H lin* budets. 2hese lin* budets are more com)le7 than those associated 'ith the coverae area o& a
macrocell. Re)eater coverae area lin* budets re6uire the inclusion o& re)eater ain, re)eater noise &iure and
re)eater to donor cell lin* loss. Re)eater lin* budets also re6uire the u)lin* 9bC/o re6uirements to be increased i&
the re)eater does not su))ort u)lin* receive diversity. 2he lin* budets associated 'ith the coverae area o& the
donor cell should also be revised to account &or any desensitisation caused by the re)eater.
Minimum cou)lin loss 0M!<1 re6uirements should be de&ined to )rotect both the @9 and the donor cell, i.e. based
u)on both the u)lin* and do'nlin*. +& the M!< is not su&&icient in the u)lin* direction then the donor cell can become
deFsensitised 'hile the @9 is transmittin at minimum )o'er. +& the M!< is not su&&icient in the do'nlin* direction
then the @9 can receive more )o'er than it is ca)able o& receivin and can become saturated. (n M!< o& -% d>
bet'een the @9 and re)eater is su&&icient. +t is )ossible to reduce this re6uirement 'hen the re)eater ain is less
than the lin* loss bet'een the re)eater and the donor cell.
+& the lin* loss bet'een the donor cell and the re)eater is too reat then it 'ill not be )ossible to establish radio lin*s
usin the re)eater. ( chec* should be made to ensure that the re)eaterGs donor cell antenna is located 'ithin the
coverae area o& the donor cell. ( re)eaterGs donor cell antenna may be either a relatively hih ain directional
antenna at a roo&Fto) location or a lo' ain less directional antenna located on an e7terior 'all. 2he lin* budets &or
the t'o antenna ty)es are di&&erent and should have di&&erent donor cell coverae thresholds. ( )ractical !P+!H
R,!P threshold &or a 0 d>i re)eater donor cell antenna ain, is V$% d>m. +& the re)eater donor cell antenna ain is
reater than 0d>i then the !P+!H R,!P threshold can be reduced in direct )ro)ortion, e.. a 1% d>i re)eater donor
cell antenna ain 'ould reduce the threshold to V110 d>m. +n addition, a !P+!H 9cC+o threshold o& V$ d> can be
a))lied. +t is very im)ortant that the re)eater receives a sinal 'hich has ood dominance. +& the re)eater receives
a sinal 'ith )oor dominance then the entire re)eater coverae area 'ill have )oor dominance. 2his could result in
@9 bein connected in so&t handover across the entire re)eater coverae area.. ( ;!DM( scanner may be used
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae ## 018%1
.
to 6uanti&y the donor cell coverae in terms o& !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P. 2he scanner measurements should
be recorded usin an antenna mounted in the )ro)osed location o& the re)eaterGs donor cell antenna.
?re6uency errors cause rotations o& the ;!DM( modulation scheme constellation. Do))ler &re6uencies also cause
rotations o& the constellation. +& the sum o& the &re6uency errors and the Do))ler &re6uency is lare, the constellation
rotations 'ill be relatively ra)id. +& the constellation rotates too ra)idly the receiver 'ill lose trac* and 'ill be unable
to decode the received data. 2he ma7imum rate o& rotation 'hich can be trac*ed by a /ode > or @9 is
im)lementation de)endent. 3GPP receiver con&ormance tests are s)eci&ied &or @9 s)eeds o& u) to 2%0 *mChr. 2he
&re6uency error introduced by a re)eater does not im)act re)eater )er&ormance 'hen the re)eater is )rovidin
coverae to @9 'ith lo' mobility. +n this case the &re6uency error can be inored by the radio net'or* )lannin
)rocess. +t is only necessary to consider the im)act o& the &re6uency error i& the re)eater is )rovidin coverae to
hih mobility @9, i.e. @9 travelin at more than 200 *mChr.
2he 9rror :ector Manitude 09:M1 is a measure o& the di&&erence bet'een the ideal transmitted sinal and the
actual transmitted sinal. <are 9:M indicate that the transmitted sinal is relatively distorted and more di&&icult &or
the receiver to inter)ret. ( re)eater increases the 9:M o& both the u)lin* and do'nlin* sinals. +n the u)lin*
direction, the @9 and re)eater contribute to'ards the com)osite 9:M. +n the do'nlin* direction the /ode > and the
re)eater contribute to'ards the com)osite 9:M. 2,2%.101 and 2,2%.10# s)eci&y that the @9 and /ode > 9:M
should not e7ceed 1E.% U. 2,2%.10- s)eci&ies that the re)eater 9:M should not e7ceed 12.% U. 2hese &iures
result in total u)lin* and do'nlin* 9:M o& 21.% U. 2his e6uates to a noise rise o& 0.20 d>. +& the re)eater 'as not
)resent then the noise rise 'ould be limited to 0.13 d>. 2he increase enerated by the re)eater is thus 0.0E d> and
is su&&iciently small to be inored.
( re)eater introduces a time delay o& a))ro7imately - s. 2his may have an im)act u)on receiver )er&ormance i&
the donor cell is transmittin to and receivin &rom a @9 directly as 'ell as via a re)eater. +n this case, the time
delay introduced by the re)eater increases the delay s)read associated 'ith the )ro)aation channel. +& the delay
s)read becomes too reat, some o& the received )o'er 'ill move outside the receiverGs search 'indo' and 'ill
a))ear as inter&erence rather than use&ul enery. 3GPP 2,2%.101 and 2,2%.10# s)eci&y that @9 and /ode >
receivers should be able to co)e 'ith delay s)reads o& at least 20 s. +& 20 s is assumed to be the ma7imum
allo'ed delay s)read and the re)eater delay is assumed to be - s then the )ath di&&erence bet'een the direct
and re)eater sinals should not e7ceed #.2 *m. ( )ath di&&erence o& #.2 *m is e6uivalent to a time di&&erence o&
1#W s.. +t is recommended that re)eaters are )lanned such that @9 do not have both direct and re)eater
)ro)aation )aths to'ards the donor cell. 2his recommendation is consistent 'ith 2R2%.$%-.
2he delay introduced by a re)eater should be accounted &or 'hen evaluatin the ma7imum cell rane. 2he delay
introduced by a re)eater a))ears as additional )ro)aation delay and reduces the ma7imum cell rane &rom the
donor cell. 2he time delay introduced by a re)eater may also have an im)act u)on the ma7imum allo'ed distance
bet'een the donor cell and the ede o& the re)eater coverae area. +& the (+!H transmission timin is con&iured
such that the (+ is sent in the &irst available access slot a&ter the PR(!H access slot then the ma7imum cell rane is
10 *m. +& the (+!H transmission timin is con&iured such that the (+ is sent in the second available access slot then
the ma7imum cell rane is 20 *m. 2he use o& a re)eater 'ill decrease these ma7imum distances by 1.8 *m. +& the
con&iuration &or the (+!H transmission timin is such that the ma7imum cell rane is 10 *m, i.e. 8.2 *m 'hen a
re)eater is included. +t may be necessary to chane this con&iuration to 20 *m 'hen a re)eater is included
( re)eater transmits an am)li&ied version o& the sinal received by its donor antenna. +& the isolation bet'een the
donor antenna and the coverae antenna is relatively lo' then a re)eater 'ill am)li&y its o'n transmitted sinal.
2his may result in a )ositive &eedbac* loo) and cause the re)eater to saturate. +t is recommended that the isolation
bet'een the donor antenna and the coverae antenna is at least 1% d> reater than the ain o& the re)eater, e.. i&
the re)eater ain is $0 d> then the isolation should be at least 10% d>. (chievin this isolation re6uires
consideration o& the antenna ain )atterns as 'ell as the )hysical se)aration o& the antennas and the scatterin
enerated by the local radio environment.
3GPP 2,2%.30% s)eci&ies three methods &or @9 )ositioninD cell identi&ication, observed time di&&erence o& arrival
082D8(1 and net'or* assisted GP,. 2he use o& a re)eater 'ill not have an im)act u)on the cell identi&ication
method. 2he )osition o& @9s connected via a re)eater 'ill be determined as bein 'ithin the donor cellGs coverae
area. 2he use o& a re)eater could have an im)act u)on the 82D8( method because o& the additional time delay
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae #% 018%1
.
introduced by the re)eater. 2he e7tent o& the im)act is im)lementation de)endent. 3GPP 2R2%.$%- suests a
number o& 'ays in 'hich the im)act o& a re)eater could be mitiated. 2he use o& a re)eater could have an im)act
u)on the assisted GP, method as a result o& the additional &re6uency error introduced by the re)eater. 2he time
delay introduced by a re)eater is not e7)ected to have a sini&icant im)act u)on the assisted GP, method
2he s)ectrum emission mas* re6uirements &or a re)eater are identical to those &or a /ode >. 2his means that a
re)eater transmittin in the ;!DM( ?DD do'nlin* band can be treated in a similar 'ay as a /ode >. Ho'ever, a
re)eater also transmits in the ;!DM( ?DD u)lin* band. 2his introduces a number o& ad3acent channel inter&erence
scenarios 'hich do not normally e7ist 'hen there are direct connections bet'een @9 and /ode >. 2heoretical
'orst case calculations indicate that there may be issues 'ith interFo)erator ad3acent channel inter&erence 'hen
de)loyin re)eaters. 8)erators may bene&it i& they ma*e areements reardin the minimum allo'ed isolation
bet'een a re)eater and another o)eratorGs /ode > e6ui)ment.
3103 *ools
( )lannin tool is necessary 'hen re)eaters are de)loyed to )rovide macrocell coverae. +& re)eaters are de)loyed
to )rovide indoor solution coverae then a )lannin tool is not necessary. +ndoor re)eater solutions can be )lanned
in the same 'ay as conventional active or )assive indoor solutions. :ersion % o& /et(ct Planner su))orts the use o&
re)eaters. /et(ct Planner allo' the user to con&iure the donor and coverae antennas, the u)lin* and do'nlin*
ains and the u)lin* noise &iure. +t is also )ossible to con&iure &eeder losses and 'hether or not diversity is bein
used. +& the )lannin tool bein used does not su))ort re)eaters and i& the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio
net'or* )lannin has been ado)ted then the re)eater lin* budets may be used to de&ine a set o& re)eater
coverae sinal strenth thresholds. 2hese thresholds may then be a))lied in the same 'ay as the standard
macrocell thresholds.
3102 %ommon Pra4ti4e
!urrently, re)eaters are not bein de)loyed in very lare numbers. ( &e' o)erators have decided to de)loy
re)eaters to im)rove indoor coverae at locations 'here macrocell coverae is relatively 'ee*, e.. 'ithin their
sho)s and o&&ices. 2hose o)erators are also de)loyin relatively small numbers o& re)eaters &or macrocell
coverae. Planners are bein instructed to use re)eaters &or macrocell coverae only as a last resort. Re)eaters
are not bein de)loyed 'ith receive diversity even 'hen receive diversity is su))orted.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae #- 018%1
.
311 Remote &le4tri4al *ilt
9lectrical do'ntilt is )re&erable to mechanical do'ntilt because it directs the entire antenna ain )attern
do'n'ards. Mechanical do'ntilt directs the rear lobes u)'ards and rotates the side lobes.
9lectrical tilt is im)lemented by chanin the )hase o& the sinal in)ut to each antenna element. 2his
corres)onds to a &orm o& beam&ormin.
Remote electrical tilt allo's the electrical tilt to be ad3usted &rom a central location and avoids the
re6uirement &or a site visit. ( control unit located at each /ode > inter&aces 'ith a motor 'hich is able to
rotate the controls belonin to the antenna.
Realtilt is /,/Is solution &or remote electrical tilt. Realtilt can be used to control antennas manu&actured by
=athrein, Po'er'ave and (ndre'. 8ther antennas may also be com)atible de)endin u)on the desin.
2he Realtilt system can be used to con&iure the set o& antenna tilts identi&ied durin the radio net'or*
)lannin )rocess, i.e. the tilts 'ithin the radio net'or* )lannin tool can be con&iured. 2he Realtilt system
then becomes a valuable tool &or subse6uent site acce)tance and o)timisation activities.
NSN Recommendation: Remote electrical tilt should be considered durin$ initial networ# deloyment! This allows
the system hardware requirements to be installed at the same time as the Node B! Remote electrical tilt should
also be considered subsequent to initial deloyment if RF otimisation activities are on$oin$!
2he radio net'or* )lannin )rocess includes the de&inition o& antenna tilts. (ntenna tilts are used to hel) de&ine the
best server areas belonin to a cluster o& cells. 2hey also )rovide a 'ay o& manain the balance bet'een
coverae and cell dominance, i.e. increasin do'ntilt im)roves cell dominance but may also limit the coverae.
Mechanical tiltin involves chanin the )hysical direction o& the antenna, i.e. the antenna is )hysically )ointed
do'n'ards or )hysically )ointed u)'ards. 9lectrical tiltin involves chanin the )hase o& the sinals &ed into each
o& the antenna elements. 2his has a beam&ormin ty)e o& e&&ect and chanes the direction o& the antenna ain
)attern 'ithout havin to )hysically move the antenna. 9lectrical do'ntilt is )re&erable to mechanical do'ntilt
because it results in the com)lete antenna ain )attern movin do'n'ards. Mechanical do'ntilt causes the main
lobe to move do'n'ards but causes the rear lobe to move u)'ards and the side lobes to rotate.
Remote 9lectrical 2ilt 0R921 re)resents the conce)t o& bein able to ad3ust the electrical tilt o& an antenna at a
remote location rather than at the antenna itsel&. 2he /,/ im)lementation o& R92 is *no'n as Real2ilt. !ustomer
documation &or Real2ilt and antenna systems in eneral can be &ound 'ithin /8<, at (ntenna ,ystems 'ithin
/8<,.
Real2ilt allo's radio net'or* )lanners to ad3ust the electrical tilt o& an antenna usin the net'or* manaement
system.2he ;!DM( >2, manaer 'ithin the /et(ct suite )rovides the user inter&ace &or both ad3ustin the tilt and
monitorin the status o& the antenna. Real2ilt is based u)on the )rotocols de&ined by the (ntenna +nter&ace
,tandards Grou) 0(+,G1. (ntennas &rom =athrein, Po'er'ave and (ndre' are com)atible 'ith the Real2ilt
system. 8ther antennas may also be com)atible but re6uire chec*in on a case by case basis.
2he main com)onents o& the Real2ilt system areD
Real2ilt 9lectronic 2ilt (d3uster 0R2(71 F a ste) motor 'hich is used to ad3ust the )hase shi&ters 'ithin the
antenna. 2he R2(7 is attached directly to the antenna. 2here are di&&erent versions o& the R2(7 &or each
antenna vendor. R2(( is a))licable to =athrein antennas 'hereas R2(> is a))licable to (ndre'
antennas. R2(!, R2(D, R2(9 and R2(? are a))licable to Po'er'ave antennas.
Real2ilt !ontrol @nit 0R!@(1 F )rovides the inter&ace bet'een the ;!DM( >2, manaer a))lication and
the R2(7. 2he R!@( is located either 'ithin the /ode > or 'ithin the /ode > site su))ort cabinet. 2he
;!DM( >2, manaer connects to the R!@( usin an ethernet connection. 2he R!@( is manu&actured
by =athrein.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae #E 018%1
.
Real2ilt ,)litters 0R,((1 F allo' multi)le R2(7 to be connected to a sinle R!@(. 2he R!@( )rovides a
sinle connector &or the R2(7. (n R,(( connects to the R!@( on one side and multi)le R2(7 on the other
side. ( ma7imum o& 12 R2(7 can be connected to a sinle R!@(.
Real2ilt >iasF2 0R,M( and R,>(1 F allo' the connection bet'een the R2(7 and R!@( to use the e7istin
R? &eeder cable rather than a dedicated control cable. ( &irst biasF2 connects the R!@( to the R? &eeder
cable 'hile a second biasF2 connects the R2(7 to the &eeder cable. 2he R!@( and R2(7 are then able to
communicate via the &eeder cable.
2he Realtilt system can be used to con&iure the set o& antenna tilts identi&ied durin the radio net'or* )lannin
)rocess, i.e. the tilts 'ithin the radio net'or* )lannin tool can be con&iured. 2he Realtilt system then becomes a
valuable tool &or subse6uent site acce)tance and o)timisation activities. +& initial drive testin sho's that s)eci&ic
sites do not have a ood balance bet'een best server area, dominance and coverae then the Realtilt system can
be used to ad3ust the tilts 'ithout re6uirin a site visit. <i*e'ise, i& subse6uent )er&ormance analysis indicates a
re6uirement to chane the antenna tilts then the Realtilt system can be used 'ithout re6uirin a site visit.
.
312 /m:a4t of Node , %onfigurations
/ode > can be con&iured 'ith 1, 2, 3, # or - sectors and 1 to # R? carriers.
/ode > can be con&iured 'ith a ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability o& #, 8, 10, 1%, 20, 30, #0 or
-0 ;.
/ode > can be con&iured to serve as macrocells, microcells or indoor solutions.
2he coverae and ca)acity )er&ormance o& each /ode > con&iuration is scenario de)endant althouh
some eneral e7)ectations can be used as a uideline.
NSN Recommendation: &n $eneral% initial system deloyment should be based uon 5-67- ' 08080 Node B!
9ther confi$urations should be used when there is secific :ustification to do so! The choice of Node B cabinet
and lu$/in units should account for the caacity evolution roadma! The caacity evolution roadma for 5- '
08080 Node B should focus uon increasin$ the number of RF carriers rior to increasin$ the level of
sectorisation! 'hen confi$urations with 5 RF carriers are introduced then a strate$y should be develoed to
define how the traffic will be distributed between the RF carriers! 'hen ower amlifiers are shared between RF
carriers then consideration should be $iven to the bandwidth of the ower amlifiers! &n addition% if sharin$ ower
between RF carriers is exected to be a relatively short term caacity u$rade then the money saved by
delayin$ exenditure uon additional ower amlifiers should be balanced a$ainst the cost of an additional
u$rade ste with associated site visits and confi$uration mana$ement!
Flexi BTS rovides an easy caacity evolution for 5- ' 08080 Node B which can be easily be u$raded to 5- '
58585% this can be done with (ost 9timised (onfi$uration with 0;Sin$le RF and 0;)ual RF! 'hen tar$etin$ to
hi$her confi$urations and +A outut ower then the confi$uration needs more detailed investi$ation! *ain
consideration is needed when selectin$ RF modules in order to suort hi$her confi$urations without imactin$
to number of RF modules! RU0- rovides even Trile mode RF module% which can be used with only one unit to
confi$ure 5- or <- ' 58585 Node B!
Sites with below roof/to antennas should not be sectorised unless sufficient intercell isolation can be achieved!
The RN( databuild should be confi$ured accordin$ to the Node B confi$uration! The (+&(1 transmit ower
should be confi$ured with a value which is 0- = of the total downlin# transmit caability unless there are lar$e
differences between nei$hbourin$ cells! &n $eneral% the (+&(1 transmit owers belon$in$ to nei$hbourin$ cells
should be within < dB of each other! .xcetions may occur when other asects of the lin# bud$et differ% e!$! a
cell has an *1A and receive diversity while its nei$hbour does not! These excetions should be studied on a
case by case basis!
+n /,/ the main )roduct is ?le7i ;!DM( >2,. ?le7i con&iurations and ca)acities are com)arable to @ltra and
other vendors )roducts and es)ecially in R@10 the scalability o& ?le7i >2, is reat. ?le7i >2, can be used as an
outdoor hih ca)acity site or as indoor solution.
2he most commonly de)loyed /ode > is the 20 or #0 ; 1N1N1 con&iuration. /et'or*s based u)on this
con&iuration o&ten include small numbers o& sinle sector and double sector sites. Double sector sites are o&ten
used &or road or rail coverae. ( relatively small number o& net'or*s have been de)loyed usin the 20 ; 1N1N1
con&iuration. 2hese net'or*s tend to include /ode >s 'ith u)radable con&iuration at locations 'here the tra&&ic
e7)ectation is reater. ,i7 sector sites have not yet been de)loyed. !ommonly some o& the /ode >s 'ith 2 R?
carriers have been de)loyed at locations e7)eriencin hih levels o& tra&&ic. +n R@10 time &rame also hiher
con&iurations are available &or ?le7i >2,, @ltra su))orts already three carrier con&iuration
2he con&iuration selection is al'ays de)ended on o)erator stratey, but still as tra&&ic ro's there is room &or
chanes and &or e7am)le di&&erent R? modules can be utiliLed in di&&erent locations. ,imilarly the R@10 )rovides
ne' system modules 'hich can be used also by e7istin ?le7i >2, in order to meet the hih tra&&ic ro'th.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae #$ 018%1
.
2he R/! databuild )arameters 'hich are de)endent u)on the /ode > hard'are con&iuration are )resented in
2able 1$.
Name S4o:e Range
Pt7Primary!P+!H ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m
Pt7D<absMa7 ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m
Pt72aret ;!9< F10 to %0 , ste) 0.1 d>m
Pt78&&set ;!9< 0 to -, ste) 0.1 d>
Ma7>itRateD<P,/R2 ;!9< 8, 1-, 32, -#, 128, 2%-, 320, 38# *bitCs
*a+le 17 9 RN% data+uild :arameters w!i4! de:end u:on t!e Node , !ardware 4onfiguration
2he de&ault values &or the most common /ode > con&iurations are )resented in 2able 20. 2his table is not
e7haustive in terms o& all the con&iurations su))orted by /,/.
Name 20 A
1<1<1<1<1<1
20 A
1<1<1
20 A
1<1<1
10 A
2<2<2
20 A
2<2<2
20 A
1<1<1
20 A
1<1<1
Pt7Primary!P+!H 33 d>m 33 d>m 3- d>m 30 d>m 33 d>m 33 d>m 3- d>m
Pt7D<absMa7 38 d>m 38 d>m #1 d>m 3% d>m 38 d>m 38 d>m #1 d>m
Pt72aret #2 d>m #2 d>m #% d>m 3$ d>m #2 d>m #2 d>m #% d>m
Pt78&&set 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d>
Ma7>itRateD<P,/R2 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s
Name 20 A
-mni
;single
4arrier=
20 A
-mni
;single
4arrier=
20 A
-mni
;dual
4arrier=
6 A
1<1<1
2 A
1<1<1
6 A
-mni
;single
4arrier=
2 A
-mni
;dual
4arrier=
Pt7Primary!P+!H 33 d>m 3- d>m 33 d>m 2$ d>m 2- d>m 2$ d>m 2- d>m
Pt7D<absMa7 38 d>m #1 d>m 38 d>m 3# d>m 31 d>m 3# d>m 31 d>m
Pt72aret #2 d>m #% d>m #2 d>m 38 d>m 3% d>m 38 d>m 3% d>m
Pt78&&set 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d> 0.8 d>
Ma7>itRateD<P,/R2 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s 38# *b)s
*a+le 20 9 #efault :arameter "alues for t!e most 4ommon Node , 4onfigurations
+t should be reconised that de)endin u)on the de)loyment scenario, some o& these de&ault values may re6uire
o)timisation. ?or e7am)le, i& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is &acin a #0 ; 1N1N1 /ode > then the !P+!H )o'er miht
need some o)timisation in order to avoid a lare di&&erence, althouh 3 d> di&&erence should not create ma3or
)roblems. ,till R@10 )rovides some hiher ;P( such as -0; 'hich miht re6uire s)ecial consideration 'hen
im)lemented.
3123 Node , %onfigurations
/ode > con&iuration can include u) to t'o system modules and three R? modules. R(,0- basic con&iuration is
one system module and t'o R? modules 0sinle and dual1. 8)tionally there can be one e7tension system module
and third R? module.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %0 018%1
.
1igure 7 9 1le>i 4onfiguration
?le7i >2, has multi)le con&iurations es)ecially in R@10 'ith 2ri)le R? module. +n R(,0- ?le7i su))orts &ollo'in
con&iurationsD
!on&iuration !arrier Po'er H;CR? modules
1 8; 1 7 ,inle Module
2 20; 1 7 ,inle Module
2N2 20; 1 7 Dual Module
2N2 20; 2 7 ,inle Module
2N1N1 20; 1 7 ,inle Module N 1 7 Dual Module
2N1N1 20; 3 7 ,inle Module
2N1N1 20; 3 7 Dual Module
2N2N2 20; 3 7 ,inle Module
2N2N2 20; 1 7 ,inle Module N 1 7 Dual Module
1 20C#0; 1 7 ,inle Module
1 20C#0; 1 7 Dual Module
2 20C#0; 1 7 Dual Module
1N1 20C#0; 1 7 Dual Module
1N1 20C#0; 2 7 ,inle Module
1N1N1 20C#0; 3 7 ,inle Module
1N1N1 20C#0; 1 7 ,inle Module N 1 7 Dual Module
1N1N1 20C#0; 3 7 Dual Module
2N2N2 20C#0; 3 7 Dual Module
1N1N1N1 20C#0; 2 7 Dual Module
1N1N1N1N1N1 20C#0; 3 7 Dual Module
*a+le 21 9 RAS06 1le>i ,*S 4onfigurations
(s you can see &rom above table you can have same con&iuration 'ith di&&erent R? module. ,election o& R?
module 'ill have im)act on &uture e7)ansion in R@10 time &rame. +& im)lementin 3 sinle R? modules there is no
)ossibility
!on&iuration !arrier Po'er H;CR? modules
3 0omni1 20; 1 7 Dual Module
3N3 20; 2 7 Dual Module
3N3N3 20; 3 7 Dual Module
#N#N# 20; 3 7 Dual Module
2N2N2N2 20; 2 7 Dual Module
2N2N2N2N2N2 20; 3 7 Dual Module
1N1N1N1 20C#0; 2 7 Dual Module
1N1N1N1N1N1 20C#0; 3 7 Dual Module
.
1 8C20C30C#0C-0; 1 7 2ri)le Module
2 20C30C#0; 1 7 2ri)le Module
3 20C30; 1 7 2ri)le Module
1N1 20C30C#0C-0; 1 7 2ri)le Module
2N2 20C30C#0C-0; 2 7 2ri)le Module
3N3 20C30; 2 7 2ri)le Module
#N# 20C30; 2 7 2ri)le Module
1N1N1 20C30C#0C-0; 1 7 2ri)le Module
2N2N2 20C30; 1 7 2ri)le Module
2N2N2 #0C-0; 2 7 2ri)le Module
3N3N3 20C30; 2 7 2ri)le Module
#N#N# 20C30; 2 7 2ri)le Module
1N1N1N1N1N1 20C30C#0C-0; 2 7 2ri)le Module
2N2N2N2N2N2 20C30; 2 7 2ri)le Module
*a+le 22 9 RU10 1le>i ,*S 4onfigurations
(bove mentioned con&iurations sets a challene 'hen estimatin /ode > con&iuration and its u)rade needs.
,ystem module can be e7tended 'ith di&&erent system modules and similarly R? module can su))ort u) to certain
con&iuration.
>asic con&iuration 1N1N1 'ith 20 or #0 ; can be made and e7tended di&&erentlyD
1. R(,0- basic con&iurationD 1R ?,M> N 1RDual R? N 1R ,inle R? su))ort &or 20C #0 ;
a. ,ystem module can be e7)anded 'ith ?,M> or in R@10 'ith ?,M! or ?,MD
b. 20 ; 2N2N2 con&iurationD R? module 1RDual and 1R,inle can o u) to 2N2N2 and 20 ;
c. #0 ; 2N2N2 con&iurationD R? module 3RDual can o u) to 2N2N2 and #0 ;
d. 20 ; 3N3N3 con&iuration 0R@101D R? module 3RDual can o u) to 3N3N3 and 20 ;, e7tension
system module needed.
e. /o )ossibleD # carriers and 30 or -0 ; con&iuration
2. R@10 basic con&iuration (D 1R?,M! N 1R2ri)le R? su))ort &or 20C30C#0C-0 ; and 1N1N1
a. ,ystem module can be e7)anded 'ith ?,M! or ?,MD
b. 20C30 ; 2N2N2 con&iurationD no chanes to con&iuration but ma7 P( 30; )er carrier
c. #0C-0 ; 3N3N3 con&iurationD 2Rtri)le R? module and 2R ?,M! needed
d. 20C30 ; #N#N# con&iurationD 2Rtri)le R? module and 2R ?,M! needed
3. R@10 basic con&iuration >D 1R?,MD N 1R2ri)le R? su))ort &or 20C30C#0C-0 ; and 1N1N1
a. ,ystem module can be e7)anded 'ith ?,M! or ?,MD
b. 20C30 ; 2N2N2 con&iurationD no chanes to con&iuration but ma7 P( 30; )er carrier
c. #0C-0 ; 3N3N3 con&iurationD 2Rtri)le R? module and 1R ?,MD needed
d. 20C30 ; #N#N# con&iurationD 2Rtri)le R? module and 1R ?,MD needed
/oteD (l'ays chec* )ossible con&iuration &rom ?le7i >2, )roduct lineX
20 W 1+1+1+1+1+1 Node B
2he ?le7i >2,, @ltra,ite ,u)reme and @ltra,ite 8)tima !om)act 'ith R? 97tension /ode > cabinets are able to
su))ort the 20 ; - sector con&iuration in R(,0-. 2he theoretical ca)acity o& a - sector /ode > is a))ro7imately
1.- times reater than the theoretical ca)acity o& a 3 sector /ode >. 2he ca)acity is not increased by a &actor o& 2
because the level o& intercell inter&erence is reater &or a - sector /ode >. - sector sites are ty)ically con&iured
'ith antennas 'hich have a horiLontal beam'idth o& 33Y or ma7imum #%Y. 2his is in contrast to 3 sector sites 'hich
are ty)ically con&iured 'ith antennas havin a horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y. 2he corres)ondin theoretical levels o&
intercell inter&erence are 8% U &or a - sector con&iuration and -% U &or a 3 sector con&iuration. 2he lare number
o& sectors associated 'ith a - sector site means that it is relatively di&&icult to manae the levels o& intercell
inter&erence and so&t handover. 2he coverae )er&ormance o& a - sector site is li*ely to be reater than that o& a 3
sector site because the narro' horiLontal beam'idth o& the antenna allo's reater ain in the direction o& the main
lobe. +t is not common &or net'or*s to include - sector sites durin initial de)loyment. - sector sites o&ten a))ear on
the ca)acity evolution roadma) althouh the )re&erence is usually to de)loy multi)le R? carriers )rior to increasin
.
levels o& sectorisation. 2he introduction o& multi)le R? carriers is more e&&ective and re6uires less chanes to the
e7istin net'or*. 2he increased overla) o& sectors associated 'ith a - sector site means that it may be a))ro)riate
to con&iure a ne' set o& so&t handover )arameters 'hich hel) to ensure that the 6uantity o& so&t handover does not
become e7cessive. 8ther'ise, the R/! databuild &or a - sector site should be the same as that &or a 3 sector site.
,cramblin code )lannin is more di&&icult &or a net'or* 'hich is based u)on - sector sites because the scramblin
code reFuse distance becomes smaller. /eihbour lists belonin to - sector sites are li*ely to be larer than
neihbour lists belonin to 3 sector sites.
20 W 1+1+1 Node B
2he ?le7i >2,, @ltra,ite ,u)reme, @ltra,ite 8)tima and @ltra,ite 8)tima !om)act /ode > cabinets are able to
su))ort the 20 ; 1N1N1 con&iuration. 2his is the most common con&iuration &or initial de)loyment. +t is usually
de)loyed 'ith antennas havin a horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y. 2he corres)ondin theoretical level o& intercell
inter&erence is -% U and the level o& so&t handover should be a))ro7imately #0 U. 2he con&iuration tends to be the
re&erence 'ith 'hich other con&iurations are com)ared.
40 W 1+1+1 Node B
su))ort the #0 ; 1N1N1 con&iuration. 9s)ecially ?le7i >2, it is 3ust a activation o& licence &or #0; so no chane
&or H;. 2his con&iuration o&&ers reater do'nlin* coverae and reater do'nlin* ca)acity than the 20 ; 1N1N1
con&iuration. 2he e7tent o& the increase in ca)acity is de)endant u)on the de)loyment scenario. 2he ca)acity
increase is reatest &or cells 'ith relatively lare lin* loss. 2hese tend to be cells 'hich have been de)loyed &or
coverae and do not necessarily re6uire an increase in ca)acity. ;hen the lin* loss associated 'ith a cell is
relatively lare then the do'nlin* ca)acity o& the 20 ; 1N1N1 con&iuration is relatively lo' because each
connection consumes a relatively lare 6uantity o& )o'er. 2his means that the /ode > is li*ely to be o)eratin at a
lo' radient section o& the load curve 'hen the ca)acity becomes e7hausted. +ncreasin the do'nlin* transmit
)o'er ca)ability to #0 ; can have a sini&icant incremental im)act u)on the ca)acity and the /ode > starts to
o)erate at a stee)er section o& the load curve. ;hen the lin* loss associated 'ith a cell is relatively small then the
do'nlin* ca)acity o& the 20 ; 1N1N1 con&iuration is relatively hih. 2his means that the /ode > is li*ely to be
o)eratin at a hih radient section o& the load curve 'hen the ca)acity becomes e7hausted. +ncreasin the
do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability to #0 ; does not have so much im)act because each additional connection
re6uires a more sini&icant 6uantity o& do'nlin* )o'er and the additional )o'er ca)ability is soon e7hausted. ( #0
; /ode > is more li*ely to become u)lin* ca)acity limited than a 20 ; /ode >. 2he do'nlin* coverae o& a #0 ;
/ode > is reater than the do'nlin* coverae o& a 20 ; /ode > i& do'nlin* transmit )o'ers are increased by 3 d>.
+n eneral, the !P+!H transmit )o'er &or a #0 ; cell should be con&iured 'ith a value o& 3- d>m. 2his is in
contrast to the 33 d>m !P+!H transmit )o'er &or a 20 ; cell. +& the !P+!H transmit )o'er is not increased by 3 d>
then the !P+!H 9cC+o )er&ormance 'ill become 3 d> 'orse once the cell becomes loaded. !hec*s should be made
to ensure that !P+!H transmit )o'er di&&erences bet'een neihbourin cells are no more than 3 d>. !P+!H
transmit )o'er di&&erences should be accounted &or durin the )lannin o& dominance areas, i.e. an increased
!P+!H transmit )o'er 'ill increase the dominance area o& a cell i& its neihbours remain 'ith lo'er !P+!H transmit
)o'ers. +ncreasin the !P+!H transmit )o'er 'ill also increase the ma7imum )o'ers assined to the dedicated
channels assumin that the !P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set )arameter is not chaned. 2he )o'er available to the dedicated
channels belonin to a #0 ; cell 'ill be t'ice as much as the )o'er available to the dedicated channels belonin
to a 20 ; cell 'hen the !P+!H transmit )o'er is increased by 3 d>. 2he ain in do'nlin* coverae 'ill be reatest
at locations 'hich are thermal noise limited, i.e. at the ede o& coverae and 'ithin buildins. 2he do'nlin*
coverae ain at locations 'hich are inter&erence limited 'ill be less because the level o& inter&erence is li*ely to
increase in )ro)ortion to the increased do'nlin* transmit )o'er. #0 ; /ode > may be a))ro)riate &or sites 'hich
have very lare &eeder losses. +n this case the additional )o'er can be used to overcome the &eeder loss and the
)o'er radiated by the antenna could be similar to that radiated by a standard 20 ; /ode >.
20/40 W 2+2+2 Node B
2he ?le7i >2, is su))ortin 20 or #0; 2N2N2 con&iuration in R(,0-. >asic ?le7i con&iuration su))orts u) to
2N2N2 and 20 ; so there is no need to e7)and the hard'are. ;hen #0; 2N2N2 is needed either 3Rsinle or 3Rdual
R? modules are needed. +n this case it is ood to consider )ossible con&iurations in &uture, as i& 3N3N3 is needed
.
then 3Rdual should be selected to enable &uture e7)ansion. +n R@10 ?le7i >2, can su))ort 2N2N2 'ith 20C30C#0C-0
; de)ended on R? modules and RRH. 2hus it is im)ortant to notice con&iuration )ossibilities and estimate &uture
needs to avoid H; chanes and only utiliLe licensin, 'hich can be done remotely.
+n case o& ?le7i >2, there is multi)le P( )ossibilities, still it is not common to chane them dramatically durin the
net'or* evolution. ?or e7am)le 'hen movin &rom 1N1N1 to 2N2N2 the )o'er is not suested to chane &rom #0
; to 20 ; as it 'ill have clear im)act on /ode > coverae. ,imilarly 'hen enhancin the ca)acity via introducin
#0 ; to earlier 20 ; miht lead hiher inter&erence 'hich 'ould lead lo' ca)acity increase or even there is no
ca)acity increase. 2hus it is im)ortant to consider the P( selection also at the beinnin.
2he @ltra,ite ,u)reme, @ltra,ite 8)tima and @ltra,ite 8)tima !om)act /ode > cabinets are able to su))ort the 20
; 2N2N2 con&iuration. 2his con&iuration can be based u)on either si7 20 ; ;P( and si7 sinle transceiver ;2R,
or three #0 ; ;P( and three double transceiver ;2R. 2he ;P(! and ;P(D #0 ; )luFin units have a 20 MHL
band'idth and so the 2 R? carriers do not have to be ad3acent to one another. 2he 20 ; 2N2N2 con&iuration o&ten
a))ears on ca)acity evolution roadma)s as the &irst main u)rade. 2he addition o& a second carrier is commonly
more e&&ective and easier to de)loy than increased sectorisation. 2he u)lin* ca)acity o& a 20 ; 2N2N2 /ode > is
a))ro7imately t'ice the u)lin* ca)acity o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. 2he theoretical increase is slihtly reater than a
&actor o& t'o as a result o& the trun*in ain )rovided by directed RR! connection establishment, i.e. load
balancin. 2he do'nlin* ca)acity o& a 20 ; 2N2N2 /ode > is a))ro7imately t'ice the do'nlin* ca)acity o& a 20 ;
1N1N1 /ode >. +n eneral, the u)lin* and do'nlin* coverae o& a 20 ; 2N2N2 /ode > is the same as that &or a 20
; 1N1N1 /ode >. 2he coverae o& the second carrier may be slihtly reater i& not all o& the neihbourin sites are
con&iured 'ith a second carrier and the associated do'nlin* inter&erence &loor is lo'er. +ntroducin a second R?
carrier means that interF&re6uency neihbours must be de&ined. +t is also im)ortant to de&ine a stratey &or ho' the
tra&&ic 'ill be distributed bet'een the t'o carriers. 2he same scramblin code )lan can be assined to both R?
carriers.
20/40 W Omni Node B with 1 RF carrier
su))ort the 20 or #0 ; omni 'ith 1 R? carrier con&iuration. 2his /ode > con&iuration can use either an omniF
directional antenna or a directional antenna. 2he choice o& antenna ty)e de)ends u)on the taret coverae area.
2he antenna ain o& an omniFdirectional antenna is sini&icantly less than that o& a directional antenna. (n omniF
directional antenna 'ith a relatively narro' vertical beam'idth ty)ically has an 11 d>i ain. 2his is ty)ically E d>
less than that associated 'ith a directional antenna 'ith a horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y. 2his di&&erence in antenna
ain has a sini&icant im)act u)on the lin* budets and the associated ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss. 2he theoretical
ca)acity o& a 20 ; omni 'ith 1 R? carrier is reater than the ca)acity o& one cell belonin to a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode
>. 2his is because an omni e7)eriences less intercell inter&erence and does not have any so&ter handover
overhead. 2he theoretical level o& intercell inter&erence is %% U com)ared to -% U &or a 3 sector con&iuration. +t is
not common &or net'or*s to include lare numbers o& omni macrocells. 2hey may be used to )rovide coverae at
s)eci&ic locations. Ho'ever, it is enerally more cost e&&ective to )rovide coverae usin sectorised sites 'hich
re6uire more /ode > hard'are but have a reater ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss. 2he R/! databuild &or a 20 ; omni
'ith 1 R? carrier should be the same as that &or a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >.
#0 ; con&iuration o&&ers reater do'nlin* coverae and reater do'nlin* ca)acity than the 20 ; omni
con&iuration. 2he e7tent o& the increase in ca)acity is de)endant u)on the de)loyment scenario. 2he ca)acity
increase is reatest &or cells 'ith relatively lare lin* loss. ;hen the lin* loss associated 'ith a cell is lare then the
do'nlin* ca)acity is lo' because each connection consumes a relatively lare 6uantity o& )o'er. 2his means that
the /ode > is li*ely to be o)eratin at a lo' radient section o& the load curve 'hen the ca)acity becomes
e7hausted. +ncreasin the do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability to #0 ; can have a sini&icant incremental im)act
u)on the ca)acity and the /ode > starts to o)erate at a stee)er section o& the load curve. ;hen the lin* loss
associated 'ith a cell is relatively small then the do'nlin* ca)acity o& the 20 ; omni is relatively hih. 2his means
that the /ode > is li*ely to be o)eratin at a hih radient section o& the load curve 'hen the ca)acity becomes
e7hausted. +ncreasin the do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability to #0 ; does not have so much im)act because each
additional connection re6uires a more sini&icant 6uantity o& do'nlin* )o'er and the additional )o'er is soon
e7hausted. ( #0 ; /ode > is more li*ely to become u)lin* ca)acity limited than a 20 ; /ode >. 2he do'nlin*
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %# 018%1
.
coverae o& a #0 ; /ode > is reater than the do'nlin* coverae o& a 20 ; /ode > i& do'nlin* transmit )o'ers
are increased by 3 d>.
20 W Omni Node B with 2 RF carriers and beyond
+n R(,0- ?le7i >2, con&iuration su))orts the omni u) to 2 carriers 'ith 20; or #0;. 2he #0 ; con&iuration
needs dual R? module and 20; con&iuration can be made 'ith sinle R? module.
+n R@10 ?le7i >2, con&iuration su))orts the omni u) to 3 carriers 'ith variable )o'ers de)endin on number o&
carriers. 3 !arrier omni con&iuration can be made 'ith dual or tri)le R? modules.
2he @ltra,ite ,u)reme, @ltra,ite 8)tima and @ltra,ite 8)tima !om)act /ode > cabinets are able to su))ort the 20
; omni 'ith 2 R? carriers con&iuration. 2his con&iuration can be based u)on either t'o 20 ; ;P( and t'o sinle
transceiver ;2R, or a sinle #0 ; ;P( and a sinle double transceiver ;2R.
W 1+1+1 Node B
?le7i >2, con&iurations su))ort also 8;, this con&iuration needs a license. +t can be made 'ith di&&erent R?
modules and does not need site visit, 3ust license activation. 2his base station can be later on u)raded bac* to 20
or #0 ;, o& course de)ended on location as this )o'er level is commonly used &or indoor solutions.
2he @ltra,ite 2ri)le Mode /ode > cabinet is able to su))ort the 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode > con&iuration. 2his
con&iuration may be used at locations 'here it is necessary to de)loy G,M, 9DG9 and ;!DM( coverae. +t is
unli*ely to be used at locations 'here the ca)acity re6uirement is relatively hih. 2his /ode > con&iuration has a
;!DM( ca)acity 'hich is slihtly reater than that o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. ?or @ltra the 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode >
cannot be u)raded in the same 'ay as a ?le7i >2,.
2he u)lin* coverae o& a 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is e6ual to the u)lin* coverae o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. +n eneral,
the do'nlin* coverae o& an 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is less than the do'nlin* coverae o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. 2his
is because, &or an 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode >, each sector has # d> less do'nlin* transmit )o'er. +t can be arued that the
do'nlin* inter&erence &loor is also # d> less and so the do'nlin* coverae remains the same. 2his is a))licable to
inter&erence limited scenarios. +n thermal noise limited scenarios the do'nlin* coverae o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is
reater than the do'nlin* coverae o& an 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. ,ome indoor locations and ede o& coverae
locations are li*ely to be thermal noise limited. 2he u)lin* ca)acity o& an 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is the same as the
u)lin* ca)acity o& a 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode >. 2he ca)acity o& an 8 ; 1N1N1 /ode > is li*ely to be do'nlin* limited. +n
eneral, the !P+!H transmit )o'er &or an 8 ; cell should be con&iured 'ith a value o& 2$ d>m. 2his is in contrast
to the 33 d>m !P+!H transmit )o'er &or a 20 ; cell. +& the !P+!H transmit )o'er is not decreased by # d> then
common channels 'ill consume a))ro7imately %0 U o& the do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability. !hec*s should be
made to ensure that !P+!H transmit )o'er di&&erences bet'een neihbourin cells are no more than 3 d>.
/eihbourin 20 ; 1N1N1 /ode > should have their !P+!H transmit )o'ers reduced by 1 or 2 d> to avoid a
di&&erence reater than 3 d>.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %% 018%1
.
4. AIR-INTERFACE PERFORMANCE
21 8ink ,udget Anal$sis
<in* budets are &undamental to understandin system behaviour and )er&ormance.
<in* budets are )articularly im)ortant 'hen ado)tin the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or*
)lannin.
Generic /,/ lin* budets are li*ely to di&&er &rom those enerated by o)erators.
@)lin* service, do'nlin* service and !P+!H lin* budets should be enerated and areed on a )er )ro3ect
basis.
Do'nlin* service lin* budets are li*ely to be vendor de)endant as a result o& the R/! de&inin the
ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
2he buildin )enetration loss and indoor slo' &adin standard deviation are the in)ut assum)tions 'ith the
reatest uncertainty.
+t is common to encounter di&&erent de&initions o& so&t handover ain.
,ome lin* budets may encor)orate the &ast &adin marin 'ithin the 9bC/o re6uirement.
( &irst ste) to'ards validatin lin* budets is to validate 'hether the u)lin* service, do'nlin* service or
!P+!H is the limitin lin*. ( second ste) is to validate the overall lin* budet result. ( third ste) is to
validate the individual in)ut assum)tions.
<in* budets are o&ten a&&ected by )olitical &actors. 8)erators o&ten ma*e di&&erent lin* budet in)ut
assum)tions but the overall results are usually relatively similar.
NSN Recommendation: An oerator4s lin# bud$ets should be obtained at the start of any radio networ# lannin$
ro:ect! "in# bud$ets should be comleted for ulin# services% downlin# services and the (+&(1! "in# bud$ets
should be comleted for each clutter tye! These lin# bud$ets should be understood and discussed in detail!
+articular attention should be $iven to the buildin$ enetration loss and indoor standard deviation assumtions! &f
.b6No fi$ures are comared then they should be comared in con:unction with the fast fadin$ mar$ins! The
definition of the assumed soft handover $ains should be questioned and comared with the NSN definition!
)ownlin# lin# bud$ets should be chec#ed to ensure that they have maximum downlin# transmit owers which
corresond to NSN radio resource mana$ement and the roosed RN( databuild! The overall lin# bud$et
results should be comared with those $enerated by the $eneric NSN lin# bud$ets! "in# bud$ets should be
validated in the field durin$ the initial hases of networ# deloyment!
<in* budets are &undamental to understandin system behaviour and )er&ormance. +t is im)ortant that eneric lin*
budets are re&ined on a )er )ro3ect basis to hel) ensure that in)ut assum)tions are alined 'ith im)lementation.
<in* budets are essential 'hen ado)tin the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin. +n this case
the lin* budet results are used to de&ine sinal strenth thresholds 'hich are a))lied throuhout the radio net'or*
)lannin )rocess.
211 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators enerate their o'n lin* budets and ma*e use o& their o'n lin* budet assum)tions. 2he
lin* budet results are then used as an in)ut to the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin. +t is
6uite common &or o)erators to assume that a s)eci&ic radio lin* is limitin and then to &ocus only u)on that lin*, e..
assume that service coverae is u)lin* limited and com)lete only u)lin* lin* budets. ;hen do'nlin* lin* budets
are com)leted it is common to &ind errors in the 'ay that the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er has been
com)uted. ( sim)li&ied version o& the calculation may have been used or an e6ual ma7imum do'nlin* transmit
)o'er assumed &or all services. 2he recommended value o& the R/! databuild )arameter !P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set
has been decreased &rom 2 d> to 0d> to hel) im)rove do'nlin* coverae, even F2 d> has been used by some
o)erators. ,ome o)erators continue to a))ly the old recommended value o& 2 d>. 2he dra'bac* o& decreasin the
!P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set )arameter is a reduction in the do'nlin* airFinter&ace ca)acity. 8)erators usually ma*e use
o& 9bC/o re6uirement assum)tions 'hich are reater than those assumed by /,/. +& 9bC/o re6uirement
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %- 018%1
.
assum)tions are bein com)ared bet'een /,/ and an o)erator then the &ast &adin marin &iures should also be
com)ared. 2he o)erator may be assumin a hiher @9 s)eed and incor)oratin the &ast &adin marin 'ithin the
9bC/o re6uirement. 2his has relatively little im)act u)on the overall lin* budet result but 'ould have a sini&icant
im)act u)on any ca)acity calculations. 8)erators 'hich have access to 9bC/o recommendations &rom multi)le
vendors sometimes com)ute and subse6uently assume an averae 9bC/o re6uirement. +t is very common to &ind
di&&erent de&initions o& so&t handover ain. 2he de&inition should be 6uestioned on a caseFbyFcase basis and
com)ared 'ith the de&inition ado)ted by /,/. 2here are o&ten lare di&&erences in the buildin )enetration loss and
indoor standard deviation &iures assumed by o)erators. 2hese di&&erences can have a sini&icant im)act u)on the
lin* budet results. <in* budets are o&ten a&&ected by )olitical issues 'hich result in s)eci&ic )arameters bein
increased or decreased to ensure that the lin* budet results re&lect a s)eci&ic stratey. /evertheless, overall lin*
budet results are usually relatively similar.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to lin* budets are )resented in 2able 23.
Name S4o:e Range Re4ommended
)alue
Pt7Primary!P+!H ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 33 d>m
!P+!HtoRe&R(>o&&set ;!9< F10 to 1E, ste) 0.% d> 0 d>
0de&ault 0 d>1
Pt7DP!Hma7 ;>2, F3 to 0, ste) 0.1 d> F3 d>
Pt7D<absMa7 ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 38 d>m
0de&ault 3E d>m1
D<re&erence>itRate ;!9< 0.01 to 1-000, ste) 0.1 *b)s 12.2 *b)s
D<re&erence2aret><9R ;!9< F8 to 0, ste) 0.1 F2.2
@9t7Po'erMa7DP!H ;!9< F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 2# d>m
*a+le 23 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to link +udgets
213 U:link Ser"i4e #P%.
2he eneric /,/ u)lin* service lin* budets &or a suburban area are )resented in 2able 2#. ( column is included to
s)eci&y 'hich )arameters are directly de)endant u)on the )er&ormance o& the /,/ R(/.
,ervice 2y)e /,/ ,)eci&ic ,)eech !, Data P, Data comment
@)lin* bit rate /o 12.2 -# -# *b)s
Ma7imum transmit )o'er @9 de)endant 21.0 21.0 21.0 d>m @9 Po'er !lass 3 2# d>m
2erminal antenna ain @9 de)endant 0.0 2.0 2.0 d>i 2 d>i ain &or data cards
>ody loss /o 3.0 0.0 0.0 d>
2ransmit 9+RP @9 de)endant 18.0 23.0 23.0 d>m
!hi) rate /o 3.8# 3.8# 3.8# Mc)s
Processin ain /o 2%.0 1E.8 1E.8 d>
Re6uired 9bC/0 Aes #.# 2.0 2.0 d>
2aret u)lin* load /o %0 %0 %0 U
Rise over thermal noise /o 3.0 3.0 3.0 d>
2hermal noise )o'er /o F108.0 F108.0 F108.0 d>m
Receiver noise &iure Aes 2.0 2.0 2.0 d>
+nter&erence &loor /o F103.0 F103.0 F103.0 d>m
Receiver sensitivity Aes F123.- F118.8 F118.8 d>m
/ode > antenna ain /o 18.% 18.% 18.% d>i
!able loss /o 0.% 0.% 0.% d> ?le7i assumin no ?eeder
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %E 018%1
.
only connector loss
>ene&it o& usin MH( /o 0.0 0.0 0.0 d> ?eederless site no MH(
?ast &adin marin @9 de)endant 1.8 1.8 1.8 d>
,o&t handover ain /o 1.% 1.% 1.% d>
Gain aainst shado'in /o 2.% 2.% 2.% d>
>uildin )enetration loss /o 12.0 12.0 12.0 d>
+ndoor location )robability /o $0 $0 $0 U
+ndoor standard deviation /o 10 10 10 d>
,lo' &adin marin /o E.8 E.8 E.8 d>
+sotro)ic )o'er re6uired Aes F12#.0 F11$.2 F11$.2 d>m
(llo'ed )ro)aation loss Aes 1#2.0 1#2.2 1#2.2 d>
*a+le 22 9 Generi4 NSN u:link ser"i4e link +udgets
2he u)lin* bit rates are limited to those su))orted by the net'or* and by the terminals. ,e)arate lin* budets
should be com)leted &or !, data and P, data services. 2he ma7imum transmit )o'ers are de&ined by the ca)ability
o& the terminals. 2erminals ty)ically have ca)abilities o& either 21 d>m or 2# d>m. +n )ractice, both transmit )o'er
ca)abilities are li*ely to be )resent in a net'or*. ())lyin a &iure o& 21 d>m re)resents a 'orst case assum)tion.
(ntenna ain and body loss assum)tions are relatively o)en to discussion and areement on a )er )ro3ect basis. +t
may be a))ro)riate to assin hiher antenna ains to data services i& the terminals are di&&erent to those used &or
the s)eech service, e.. a datacard. >ody loss is usually reduced &or data services 'here the terminal is ty)ically
held a'ay &rom the body. 2he &irst interim result &rom the lin* budet is the u)lin* 9+RP.
2he )rocessin ain is de&ined by the ratio o& the chi) rate to the service bit rate e7)ressed in loarithmic unitsD
BitRate
ChipRate
LOG Gain Processing 10
@)lin* 9bC/o assum)tions re&lect the )er&ormance o& the /ode > receiver and may vary bet'een vendors. 9bC/o
&iures should be a))lied &or a s)eci&ic )ro)aation channel, ><9R taret and )hysical layer con&iuration. 2he set
o& u)lin* 9bC/o &iures recommended by /,/ &or use 'ithin lin* budets and radio net'or* )lannin tools are
)resented in Dimensionin uidelines by !88 /et'or* 9nineerin. 2hese 9bC/o &iures have values 'hich are
less than those 'ithin the R/! databuild. +n addition, the de&inition o& 9bC/o &or the R/! databuild does not include
the DP!!H overhead. 2he R/! databuild 9bC/o values are currently hidden )arameters 'hich cannot be edited.
2hey have been de&ined to be relatively hih to )rovide marin 'hen com)letin admission control and com)utin
the initial u)lin* ,+R taret and ,+R taret rane. 2he !C+ re6uirement &or a s)eci&ic service is de&ined by the
di&&erence bet'een the 9bC/o re6uirement and the )rocessin ainD
Gain Processing EbNo equirement ServiceCIR
2he taret u)lin* load should be areed on a )er )ro3ect basis and is ty)ically de&ined on a )er clutter basis. @rban
areas are usually assumed to have hiher taret loads. 2his results in a hiher u)lin* ca)acity and smaller cell
rane. 2he rise over thermal noise is com)uted directly &rom the taret loadD
( ) etLoad T LOG ermalNoise RiseOverTh arg 1 10
2he thermal noise )o'er is de&ined by the assumed tem)erature o& the /ode > receiver.
( ) ( ) dBm dB LOG !TB LOG sePo"er ThermalNoi 108 138 10 84 . 3 290 10 4 . 1 10 10
6 23

2he noise &iure assum)tion re&lects the )er&ormance o& the /ode > receiver and may vary bet'een vendors. (
ty)ical &iure &or a /,/ /ode > is 3 d>. 2he second interim result &rom the lin* budet is the receiver sensitivity.
2his is com)uted by summin the service !C+ re6uirement 'ith the com)osite inter&erence &loorD
.
ceiverN# ermalNoise RiseOverTh sePo"er ThermalNoi equirement ServiceCIr nsitivit$ ReceiverSe Re + + +
2he /ode > antenna ain should be re)resentative o& the antenna ty)e bein de)loyed. ( real net'or* is li*ely to
include a rane o& antenna ty)es 'ith a rane o& ains but a &iure o& 18.% d>i is ty)ical &or a 3 sector site. (ntenna
ains decrease as the horiLontal and vertical beam'idths increase and the antenna becomes less directional.
2he cable loss assum)tion has relatively little im)ortance in the u)lin* lin* budet 'hen mast head am)li&iers are
included. 2he bene&it o& usin mast head am)li&iers is ty)ically assumed to e6ual the cable loss. ( more )recise
calculation can be com)leted usin ?riis e6uation. 2he actual bene&it o& usin an MH( is usually reater than the
&eeder loss. 2he bene&it o& usin an MH( is less than the &eeder loss 'hen the &eeder loss is relatively lare. +n the
case o& MH( 'hich have a noise &iure o& 2 d> and a ain o& 12 d> then the bene&it o& usin an MH( becomes less
than the value o& the &eeder loss 'hen the &eeder loss is reater than % d>. !ommonly 'ith ?le7i >2, no MH( is
assumed as to ain the best )er&ormance ?le7i can be im)lemented 'ithout ?eeders by usin &iber.
2he set o& &ast &ade marins recommended by /,/ can be &ound &rom dimensionin documents. 2hese &iures are
theoretical and have been derived &rom simulations. 2he &ast &ade marin is de)endant u)on the @9 s)eed. (t
lo'er @9 s)eeds the u)lin* inner loo) )o'er control is able to trac* the &ast &adin and so there is a re6uirement &or
a &ast &ade marin, i.e. the )ea* @9 transmit )o'er is reater than the averae @9 transmit )o'er &or a s)eci&ic
averae lin* loss to the /ode >. (t hih @9 s)eeds 0reater than a))ro7imately %0 *mChr1 the &ast &ades are
e7)erienced too ra)idly &or the inner loo) )o'er control to trac*. 2his causes an increase in the u)lin* 9bC/o
re6uirement but a decrease in the &ast &ade marin. Hiher @9 s)eeds are also associated 'ith an increase in the
)er&ormance o& channel codin and interleavin. !hannel codin )er&orms best 'hen bit errors are randomly and
uni&ormly distributed throuhout the data. +n )ractice, &ades cause bursts o& errors and so interleavin is used to
distribute the errors in a relatively random manner. (t lo' @9 s)eeds, &ades tend to be 'ide and the corres)ondin
bursts o& errors also tend to be 'ide. ;ide bursts o& errors are more di&&icult &or interleavin to co)e 'ith.
+nterleavin is com)leted over the duration o& the transmission time interval and a lare transmission time interval
could be used to im)rove the )er&ormance o& channel codin and interleavin but at the e7)ense o& an increased
delay and bu&&erin re6uirement.
2he set o& so&t handover ains recommended by /,/ can be &ound &rom dimensionin documents. 2hese &iures
are theoretical and have been derived &rom simulations althouh &ield trials have been com)leted to hel) validate
them. 2he term Zso&t handover ainG is o&ten de&ined in di&&erent 'ays. +n eneral, there are three ty)es o& so&t
handover ainD reduction in 9bC/o re6uirement as a result o& reater diversity in the R(=9 receiverQ reduction in the
&ast &ade marin as a result o& not havin to trac* all o& the &ast &adesQ and a reduction in the slo' &ade marin as a
result o& not havin to trac* all o& the slo' &ades. 2he reduction in the 9bC/o re6uirement is assumed to be 0 d> in
the u)lin* direction because there is already a sini&icant 6uantity o& diversity in the R(=9 receiver 0assumin dual
branch receive diversity is bein used1. 2he so&t handover ain a))earin in the u)lin* lin* budet is the sum o& the
reductions in the &ast and slo' &ade marins. 2his is di&&erent to the so&t handover ain 'hich is used &or 3G
simulations in a radio net'or* )lannin tool because radio net'or* )lannin tools ty)ically model slo' &adin
e7)licitly and thus do not re6uire an in)ut )arameter to de&ine the associated so&t handover ain. +n the case o& 3G
simulations, the u)lin* so&t handover ain is sim)ly the reduction in the &ast &ade marin as a result o& not havin to
trac* all o& the &ast &ades. (lso additional )arameter included in lin* budet is ain aainst shado'in, 'hich is used
to corres)ond to the ain 'hat is comin &rom overla))in net'or* scenario. 2his marin is im)lemented to model
that sinle cell lin* budet in real net'or* 'ill al'ays have other overla))in cellCs 'hich can be selected i& source
cell is ettin 'ea*er. +t is used to lo'er the im)act o& slo' &adin, so colled shado'in.
>uildin )enetration loss assum)tions are usually made on a )er clutter basis. 2hese &iures have a relatively lare
uncertainty and have a sini&icant im)act u)on the &inal lin* budet result. 2hey should be de&ined on a )er )ro3ect
basis and should be areed 'ith the o)erator. ,imilarly the indoor location )robability and indoor standard deviation
have a sini&icant im)act u)on the &inal lin* budet result. 2hese &iures should also be areed 'ith the o)erator.
2he indoor standard deviation includes the standard deviation associated 'ith slo' &adin and the standard
deviation associated 'ith the uncertainty in the buildin )enetration loss &iure. ,ome recommendations can be
&ound &or buildin )enetration. ;hen tal*in about the combined standard deviation it means that 'e are noticin
standard deviation &or outdoor and also inside the buildin.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae %$ 018%1
.
Dense @rban @rban ,uburban Rural
>uildin )enetration loss not de&ined 1- 12 10 d>
<ocation )robability not de&ined $0 $0 $0 U
!ombined standard deviation not de&ined 12 10 $ d>
,lo' &adin marin not de&ined 10.1 E.8 -.- d>
*a+le 25 9 As an e>am:le +uilding :enetration losses and slow fading 4!ara4teristi4s
2he indoor location )robability and indoor standard deviation are used to com)ute the slo' &adin marin. 2his can
be done in 97cel usin the Zn),?MarinG &unction &rom net'or* )lannin addFin [Zn)&un.Li)G\. 2he slo)e 'hich is
re6uired as an in)ut to this &unction is ty)ically assined a value o& 3.#. 2he third interim result &rom the lin* budet
is the isotro)ic )o'er re6uirement. 2his is com)uted by combinin the receiver sensitivity 'ith the subse6uent set
o& ains and marinsD
in Slo"#ade% oss netrationL BuildingPe erGain So&t'andov
in #ast#ade% %'(Bene&it CableLoss n (ntennaGai itivit$ ceiverSens q o"er IsotropicP
arg
arg Re Re
+ +
+ +
2he &inal lin* budet result re)resents the ma7imum allo'ed u)lin* )ro)aation loss to achieve the indoor location
)robability at the assumed u)lin* load.. 2his is com)uted by subtractin the third interim result &rom the &irst interim
resultD
q o"er IsotropicP RP TransmitEI oss opagationL (llo"ed Re Pr
2he u)lin* service allo'ed )ro)aation loss should be com)ared 'ith the do'nlin* service and do'nlin* !P+!H
allo'ed )ro)aation losses. 2he com)arison should account &or the &re6uency di&&erence bet'een the u)lin* and
do'nlin* &re6uency bands. 2he do'nlin* &re6uency is 1$0 MHL reater than the u)lin* &re6uency and so has a
reater )ro)aation loss associated 'ith it. 2he &re6uency de)endant term in the 8*umuraFHata )ath loss e6uation
is iven byD
) _ ( 9 . 33 %') #requenc$ LOG ss ependantLo #requenc$*
2his e6uation indicates that the do'nlin* )ro)aation loss over a s)eci&ic distance is 1.# d> reater than the
corres)ondin u)lin* )ro)aation loss. !overae )lots in radio net'or* )lannin tools are usually enerated by
com)utin )ath loss &rom the do'nlin* &re6uency. 2his means that the u)lin* ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss &iures
should be increased by 1.# d> )rior to their use 'ithin the radio net'or* )lannin )rocess. 2his &iure should also
be ta*en into account 'hen com)arin the allo'ed u)lin* and do'nlin* )ro)aation losses.
212 #ownlink Ser"i4e #P%.
2he eneric /,/ do'nlin* service lin* budets &or a suburban area are )resented in 2able 2-. ( column is
included to s)eci&y 'hich )arameters are directly de)endant u)on the )er&ormance o& the R(,0- and R@10 R(/.
,ervice 2y)e /,/ ,)eci&ic ,)eech !, Data P, Data
Do'nlin* bit rate /o 12.2 -# -# 128 38# *b)s
Ma7imum transmit )o'er Aes 3#.2 3E.2 3E.2 #0.0 #0.0 d>m
!able loss /o 0.% 0.% 0.% 0.% 0.% d>
MH( insertion loss Aes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d>
/ode > antenna ain /o 18.% 18.% 18.% 18.% 18.% d>i
2ransmit 9+RP Aes %2.2 %%.2 %%.2 %8.0 %8.0 d>m
Processin ain /o 2%.0 1E.8 1E.8 1#.8 10.0 d>
Re6uired 9bC/0 @9 de)endant E.3 #.$ 3.8 3.0 3.- d>
2aret loadin /o 80 80 80 80 80 U
Rise over thermal noise /o E.0 E.0 E.0 E.0 E.0 d>
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -0 018%1
.
2hermal noise )o'er /o F108.0 F108.0 F108.0 F108.0 F108.0 d>m
Receiver noise &iure @9 de)endant E.0 E.0 E.0 E.0 E.0 d>
+nter&erence &loor /o F$#.0 F$#.0 F$#.0 F$#.0 F$#.0 d>m
Receiver sensitivity @9 de)endant F111.E F10-.$ F108.0 F10%.8 F100.# d>m
2erminal antenna ain @9 de)endant 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 d>i
>ody loss /o 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d>
?ast &adin marin /o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d>
,o&t handover ain /o 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% d>
Gain aains shado'in /o 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% d>
>uildin )enetration loss /o 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 d>
+ndoor location )robability /o $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 U
+ndoor standard deviation /o 10 10 10 10 10 d>
,lo' &adin marin /o E.8 E.8 E.8 E.8 E.8 d>
+sotro)ic )o'er re6uired Aes F$3.$ F$#.1 F$%.2 F$3.0 F8E.- d>m
(llo'ed )ro)aation loss Aes 1##.2 1#8.# 1#8.# 1%1.0 1#%.- d>
*a+le 26 9 Generi4 NSN downlink ser"i4e link +udgets
2he do'nlin* bit rates are limited to those su))orted by the net'or* and by the terminals. ,imilar to the u)lin*,
se)arate lin* budets should be com)leted &or !, data and P, data services. 2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit
)o'ers are de&ined by the R/! admission control &unctionality. 2his &unctionality 'ill vary bet'een vendors. R(,0-
and R@10 admission control determines the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er &or real time services accordin toD
( ) lated %a+*LCalcu Pt+*PC' %in er %a+RT*LPo" max, 43 +
and &or nonFreal time services accordin toD
( ) + Pt+*Labs%a lated %a+*LCalcu Pt+*PC' %in "er %a+NRT*LPo , max, 43 +
Pt7DP!Hma7 and Pt7D<absMa7 are the R/! databuild )arameters )resented in 2able 23. Ma7D<!alulated is
com)uted &rom the e7)ressionD
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+

) 10 (
) 10 ( ) 10 (
10
Re Pr
Re
10
10 10
Re
&
EbNo
Service
EbNo
SRB
EbNo
BR
BR BR
LOG
&R(BO&&set CPIC'to imar$CPIC' PT+ lated %a+*LCalcu
&
Service SRB
2he 9b/o &iures 'hich a))ear in this e6uation are those &rom the R/! databuild, i.e. not those &rom the lin*
budet. +n the case o& the s)eech service, the 9b/o &iure used in this e6uation is that &or the class ( bits. 2he
9b/o &iures &or the class > and class ! bits are not used in this e6uation. 2he bit rate used &or the ,R> should
include the layer 2 overhead, i.e. a bit rate o& 3.E *b)s rather than 3.# *b)s or 1#.8 *b)s rather than 13.- *b)s. 2he
bit rate used &or the service and the re&erence service should not include the layer 2 overhead, e.. -# *b)s rather
than -E.2 *b)s. 2he re&erence service should be s)eci&ied as the 12.2 *b)s s)eech service. 2he R/! databuild
)arameter D<re&erence2aret><9R can be con&iured 'ith any value because the loo*Fu) table 'ithin the R/!
includes only a sinle 9bC/o &iure &or all taret ><9R &iures.
2he cable loss should be the same as that assumed &or the u)lin* service lin* budet. +n this case it is more
im)ortant because it does not have the bene&it o& the MH( to com)ensate &or it. ( real net'or* is li*ely to include a
rane o& cable losses but a &iure o& 2 d> is ty)ical. 2he MH( insertion loss should also be included as an additional
.
)assive loss. 2he /ode > antenna ain should be the same as that assumed &or the u)lin*. 2he &irst interim result
&rom the lin* budet is the do'nlin* 9+RP.
,imilar to the u)lin*, the )rocessin ain is de&ined by the ratio o& the chi) rate to the service bit rate e7)ressed in
loarithmic units. Do'nlin* 9bC/o assum)tions re&lect the )er&ormance o& the @9 receiver and may vary bet'een
terminals. ,imilar to the u)lin*, these 9bC/o &iures are di&&erent to those &ound in the R/! databuild. 2he taret
loadin should be areed on a )er )ro3ect basis and is ty)ically de&ined on a )er clutter basis. 2he taret loadin
should result in a rise over thermal noise 'hich is re)resentative o& the do'nlin* R,,+ e7)erienced at cell ede.
2his is ty)ically V$0 d>m in an inter&erence limited scenario. 2he relationshi) bet'een the taret loadin and the
rise over thermal noise is the same as that s)eci&ied &or the u)lin*. +n this conte7t, the taret load does not indicate
the )ercentae o& the do'nlin* transmit )o'er 'hich is bein used. +t re)resents the do'nlin* load 'hich 'ould be
calculated &rom the do'nlin* load e6uation &or a s)eci&ic number o& connections. 2hermal noise is calculated in the
same 'ay as &or the u)lin*. 2he noise &iure assum)tion re&lects the )er&ormance o& the @9 receiver and may vary
bet'een terminals. ( ty)ical &iure &or a /,/ @9 is 8 d>. 2he second interim result &rom the lin* budet is the
receiver sensitivity. 2his is com)uted by summin the service !C+ re6uirement 'ith the com)osite inter&erence &loor
0e6uations are )resented throuhout the u)lin* lin* budet descri)tion1.
2he terminal antenna ain and body loss assum)tions should re&lect the values assumed &or the u)lin* lin* budet.
2he &ast &ade marin in the do'nlin* direction is assumed to be 0 d>. 2his value is based u)on the arument that
inner loo) )o'er control has less dynamic rane and less trac*in to )er&orm in the do'nlin* direction. +n eneral
this is true because 'hen the @9 is relatively close to a /ode > then both the desired sinal and the inter&erence
oriinate &rom the same )oint and e7)erience the same &adin dynamics, i.e. the sinal to noise ratio remains
a))ro7imately constant because the desired sinal and inter&erence &ade in time 'ith one another. Ho'ever, 'hen
a @9 is located at the cell ede then the desired sinal and inter&erence oriinate &rom more than a sinle )oint and
they do not e7)erience the same &adin dynamics. 8)erators are li*ely to arue that there should be a &inite
do'nlin* &ast &ade marin. +t is acce)table to use a &inite do'nlin* &ast &ade marin i& it is areed 'ith the o)erator.
,imilar to the u)lin*, there are three ty)es o& so&t handover ainD reduction in 9bC/o re6uirement as a result o&
reater diversity in the R(=9 receiverQ reduction in the &ast &ade marin as a result o& not havin to trac* all o& the
&ast &adesQ and a reduction in the slo' &ade marin as a result o& not havin to trac* all o& the slo' &ades. +n the
case o& the do'nlin*, it is not usual to have receive diversity. 2his means that there is more li*ely to be a so&t
handover ain 'hich reduces the do'nlin* 9bC/o re6uirement. ,imilar to the u)lin*, the entry in the lin* budet
termed Zain aainst shado'inG is the sum o& the reductions in the &ast and slo' &ade marins. (ain, this is
di&&erent to the so&t handover ain 'hich is used &or 3G simulations in a radio net'or* )lannin tool because radio
net'or* )lannin tools ty)ically model slo' &adin e7)licitly and thus do not re6uire an in)ut )arameter to de&ine the
associated so&t handover ain.
+& the &re6uency de)endence o& the buildin )enetration loss is inored then its value should be the same as that
assumed &or the u)lin*. 2he indoor location )robability, indoor standard deviation and slo' &adin marin should
also re&lect the values assumed &or the u)lin*. 2he third interim result &rom the lin* budet is the isotro)ic )o'er
re6uirement. 2his is com)uted by combinin the receiver sensitivity 'ith the subse6uent set o& ains and marins.
2he &inal lin* budet result re)resents the ma7imum allo'ed do'nlin* )ro)aation loss to achieve the indoor
location )robability at the assumed do'nlin* load.. 2his is com)uted by subtractin the third interim result &rom the
&irst interim resultD
q o"er IsotropicP RP TransmitEI oss opagationL (llo"ed Re Pr
2he do'nlin* service allo'ed )ro)aation loss should be com)ared 'ith the u)lin* service and do'nlin* !P+!H
allo'ed )ro)aation losses.
215 #ownlink %P/%.
2he eneric /,/ do'nlin* !P+!H lin* budet &or a suburban area is )resented in 2able 2E. ( column is included to
s)eci&y 'hich )arameters are directly de)endant u)on the )er&ormance o& the /,/ R(/.
.
,ervice 2y)e /,/ ,)eci&ic !P+!H
Ma7imum transmit )o'er Aes 33.0 d>m
!able loss /o 0.% d>
MH( insertion loss Aes 0.0 d>i
/ode > antenna ain /o 18.% d>i
2ransmit 9+RP Aes %1.0 d>m
Re6uired 9cC+0 @9 de)endant F1% d>
2aret loadin /o 80 U
Rise over thermal noise /o E.0 d>
2hermal noise )o'er /o F108.0 d>m
Receiver noise &iure @9 de)endant E.0 d>
+nter&erence &loor /o F$#.0 d>m
Receiver sensitivity @9 de)endant F10$.0 d>m
2erminal antenna ain @9 de)endant 0.0 d>i
>ody loss /o 3.0 d>
?ast &adin marin /o 0.0 d>
Gain aainst shado'in /o 2.% d>
>uildin )enetration loss /o 12.0 d>
+ndoor location )robability /o $0 U
+ndoor standard deviation /o 10 d>
,lo' &adin marin /o E.8 d>
+sotro)ic )o'er re6uired Aes F$1.E d>m
(llo'ed )ro)aation loss Aes 1#2.E d>
*a+le 27 9 Generi4 NSN downlink %P/%. link +udget
2he !P+!H lin* budet is similar to the do'nlin* service lin* budet. +n this case the transmit )o'er is de&ined by
the Pt7Primary!P+!H R/! databuild )arameter. 2he do'nlin* service 9bC/o re6uirement and )rocessin ain are
re)laced by the !P+!H 9cC+o re6uirement. 2his is e6uivalent to the do'nlin* service !C+ re6uirement. 2he terminal
antenna ain is assumed to be 0 d>. 2his re)resents a 'orst case assum)tion. 2he !P+!H is not combined durin
so&t handover and so there are no so&t handover ains &or the !P+!H lin* budet. 2he do'nlin* !P+!H allo'ed
)ro)aation loss should be com)ared 'ith the u)lin* service and do'nlin* service allo'ed )ro)aation losses.
Gain aainst shado'in is also introduced in !P+!H lin* budet as it has clear im)act. 2he selection o& cell is in
overla))in cells seen as a ain in lin* budet.
216 &"aluation and )alidation
8nce lin* budets have been enerated &or the u)lin* services, the do'nlin* services and the do'nlin* !P+!H, the
results should be com)ared to determine 'hich is the limitin lin*. 2able 28 )resents a summary o& the eneric
/,/ lin* budets.
,ervice 2y)e ,)eech !, Data P, Data
>it rate 12.2 -# -# 128 38# *b)s
@)lin* allo'ed )ro)aation loss 0oriinal1 1#2.0 1#2.2 1#2.2 F F d>
@)lin* allo'ed )ro)aation loss 0ad3usted
&or do'nlin* band1
1#3.# 1#3.- 1#3.- F F d>
Do'nlin* allo'ed )ro)aation loss 1##.2 1#8.# 1#8.# 1%1.0 1#%.- d>
!P+!H allo'ed )ro)aation loss 1#2.E d>
.
*a+le 26 9 %om:arison of NSN link +udget results
2he eneric /,/ lin* budets indicate that the !P+!H is the limitin lin*. Ho'ever, net'or*s are not usually
)lanned accordin to coverae thresholds de&ined by the !P+!H. /et'or*s are usually )lanned accordin to
coverae thresholds de&ined by either the u)lin* or do'nlin* service DP!H lin* budets. (s a result, the !P+!H
coverae )robability 'ill be slihtly less. 2he u)lin* lin* budet results have been increased by 1.# d> to
com)ensate &or the lo'er )ro)aation loss e7)erienced in the u)lin* &re6uency band relative to the do'nlin*
&re6uency band. +n eneral this increase should al'ays be a))lied, but it is )articularly necessary 'hen the lin*
budet results are bein used to com)ute sinal strenth thresholds &or the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio
net'or* )lannin 0assumin that the radio net'or* )lannin tool is con&iured to com)lete its )ath loss )redictions
'ith a do'nlin* &re6uency1.
<in* budets should be validated once the &irst )hases o& the radio net'or* have been de)loyed. 2he &irst tas* is to
ensure that the actual limitin lin* is the same as that indicated by the lin* budets, e.. the lin* budets may
indicate that the u)lin* service coverae is the limitin lin* 'hereas &ield measurements may indicate that the
do'nlin* service coverae is the limitin lin*. 2he limitin lin* can be identi&ied relatively easily &rom @9 drive test
data. +& the @9 is a))roachin its ma7imum transmit )o'er ca)ability at the time o& a connection &ailure then the
u)lin* is limitin. +& the @9 is re6uestin lare 6uantities o& additional do'nlin* )o'er at the time o& a connection
&ailure then the do'nlin* is limitin. +& the !P+!H 6uality is very )oor at the time o& a connection &ailure then the
!P+!H is limitin. +n )ractice, the lin*s should be relatively 'ell balanced. +& the net'or* has not been )reFlaunch
o)timised then it is li*ely to be di&&icult to com)lete a meanin&ul evaluation o& the lin* budets. ?or e7am)le,
missin neihbours 'ill cause hih levels o& do'nlin* inter&erence and are li*ely to ma*e the do'nlin* lin* budets
a))ear )essimistic.
8nce the limitin lin* has been validated then there are t'o subse6uent a))roaches to validatin the lin* budets.
2he &irst a))roach is to validate the lin* budet result as a 'hole 'ithout validatin the individual in)ut assum)tions.
2his involves )ost )rocessin drive test data to e7tract the )ath loss values at 'hich connection &ailures occurred.
2he lin* budet results should be ad3usted )rior to any com)arison to account &or the drive test data bein collected
outdoors rather than indoors. 2he slo' &ade marin should also be removed to account &or the @9 e7)eriencin
actual slo' &adin durin a drive test. 2he second a))roach to validatin the lin* budet is to validate the individual
in)ut assum)tions. ,ome in)ut assum)tions can be validated relatively easily but others are more di&&icult. ?or
e7am)le, the 9bC/o re6uirement assum)tions can be validated relatively easily but buildin )enetration loss
assum)tions are di&&icult to validate.
2he lin* budet calculations can be made 'ith attached 97cel toolD
3G_link
bu!"#$_%12.&l$
217 %o"erage en!an4ements
2he cell coverae area or rane can be im)roved either by im)rovin the transmit )o'er 09+RP1 or receiver
sensitivity 0+sotro)ic re6uired )o'er, !C+1. 2he im)rovement should be tareted on the limitin lin* direction 0@<CD<1.
+t is ty)ical to assume that the coverae is limited by @< direction as in lo' load situation the D< can bene&it &rom
hiher available lin* )o'er. 2his situation is )resented in ?iure 8.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -# 018%1
.
<oad
m
a
7
.

)
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
>
\
#
o
w
n
l
i
n
k
U
:
l
i
n
k
<oad
m
a
7
.

)
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
>
\
#
o
w
n
l
i
n
k
U
:
l
i
n
k
<oad
m
a
7
.

)
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
>
\
#
o
w
n
l
i
n
k
U
:
l
i
n
k
How to improve the capacity?
Downlink
How to improve the coverage?
Uplink
'
'
1igure 6 9 %o"erage and 4a:a4it$ limitation
2he u)lin* limitation is not necessarily true 'hen user is usin asymmetrical services, li*e &ile do'nloads or '''
bro'sin. @9 is ca)able o& selectin a lo'er bit rate in @< 'hen the u)lin* )o'er starts limitin the sinal 6uality.
2he u)lin* limitation is more )robable in sites 'ith hih cable losses 0] 3 d>1 and MH(, li*e )resented in ?iure $.
2he D< limitation can be com)ensated by selection o& a >2,CR? module 'ith hiher P( )o'er.
1#-
1##
1#$
1#%
1#0
1#$
1#3
1#3
1##
1#% 1#%
1#0
1#%
1#0
13#
13-
138
1#0
1#2
1##
1#-
1#8
1%0
Pilot (MRC@< (MRCD< @< P, 1- *b)s @< P, -# *b)s D< P, 128 *b)s D< P, 38# *b)s
&>am:le ,earer
P
a
t
!
l
o
s
s

;
d
,
=
<& eeder S 0.% d> <&eeder S # d>
1igure 7 9 U8'#8 :at!loss 4om:arison U& *? :ower 22 d,m@ feeder loss 2 d, and 0.A in use 20 A PA
@< is o&ten limitin the cell rane also &or (MR voice services. 2his is es)ecially common 'ith lo' D< load 0hih
)o'er )er user and lo' inter&erence1 situations. @sae o& lo'er bit rate (MR codecs )rovides one o)tion to e7tend
the (MR s)eech coverae 'ith )rice o& lo'er s)eech 6uality. 2he @9 can select a lo'er bit rate 'hen @< )o'er is
limitin 0see ?iure 101 and 'hen the lo'er (MR codec rates are enabled in the cell 0see ,ection 8.1-1.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -% 018%1
.
DPCCH ( "i)*#" +,-$i)*l ).n#/.l ),*nn"l
12.2 kb+$
0.1 kb+$
C.ni#i.n$ i2+/.%"
AMR /*#" in)/"*$"
b*)k #. 12.2 kb+$
23 2$ 23 2$ 23 2$ 23 2$
DPCCH DPCCH
4.40 kb+$
DPCCH
12.50 kb+$
DPCCH
UE ,i#$ 2*& +.6"/
AMR /*#" /"u)"
2-3 B ).%"/*!"
"&#"n$i.n
1igure 10 9 U8 link ada:tation wit! A0R 4ode4 rate sele4tion
2he coverae enhancements can be made 'ith im)lementin hiher )o'er am)li&ier &or e7am)le instead o& 20;
P( introducin 30, #0 or -0 ; am)li&ier. ;hen introducin hiher )o'er you need to de&ine !P+!H accordinly.
P( C ;
Ma72P)o'er
C d>m
!P+!H
C d>m
Pt7D<absMa7
C d>m
20 #3 33 #0
30 ##.EE 3#.EE #1
#0 #- 3- #3
-0 #E.E8 3E.E8 ##
*a+le 27 9 Power am:lifier and :arameters
(bove sho'n settins 'ill directly im)act on cell )athloss and thus to cell rane. ?or di&&erent services the im)act is
di&&erent. (s an e7am)le this 'ould mean a &ollo'in radio lin* )o'ers &or (MR12.2 and cell ranes. ,till it is crucial
to notice that commonly u)lin* is limitin and thus the ma7imum radio lin* 'ill be based on u)lin*. 2his can vary in
cases 'hen do'nlin* loadin is clearly hiher that in u)lin*.
APA im:a4t on downling 4ell radius and :at!loss
1#%
1#-
1#E
1#8
1#$
1%0
1%1
1%2
20 ;P( 30 ;P( #0 ;P( %0 ;P(
APA t$:e
P
a
t
!
l
o
s
s

;
d
,
=
0
0.%
1
1.%
2
2.%
%
e
l
l

R
a
d
i
u
s

;
k
m
=
Pathloss !ell radius
*a+le 30 9 APA im:a4t on downlink 4ell radius
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -- 018%1
.
22 %a:a4it$ anal$sis
221 %a:a4it$ :rin4i:les
2he air inter&ace ca)acity in ;!DM( net'or* is limited by the interFuser inter&erence. 2he level o& this inter&erence
can be estimated by theoretical calculations 'hen the )ro)aation )ro)erties and services are *no'n. 2he @<
tra&&ic load &or service ( can be estimated as
( ) P o " e r R i s e i
G
E b N o
R
t c h s , L
, L & L
, L
, L ( a i r
, L S ' O
( , L
(
(
(
+
+
1
1
_
_
_ _
_
_

.
2he ma7imum acce)table @< load &or D!H services is around -0U, 'hich causes a # d> noise rise in @< 0see lin*
budet1. 2he e6uivalent load calculation &or D< can be )resented as
( ) ) _ _ 1 ( * 1 _ _
_ _
_
_
o h ' O S o & t i o r t h
G
R
E b N o
t c h s * L * L & L
* L * L * L ( a i r
* L S ' O
(
( * L
( (
+ +
2he )arameters in the e6uations areD
(
R
,ervice ( bit rate ?or e7am)le 12.2, -#, 128, 38# *b)s
!hi) rate 3.8# MHL
( ++
EbNo
_
,ervice ( re6uired 9b/o @<CD<,
de&ined at ,ervice bit rate above.
!hec* dimensionin documents, but &or e7am)le
,ervice 0@<CD< *b)s1 9bC/o @< 9bC/o D<
,)eech (MR 12.2 #.# E.3
:ideo !, -#*b)s 2.0 #.$
P, 1-C1- =b)s 2.% -.3
P, 128C128 =b)s 1.# 3.0
P, 38#C38# =b)s 1.E 3.-
++ S'O
G
_
,H8 ain @<CD< ,H8 ain is lo'er &or ca)acity than &or cell ede lin*
budet. ,H8 ain &or D< S 1.2 d> and @< S 0 d>
+ + ( a i r _ _
(ir inter&ace activity @<CD<, service ( 8ther services than voice have di&&erent than activity
o& 1. :oice activity 'hen ta*in into account DP!!H
and bu&&er overheads is -EU in @< and -3U in D<
++
i
8therFcellFtoFo'nFcell inter&erence
@<CD<. (verae over cell used in D<.
2his )arameter de)ends on sectorisation. 3Fsector
site this is 0.-% and hiher li*e -Fsector it is 0.8%.
Po"erRise @< )o'er rise +n @< 1 d> marin &or )o'er rise is ta*en into account
*L
orth
D< orthoonality. (verae over cell
used in D<.
8rthoonality is varyin bet'een channel models and
thus related to environment characteristics. +n
:ehicular it is assumed to be 0.- and &or Pedestrian
0.$. Pedestrian model is used to re&lect indoor
environment.
o h ' O S o & t _ _
D< ,H8 overhead !ommonly it is assumed that 30U o& connections are
in so&t handover. 2his 'ill have an im)act on ca)acity
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -E 018%1
.
in D<.
2he D< ca)acity is limited by ma7imum total D< )o'er, 'hich is a sum o& the tra&&ic channel )o'ers, common
control channel )o'ers and H,DP( )o'er 'hen activeD
*C'
'S*P( CCC'
N
!
!
!
N
*C'
'S*P( CCC'
N
!
! N !
!
!
tot
load
P P
R
EbNo
P L
load
P P L P
R
EbNo
P
+ +
+ +

1 1
1 1

N
P
2hermal noise level at @9 receiver 2y)ically around F100 d>m
!
L
Pathloss to user # or averae )athloss over cell 2y)ical )athloss is around 1#0 d>
N /umber o& users
CCC'
P
2otal averae )o'er o& common control channels 0see
,ection 8.$1
'S*P(
P
H,DP( )o'er De)ends more ho' much is le&t a&ter
R$$ and control channels
tot
P
2otal )o'er
*C'
load
D< load, sum o& &ractional loads.
2he total D< )o'er is a&&ected by the cell rane or ma7imum )athloss o& the users served by the cell. (n averae
)athloss value is ty)ically used in the calculation, +t can be derived that the averae )athloss over cell area is about
- d> lo'er than the ma7imum )athloss 'ith normal )ro)aation slo)e 03% d>Cdec1 and &or 3Fsector sites.
2he D< )o'ers o& the D!H lin*s are increased 'hen H,DP( transmission is active in the cell due to inter&erence
&rom the H,DP( transmission. ?iure 11 )resent the D!H )o'er as &unction o& active (MR users 'ith and 'ithout
H,DP(, and also the allocated H,DP( )o'er 0assumes dynamic H,DP( resource allocation 'here all available
)o'er is allocated to H,DP(1. +t sho's clearly the e&&ect o& the H,DP( inter&erence, 'hich is hihest bet'een 20 to
30 calls 0#%F-0U load1.
1igure 11 9 #8 :ower of #%. 4!annel wit! and wit!out .S#PA@ and .S#PA :ower
.
97am)le ca)acity calculations can be )er&ormed 'ith the attached 97cel toolD
C*+*)i#-E$#i2*#i.n_
%13.&l$
222 %a:a4it$ en!an4ements
+n ;!DM( ca)acity enhancement are commonly re&erred toD
(ddin a ne' carrier
Havin #0; ;P( rather than 20;, R@10 )rovides ;P( &or 30 and -0 ;
Havin hot s)ot sites in conested areas
@sin lo'er (MR codecs, in R@10 also ne' &eature load based (MR codec mode selection 'ill
enhance the usae o& lo'er codecs es)ecially in hih tra&&ic sites
2he air inter&ace load o& each user is )ro)ortional to the bit rate and re6uired 9b/o &or the used service. @< antenna
diversity is used by de&ault in most con&iurations. +t increases both the @< coverae and ca)acity by decreasin
the averae re6uired 9b/o in @<.
2he availability o& diversity methods &or D< direction are )lanned &or &uture R(/ releases and diversity is also
comin to &uture terminal im)lementations. 2he increase o& D< )o'er am)li&ier ma7imum )o'er can be also used to
increase the D< ca)acity, althouh the e&&ect o& )o'er on the ca)acity can be 6uite lo' 'ith hih D< load levels.
?iure 12 )resents the D< load and total )o'er as &unction o& number o& (MR 12.2 users 'ith 20; 0#; )ilot1 and
#0 ; 08; )ilot1 cell, macrocell 'ith orthoonality o& 0.-%, ,H8 overhead 2%U, )athloss 1-2 d> at cell ede. +t
sho's that the 100U increase in D< )o'er )rovides only less than 10U increase in cell ca)acity.
1igure 12 9 #8 load and total :ower as fun4tion of num+er of A0R 122 users wit! 20A ;2A :ilot= and 20 A
;6A :ilot= 4ell
2he usae o& di&&erent (MR codecs 'as mentioned already in coverae )er&ormance section. <o'er bit rate (MR
codecs )rovide also hiher ca)acity 'ith the )rice o& s)eech 6uality. ?iure 13 )resents theoretical calculations o&
D< load and )o'er &or di&&erent (MR codec bit rates. +t indicates that the decrease o& bit rate &rom 12.2 to %.$
increases the cell ca)acity by E0F80U. Measurement results ive slihtly lo'er ain o& around %0U.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae -$ 018%1
.

1igure 13 9 #8 load and :ower wit! different A0R 4ode4s
,imilarly as earlier &or coverae also ;P( ty)e has an im)act on ca)acity. 2heoretical ma7imum ca)acity
enhancement &rom the hiher ;P( can be obtained 'hen usin same !P+!H settins &or hiher )o'er as &or lo'er
)o'er. 2his is still very varnuable &or inter&erence as hiher )o'er available &or tra&&ic 'ill enerate much more
inter&erence and even cause that @9 can not even &ind a net'or*, !P+!H miht be not available. 2here is &e'
cases 'here hiher P( is im)lemented 'ith lo'er !P+!H settins, thus those e7)eriences can be utiliLed later on
to estimate the )ossible advantaes and disadvantaes.
(s ealier base station con&iuration can include multi)le carriers, thus it is very im)ortant to analyse the ca)acity
demand also via additional carrier im)lementation. (ddin a ne' carrier is best 'ay to ensure additional ca)acity
'ithout causin challenes to net'or* )lannin.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E0 018%1
.
0. RADIO NET7OR8 P9ANNING
51 /ntrodu4tion
/et'or* )lannin includes multi)le tas*s and it can be e7)ressed 'ith basic )rocess chart. 2his document &ocuses
on detailed )lannin 'hich is the )hase in beinnin o& the rollout or later on 'hen ever durin the o)eratin
net'or*Gs daily activity.
?ollo'in &iure sho's an idea o& net'or* )lannin tas*s.
1igure 12 9 ,asi4 :lanning :ro4ess
Detailed )lannin includes &ollo'in ste)s
,ite selection and )lannin
Practical site selection based on taret site locations and available sites
,ite im)lementation )lan
(ctual site locations and im)lementation )lans
!on&iuration Plannin
!on&iuration )lannin is related to )ossible con&iurations as 'ell as &eature im)lementation
?uture con&iuration ta*es into account the )ossibility to e7)and
2his 'as already discussed in >2, !on&iurations
!overae and !a)acity Plannin
!overae and !a)acity Plannin is very much tiht to ,ite selection and !on&iuration )lannin
!overae re6uirements needs to be met
!a)acity re6uirements estimated as 'ell as &uture e7)ansions needs to be noted
2his 'as already discussed in (irF+nter&ace Per&ormance
Parameter )lannin
+nitial )arameter con&iuration
,cramblin code )lan, neihbour )lan
Detailed )arameter )lannin
8)timisedCveri&ied )arameter )lan
(&ter detailed R(/ )lannin o)timisation activities 'ill be made, such as PreFlaunch o)timisation and PostFlaunch
o)timisation. ,till detailed )lannin and o)timisation are )art o& daily net'or* )lannin, the rollout can be seen more
as a )rocess movin &rom detailed )lannin to )reFlaunch o)timisation.
2his document does not cover Model 2unin.
.
.
52 Site Sele4tion
,ites re)resent e7)ensive lon term investments &or the o)erator.
Good site selection is critical to the )er&ormance o& a 3G radio net'or*.
/either R? o)timisation nor )arameter o)timisation can com)ensate &or )oor site selection.
,ite ac6uisition teams are o&ten under )ressure to o&&er lare numbers o& sites 'hile radio net'or* )lannin
teams are o&ten under )ressure to acce)t lare numbers o& sites.
,ite selection criteria are used to evaluate 'hether or not a site is suitable.
,ites should only be evaluated and acce)ted subse6uent to site visit and a detailed evaluation.
NSN Recommendation: Site visits should be used in addition to lannin$ tool results to evaluate the suitability of
candidate sites! Site selection criteria should be divided into two cate$ories! The first cate$ory includin$ criteria
which determine whether or not a site should be considered for inclusion within the <2 radio networ# lan! The
second cate$ory includin$ criteria which can be used to rioritise those sites bein$ considered for inclusion
within the <2 radio networ# lan! The list of site selection criteria rovided in this section should be used as a
minimum set of requirements! The site selection criteria should be alied as strictly as ossible when accetin$
new sites from the site acquisition teams! .xcetions to the criteria should only be acceted subsequent to
escalation and a more detailed evaluation! )urin$ a site visit the lanner should collect as much information as
ossible% includin$ anoramic hoto$rahs of the surroundin$ terrain and nei$hbourin$ sites!
,ites are e7)ensive lon term investments &or the o)erator. +& sites are selected 'hich have a )oor location or a
)oor set o& characteristics then system )er&ormance is li*ely to be )oor irres)ective o& any subse6uent R? and
)arameter o)timisation. ( ood site location should ma7imise coverae across the intended area 'hile limitin
inter&erence into neihbourin areas.
521 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators encor)orate a set o& criteria &or site selection as )art o& their radio net'or* )lannin
)rocess. Ho'ever it is common &or o)erators to be relatively rela7ed about allo'in candidate sites 'hich do not
&ul&ill the com)lete set o& criteria. 2his results &rom the )ressure to ac6uire sites and de)loy the net'or* in a short
)eriod o& time. ,ite ac6uisition teams and )lannin teams may have )ersonal incentives 'hich are based u)on the
6uantity o& sites acce)ted rather than the 6uality o& those sites. ,ites may be re3ected durin the initial evaluation
but subse6uently acce)ted i& site ac6uisition teams &ail to &ind any alternatives. +n some cases, re3ected sites may
be used &or other radio net'or* solutions, e.. re)eaters or microcells. ,ite visits are almost al'ays com)leted
althouh they are o&ten a source o& errors, e.. )anoramic )hotos bein ta*en at the 'ron heiht, antenna heihts
bein measured or recorded incorrectly, &eeder lenths bein estimated inaccurately.
522 ReBuirements
,ite selection criteria can be divided into t'o cateories. 2he &irst cateory includes criteria 'hich determine
'hether or not a site should be considered &or inclusion 'ithin the 3G radio net'or* )lan. 2he second cateory
includes criteria 'hich can be used to )rioritise those sites bein considered &or inclusion 'ithin the 3G radio
net'or* )lan. +n eneral, it is di&&icult to ac6uire sites and there 'ill not be many sites to )rioritise bet'een. +& any o&
the criteria belonin to the &irst cateory are not satis&ied then the site should be e7cluded &rom &urther
consideration unless there are no alternatives and the bene&it o& introducin the site is believed to 3usti&y its cost.
2able 31 )resents the minimum set o& criteria 'hich should be used to determine 'hether or not a site should be
considered &or inclusion 'ithin the 3G radio net'or* )lan. 2hese criteria should be evaluated a&ter a site visit and
not only &rom the in&ormation available 'ithin a radio net'or* )lannin tool.
1 Does the site allo' the main beam o& each )ro)osed antenna to have ood visibility o&
the surroundin terrain 'ithout any hih obstacles bloc*in the vie'^
Aes C /o
2 !an the main beam o& each antenna be )ositioned such that it does not cross the main
beam o& another antenna^
Aes C /o
.
3 !an the main beam o& each antenna be )ositioned such that they are not shado'ed by
the buildin or structure u)on 'hich they are secured^
Aes C /o
# !an each antenna be mounted above the roo&Fto)s o& the neihbourin buildins 'ithout
bein e7cessively above them^ 2y)ically _ 10 m above the neihbourin roo&Fto)s
Aes C /o C
/ot ())lic.
% Do neihbourin cells have antenna heihts 'hich are 'ithin 1% m o& the )ro)osed
antenna heihts^
Aes C /o
- (re neihbourin cells o& similar siLe^ Aes C /o
E +s the site unli*ely to be very dominant and unli*ely to cause sini&icant inter&erence to
neihbourin cells^
Aes C /o
8 +s the best server area o& the site unli*ely to be &ramented^ Aes C /o
$ +& the )ro)osed site is a roo&tFto) site, is there su&&icient s)ace &or the a))ro)riate
antenna mountins to ensure that there is ade6uate clearance &rom the roo&Fto)^
Aes C /o C
/ot ())lic.
10 +s the site sa&e &rom ne' neihbourin buildins 'hich may be constructed in the &uture
and 'hich may bloc* the main beam o& an antenna^
Aes C /o
11 (re the cablin distances bet'een the /ode > cabinet and the antennas reasonable^ Aes C /o
12 +s there access to leased lines or micro'ave lin*s &or transmission )ur)oses^ Aes C /o
13 +s there availability o& the /ode > )o'er su))ly re6uirements^ Aes C /o
1# +s there s)ace to accommodate the /ode > e6ui)ment^ Aes C /o
1% (re rental costs acce)table^ Aes C /o
1- +s there reasonable access to the site^ Aes C /o
*a+le 31 9 Site sele4tion 4riteria used to determine w!et!er or not a site s!ould +e 4onsidered for in4lusion
wit!in t!e 3G radio network :lan
(ssumin that a site satis&ies the criteria in 2able 31 then it may be considered &or inclusion 'ithin the 3G radio
net'or* )lan. 2able 32 )resents a set o& criteria 'hich may be used to )rioritise bet'een sites bein considered &or
inclusion 'ithin the 3G radio net'or* )lan. ,imilar to the &irst set o& criteria, these should be evaluated &rom a site
visit and not &rom the in&ormation available 'ithin a radio net'or* )lannin tool. ,ites 'hich result in the reatest
number o& ZyesG res)onses should be selected to be built.
1 +s the site an e7istin G,M site^ Aes C /o
2 Do antenna locations allo' &or chanes in aLimuth^ Aes C /o
3 Do antenna locations allo' &or chanes in heiht^ Aes C /o
# Do antenna locations allo' su&&icient isolation &rom other antennas, e.. G,M antennas^ Aes C /o
% +s the site a'ay &rom environmentally )rotected or historic areas^ Aes C /o
- +s the site unli*ely to re6uire any s)ecial )ermits^ Aes C /o
E +s the site unli*ely to cause )ublic disa))roval^ Aes C /o
8 Does the site &orm a reular )attern 'ith its neihbours^ Aes C /o
$ +s the site close to 'here the tra&&ic is e7)ected^ Aes C /o
10 +s the site ca)able o& accommodatin )otential ca)acity u)rades^ Aes C /o
*a+le 32 9 Site sele4tion 4riteria used to :rioritise +etween sites w!i4! are +eing 4onsidered for in4lusion
wit!in t!e 3G radio network :lan
,ite visits re)resent a sini&icant )art o& the site selection )rocess. 2hey should be used to collect all o& the
in&ormation re6uired to evaluate the suitability o& a site as 'ell additional in&ormation &or radio and transmission
)lannin, in&ormation &or site build and installation and in&ormation &or site desin. ,ite visits are relatively e7)ensive
and time consumin and should be )lanned care&ully. Planners com)letin site visits should, as a minimum ta*e
'ith themD
a )a)er ma) o& the area
a )a)er diaram o& the buildin
coverae )lot &rom the )lannin tool
best server )lot &rom the )lannin tool
a GP, receiver
binoculars and com)ass
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E# 018%1
.
a diital camera
an altimeter
a ta)e measure or other measurin device
sa&ety e6ui)ment i& necessary
2he )a)er ma) o& the area should be used to mar* the )ro)osed antenna aLimuths and eneral antenna locations.
2he )a)er diaram o& the buildin should be used to ma*e a more detailed record o& the )ro)osed antenna
locations and the )ositions &rom 'here any )hotos are ta*en. 2he diital camera should be used to obtain
)anoramic vie's &rom the )ro)osed antenna locations. Photos should also be ta*en o& the neihbourhood and
surroundin environment. 2he location and visibility o& neihbourin sites should be recorded as should )otential
a)s in coverae. 2he di&&erent )ossibilities &or antenna mountin should be noted and &eeder lenth re6uirements
estimated. 2he GP, receiver should be used to determine an e7act set o& coFordinates &or the site as 'ell as the
heiht above sea and round level. 2he )ro)erty address and o'ner should be recorded as should the )ossibilities
&or site access.
!o)yriht . /o*ia ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E% 018%1
53 Site #esign
,ite desin involves identi&yin an a))ro)riate location &or each antenna and the /ode > cabinet. +t also
involves identi&yin a route to be ta*en by each &eeder.
;hen there is a re6uirement to achieve a s)eci&ic isolation &rom another radio system then that isolation is
easier to achieve i& the antennas are se)arated vertically rather than horiLontally.
NSN Recommendation: Site visits should be used as an essential art of the site desi$n rocess! Antennas
should be mounted such that their main beams are not shadowed by any obstructions% e!$! roof/tos% walls%
trees! Roof/to antennas should be mounted with sufficient hei$ht to avoid shadowin$ by the roof/to! 'all
mounted antennas should be directed to avoid havin$ their hori>ontal beamwidth shadowed by the wall!
'henever ossible antennas should be mounted such that it is ossible to ad:ust their a>imuth and hei$ht!
Antennas should be mounted such that they achieve their isolation requirements from other radio systems! Node
B cabinets should be located relatively close to the antennas to avoid excessive feeder losses! 9n ro:ects
where the oerator has comleted the site desi$n% NSN lanners should $ain access to the site desi$n
documentation!
,ite desin should be cou)led 'ith the site selection )rocess and 'ith the radio net'or* )lannin )rocess. +& a site
does not )ermit a ood site desin then it should not be selected. 2he site desin should allo' the antennas to be
con&iured in the 'ay that they a))ear 'ithin the radio net'or* )lannin tool. ( )oor site desin can have a
sini&icant im)act u)on the )er&ormance o& a )otentially ood site.
531 %ommon Pra4ti4e
@nless a )ro3ect is turnF*ey, it is common &or o)erators to )rovide the desin &or each site. 2he ma3ority o& o)erators
have their o'n set o& site desin uidelines. 2hese uidelines are ty)ically similar to those 'hich are )resented in
this section. +t is relatively common to &ind sites 'hich do not &ollo' the site desin uidelines. ,ite visits are o&ten
re6uired a&ter the site has been built to identi&y )roblems 'ith the desin. !orrections to the oriinal site desin can
be relatively e7)ensive and in the e7treme case can result in a site bein s'itched o&&.
532 ReBuirements
2he most im)ortant re6uirement is that antennas should mounted such that their main beams are not obstructed. +n
the case o& a roo&Fto) site, obstructions could be other antennas or cabins located on the same or a neihbourin
roo&. +n the case o& mast or )ole mounted antennas, obstructions could be trees or nearby buildins. ?iure 1%
illustrates e7am)les o& )oor and ood roo&Fto) antenna )ositions.
Poor Position Good Position Poor Position Good Position
1igure 15 9 &>am:les of :oor and good roof3to: antenna lo4ations
+n the e7am)le o& a )oor )osition, the 3G antenna is located behind and slihtly hiher than some e7istin
antennas. +n this case the main beam o& the 3G antenna is obstructed and its )er&ormance is li*ely to be
deteriorated. +n the e7am)le o& a ood )osition, the 3G antenna is located in &ront o& and slihtly lo'er than some
e7istin antennas. +n this case the main beam o& the 3G antenna is not obstructed althouh care should be ta*en
that the rear lobe o& the 3G antenna does not cause inter&erence to the other radio systems. 2here is also a
re6uirement to ensure that the ede o& the roo&Fto) does not cause shado'in o& the 3G antenna. +& an antenna is
)ositioned on the ede o& a roo&Fto) then it is unli*ely to incur any shado'in &rom the roo&Fto) itsel&. Ho'ever as
the antenna )osition is moved a'ay &rom the ede then the antenna is more li*ely to incur shado'in. (ntennas
'hich are located a'ay &rom the ede should be mounted 'ith an increased heiht. ( eneral rule is that i& you can
'al* in &ront o& the antenna then it should be mounted 3 m above the roo&Fto). ?iure 1- illustrates the )rinci)le o&
shado'in &rom a roo&Fto) and suests a rane o& heihts 'hich could be used to avoid shado'in.
h
Clearance angle
d
d < 10 m h > d2
10 < d < 20 m h > d3
d > 20 m d > d4
!eneral r"le
h
Clearance angle
d
d < 10 m h > d2
10 < d < 20 m h > d3
d > 20 m d > d4
!eneral r"le
1igure 16 9 Prin4i:le of a"oiding s!adowing from a roof3to:
+n most cases an antenna 'ould be mounted less than 10 m &rom the ede o& the buildin and its suested heiht
'ould be obtained by dividin the distance to the ede by 2. ;herever )ossible, antenna mountins should allo'
the heiht and aLimuth o& the antenna to be ad3usted.
+n the case o& antennas 'hich are mounted on 'alls then the aLimuth should be con&iured to ensure that the
horiLontal beam'idth o& the antenna is not com)romised. +n eneral a 1% deree sa&ety marin should be added to
each side the hal& )o'er horiLontal beam'idth and then a chec* made to ensure that the com)osite beam'idth is
&ree &rom obstruction. ?iure 1E illustrates the )rinci)le o& avoidin shado'in &rom the 'alls u)on 'hich antennas
are mounted.
#$rec%$&n &'
ma$n (eam
)al' *&+er
(eam +$d%h
1,- .a'e%/
marg$n
#$rec%$&n &'
ma$n (eam
1,- .a'e%/
marg$n
Good Position
Poor Position
#$rec%$&n &'
ma$n (eam
)al' *&+er
(eam +$d%h
1,- .a'e%/
marg$n
#$rec%$&n &'
ma$n (eam
1,- .a'e%/
marg$n
Good Position
Poor Position
1igure 17 9 Prin4i:le of a"oiding s!adowing from walls
+n the case o& the )oor )osition, the antenna horiLontal beam'idth and the 1% deree sa&ety marin are intersected
by the 'all. 2his indicates that the 'all 'ill cause sini&icant deterioration o& the antenna ain )attern. +n the ood
)osition, neither the antenna horiLontal beam'idth nor the sa&ety marin are intersected by the 'all and there is
also some &le7ibility &or ad3ustin the antenna aLimuth i& re6uired to do so.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae EE 018%1
;hen there are other antennas on the same mast, the same roo&Fto) or the same 'all then the isolation &rom those
antennas should be ma7imised 'ithout com)romisin the )osition o& the 3G antennas. 2he isolation re6uirement
'ill de)end u)on the systems to 'hich the antennas belon. ,ection -.1 describes the isolation re6uirement
bet'een the ;!DM( and G,M systems. 2he isolation re6uirement can be translated into a )hysical se)aration
usin curves 'hich )lot measured isolation as a &unction o& )hysical se)aration. 2hese curves de)end u)on the
ain )atterns o& the antennas bein used and 'hether or not the antennas are crossF)olar. (s an e7am)le, the
G,M$00 system re6uires #0 d> o& isolation &rom the ;!DM( system. +& the antennas have a vertical se)aration
then there should be at least 0.2 m bet'een the base o& one antenna and the to) o& the other antenna. +& the
antennas have a horiLontal )hysical se)aration and a horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y then there should be at least 0.%
m bet'een them. ?iure 18 illustrates these )hysical se)aration re6uirements.
0.2 m ach$e0e.
40 d1 $.&la%$&n
0., m ach$e0e.
40 d1 $.&la%$&n
-ertical
Separation
'ori)ontal Separation
/012 hori)ontal
beam"idth antennas3
0.2 m ach$e0e.
40 d1 $.&la%$&n
0., m ach$e0e.
40 d1 $.&la%$&n
-ertical
Separation
'ori)ontal Separation
/012 hori)ontal
beam"idth antennas3
1igure 16 9 0inimum reBuirements for !oriContal and "erti4al antenna se:arations
;henever )ossible, a vertical se)aration should be combined 'ith a horiLontal se)aration to increase the achieved
isolation. +n cases 'here these se)arations cannot be achieved then the isolation re6uirement should be studied in
reater detail.
(lternatively, the isolation re6uirement can be achieved usin a di)le7or and allo'in the t'o radio systems to
share the same &eeders. ( di)le7or ty)ically o&&ers #0 d> o& isolation. Radio systems may also share the same
antennas. +n eneral, this has the dra'bac* o& restrictin both radio systems to usin the same antenna do'ntilts,
i.e. do'ntilts cannot be con&iured se)arately &or each system.
(ntennas 'hich have remotely controllable tilts are enerally more e7)ensive but tilt chanes can be made 'ith
relative ease and the antennas may be com)atible 'ith the /,/ Real2ilt solution.
2he /ode > cabinet and antenna locations should be selected to hel) minimise &eeder losses. Part o& the site
desin )rocess should be to com)ute the &eeder loss associated 'ith the s)eci&ic &eeder ty)e and lenth. +& &eeder
losses 0e7cludin connector and MH( insertion losses1 e7ceed # d> then alternatives should be considered.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E8 018%1
52 S4ram+ling %ode Planning
2he %12 do'nlin* )rimary scramblin codes are oranised into -# rou)s o& 8.
9ach cell 'ithin the radio net'or* )lan should be assined a )rimary scramblin code.
,cramblin code )lannin strateies can be de&ined that ma7imise the number o& neihbours belonin to
the same code rou) or that ma7imise the number o& neihbours belonin to di&&erent code rou)s. 2he
di&&erence bet'een the t'o strateies has not been 6uanti&ied in the &ield but is li*ely to be de)endant u)on
the @9 im)lementation.
,cramblin code )lannin may re6uire coFordination at international borders.
,cramblin code )lannin can be com)leted inde)endently &or each R? carrier.
,cramblin code )lannin can be com)leted usin either a radio net'or* )lannin tool or a ZhomeFmadeG
tool. +t can also be com)leted manually &or small areas. /et(ct is able to )lan scramblin codes accordin
to a s)eci&ic stratey and e7clude s)eci&ic scramblin codes &or &uture e7)ansion. !onsideration should be
iven to movin the scramblin code )lan to and &rom the live net'or*.
NSN Recommendation: The isolation between cells which are assi$ned the same scramblin$ code should be
maximised! The isolation between cells which are assi$ned the same scramblin$ code should be sufficiently
$reat to ensure that a U. never simultaneously receives the same scramblin$ code from more than a sin$le cell!
The isolation between cells which are assi$ned the same scramblin$ code should be sufficiently $reat to ensure
that a U. never receives a scramblin$ code from one cell while it is exectin$ to receive the same scramblin$
code from second cell! Scramblin$ code lannin$ should maximise the number of nei$hbours belon$in$ to the
same scramblin$ code $rou! A different scramblin$ code strate$y can be acceted as lon$ as the oerator is
made aware of the theoretical trade/off between cell synchronisation reliability and U. ower consumtion!
Secific scramblin$ codes should be excluded from the lan to allow for future networ# exansion! The same
scramblin$ code lan should be assi$ned to each RF carrier! (o/ordination across international borders should
be accounted for accordin$ to the recommendations of the local re$ulatory body! The Tcell RN( databuild
arameter should be confi$ured accordin$ the NSN default values! Scramblin$ code lannin$ should be
comleted in con:unction with nei$hbour list lannin$! Scramblin$ code audits should be comleted in
combination with nei$hbour list audits! (hec#s should be made to ensure that no cells are nei$hboured to two or
more cells which have nei$hbour lists includin$ the same scramblin$ code for different tar$et cells!
521 %ommon Pra4ti4e
( lare number o& di&&erent strateies have been ado)ted &or scramblin code )lannin. 2hese include those 'hich
maximise the number of nei$hbours which belon$ to the same scramblin$ code $rou as 'ell as those 'hich
maximise the number of nei$hbours which belon$ to different scramblin$ code $rous. /either a))roach has raised
any issues and any di&&erence in )er&ormance remains un6uanti&ied.
+t is common &or o)erators to reconise the re6uirement to reserve scramblin codes &or &uture net'or* e7)ansion.
2his has been done either by e7cludin s)eci&ic scramblin codes &rom each code rou) or by e7cludin all
scramblin codes &rom s)eci&ic code rou)s. +t is common &or o)erators to com)lete audits on their scramblin code
)lans in combination 'ith audits u)on their neihbour lists. 2his is o&ten com)leted usin a ZhomeFmadeG scri)t
rather than a )lannin tool. 8)erators have coFordinated either R? carriers or scramblin code )lans at international
borders.
522 *ools
,cramblin code )lannin can be com)leted usin a )lannin tool or it can be com)leted manually. +t is not
recommended to com)lete scramblin code )lannin manually &or sections o& net'or* 'hich include more than 30
/ode >.
/et(ct Planner v#.1 su))orts scramblin code )lannin 'hich ma*es use o& )ro)aation )redictions, neihbour
lists and a minimum reFuse distance. +t is also able to account &or s)eci&ic scramblin code )lannin strateies and
is able to e7clude s)eci&ic scramblin codes &or &uture net'or* e7)ansion. +t is )lanned &or /et(ct 8)timiLer to have
a similar ca)ability as /et(ct Planner v#.1. >oth /et(ct Planner and 8)timiLer allo' relatively straiht&or'ard
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae E$ 018%1
movement o& the scramblin code )lan to and &rom the live net'or*. /et(ct Planner and 8)timiLer are also able to
audit the neihbour lists to ensure that there are no du)licate scramblin codes.
2hird )arty radio net'or* )lannin tools are also li*ely to have scramblin code )lannin &unctionality. +& an o)erator
uses a third )arty radio net'or* )lannin tool then it is li*ely to be more a))ro)riate to use that tool &or scramblin
code )lannin rather than introduce /et(ct Planner. /evertheless, the &unctionality o& the third )arty tool should be
com)ared 'ith that o& /et(ct Planner. !onsideration should also be iven to ho' the resultin scramblin code
)lan can be moved to and &rom the live net'or*.
,cramblin code )lannin can also be com)leted usin either /,/ or customer ZhomeFmadeG tools, e.. 'ritten in
visual >(,+! or ! code. 2hese tools tend to ma*e use o& distance rather than )ath loss but in eneral they are
ca)able o& eneratin the desired results.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to scramblin code )lannin are )resented in 2able 33.
Name S4o:e Range Re4ommended )alue
Pri,cr!ode ;!9< 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
(d3s,cr!ode (D", 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
(d3i,cr!ode (D"+ 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
2cell ;!9< 0 to 230#, ste) 2%- chi)s 0, 2%-, %12 &or the 3 cells o& a 3 sector
*a+le 33 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to s4ram+ling 4ode :lanning
3GPP 2,2%.213 s)eci&ies that there are %12 do'nlin* )rimary scramblin codes. 9ach )rimary scramblin code
has 1% associated secondary scramblin codes. 2here are also additional scramblin codes 'hich may be used
durin com)ressed mode. 9ach cell 'ithin the radio net'or* )lan must be assined a )rimary scramblin code.
2here is no need &or )lanners to assin neither secondary scramblin codes nor the com)ressed mode scramblin
codes. 2he most im)ortant rule &or scramblin code )lannin is that the isolation bet'een cells 'hich are assined
the same scramblin code should be su&&iciently reat to ensure that a @9 never simultaneously receives the same
scramblin code &rom more than a sinle cell.
3GPP 2,2%.213 s)eci&ies that the %12 do'nlin* )rimary scramblin codes are oranised into -# rou)s o& 8.2he
scramblin code numberin scheme used by /,/ is di&&erent to the scramblin code numberin scheme s)eci&ied
by 3GPP. >ased u)on /,/Gs numberin scheme, scramblin codes 0 to E belon to the same rou), as do
scramblin codes 8 to 1% and scramblin codes 1- to 23. 2he oranisation o& scramblin codes into rou)s allo's
the @9 to com)lete a three ste) cell synchronisation )rocedure usin the )rimary and secondary synchronisation
channels 0PF,!H and ,F,!H1 and the !P+!H. 2his )rocedure is a))lied 'henever a @9 needs to access a cell or
measure the 6uality o& a cell, i.e. durin cell selection, cell reFselection and so&t handover. 2he three ste)
synchronisation )rocedure isD
,te) 1. @9 uses the PF,!H to achieve slot synchronisation
,te) 2. @9 uses the ,F,!H to achieve &rame synchronisation and to identi&y the scramblin code rou)
,te) 3. @9 uses the !P+!H to identi&y the )rimary scramblin code
,te) 2 involves selectin 1 rou) out o& -#, 'hereas ste) 3 involves selectin 1 code out o& 8. ,te) 3 is li*ely to be
more reliable but also re6uires more @9 )rocessin, i.e. has a reater )otential im)act u)on @9 battery li&e.
+t is )ossible to ado)t a scramblin code )lannin stratey 'hich )laces the em)hasis u)on either ste) 2 or ste) 3.
Placin the em)hasis u)on ste) 2 can be achieved by )lannin the scramblin codes such that neihbours belon
to di&&erent scramblin code rou)s. Placin the em)hasis u)on ste) 3 can be achieved by )lannin the scramblin
codes such that neihbours belon to the same scramblin code rou). Placin the em)hasis u)on ste) 2 is
intended to reduce @9 )o'er consum)tion 'hereas )lacin the em)hasis u)on ste) 3 is intended to im)rove the
reliability o& the cell synchronisation )rocedure. 2he )recise di&&erence bet'een the t'o strateies 'ill de)end u)on
the @9 im)lementation. 2he di&&erence has not been 6uanti&ied in the &ield and in )ractice, is li*ely to be very small.
/,/Gs current recommendation is to )lan the scramblin codes such that neihbours belon to the same
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 80 018%1
scramblin code rou) i.e. )lacin the em)hasis u)on ste) 3 to increase reliability. Ho'ever, other scramblin code
strateies can be acce)ted.
8ne a))roach to scramblin code )lannin 'hich has been tested in the &ield and &ound to be )roblematic, is to
)lan the scramblin codes such that each cell belonin to the same /ode > belons to the same scramblin code
rou), and in addition to con&iure the 2cell R/! databuild )arameter 'ith a value o& 0 chi)s &or all cells. +& the cells
belon to the same scramblin code rou) then both their PF,!H and ,F,!H 'ill be the same. !on&iurin 2cell
'ith a value o& 0 &or all cells means that the PF,!H and ,F,!H belonin to a s)eci&ic /ode > 'ill be transmitted
simultaneously. 2his increases the sinal strenth o& the PF,!H and ,F,!H in the so&ter handover reions and is
intended to im)rove the reliability o& the cell synchronisation )rocedure. Ho'ever it has been discovered that some
@9 im)lementations do not &unction )ro)erly 'ith this stratey. 2ransmittin the PF,!H simultaneously &rom three
cells belonin to a /ode > means that a @9 observes a sinle PF,!H rather than three PF,!H 0assumin that
di&&erences in the )ro)aation distance are small1. ,ome @9 inter)ret this as meanin that there is only a sinle cell
)resent, i.e. they detect the &irst cell and then sto) searchin. 8ther @9 com)lete an e7haustive search and detect
all three cells. +t is recommended to avoid this scramblin code )lannin stratey and to a))ly the de&ault
con&iuration &or the 2cell R/! databuild )arameter.
2he scramblin code )lannin stratey should account &or &uture net'or* e7)ansion. ?uture net'or* e7)ansion
could mean the inclusion o& additional /ode > or increased sectorisation o& e7istin /ode >. ,cramblin codes
should be e7cluded &rom the oriinal )lan so they can be assined 'hen additional cells are introduced. +t is
im)ortant to have a )ractical )rocess &or co)in 'ith net'or* e7)ansion and bein able to introduce additional
scramblin codes 'ithout havin to reF)lan lare sections o& the net'or*. (n a))roach &or a net'or* o& normal
/ode > could be to limit the initial scramblin code )lan to code rou)s 0 to 33 and to reserve code rou)s 3# to -3
&or &uture net'or* e7)ansion.
2he isolation bet'een cells 'hich are assined the same scramblin code should be su&&iciently reat to ensure
that a @9 never receives a scramblin code &rom one cell 'hile it is e7)ectin to receive the same scramblin code
&rom second cell, i.e. the second cell is neihboured 'hile the &irst is not. 2his scenario can lead to &ailed active set
u)dates and the net'or* releasin the RR! connection 'ith cause Zuns)eci&iedG.
(dditional rules &or scramblin code )lannin are re6uired at locations close to international borders 'here there
may be another 3G o)erator usin the same R? carrier. <ocal reulatory bodies should be consulted &or national
reulations 'hich may have been sti)ulated. +n the case o& 9uro)ean countries, the 9R! has &ormulated
recommendation Z01F01 >order !oordination o& @M2,C+M2F2000 ,ystemsG. 2his recommendation )rioritises the use
o& s)eci&ic scramblin code rou)s on either side o& an international border. +t also recommends ma7imum allo'ed
sinal strenths &or transmissions 'hich cross international borders. +n )ractice, o)erators are also coFordinatin the
use o& R? carriers at international borders.
,cramblin code )lannin can be com)leted inde)endently &or di&&erent R? carriers. +& a radio net'or* includes
/ode > 'hich are con&iured 'ith t'o or three R? carriers then it is recommended that the same scramblin code
)lan is assined to each carrier. 2his reduces system com)le7ity and hel)s to reduce the 'or* associated 'ith
)lannin and o)timisin the net'or*.
,cramblin code )lannin should be com)leted in con3unction 'ith neihbour list )lannin. (udits should be
com)leted to determine 'hether or not the neihbour lists re&lect the intended scramblin code )lannin stratey,
e.. neihbours belon to the same scramblin code rou). (udits should also be com)leted to ensure that there
are no du)licate scramblin codes in any o& the neihbour lists. ( chec* should be made to ensure that no cells are
neihboured to t'o or more cells 'hich have neihbour lists includin the same scramblin code. !ells 'hich are
neihboured to t'o or more cells 'hich have neihbour lists includin the same scramblin code can lead to
scramblin code con&licts 'hen neihbour lists are combined &or @9 'hich are in so&t handover, i.e. one o& the
neihbours has to be removed &rom the com)osite neihbour list. (udits can also be combined 'ith )ath loss
)redictions to identi&y cells 'hich have the same scramblin code and relatively lo' isolation.
55 0a>imum Neig!+our 8ist 8engt!s
,+>11 is used to instruct @9 'hich cells to measure in idle mode.
PreFrelease - s)eci&ication 0R(,0- and be&ore1
2,2%.331 includes a contradiction made by 3GPP, i.e. ,+>11 should be able to accommodate in&ormation
reardin $- cells, but ,+>11 cannot e7ceed 3%%2 bits and this is insu&&icient to accommodate in&ormation
reardin $- cells.
+& a /,/ R/! is con&iured 'ith a cell 'hich is con&iured 'ith more neihbours than ,+>11 can
accommodate then the cell is bloc*ed and an alarm is raised.
/,/ has issued R/! 2echnical /ote #- to s)eci&y that 'hen Hierarchical !ell ,tructure 0H!,1 &unctionality
is disabled, a ma7imum o& #E cells should be con&iured &or inclusion 'ithin ,+>11. 2his is a 'orst case
&iure and in eneral more cells can be included.
2he siLe o& ,+>11 can be estimated &rom the number o& intraF&re6uency, interF&re6uency and interFsystem
neihbours.
2he ma7imum siLe o& ,+>11 is unli*ely to be very limitin on net'or*s 'hich do not include interF&re6uency
neihbours and have H!, &unctionality disabled. +t is more li*ely to be limitin 'hen interF&re6uency
neihbours are introduced or H!, &unctionality is enabled.
Release - s)eci&ication 0R@10 R/!1
R@10 im)lements ,+>11bis 'hich enables the ,+>11N,+>11bis to accommondate all $- cells and solves
the contradiction in the s)eci&ication. ,+>11bis is included as standard &eature in R@10. +t should be noted
that only R- and later @9s are ca)able o& decodin ,+>11bis.
2he limitation remains 'ith the ,+>12, 'hich is used &or connected mode 0not !9<<HD!H1 neihbour in&o
NSN Recommendation for RAS-3: The maximum nei$hbour list len$ths secified in RN( Technical Note 73
should be treated as worst case limits! The len$th of nei$hbour lists should be audited to identify cells which will
otentially exceed the caacity of S&B00! The equation rovided in this section should be used durin$ the
auditin$ rocedure! (ells which result in a S&B00 si>e of more than <,,5 bits should be studied in $reater detail
to determine whether or not nei$hbourin$ cells should be deleted or whether the S&B si>e can be reduced by
removin$ measurement offsets and (+&(1 transmit ower information! Nei$hbour list len$ths should be
reviewed when inter/frequency nei$hbours are introduced! Alarms should be monitored to identify cells which
have been bloc#ed as a result of havin$ too many nei$hbours defined!
551 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2here are currently very &e' net'or*s 'hich include interF&re6uency neihbours. 2his means that the vast ma3ority
o& cells are not limited by the ma7imum siLe o& ,+>11. !ells 'hich are limited by the ma7imum siLe o& ,+>11 can be
identi&ied by auditin the neihbour list lenths or by monitorin the /ode > alarms. 2he number o& neihbours must
be revie'ed i& interF&re6uency neihbours are introduced or i& H!, &unctionality is enabled.
+n R@10 the usae o& ,+>11bis 'ill remove the siLe limitation on ,+>11 and allo' the allocation o& u) to $-
neihbours. 2he limitation 'ill remain &or ,+>12, 'hich is used &or connected mode 0not !9<<HD!H1 ad3acency
in&o.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to neihbour list )lannin are )resented in sections %.-, %.E and %.8.
,ystem in&ormation bloc* 11 0,+>111 is used to instruct @9 'hich cells to measure in idle mode. 2hese cells are
also a))licable to connected mode i& system in&ormation bloc* 12 0,+>121 is not broadcast. ,+>12 is used to instruct
@9 'hich cells to measure in connected mode. /,/ R(/ im)lementations broadcast only ,+>11. 3GPP 2,2%.331
s)eci&ies that ,+>11 should be able to accommodate $- cells, i.e. 32 intraF&re6uency cells, 32 interF&re6uency cells
and 32 interFsystem cells. 2he &irst intraF&re6uency cell is the cell u)on 'hich the @9 is cam)ed. 2hese &iures thus
corres)ond to 31 intraF&re6uency neihbours, 32 interF&re6uency neihbours and 32 interFsystem neihbours. 3GPP
2,2%.331 also s)eci&ies that ,+>11 can be broadcast usin a ma7imum o& 1- sements. 9ach sement can have a
ma7imum o& 222 bits 0the >!H trans)ort bloc* siLe is 2#- bits 'hich includes 2# bits o& header in&ormation to de&ine
the ,+> ty)e and the sement inde71. 2his means that the ma7imum siLe o& ,+>11 is 3%%2 bits. 2his ma7imum siLe
is insu&&icient to accommodate $- cells. 2here is thus a contradiction made by 3GPP 'ithin 2,2%.331 reardin the
6uantity o& in&ormation 'hich can be broadcast 'ithin ,+>11. 3GPP Rel - s)eci&ication includes an e7tension o&
,+>11 'ith ,+>11bis system in&ormation bloc*.
+& a /,/ R/! at level R(,0- is con&iured 'ith a cell 'hich has more neihbours than ,+>11 can accommodate
then that cell becomes bloc*ed and alarm EEE1 ;!DM( !ell 8utFo&F@se 0>!!H schedulin error1 is re)orted.
/,/ has issued R/! 2echnical /ote #- to s)eci&y that 'hen Hierarchical !ell ,tructure 0H!,1 &unctionality is
disabled, a ma7imum o& #E cells should be con&iured &or inclusion 'ithin ,+>11. 2he same 2echnical /ote
s)eci&ies that 'hen H!, &unctionality is enabled, a ma7imum o& 3% cells should be con&iured &or inclusion 'ithin
,+>11. 2hese &iures re)resent the 'orst case and in eneral, a reater number o& cells can be con&iured &or
inclusion 'ithin ,+>11. 2he &iure o& #E assumes 32 (D"+ and 1% (D", 'hereas the &iure o& 3% assumes 32 (D"+
and 3 (D",. 2hese combinations are unli*ely to occur in )ractice and a reater number o& cells can be
accommodated by ,+>11. 2his 2echnical note is not valid &or ,+>11 in R@10 R/!s, but remains valid &or ,+>12.
2he &ollo'in )arara)hs s)eci&y the 6uantity o& in&ormation included 'ithin ,+>11 &or each ty)e o& cell 'hen H!,
&unctionality is disabled.
!ntra"Fre#$ency %e&&s 'A()*+
2he 6uantity o& in&ormation included 'ithin ,+>11 &or intraF&re6uency cells de)ends u)on 'hether o& not !P+!H
measurement o&&sets have been de&ined usin the R/! databuild )arameters (d3sBo&&set1 and (d3sBo&&set1. 2he
6uantity o& in&ormation is also de)endent u)on 'hether or not neihbourin cells have di&&erent !P+!H transmit
)o'ers relative to the cell u)on 'hich the @9 is cam)ed. +& neihbours have di&&erent !P+!H transmit )o'ers then
their !P+!H transmit )o'er is included 'ithin ,+>11. 2able 3# )resents the 6uantity o& in&ormation &or each intraF
&re6uency cell de)endin u)on the inclusion o& the measurement o&&sets and the !P+!H transmit )o'er.
AdIsJoffset1 or
AdIsJoffset2 in4luded
%P/%. transmit
:ower in4luded
SiCe of single A#ES
/either /o #8 bits
9ither 8ne /o #8 or %- bits 0averae o& %%.2 bits1
>oth /o %- or -# bits 0averae o& -2.1 bits1
/either Aes averae o& %#.2 bits
9ither 8ne Aes averae o& -1.1 bits
>oth Aes averae o& -8.0 bits
*a+le 32 9 SiCe of a single A#ES for in4lusion wit!in S/,11
!nter"Fre#$ency %e&&s 'A()!+
2he 6uantity o& in&ormation included 'ithin ,+>11 &or interF&re6uency cells de)ends u)on 'hether o& not !P+!H
measurement o&&sets have been de&ined usin the R/! databuild )arameters (d3iBo&&set1 and (d3iBo&&set1. 2he
6uantity o& in&ormation is also de)endent u)on 'hether or not neihbourin cells have di&&erent !P+!H transmit
)o'ers relative to the cell u)on 'hich the @9 is cam)ed. +& neihbours have di&&erent !P+!H transmit )o'ers then
their !P+!H transmit )o'er is included 'ithin ,+>11. 2able 3% )resents the 6uantity o& in&ormation &or each interF
&re6uency cell de)endin u)on the inclusion o& the measurement o&&sets and the !P+!H transmit )o'er.
AdIiJoffset1 or
AdIiJoffset2 in4luded
%P/%. transmit
:ower in4luded
SiCe of single A#E/
/either /o %- or -# bits 0averae o& -0.2 bits1
9ither 8ne /o -# or E2 bits 0averae o& -E.1 bits1
>oth /o E2 or 80 bits 0averae o& E#.1 bits1
/either Aes averae o& --.1 bits
9ither 8ne Aes averae o& E3.- bits
>oth Aes averae o& 80.8 bits
*a+le 35 9 SiCe of a single A#E/ for in4lusion wit!in S/,11
!nter"*ystem %e&&s 'A(),+
2he 6uantity o& in&ormation included 'ithin ,+>11 &or interFsystem cells de)ends u)on 'hether o& not !P+!H
measurement o&&sets have been de&ined usin the R/! databuild )arameter (d3Bo&&set1. 2able 3- )resents the
6uantity o& in&ormation &or each interFsystem cell de)endin u)on the inclusion o& the measurement o&&set.
AdIgJoffset1 in4luded SiCe of single A#EG
/o %- bits
Aes %- or -# bits 0averae o& -3 bits1
*a+le 36 9 SiCe of a single A#EG for in4lusion wit!in S/,11
( /,/ R/! includes Bo&&set2 'ith a value o& 0 d> &or all interFsystem cells. 2his increases the 6uantity o& ,+>11
in&ormation &or interFsystem cells.
2he &ollo'in e6uation can be used to estimate the siLe o& ,+>11, 'hich must be restricted to less than 3%%2 bits.
) ( ) ( ) ( 222 _ 11
3,,2 _ 11
! 4g 5 4i i 4s Si)e SIB
bits Si)e SIB
+ + +
<
;here,
=s is the number o& bits associated 'ith an intraF&re6uency cell
=i is the number o& bits associated 'ith an interF&re6uency cell
= is the number o& bits associated 'ith an interFsystem cell
i is the number o& intraF&re6uency cells
3 is the number o& interF&re6uency cells
* is the number o& interFsystem cells
())ro)riate values &or =s, =i and = can be e7tracted &rom 2able 3#, 2able 3% and 2able 3-. ( reasonable
a))roach is to assume that intraF&re6uency cells and interF&re6uency cells include !P+!H transmit )o'er
in&ormation and Bo&&set2 in&ormation. +t can also be assumed that interFsystem cells include Bo&&set1 in&ormation.
2his leads to the &ollo'in e6uation.
) 63 ( ) 6 . 23 ( ) 1 . 61 ( 222 _ 11
3,,2 _ 11
! 5 i Si)e SIB
bits Si)e SIB
+ + +
<
+& the net'or* does not include any interF&re6uency cells then this e6uation indicates that there can be 2- intraF
&re6uency cells and 2- interFsystem cells, i.e. a total o& %2 cells. 2his should be su&&icient &or the vast ma3ority o& the
net'or*. +& the net'or* includes interF&re6uency cells then this e6uation indicates that there can be 1- intraF
&re6uency cells, 1- interF&re6uency cells and 1- interFsystem cells, i.e. a total o& #8 cells.
/ote that these &iures are only e7am)les and the number o& each ty)e o& cell does not have to be e6ual. +n cases
'here the e6uation above results in a ,+>11 siLe o& more than 3%%2 bits then a more detailed analysis should be
com)leted to determine 'hether or not neihbourin cells should be deleted or 'hether the ,+> siLe can be
reduced by removin measurement o&&sets and !P+!H transmit )o'er in&ormation.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 8# 018%1
+n R@10 the introduction o& ,+>11bis 'ill allo' transmission o& all $- neihbours, thus removin this &rom ,+>11
0issue remains &or ,+>121. ;hen the amount o& de&ined neihbourin cells 0intraF&re6uency, interF&re6uency andCor
interFsystem1 becomes reater than can be encoded to ,+>11, ,+>11bis is ta*en to use. 2he remainin
neihbourin cells are encoded to ,+>11bis and M+>, ,+>1 and ,+>18 are u)dated accordinly and transmission
schedule is calculated. +t should be noted that only R- and later @9s are ca)able o& decodin ,+>11bis.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 8% 018%1
56 3G /ntra3freBuen4$ Neig!+our 8ist Planning
3G intraF&re6uency neihbour list )lannin is absolutely critical to net'or* )er&ormance.
+ntraF&re6uency neihbours are used &or cell reFselection, so&t handover, so&ter handover and intraF&re6uency
hard handover.
Missin neihbours result in unnecessarily )oor sinal to noise ratios.
97cessive neihbours increase the @9 measurement time and may lead to im)ortant neihbours bein
deleted durin so&t handover.
+ntraF&re6uency neihbour lists are combined &or both intraFR/! and interFR/! so&t handover.
+ntraF&re6uency neihbour lists are transmitted in ,+>11 0and ,+>121 and dedicated measurement control
messaes. ,+>11bis is im)lemented in R@10 R/! to enable transmission o& u) to $- neihbours.
/eihbour list )lannin )rovides the initial conditions 'hich are re&ined durin )reFlaunch o)timisation.
/eihbour list tunin is the tas* 'hich usually achieves the reatest ains durin )reFlaunch o)timisation.
2he o)tional Soft handover based on detected set reortin$ &eature in R@10 R/! can be used in areas 'ith
demandin )ro)aation conditions to enable de&inition o& hiher number o& intra &re6uency neihbours.
NSN Recommendation: As secified by RN( software Technical Note 73 and discussed within Section ,!,% the
sum of the intra/frequency% inter/frequency and inter/system nei$hbours should not exceed the caacity of
S&B00! Nei$hbour lists should be lanned as accurately as ossible durin$ the radio networ# lannin$ activity to
hel reduce the quantity of tunin$ required durin$ re/launch otimisation! Nei$hbour lists should be lanned to
be sli$htly lon$ rather than sli$htly short to allow for re/launch otimisation drive routes which are not entirely
exhaustive! Nei$hbour relationshis should always be bi/directional! Networ#s which are confi$ured with more
than a sin$le RF carrier should have the same intra/frequency nei$hbour list alied to each carrier! Nei$hbour
lists should be used as an inut to scramblin$ code lannin$ to hel ensure that nei$hbour lists do not include
dulicate scramblin$ codes! Nei$hbour lists should be audited re$ularly to ensure that uni/directional nei$hbours
are not introduced and to monitor nei$hbour list len$ths!
561 %ommon Pra4ti4e
+n eneral it is reconised that hih 6uality neihbour lists are critical to the )er&ormance o& the net'or*. Ho'ever it
is o&ten assumed that neihbour lists 'ill be re&ined durin )reFlaunch o)timisation and that initial neihbour list
)lannin does not have to be very accurate. 2his is acce)table as lon as the im)act u)on )reFlaunch o)timisation
is reconised. PreFlaunch o)timisation is usually limited to a s)eci&ic drive route. 2his means that neihbours 'hich
are re6uired a'ay &rom the drive route must be identi&ied durin the )lannin )rocess. PreFlaunch o)timisation
tends to &ocus u)on addin missin neihbours rather than deletin unnecessary neihbours. 2his means that the
initial neihbour list )lan should be lare enouh to ca)ture those neihbours 'hich may not be added by the )reF
launch o)timisation activity but should not be e7cessively lare. +t is di&&icult to enerate ideal neihbour lists durin
the neihbour list )lannin because o& di&&erences bet'een )redicted and actual )ro)aation. +& a relatively
sim)listic tool is bein used then it may be limited to usin distance and antenna aLimuth rather than )ro)aation
loss. 8)erators o&ten enerate their o'n tools &or neihbour list )lannin. 2here is a tendency to add more
neihbours rather than less althouh tarets are usually de&ined to limit the ma7imum number o& neihbours 'hich
are assined to each cell. +t is common &or o)erators to com)lete audits on their neihbour list )lans to ensure that
all neihbours are biFdirectional and the number o& neihbours remains reasonable. (uditin is o&ten com)leted
usin a ZhomeFmadeG scri)t rather than a )lannin tool.
562 *ools
/eihbour list )lannin can be com)leted usin a )lannin tool, usin a ZhomeFmadeG tool, or in the case o&
net'or*s 'hich are )rimarily coFsited 'ith e7istin 2G sites, usin the 2G neihbour )lan. /eihbour list )lannin
can also be com)leted manually but this is not recommended &or sections o& the net'or* 'hich include more then
30 /ode >. /eihbour list )lannin tools )rovide the initial conditions 'hich are subse6uently re&ined durin the )reF
launch o)timisation activity. /eihbour lists should al'ays be enerated such that every neihbour relationshi) is
biFdirectional. R/! databuild auditin should be used to ensure that neihbour relationshi)s remain biFdirectional
once the initial lists are re&ined.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 8- 018%1
/et(ct Planner su))orts neihbour list )lannin 'hich ma*es use o& )ro)aation )redictions, minimum !P+!H
9cC+o re6uirements, interFcell inter&erence and a ma7imum allo'ed neihbour list siLe. 2he neihbour list )lan &rom
/et(ct Planner becomes an in)ut &or the scramblin code )lan. +t is )lanned &or /et(ct 8)timiLer to have a similar
ca)ability as /et(ct Planner. >oth /et(ct Planner and 8)timiLer allo' relatively straiht&or'ard movement o& the
neihbour lists to and &rom the live net'or*.
2hird )arty radio net'or* )lannin tools are also li*ely to have neihbour list )lannin &unctionality. +& an o)erator
uses a third )arty radio net'or* )lannin tool then it is li*ely to be more a))ro)riate to use that tool &or neihbour
list )lannin rather than introduce /et(ct Planner. /evertheless, the &unctionality o& the third )arty tool should be
com)ared 'ith that o& /et(ct Planner. !onsideration should also be iven to ho' the resultin neihbour list )lan
can be moved to and &rom the live net'or*.
/eihbour )lannin can also be com)leted usin either /,/ or customer ZhomeFmadeG tools, e.. 'ritten in visual
>(,+! or ! code. 2hese tools tend to ma*e use o& distance and antenna aLimuth rather than )ath loss but in
eneral they are ca)able o& eneratin the desired results. +& these tools are too sim)listic then the 'or* involved
'ith neihbour list tunin durin )reFlaunch o)timisation is li*ely to increase.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to 3G intraF&re6uency neihbour list )lannin are )resented in 2able 3E.
)alue
(d3s+d (D", 1 to 31, ste) 1 /one
(d3sM!! (D", 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3sM/! (D", 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3sM/!<enth (D", 2, 3 /one
(d3s<(! (D", 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3sR(! (D", 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
(d3sR/!id (D", 1 to #0$%, ste) 1 /one
(d3s!+ (D", 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3s,cr!ode (D", 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
(d3s!P+!H27P'r (D", F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m /one
(d3s27P'rR(!H (D", F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 21 d>m
(d3s9c/o8&&set (D", F10 to 10, ste) 0.% d> 0 d>
(d3sD9RR (D", 0 0enable1, 1 0disable1 0
(d3s27Div (D", 0 0not used1, 1 0used1 0
RtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
/rtHo)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
R2;ithH,DP(Ho)s+denti&ier (D", 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
(d3s,+> (D", R(,0-D 0 0/o1, 1 0Aes1
R@10D 0 0/o1, 1 0,+>1, 2 0,+>bis1
1 0Aes1
1 0,+>1
D,Re)>ased,H8 ?M!, 0, 1, 2 0
*a+le 37 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G intra3freBuen4$ neig!+our list :lanning
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to o)tional Soft 1andover based on )etected Set &eature in R@10 are
)resented in 2able 3E.
)alue
(d3d+d (D"D 1 to 31, ste) 1 /one
(d3dM!! (D"D 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 8E 018%1
(d3dM/! (D"D 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3dM/!<enth (D"D 2, 3 /one
(d3d<(! (D"D 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3dR(! (D"D 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
(d3dR/!id (D"D 1 to #0$%, ste) 1 /one
(d3d!+ (D"D 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3d,cr!ode (D"D 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
(d3d!P+!H27P'r (D"D F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m /one
(d3dD9RR (D"D 0 0enable1, 1 0disable1 0
(d3d27Div (D"D 0 0not used1, 1 0used1 0
RtHo)s+denti&ier (D"D 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
/rtHo)s+denti&ier (D"D 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
(d3dR2;ithH,DP(Ho)s+d (D"D 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
D,Re)>ased,H8 ;!9< 0, 1, 2 0
,+>11H)riority R/! 1 to #, ste) 1 #
*a+le 36 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to Soft .ando"er +ased on #ete4ted Set feature in RU10
3G intraF&re6uency neihbours are used &or intraF&re6uency cell reFselection, so&ter handover, so&t handover and
intraF&re6uency hard handover. 3GPP 2,2%.331 allo's the net'or* to s)eci&y a ma7imum o& 32 intraF&re6uency
cells &or the @9 to measure. +n the case o& cell reFselection, the @9 reads these neihbours &rom ,ystem
+n&ormation >loc* 11 0,+> 111. ,+>11 includes the 3G intraF&re6uency neihbours, the 3G interF&re6uency
neihbours and the 2G neihbours. 2hese neihbours may be used &or both RR! idle and RR! connected modes.
3GPP 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies that ,+> 12 may be used to de&ine a di&&erent neihbour list &or use in connected mode. +&
,+> 12 is not broadcast then the @9 assumes that the neihbours )rovided 'ithin ,+> 11 may be used &or both
connected and idle modes. /,/ R(/ R/! so&t'are broadcasts ,+> 11 and ,+> 12, but i& de&ined the same
neihbour lists are used &or connected and idle modes. 2he rate at 'hich ,+> 11 is broadcast by the R/! de)ends
u)on the ,+> )riorities de&ined 'ithin the R/! databuild and also u)on the relative siLes o& each ,+>. <are ,+> are
transmitted less &re6uently than small ,+>. 2his means that i& a lare number o& neihbours are de&ined then the ,+>
may be transmitted less &re6uently.
+n the case o& so&t handover, so&ter handover and intraF&re6uency hard handover the @9 usually relies u)on
neihbour list in&ormation )rovided 'ithin dedicated Measurement !ontrol messaes. 2here is a short )eriod o&
time bet'een movin into !9<<HD!H and receivin the &irst neihbour list Measurement !ontrol messae durin
'hich the @9 continues to use the neihbour list in&ormation read &rom ,+> 11. +n the case o& interFR/! so&t
handover, the servin R/! re6uires in&ormation reardin the neihbour lists con&iured 'ithin the dri&t R/!.
/eihbour list in&ormation is trans&erred across the +ur inter&ace usin the R/,(PD Radio <in* ,etu) Res)onse
messae or the R/,(PD Radio <in* (ddition Res)onse messae.
+n RR! idle mode and RR! connected mode states !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H and @R(HP!H, 1 o& the 32 intraF
&re6uency cells 'hich the R/! is able to instruct the @9 to measure is the cell that the @9 is cam)ed u)on. 2his
means that it is )ossible to de&ine a ma7imum o& 31 neihbourin cells. +n RR! connected mode state !9<<HD!H,
/,/ allo's a ma7imum o& 3 cells in the active set. 2his means that the neihbour list may be reduced to 2$ cells.
/,/ R/! so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- s)eci&ies that the total number o& neihbours 0intraF&re6uency, interF
&re6uency and interFsystem1 that are con&iured &or a cell should not e7ceed #E 'hen hierarchical cell structure is
disabled and 3% 'hen hierarchical cell structure is enabled. 2his is a result o& a con&lict in 3GPP 2,2%.331. 2he
&iures in R/! so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- are 'orst case and the material )resented in ,ection %.% should be used
&or a less )essimistic analysis. 2he (d3s,+> )arameter can be used to disable the transmission o& the neihbour
in&o in ,+>11C12. +n R@10 R/! the su))ort o& ,+>11bis solves this limitation &or ,+>11 by allo'in transmission o&
u)to $- neihbours to the @9. 2he neihbours can be selected &or ,+>11bis 'ith the (d3s,+> )arameter. 2he
limitation remains &or ,+>12.
+n the case that the @9 is in so&t or so&ter handover then the R/! has to combine the neihbour lists belonin to
the active set cells. +t is )ossible that the total number o& neihbours associated 'ith the active set cells e7ceeds the
ma7imum allo'ed. +n this case the R/! is res)onsible &or reducin the number o& cells 'hich the @9 is instructed
to measure to 32. 2he alorithm used to construct the combined neihbour list is based u)on a ran*in o& the active
set cells. 2he active set cells are ran*ed a&ter every active set u)date. 2he hihest ran*ed cell is termed the
controllin cell. 2his cell is not necessarily the cell 'ith the hihest 6uality !P+!H. (t the start o& a call the
controllin cell is the cell u)on 'hich the connection is established. 2his cell then remains the controllin cell until it
is removed &rom the active set. ;hen it is removed &rom the active set a ne' controllin cell is desinated. 2he ne'
controllin cell is selected as the one 'hich has the hihest !P+!H 9cC+o at that time. 2he controllin cell is al'ays
the hihest ran*ed cell. 2he second hihest ran*ed cell is the cell, other than the controllin cell, 'hich has the
hihest !P+!H 9cC+o. +& there are three cells in the active set the third ran*ed cell is the remainin active set cell.
2he R/! then combines the neihbour lists accordin to the &ollo'in rulesD
1. (ctive set cells are included in the neihbour list. 2hese cells are ordered accordin to their ran*in.
2. /eihbours 'hich are common to three active set cells are included.
3. /eihbours 'hich are common to the controllin cell and a second active set cell are included.
#. /eihbours 'hich are common to t'o active set cells are included.
%. /eihbours 'hich are de&ined only &or the controllin cell are included.
-. /eihbours 'hich are de&ined only &or the second ran*ed cell are included.
E. /eihbours 'hich are de&ined only &or the third ran*ed cell are included.
+& the total number o& cells to be measured e7ceeds the ma7imum value o& 32 durin any ste) then handover control
sto)s the neihbour list eneration. +n the scenario 'here there are t'o neihbour candidates 'ith the same
scramblin code then the handover alorithm selects the neihbour 'hich is lin*ed to the active set cell 'ith the
hiher ran*in. 2he other neihbour is not included. (n im)ortant )art o& scramblin code )lannin is to )er&orm
chec*s that neihbour lists do not include du)licate scramblin codes.
+t is critical to system )er&ormance that su&&icient neihbours are included 'ithin the neihbour lists. +& neihbours
are missin then @9 are li*ely to e7)erience hih levels o& inter&erence. +n the case o& RR! idle mode and RR!
connected modes !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H and @R(HP!H, i& a @9 moves into the coverae area o& a missin
neihbour then the @9 is li*ely to reFselect the G,M system. +n the case o& RR! connected mode !9<<HD!H, i& a
@9 moves into the coverae area o& a missin neihbour then the radio lin*s associated 'ith the dedicated channel
are li*ely to &ail. /eihbour lists should be )lanned durin the radio net'or* )lannin activity. 2hese neihbour lists
)rovide the initial conditions 'hich are subse6uently re&ined durin the )reFlaunch o)timisation activity. +& the
neihbour lists enerated durin the radio net'or* )lannin activity are )oor then there 'ill be more 'or* re6uired
durin the )reFlaunch o)timisation activity.
+& neihbour lists become lare then it may also have an im)act u)on system )er&ormance. Ho'ever, it is better to
have neihbour lists 'hich are too lon rather than too short. 3GPP 2,2%.133 s)eci&ies that @9 must be ca)able o&
measurin at least 8 neihbours every 200 ms. +& there is a lare number o& neihbours then it may reduce the
&re6uency 'ith 'hich each is measured. +t may also have an im)act u)on the rate at 'hich ne' neihbours are
detected. +& neihbour lists are too lare then it is also )ossible that im)ortant neihbours are lost durin so&t
handover 'hen neihbour lists are combined and )otentially truncated.
2able 3$ )resents ty)ical numbers o& neihbours 'hich are used.
%lutter *$:e *$:i4al num+er of intra3freBuen4$
neig!+ours
@rban 1-
,ubFurban 12
Rural 12
*a+le 37 9 *$:i4al intra3freBuen4$ neig!+our list lengt!s
+& a radio net'or* includes /ode > 'hich are con&iured 'ith t'o or three R? carriers then it is recommended that
the same intraF&re6uency neihbour )lan is assined to each carrier. 2his reduces system com)le7ity and hel)s to
reduce the 'or* associated 'ith )lannin and o)timisin the net'or*. +& one R? carrier is less loaded than the other
then it 'ill have reater coverae and thus re6uire more neihbours. +n eneral, additional neihbours should be
included &or both R? carriers to maintain consistency and in case the loadin o& the t'o carriers becomes reversed.
2he ,o&t handover based on detected set re)ortin &eature in R@10 R/! introduces the )ossibility to e7tend the
intraF&re6uency neihbour list 'ith second set o& 32 neihbour de&ined by the (D"D )arameter ob3ects. 2his enables
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 8$ 018%1
the addition o& lo'er )riority neihbours to the net'or*. 2he &eature uses the detected set re)ortin &eature de&ined
in the 3GPP s)eci&ication. @9 re)orts 09vent 1(C1!1 a detected )ilot scramblin codes 'hich are not listed in the
neihbour list iven to the @9 in ,+>11 or Measurement control messae. >e&ore active set u)date the R/! chec*s
'hether the scramblin code is de&ined as neihbour in
(D", neihbours le&t out o& the neihbour cell list in the neihbour list combinin )rocedure 0see above1
8)tional (D"D neibours o& any o& the active set cell
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $0 018%1
57 3G /nter3freBuen4$ Neig!+our 8ist Planning
+nterF&re6uency neihbours are used &or interF&re6uency cell reFselection and interF&re6uency handover.
2he /,/ R/! allo's a ma7imum o& #8 interF&re6uency neihbours to be de&ined 'ith a ma7imum o& 32 on
any one R? carrier.
( ma7imum o& 32 interF&re6uency neihbours can be broadcast to the @9 in ,+>11 0and ,+11bis and ,+>12
in R@10 R/!1.
2he /,/ R/! instructs the @9 to measure neihbours &rom one R? carrier at a time &or interF&re6uency
hard handover.
Missin neihbours result in )otentially &ailed interF&re6uency hard handovers and cell reFselections.
+nterF&re6uency neihbours are combined &or intraFR/! so&t handover, not &or interFR/! so&t handover.
+nterF&re6uency neihbours are usually introduced a&ter the net'or* has been launched and so re&inin them
is usually a )ost launch o)timisation tas*.
NSN Recommendation: As secified by RN( software Technical Note 73 and discussed within Section ,!,!% the
sum of the intra/frequency% inter/frequency and inter/system nei$hbours should not exceed the caacity of S&B00
?S&B00bis is imlemented in RU0- RN( to enable transmission of u to @3 nei$hboursA! &nter/frequency
nei$hbour lists should be based uon the intra/frequency nei$hbour lists! Nei$hbour lists should be lanned as
accurately as ossible durin$ the radio networ# lannin$ activity to hel reduce the quantity of tunin$ required
durin$ re/launch and ost/launch otimisation! The inter/frequency nei$hbour list should be $enerated by
dulicatin$ the intra/frequency nei$hbour list but excludin$ cells which have been confi$ured with only a sin$le
RF carrier! Nei$hbour relationshis should always be bi/directional! Nei$hbour lists should be audited re$ularly
to ensure that uni/directional nei$hbours are not introduced and to monitor nei$hbour list len$ths!
571 %ommon Pra4ti4e
!urrently, there are &e' net'or*s 'hich have been con&iured 'ith a second or third R? carrier. 2he second or third
R? carrier is ty)ically introduced at tra&&ic hots)ots as )art o& the ca)acity u)rade )rocess. +n eneral, this has
involved u)radin a relatively small number o& sites, or small clusters o& sites. 2his has meant that the interF
&re6uency neihbour lists could be enerated manually &rom the e7istin intraF&re6uency neihbour lists.
572 *ools
+nterF&re6uency neihbour list )lannin can be com)leted usin a )lannin tool or usin a ZhomeFmadeG tool. +& the
second R? carrier is bein introduced subse6uent to net'or* launch then the interF&re6uency neihbour )lan should
be based u)on the e7istin intraF&re6uency neihbour )lan. 2he intraF&re6uency neihbour )lan should have already
been tuned durin )reFlaunch and )ostFlaunch o)timisation. 2he tool should be ca)able o& im)ortin the e7istin
intraF&re6uency neihbour lists, du)licatin them to enerate interF&re6uency neihbour lists and e7cludin sites
'hich have been con&iured 'ith only a sinle R? carrier. 2he tool should then be ca)able o& e7)ortin the interF
&re6uency neihbour lists. +nterF&re6uency neihbour lists can be enerated manually i& relatively small numbers o&
sites are con&iured 'ith a second or third R? carrier. R/! databuild auditin should be used to ensure that
neihbour relationshi)s remain biFdirectional.
2he R/! )arameters relevant to 3G interF&re6uency neihbour list )lannin are )resented in 2able #0.
)alue
(d3i+d (D"+ 0 to #E, ste) 1 /one
(d3i@(R?!/ (D"+ 1 to 1-383, ste) 1 /one
(d3iM!! (D"+ 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3iM/! (D"+ 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3iM/!<enth (D"+ 2, 3 /one
(d3i<(! (D"+ 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3iR(! (D"+ 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
(d3iR/!id (D"+ 1 to #0$%, ste) 1 /one
(d3i!+ (D"+ 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3i,cr!ode (D"+ 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
(d3i!P+!H27P'r (D"+ F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m /one
(d3i27P'rR(!H (D"+ F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 21 d>m
(d3i27P'rDP!H (D"+ F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 21 d>m
(d3s27Div (D"+ 0 0not used1, 1 0used1 0
RtHo)i+denti&ier (D"+ 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
/rtHo)i+denti&ier (D"+ 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
(d3i,+> (D"+ R(,0-D 0 0/o1, 1 0Aes1
R@10D 0 0/o1, 1 0,+>1, 2 0,+>bis1
1 0Aes1
1 0,+>1
(d3iPriority!overae H8P+ 0 to E, ste) 1 0
(d3iPriorityBuality H8P+ 0 to E, ste) 1 0
*a+le 20 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G inter3freBuen4$ neig!+our list :lanning
RtHo)i+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y 'hat H8P )arameter sets are send in ,+>11. /rtHo)i+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y
'hat H8P )arameter sets are send in ,+>12.
3G interF&re6uency neihbours are used &or interF&re6uency cell reFselection and interF&re6uency handover. 3GPP
2,2%.331 allo's the net'or* to s)eci&y a ma7imum o& 32 interF&re6uency cells &or the @9 to measure. 2,2%.133
s)eci&ies that @9 should be ca)able o& measurin u) to 32 interF&re6uency cells 'hich can be on u) to 2 additional
R? carriers. /,/Gs R/! databuild allo's the con&iuration o& a ma7imum o& #8 interF&re6uency neihbours as lon
as there are no more than 32 interF&re6uency neihbours on any one R? carrier. 2his means that o)erators 'hich
have been assined 2 R? carriers may con&iure a ma7imum o& 32 interF&re6uency neihbours 'hereas o)erators
'hich have been assined 3 R? carriers may con&iure a ma7imum o& #8 interF&re6uency neihbours. /,/ R/!
so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- s)eci&ies that the total number o& neihbours 0intraF&re6uency, interF&re6uency and interF
system1 that are con&iured &or a cell should not e7ceed #E 'hen hierarchical cell structure is disabled and 3% 'hen
hierarchical cell structure is enabled. 2his is a result o& a con&lict in 3GPP 2,2%.331. 2his con&lict remains until
R(,0-. 2he &iures in R/! so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- are 'orst case and the material )resented in ,ection %.%
should be used &or a less )essimistic analysis. ,+>11bis is im)lemented in R@10 R/! to enable transmission o& u)
to $- neihbours and to solve this con&lict.
+n the case o& cell reFselection, the @9 reads the interF&re6uency neihbours &rom ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* 11 0,+>
111. ,+> 11 includes the 3G intraF&re6uency neihbours, the 3G interF&re6uency neihbours and the 2G neihbours.
+& there are more than 32 interF&re6uency neihbours con&iured 'ithin the R/! databuild then only a subset o& the
neihbours can be broadcast. 2he R/! databuild )arameter (d3i,+> de&ines 'hether or not a s)eci&ic interF
&re6uency neihbour should be included 'ithin ,+> 11. 2he o)erator may con&iure (d3i,+> 'ith a value o& ZyesG
0Z,+>G in R@101 &or a ma7imum o& 32 interF&re6uency neihbours. R@10 R/! enables the transmission o& the
neihbours in ,+11bis, this re6uires the settin o (d3i,+> to Z,+>bisG, 2he rate at 'hich ,+> 11 is broadcast by the
R/! de)ends u)on the ,+> )riorities de&ined 'ithin the R/! databuild and also u)on the relative siLes o& each ,+>.
<are ,+> are transmitted less &re6uently than small ,+>. 2his means that i& a lare number o& neihbours are
de&ined then the ,+> may be transmitted less &re6uently.
+n the case o& interF&re6uency handover the @9 relies u)on neihbour list in&ormation )rovided 'ithin dedicated
Measurement !ontrol messaes. 2he R/! )rovides the @9 'ith the neihbour list in&ormation 3ust )rior to
instructin it to start com)ressed mode measurements. /,/Gs im)lementation instructs the @9 to measure a sinle
R? carrier at a time. +& interF&re6uency neihbours have been de&ined &or more than a sinle R? carrier then the
R/! selects the R? carrier 'hich interF&re6uency handover should taret. 2his selection is based u)on the
(d3iPriority!overae and (d3iPriorityBuality R/! databuild )arameters. 2hese )arameters are assined on a )er
neihbour basis. (ssinin a hih value increases the )riority o& the associated R? carrier. 2he
(d3iPriority!overae )arameter is a))licable i& the interF&re6uency handover has been triered by u)lin* D!H
6uality, u)lin* transmit )o'er or !P+!H R,!P. 2he (d3iPriorityBuality )arameter is a))licable i& the interF&re6uency
handover has been triered by do'nlin* transmit )o'er or !P+!H 9cC+o. +& interF&re6uency handover &ails on the
&irst R? carrier then the neihbours associated 'ith the second R? carrier are con&iured.
/,/Gs im)lementation o& the +ur inter&ace does not su))ort interF&re6uency neihbours. 2his means that i& a @9 is in
interFR/! so&t handover 'hen interF&re6uency handover is triered then only the interF&re6uency neihbours &rom
the servin R/! are used.
+n the case that the @9 is in intraFR/! so&t or so&ter handover 'hen interF&re6uency handover is triered then the
R/! has to combine the neihbour lists belonin to the active set cells. +t is )ossible that the total number o&
neihbours belonin to a sinle R? carrier and associated 'ith the active set cells e7ceeds the ma7imum allo'ed.
+n this case the R/! is res)onsible &or reducin the number o& cells 'hich the @9 is instructed to measure to 32.
2he alorithm used to construct the combined neihbour list is the same as that used &or intraF&re6uency neihbours
'ith the e7ce)tion that the &irst ste) is e7cluded. ,ection %.- describes this alorithm. ,imilar to intraF&re6uency
neihbour lists, interF&re6uency neihbour lists should not include du)licate scramblin codes.
are missin then @9 are li*ely to &ail interF&re6uency cell reFselections and interF&re6uency handovers. Ho'ever
missin interF&re6uency neihbours are not as critical as missin intraF&re6uency neihbours because they do not
enerate the hih levels o& inter&erence 'hich are associated 'ith missin intraF&re6uency neihbours.
/eihbour lists should be )lanned durin the radio net'or* )lannin activity. 2hese neihbour lists )rovide the
initial conditions 'hich are subse6uently re&ined durin the )reFlaunch or )ost launch o)timisation activities. +nterF
&re6uency neihbours are usually introduced a&ter the net'or* has been launched and so re&inin them is usually a
)ost launch o)timisation tas*. +& the neihbour lists enerated durin the radio net'or* )lannin activity are )oor
then there 'ill be more 'or* re6uired durin the o)timisation activity.
+nterF&re6uency neihbour lists can be based u)on the intraF&re6uency neihbour lists. 2he interF&re6uency
neihbour list can be enerated by du)licatin the intraF&re6uency neihbour list but e7cludin sites 'hich have
been con&iured 'ith only a sinle R? carrier. +& there are sites 'hich have been con&iured only 'ith the second or
third R? carrier then these neihbours should be added se)arately. +& there is a lare number o& neihbours then it
may reduce the &re6uency 'ith 'hich each is measured. +t may also have an im)act u)on the rate at 'hich ne'
neihbours are detected. +& neihbour lists are too lare then it is also )ossible that im)ortant neihbours are lost
durin so&t handover 'hen neihbour lists are combined and )otentially truncated.
2able #1 )resents ty)ical numbers o& interF&re6uency neihbours 'hich are used.
%lutter *$:e *$:i4al num+er of inter3freBuen4$
neig!+ours
@rban 1#
,ubFurban 10
Rural 10
*a+le 21 9 *$:i4al inter3freBuen4$ neig!+our list lengt!s
2hese &iures assume that the second or third R? carrier has been de)loyed across a relatively lare contiuous
section o& the net'or*. +& the second or third R? carrier has been de)loyed at only a &e' sites then the interF
&re6uency neihbour lists &or the cells con&iured 'ith the &irst carrier 'ill be corres)ondinly small, 'hile the interF
&re6uency neihbour lists &or the cells con&iured 'ith the second or third carrier 'ill remain relatively lare.
56 2G Neig!+our 8ist Planning
G,M neihbours are used &or interFsystem cell reFselection and interFsystem handover.
3GPP s)eci&ications and the /,/ R/! allo' a ma7imum o& 32 interFsystem neihbours to be de&ined.
+nterFsystem neihbours are broadcast in ,+>11 0and ,+>11bis and ,+>12 in R@10 R/!1 &or cell reF
selection and are transmitted in dedicated measurement control messaes &or interFsystem handover.
+n the case o& interFsystem handover, the /,/ R/! instructs the @9 to measure all G,M neihbours &or
R,,+ measurements but only s)eci&ic neihbours on the same R? carrier &or >,+! veri&ication.
Missin neihbours result in )otentially &ailed interFsystem handovers and cell reFselections.
+nterFsystem neihbours are combined &or intraFR/! so&t handover but not &or interFR/! so&t handover.
G,M neihbour lists can be based u)on e7istin >,! 2G neihbour lists 'hen sites are coFsited.
+& an o)erator has both G,M$00 and D!,1800 net'or*s then it is )ossible to de&ine interFsystem
neihbours only &or the G,M$00 layer or only &or the D!,1800 layer.
NSN Recommendation: The sum of the intra/frequency% inter/frequency and inter/system nei$hbours should not
exceed the caacity of S&B006S&B05 ?S&B00bis is imlemented in RU0- RN( to enable transmission of u to @3
nei$hbours% limitation remains on S&B05A! Nei$hbour lists should be lanned as accurately as ossible durin$ the
radio networ# lannin$ activity to hel reduce the quantity of tunin$ required durin$ re/launch and ost/launch
otimisation! &nter/system nei$hbour lists should be based uon existin$ BS( nei$hbour lists whenever ossible!
The number of inter/system nei$hbours on the same RF carrier should be minimised! Nei$hbour relationshis
should always be bi/directional! Nei$hbour lists should be audited re$ularly to ensure that uni/directional
nei$hbours are not introduced and to monitor nei$hbour list len$ths!
561 %ommon Pra4ti4e
is o&ten assumed that neihbour lists 'ill be re&ined durin )reFlaunch or )ostFlaunch o)timisation and that initial
neihbour list )lannin does not have to be very accurate. 2his is acce)table as lon as the im)act u)on
o)timisation is reconised. 8)timisation is usually limited to a s)eci&ic drive route. 2his means that neihbours
'hich are re6uired a'ay &rom the drive route must be identi&ied durin the )lannin )rocess. +n addition,
o)timisation tends to &ocus u)on addin missin neihbours rather than deletin unnecessary neihbours. 2his
means that the initial neihbour list )lan should be lare enouh to ca)ture those neihbours 'hich may not be
added by the )reFlaunch o)timisation activity but should not be e7cessively lare. +t is di&&icult to enerate ideal
neihbour lists durin the neihbour list )lannin because o& di&&erences bet'een )redicted and actual )ro)aation.
+& a relatively sim)listic tool is bein used then it may be limited to usin distance and antenna aLimuth rather than
)ro)aation loss. 8)erators o&ten enerate their o'n tools &or neihbour list )lannin. 2here is a tendency to add
more neihbours rather than less althouh tarets are usually de&ined to limit the ma7imum number o& neihbours
'hich are assined to each cell. +t is common &or o)erators to com)lete audits on their neihbour list )lans to
ensure that all neihbours are biFdirectional and the number o& neihbours remains reasonable. (uditin is o&ten
com)leted usin a ZhomeFmadeG scri)t rather than a )lannin tool.
562 *ools
+nterFsystem neihbour list )lannin can be com)leted usin a )lannin tool or usin a ZhomeFmadeG tool. +& 3G sites
are coFsited 'ith 2G sites then G,M neihbour lists con&iured 'ithin the R/! can be based u)on those con&iured
'ithin the >,!. ;hichever tool is used, it should be ca)able o& e7)ortin the interFsystem neihbour lists &or
con&iuration 'ithin the R/!. +nterFsystem neihbour lists can be enerated manually i& a relatively small number o&
sites are to be )lanned. R/! databuild auditin should be used to ensure that neihbour relationshi)s remain biF
directional.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to 2G neihbour list )lannin are )resented in 2able #2.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $# 018%1
)alue
(d3+d (D"G 0 to 31, ste) 1 /one
(d3>and+ndicator (D"G 1 01$001, 0 018001 /one
(d3>!!H (D"G 0 to 1023, ste) 1 /one
(d3>!! (D"G 0 to E, ste) 1 /one
(d3/!! (D"G 0 to E, ste) 1 /one
(d3M!! (D"G 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3M/! (D"G 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
(d3M/!<enth (D"G 2, 3 /one
(d3<(! (D"G 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3!+ (D"G 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d327P'rR(!H (D"G F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m /one
(d327P'r2!H (D"G 0 to #3, ste) 1 d>m /one
RtHo)i+denti&ier (D"G 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
/rtHo)i+denti&ier (D"G 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
(d3,+> (D"G R(,0-D 0 0/o1, 1 0Aes1
R@10D 0 0/o1, 1 0,+>1, 2 0,+>bis1
1 0Aes1
1 0,+>1
*a+le 22 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 2G neig!+our list :lanning
G,M neihbours are used &or interFsystem cell reFselection and interFsystem handover. 3GPP 2,2%.331 allo's the
net'or* to s)eci&y a ma7imum o& 32 G,M cells &or the @9 to measure. 2,2%.133 s)eci&ies that @9 should be
ca)able o& measurin u) to 32 G,M cells 'hich can be on u) to 32 R? carriers. /,/Gs R/! databuild allo's the
con&iuration o& 32 G,M neihbours )er cell. /,/ R/! so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- s)eci&ies that the total number
o& neihbours 0intraF&re6uency, interF&re6uency and interFsystem1 that are con&iured &or a cell should not e7ceed #E
'hen hierarchical cell structure is disabled and 3% 'hen hierarchical cell structure is enabled. 2his is a result o& a
con&lict in 3GPP 2,2%.331. 2he &iures in R/! so&t'are 2echnical /ote #- are 'orst case and the material
)resented in ,ection %.% should be used &or a less )essimistic analysis. 2he o)erator may con&iure (d3,+> 'ith a
value o& Z/oG 0Z,+>G in R@101 to disable the transmission o& that neihbour in&o in ,+>11C12. R@10 R/! enables the
transmission o& the neihbours in ,+11bis, this re6uires the settin o& (d3,+> to Z,+>bisG.
+n the case o& cell reFselection, the @9 reads the G,M neihbours &rom ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* 11 0,+> 111.
,+>11 includes the 3G intraF&re6uency neihbours, the 3G interF&re6uency neihbours and the G,M neihbours.
2hese neihbours may be used &or both RR! idle and RR! connected modes. 3GPP 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies that ,+>
12 may be used to de&ine a di&&erent neihbour list &or use in connected mode. +& ,+> 12 is not broadcast then the
@9 assumes that the neihbours )rovided 'ithin ,+> 11 may be used &or both connected and idle modes. /,/
R/! so&t'are broadcasts ,+> 11 and ,+> 12, but i& con&iured the same neihbour lists are used &or connected and
idle modes and only ,+> 11 is send.
+n the case o& interFsystem handover the @9 relies u)on neihbour list in&ormation )rovided 'ithin dedicated
Measurement !ontrol messaes. 2he R/! )rovides the @9 'ith the neihbour list in&ormation 3ust )rior to
instructin it to start com)ressed mode measurements. +n the case o& !, s)eech interFsystem handover 0!, data
interFsystem handover is not su))orted by the /,/ R(/1, the @9 has to com)lete G,M R,,+ measurements and
>,+! veri&ication. 8nce the @9 has com)leted the G,M R,,+ measurements the G,M neihbour list is reduced to
only those neihbours 'hich are on the R? carrier 'hich 'as re)orted to have the hihest R,,+. 2y)ically, this is a
sinle neihbour. +n the case o& P, data interFsystem handover, the @9 has to com)lete G,M R,,+ measurements.
>,+! veri&ication is only re6uired i& there is more than a sinle neihbour on the R? carrier 'hich 'as re)orted to
have the hihest R,,+. +& >,+! veri&ication is re6uired &or P, data interFsystem handover then the G,M neihbour
list is reduced to only those neihbours 'hich are on the R? carrier o& interest. >,+! veri&ication is more di&&icult
than R,,+ measurement because it re6uires synchronisation 'ith the G,M system and it also re6uires the ca)ture
o& a >!!H &rame 'hich includes the >,+!. 2his means that it is )re&erable that G,M neihbour lists do not include
neihbours on the same R? carrier.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $% 018%1
/,/Gs im)lementation o& the +ur inter&ace does not su))ort G,M neihbours. 2his means that i& a @9 is in interF
R/! so&t handover 'hen interFsystem handover is triered then only the G,M neihbours &rom the servin R/!
are used. /,/ R/! does not su))ort interFsystem handover &rom !9<<H?(!H nor does it su))ort interFsystem
handover 'hile R/! anchorin is bein a))lied.
+n the case that the @9 is in intraFR/! so&t or so&ter handover 'hen interFsystem handover is triered then the
R/! has to combine the neihbour lists belonin to the active set cells. +t is )ossible that the total number o& G,M
neihbours associated 'ith the active set cells e7ceeds the ma7imum allo'ed. +n this case the R/! is res)onsible
&or reducin the number o& cells 'hich the @9 is instructed to measure to 32. 2he alorithm used to construct the
combined neihbour list is the same as that used &or intraF&re6uency neihbours 'ith the e7ce)tion that the &irst ste)
is e7cluded. ,ection %.- describes this alorithm.
are missin then @9 are li*ely to &ail interFsystem cell reFselections and interFsystem handovers. De&inin nonFideal
G,M neihbour lists can cause interFsystem handovers to &ail even i& @9 success&ully com)lete the R,,+
measurements and >,+! veri&ication. +n the case o& P, data service interFsystem handover, handin over onto a
nonFideal G,M neihbour means that @9 are li*ely to com)lete a G,M cell reFselection as soon as they move onto
the G,M system. 2his cell reFselection can slo' do'n the interFsystem handover )rocedure and cause it to &ail &rom
timeFout.
initial conditions 'hich are subse6uently re&ined durin )reFlaunch o)timisation. ,ome o)erators may chose to
introduce interFsystem cell reFselection and interFsystem handover subse6uent to net'or* launch. +n this case, the
G,M neihbour lists should be re&ined durin )ostFlaunch o)timisation. +& the neihbour lists enerated durin the
radio net'or* )lannin activity are )oor then there 'ill be more 'or* re6uired durin the )reFlaunch or )ost launch
o)timisation activity.
+& 3G sites are coFsited 'ith 2G sites then G,M neihbour lists con&iured 'ithin the R/! can be based u)on those
con&iured 'ithin the >,!. +& there is a lare number o& neihbours then it may reduce the &re6uency 'ith 'hich
each is measured. +t may also have an im)act u)on the rate at 'hich ne' neihbours are detected. +& neihbour
lists are too lare then it is also )ossible that im)ortant neihbours are lost durin so&t handover 'hen neihbour
lists are combined and )otentially truncated. +& an o)erator has both G,M$00 and D!,1800 net'or*s then it is
)ossible to de&ine interFsystem neihbours only &or the G,M$00 layer or only &or the D!,1800 layer. Mobility
bet'een the G,M$00 and D!,1800 layers can then be handled by the G,M system.
2able #3 )resents ty)ical numbers o& neihbours 'hich are used.
%lutter *$:e *$:i4al num+er of inter3s$stem
neig!+ours
@rban 1#
,ubFurban 10
Rural 10
*a+le 23 9 *$:i4al inter3s$stem neig!+our list lengt!s
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $- 018%1
57 ,S% 3G Neig!+our 8ist Planning
>,! interFsystem neihbours are used &or interFsystem cell reFselection and interFsystem handover.
/,/Gs im)lementation o& the >,, allo's the de&inition o& 32 @M2, ?DD neihbours.
2he de&inition o& 3G neihbours has an im)act u)on the ma7imum number o& G,M neihbours 'hich can
be de&ined 'ithin the >,!.
;hen a @9 is in G,M idle mode, GPR, )ac*et idle mode or GPR, )ac*et trans&er mode then it reads the
3G neihbour list &rom ,+26uater and P,+36uater system in&ormation messaes.
;hen a @9 is in G,M connected mode then it reads the 3G neihbour list &rom measurement in&ormation
messaes 'hich are sent on the ,(!!H.
2he lenth o& a sinle ,+26uater messae is not su&&icient to accommodate 32 interFsystem neihbours.
+& multi)le ,+26uater messaes are re6uired then the @9 must 'ait until it has received the com)lete set
be&ore it is able to ma*e a cell reFselection decision.
+& neihbours are missin then @9 may &ail interFsystem handovers and may remain on the G,M system
loner than necessary.
+& 3G sites are coFsited 'ith 2G sites then 3G neihbour lists con&iured 'ithin the >,! can be based u)on
the e7istin 2G neihbour lists.
NSN Recommendation: The number of BS( <2 nei$hbours should be minimised to reduce the number of
system information messa$es required to broadcast them! The number of BS( <2 nei$hbours should be
sufficiently $reat to ensure that U. are able to handover and re/select the <2 system once in covera$e!
Nei$hbour lists should be lanned as accurately as ossible durin$ the radio networ# lannin$ activity to hel
reduce the quantity of tunin$ required durin$ re/launch and ost/launch otimisation! &nter/system nei$hbour
lists should be based uon existin$ BS( nei$hbour lists whenever ossible! Nei$hbour relationshis should
always be bi/directional! Nei$hbour lists should be audited re$ularly to ensure that uni/directional nei$hbours are
not introduced and to monitor nei$hbour list len$ths!
571 %ommon Pra4ti4e
is o&ten assumed that neihbour lists 'ill be re&ined durin )reFlaunch or )ostFlaunch o)timisation and that initial
neihbour list )lannin does not have to be very accurate. 2his is acce)table as lon as the im)act u)on
o)timisation is reconised. 8)timisation is usually limited to a s)eci&ic drive route. 2his means that neihbours
'hich are re6uired a'ay &rom the drive route must be identi&ied durin the )lannin )rocess. +n addition,
o)timisation tends to &ocus u)on addin missin neihbours rather than deletin unnecessary neihbours. 2his
means that the initial neihbour list )lan should be lare enouh to ca)ture those neihbours 'hich may not be
added by the )reFlaunch o)timisation activity but should not be e7cessively lare. +t is di&&icult to enerate ideal
neihbour lists durin the neihbour list )lannin because o& di&&erences bet'een )redicted and actual )ro)aation.
+& a relatively sim)listic tool is bein used then it may be limited to usin distance and antenna aLimuth rather than
)ro)aation loss. 8)erators o&ten enerate their o'n tools &or neihbour list )lannin. 2here is a tendency to add
more neihbours rather than less althouh tarets are usually de&ined to limit the ma7imum number o& neihbours
'hich are assined to each cell. +t is common &or o)erators to com)lete audits on their neihbour list )lans to
ensure that all neihbours are biFdirectional and the number o& neihbours remains reasonable. (uditin is o&ten
com)leted usin a ZhomeFmadeG scri)t rather than a )lannin tool.
572 *ools
>,! 3G neihbour list )lannin can be com)leted usin a )lannin tool or usin a ZhomeFmadeG tool. +& 3G sites are
coFsited 'ith 2G sites then 3G neihbour lists con&iured 'ithin the >,! can be based u)on the e7istin 2G
neihbour lists. ;hichever tool is used, it should be ca)able o& e7)ortin the 3G neihbour lists &or con&iuration
'ithin the >,!. +nterFsystem neihbour lists can be enerated manually i& a relatively small number o& sites are to
be )lanned. >,! databuild auditin should be used to ensure that neihbour relationshi)s remain biFdirectional.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $E 018%1
573 ,S% #ata+uild Parameters
2he >,! databuild )arameters relevant to 3G neihbour list )lannin are )resented in 2able ##.
)alue
ucell+nde7 (D"; 0 to 31, ste) 1 /one
c+d (D"; 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
int,ystemDa9cio2hr (D"; F2# to 0.%, ste) 0.% d> /one
t7Diversity+nd (D"; Aes, /o /one
location(rea+dDDlac (D"; 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 0e7ce)t -%%3#1 /one
min9cno2hreshold (D"; F2# to 0.%, ste) 0.% d> /one
location(rea+dDDmcc (D"; 0 to $$$, ste) 1 /one
location(rea+dDDmnc (D"; 0 to $, ste) 1 0sinleFdiit M/!1
0 to $$, ste) 1 02Fdiit M/!1
0 to $$$, ste) 1 03Fdiit M/!1
/one
rncid (D"; 1 to #0$%, ste) 1 /one
&ddRe)ortinPriority (D"; 0 0normal1, 1 0hih1 /one
scramblin!ode (D"; 0 to %11, ste) 1 /one
sac (D"; 0 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
uar&cn (D"; 0 to 1-383, ste) 1 /one
*a+le 22 9 ,S% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to 3G neig!+our list :lanning
>,! interFsystem neihbours are used &or interFsystem cell reFselection and interFsystem handover. +nterFsystem
cell reFselection is a))licable to @9 'hich are in G,M idle mode, GPR, )ac*et idle mode and GPR, )ac*et
trans&er mode. +nterFsystem handover is a))licable to @9 'hich are in G,M connected mode. +& a circuit s'itched
connection is moved onto the G,M system then it is common to allo' that connection to remain on the G,M
system until the @9 moves to G,M idle mode, i.e. interFsystem handover is disabled. 2he @9 can then return to the
3G system usin interFsystem cell reFselection. (lternatively, interFsystem handover &rom the G,M system could be
triered as soon as the @9 returns to an area o& 3G coverae. +& a )ac*et s'itched connection is moved onto the
GPR, system then it is common to return that connection to the 3G system as soon as the @9 returns to an area o&
3G coverae.
3GPP 2,##.018 allo's the >,! to s)eci&y a ma7imum o& 32 @M2, ?DD neihbours, 32 @M2, 2DD neihbours
and 32 !DM( 2000 neihbours. /,/Gs im)lementation o& the >,, allo's the de&inition o& 32 @M2, ?DD
neihbours. 2he de&inition o& 3G neihbours has an im)act u)on the ma7imum number o& G,M neihbours 'hich
can be de&ined 'ithin the >,!. +& there are no 3G neihbours de&ined then /,/Gs im)lementation allo's the
s)eci&ication o& 32 G,M neihbours, or 31 G,M neihbours i& the common >!!H is active. 2he common >!!H
reduces the number o& neihbours because the servin cell is included as )art o& the neihbour list. +& 3G
neihbours are de&ined then /,/Gs im)lementation allo's the s)eci&ication o& 31 G,M neihbours, or 30 G,M
neihbours i& the common >!!H is active. ;hen a @9 is in G,M idle mode, GPR, )ac*et idle mode or GPR,
)ac*et trans&er mode then it reads the 3G neihbour list &rom system in&ormation messaes. 3GPP 2,##.018
s)eci&ies that 3G neihbours can be broadcast on ,+26uater and ,+2ter. /,/Gs im)lementation o& the >,,
broadcasts 3G neihbours on ,+26uater. +& the )ac*et >!!H is active then 3G neihbours are also broadcast on
P,+36uater &or GPR, ca)able @9. ;hen a @9 is in G,M connected mode then it reads the 3G neihbour list &rom
measurement in&ormation messaes 'hich are sent on the ,(!!H. 2here is a short )eriod o& time a&ter enterin
G,M connected mode durin 'hich the @9 has not yet received the measurement in&ormation messaes. Durin
this )eriod o& time the @9 uses the 3G neihbour list in&ormation &rom the system in&ormation messaes.
3GPP 2,##.018 s)eci&ies that the lenth o& the ,+26uater messae is 23 bytes. 2his is not su&&icient to
accommodate 32 3G neihbours. Multi)le ,+26uater messaes are re6uired to accommodate 32 3G neihbours. +&
the 3G neihbour list is relatively short then the com)lete set o& neihbours can be accommodated 'ithin a sinle
,+26uater messae and cell reFselection can be com)leted more ra)idly. +& multi)le ,+26uater messaes are
re6uired then the @9 must 'ait until it has received the com)lete set be&ore it is able to ma*e a cell reFselection
decision. ( sinle ,+26uater messae is able to accommodate 10 3G neihbours. 2his means that it is bene&icial i&
3G neihbour lists can be limited to a lenth o& 10. /evertheless it is im)ortant that su&&icient neihbours are
included 'ithin the neihbour lists. +& neihbours are missin then @9 may &ail interFsystem handovers and may
remain on the G,M system loner than necessary. 2able #% )resents ty)ical numbers o& >,! 3G neihbours.
%lutter *$:e *$:i4al num+er of ,S% 3G neig!+ours
@rban 1#
,ubFurban 10
Rural 10
*a+le 25 9 *$:i4al ,S% 3G neig!+our list lengt!s
initial conditions 'hich are subse6uently re&ined durin )reFlaunch o)timisation. 8)timisation can be com)leted
usin measurements &rom a 2G scanner. ,ome o)erators may chose to introduce interFsystem cell reFselection and
interFsystem handover subse6uent to net'or* launch. +n this case, the >,! 3G neihbour lists should be re&ined
durin )ostFlaunch o)timisation. +& the neihbour lists enerated durin the radio net'or* )lannin activity are )oor
then there 'ill be more 'or* re6uired durin the )reFlaunch or )ost launch o)timisation activity.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae $$ 018%1
510 8o4ation Area@ Routing Area@ Ser"i4e Area and %ell /dentit$ Planning
<ocation (reas 0<(1 and Routin (reas 0R(1 are used by the core net'or* to trac* @9 locations.
<( u)dates 0<(@1 and R( u)dates 0R(@1 can be either normal 0resultin &rom mobility1 or )eriodic.
2he R/! and ,G,/ databuilds de&ine the )eriodic <(@ and R(@ timers res)ectively.
2he minimum )ossible siLe o& a <( is a sinle cell. 2he ma7imum )ossible siLe o& a <( is the collection o&
cells connected to a sinle :<R.
2he minimum )ossible siLe o& a R( is a sinle cell. ( R( is al'ays contained 'ithin a sinle <(.
+& <( and R( are )lanned to be relatively lare then they may accommodate lare numbers o& @9 and so
the 6uantity o& )ain tra&&ic increases. +& location areas are )lanned to be relatively small then there 'ill be
an increase in the 6uantity o& sinalin enerated by normal <( u)dates.
,ome @9 have )oor call establishment )er&ormance 'hen attem)tin to establish a call at the same time as
com)letin a <( or R( u)date. 2here is also a short )eriod o& time durin 'hich a @9 cannot be )aed
'hen com)letin a normal <( or R( u)date.
8)erators 'ho have e7istin 2G net'or*s may )lan their 2G and 3G net'or*s usin the same location area
codes and the same routin area codes. 2he dra'bac*s are an increased 6uantity o& )ain on both
systems and a re6uirement to coFordinate to ensure di&&erent cell identities.
,ervice areas can be used to in&orm the core net'or* o& a @9Gs location. 2hey are currently used &or
emerency service calls. 2he ,ervice (rea >roadcast 0,(>1 &eature also uses service areas.
NSN Recommendation: "ocation areas and routin$ areas should be defined to be the same! "ocation areas and
routin$ areas should be lanned to be relatively lar$e rather than relatively small! The minimum si>e should be
the collection of cells connected to a sin$le RN(! &f there are issues with establishin$ connections while
comletin$ location area and routin$ area udate rocedures then location areas and routin$ areas may be
defined to include multile RN(! .xistin$ 52 location area and routin$ area boundaries should be used as a
basis for definin$ <2 location area and routin$ area boundaries! "ocation areas and routin$ areas should not run
close to and arallel to ma:or roads nor railways! "i#ewise% boundaries should not traverse dense subscriber
areas! (ells which are located at a "A or RA boundary and which exerience lar$e numbers of udates should
be monitored to evaluate the imact of the udate rocedures! &n $eneral% <2 location areas and routin$ areas
should be assi$ned different identities to 52 location areas and routin$ areas! This reduces the quantity of
a$in$ on each system and avoids the requirement to co/ordinate cell identities! &f there are issues with
establishin$ connections while comletin$ inter/system cell re/selection then the <2 and 52 systems should be
assi$ned the same location area and routin$ area identities! The service area code should be assi$ned a value
which is equal to the cell identity!
+t is common )ractice to de&ine location areas and routin areas such that they share the same boundaries. +t is also
common )ractice to de&ine location area and routin area boundaries to be the same as R/! boundaries, i.e. each
R/! has a sinle <( and a sinle R(. +n some cases, location areas and routin areas have been de&ined to s)an
multi)le R/!. (n e7am)le o& this included # R/! 'ithin the same location area and routin area. 2his 'as done to
hel) avoid issues 'ith establishin connections 'hile com)letin the location area and routin area u)date
)rocedures. +n the case o& o)erators 'ith both 2G and 3G net'or*s then the ma3ority have assined di&&erent
location area and routin area identities to the t'o net'or*s. Ho'ever there have also been instances 'here the
same identities have been assined. ,ome o)erators have s)eci&ied the ,(! such that they e6ual the !+. 8ther
o)erators have develo)ed an inde)endent numberin scheme &or the ,(!.
5102 *ools
Radio net'or* )lannin tools, e.. /et(ct )lanner, o&ten include &ields 'ithin their database structure &or location
area code, routin area code and cell identity. Ho'ever these tools do not usually com)lete the )lannin )rocess
itsel&. Planners have to identi&y boundaries and assin the codes in a relatively manual &ashion.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to location area, routin area, service area and cell identity )lannin are
)resented in 2able #-.
)alue
<(! ;!9< 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
R(! ;!9< 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
,(! ;!9< 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
!+D ;!9< 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3s<(! (D", 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3i<(! (D"+ 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3<(! (D"G 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3d<(! (D"D 1 to -%%3%, ste) 1 /one
(d3sR(! (D", 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
(d3iR(! (D"+ 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
(d3dR(! (D"D 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 /one
!,H23212 R/!C+u<istC+u+tem 0 to 2%%, ste) 1 decihours 0
@R(+d<ist ;!9< ,tructure 'ith 8 @R(+d values /C(
@R(+d ;!9< 1..-%%3%, ste) 1 /C(
*a+le 26 9 RN% :arameters rele"ant to lo4ation area@ routing area@ ser"i4e area and 4ell identit$ :lanning
5102 SGSN #ata+uild Parameters
2he ,G,/ databuild )arameters relevant to location area, routin area and cell identity )lannin are )resented in
2able #E.
Name S4o:e Range #efault
PeriodicRa@)date2imerMin 0233121 ,G,/ 3- to 18-, ste) - minutes, disabled disabled
PeriodicRa@)date2imer,ec 0233121 ,G,/ 0 to -2, ste) 2 s, disabled disabled
*a+le 27 9 SGSN data+uild :arameters rele"ant to lo4ation area@ routing area and 4ell identit$ :lanning
<ocation (reas 0<(1 and Routin (reas 0R(1 are used by the core net'or* to trac* the location o& a @9. 2he core
net'or* includes a !, service domain and a P, service domain. <( are used only by the !, service domain
'hereas R( are used only by the P, service domain. 9ach core net'or* service domain has its o'n inde)endent
state machine &or each @9. 2he main !, service states are !,FD92(!H9D, !,F+D<9 and !,F!8//9!29D. 2he
main P, service states are P,FD92(!H9D, P,F+D<9 and P,F!8//9!29D.
<( u)dates and R( u)dates can be either normal or )eriodic. /ormal u)dates result &rom @9 mobility, i.e. 'hen a
@9 moves across a <( or R( boundary. Periodic <( u)dates are com)leted 'ith a &re6uency de&ined by the timer
23212. 2his timer is broadcast 'ithin ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* 1 0,+>11. Periodic R( u)dates are com)leted 'ith a
&re6uency de&ined by the timer 23312. 2his timer is sent to the @9 'ithin the (ttach (cce)t and Routin (rea
@)date (cce)t messaes. ( @9 'ill only initiate a <( u)date i& it is in !,F+D<9 state. 2he <( u)date can be either
normal or )eriodic and the @9 can be in either RR! !onnected mode or RR! +dle mode. ( @9 can initiate a R(
u)date i& it is in P,F+D<9 state. 2his u)date can be either normal or )eriodic and the @9 can be in either RR!
!onnected mode or RR! +dle mode. +n addition, a @9 can initiate a normal R( u)date 'hen in P,F!8//9!29D
state i& the net'or* sends a @2R(/ M8>+<+2A +/?8RM(2+8/ messae to indicate a chane o& R( a&ter an ,R/,
relocation. <( u)dates and R( u)dates can be combined i& the Gs inter&ace bet'een the M,! and ,G,/ has been
im)lemented. +n&ormation 'ithin ,+>1 indicates 'hether or not combined <( and R( u)dates are )ossible.
( <( is identi&ied lobally usin a <ocation (rea +denti&ication 0<(+1. 2he <(+ is a concatenation o& the Mobile
!ountry !ode 0M!!1, Mobile /et'or* !ode 0M/!1 and <ocation (rea !ode 0<(!1. ( R( is identi&ied lobally usin
a Routin (rea +denti&ication 0R(+1. 2he R(+ is a concatenation o& the <(+ and the Routin (rea !ode 0R(!1. ;hile
in RR! +dle mode, the @9 reads the <(! and R(! &rom ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* 1 0,+>11. ;hile in RR!
!onnected mode, the @9 relies u)on the net'or* indicatin a chane o& location area or routin area usin
dedicated sinalin. 2he !, core net'or* domain uses a 2M,+ to identi&y a @9 'ithin a <(. 9ach @9 'ithin a <(
must there&ore have a uni6ue 2M,+. 2he P, core net'or* domain uses a PF2M,+ to identi&y a @9 'ithin a R(. 9ach
@9 'ithin a R( must there&ore have a uni6ue PF2M,+. 2M,+ and PF2M,+ are u)dated durin the location area and
routin area u)date )rocedures res)ectively.
( <( is de&ined as an area 'ithin 'hich a @9 can move 'ithin !,F+D<9 state 'ithout havin to u)date the :<R.
2he minimum )ossible siLe o& a <( is a sinle cell. 2he ma7imum )ossible siLe o& a <( is the collection o& cells
connected to a sinle :<R. ( R( is de&ined as an area 'ithin 'hich a @9 can move 'ithin P,F+D<9 state 'ithout
havin to u)date the ,G,/. 2he minimum )ossible siLe o& a R( is a sinle cell. ( R( is al'ays contained 'ithin a
sinle <(. 3GPP 2,23.121 s)eci&ies the &ollo'inD
a <( consists o& cells belonin to one or more R/!s that are connected to the same !/ node
a <( is handled by only one !/ node, i.e. one M,!C:<R
a R( consists o& cells belonin to one or more R/!s that are connected to the same !/ node
a R( is handled by only one !/ node, i.e. one ,G,/
a R( is a subset o& one and only one <(, meanin that R( do not s)an more than one <(
it is )ossible &or R( and <( to be de&ined to be e6ual
2he ma))in bet'een a <( and its associated R/!s is handled by the a))ro)riate M,!C:<R
2he ma))in bet'een a R( and its associated R/!s is handled by the a))ro)riate ,G,/
2he ma))in bet'een a <( and its cells is handled by the R/!
2he ma))in bet'een a R( and its cells is handled by the R/!
;hen a @9 is in RR! idle mode and !,F+D<9 state then the !, core net'or* domain *no's the location o& the @9
'ith a resolution o& its location area. 2his means that 'hen a !, oriinated )ain messae needs to be sent, then
it must be broadcast across the entire location area. +& location areas are )lanned to be relatively lare then they
accommodate relatively lare numbers o& @9 and so the 6uantity o& )ain tra&&ic increases. +& location areas are
)lanned to be relatively small then there 'ill be an increase in the 6uantity o& sinalin enerated by normal <(
u)dates. 2here is thus a tradeFo&& bet'een the 6uantity o& )ain tra&&ic and the 6uantity o& normal <( u)date
sinalin. 2he same arument e7ists &or routin areas and P, oriinated )ain.
2he current /,/ recommendation is to )lan location areas and routin areas to be relatively lare rather than
relatively small. 2his is because the )ain ca)acity o& the net'or* is su&&icient to co)e 'ith lare numbers o& @9. (
sinle )ain ty)e 1 messae 0)ain ty)e 2 messae is a))licable to connected mode )ain1 is able to )ae 8
@9. +n the case that a sinle ,F!!P!H has been con&iured &or a cell, the transmission time interval &or the )ain
trans)ort channel is 10 ms 'hile the trans)ort bloc* siLe is 80 bits and the trans)ort bloc* set siLe is 1. +& it assumed
that a )ain messae 'hich )aes 8 @9 is 2#0 bits in siLe then a cell can )ae 2-- @9 )er second or
a))ro7imately $%0 000 )er hour. 2his &iure is reater than the ca)ability o& a sinle R/!. (n R/! 'hich has been
con&iured 'ith its ma7imum ca)acity, i.e. con&iuration %, is able to )rocess 20# 000 call attem)ts durin the busy
hour. +& it is assumed that 30 U o& these call attem)ts are mobile terminated then this means that an R/! can be
e7)ected to handle -1 000 )aes 'ithin the busy hour. 2his indicates that a location area could include 1% R/!
be&ore the airFinter&ace )ain ca)acity becomes the limitin &actor 0this does not account &or connected mode
)ain and ,M,1. +t is thus acce)table to )lan location areas to include multi)le R/!. 2his has the bene&it o&
reducin the number o& normal <( u)dates and R( u)dates. 2his is bene&icial because in addition to the reduction
in sinalin, some @9 have )oor call establishment )er&ormance 'hen attem)tin to establish a call at the same
time as com)letin a <( or R( u)date. 2here is also a short )eriod o& time durin 'hich a @9 cannot be )aed
'hen com)letin a normal <( or R( u)date, i.e. 'hen it has moved into a ne' <( or R( but has not yet )er&ormed
the corres)ondin u)date to in&orm the net'or*.
8)erators 'ho have e7istin 2G net'or*s may 'ish to )lan their 2G and 3G net'or*s usin the same location area
codes and the same routin area codes. +& this a))roach is ado)ted then the 2G and 3G cells must be )lanned 'ith
di&&erent !ell +dentities. 2he !ell Global +denti&ication 0!G+1 is de&ined by a concatenation o& the M!!, M/!, <(!
and !+. 2he !G+ must be uni6ue &or 2G and 3G cells. +& the 2G and 3G net'or*s are )lanned 'ith the same <( and
R( codes then the core net'or* is not able to distinuish bet'een the t'o net'or*s &or )ain )ur)oses. 2his
means that both 2G and 3G )ain a))ears on both the 2G and 3G net'or*s. 2he bene&it o& usin the same
location area and routin area )lan is that there is less chance o& a @9 missin a )ain messae 'hen it is
com)letin interFsystem cell reFselection. 2he dra'bac*s are an increased 6uantity o& )ain on both systems and
a re6uirement to coFordinate cell identities. +n )ractice it may be di&&icult to im)lement the same location areas &or
2G and 3G as a result o& them not havin the same coverae areas and not all sites bein coFsited.
<( and R( boundaries used &or the 2G system are li*ely to be relatively mature and may have already been
o)timised in terms o& their locations. 2his means that they )rovide a ood startin )oint &or the de&inition o& 3G <(
and R( boundaries. 2his is irres)ective o& 'hether or not the same <( and R( codes are used. <( and R(
boundaries should not run close to and )arallel to ma3or roads nor rail'ays other'ise there is a ris* o& relatively
lare numbers o& u)dates. <i*e'ise, boundaries should not traverse dense subscriber areas. !ells 'hich are
located at a <( or R( boundary and 'hich e7)erience lare numbers o& u)dates should be monitored to evaluate
the im)act o& the u)date )rocedures. +t is only necessary to decrease the siLe o& a R( area relative to a <( i& there
is a lare 6uantity o& )ain &rom the P, service domain. <( and R( boundaries should be accounted &or durin the
cluster identi&ication tas* associated 'ith )reFlaunch o)timisation. !lusters should be de&ined such that <( and R(
boundaries are crossed durin drive tests. 2his hel)s to veri&y that the u)date )rocedures are success&ul and do not
have a sini&icant im)act u)on services.
( ,ervice (rea 0,(1 is identi&ied lobally usin its ,ervice (rea +denti&ier 0,(+1. 2he ,(+ is a concatenation o& the
Mobile !ountry !ode 0M!!1, Mobile /et'or* !ode 0M/!1, <ocation (rea !ode 0<(!1 and ,ervice (rea !ode
0,(!1. 2he ,(! can be con&iured on a )er cell basis 'ith a value e6ual to the cell identity 0!+1. 2his hel)s to
sim)li&y system desin. ,ervice areas are used by /,/ R(/ &or emerency service calls, location based services
and the ,ervice (rea >roadcast 0,(>1 &eature 'hich ma*es use o& a third ,F!!P!H and ,ervice (rea !odes &or
,(> 0,(!>1. ( s)eci&ic ,(! can be assined to multi)le cells 'ithin a location area 'hereas a ,(!> must be
uni6ue &or each cell 'ithin a location area.
511 RN% Area Planning
R/! )lannin involves identi&yin the number o& R/! 'hich are re6uired and then determinin 'hich /ode
> should be connected to each R/!.
R(,0- includes R/!1$- and R/!#%0 solution, 'hich su))ort % di&&erent ca)acity con&iurations. R@10
introduces R/!2-00 solution 'ith 3 di&&erent ca)acity con&iurations
;hen @9 'ith active connections move &rom the coverae area o& one R/! to the coverae area o&
another R/! then sinalin and user )lane data is trans&erred across the +ur inter&ace.
+& a @9 is in so&t handover bet'een cells connected to both, an ,R/! and a DR/! then some )rocedures
become less o)timal.
+& a @9 moves com)letely into the coverae area o& a DR/!, i.e. the active set does not include any cells
'hich are connected to the ,R/!, then ,R/, relocation may be com)leted.
+& a third )arty core net'or* does not su))ort ,R/, relocation R/! anchorin must be used.
2he number o& R/! can be dimensioned based u)on the number o& /ode >, the number o& carriers and the
+ub throuh)ut.
NSN Recommendation: The RN( lannin$ tas# should start by identifyin$ a strate$y for deloyin$ either a
relatively low number of hi$h caacity RN( or a relatively hi$h number of low caacity RN(! The number of RN(
required should be dimensioned accordin$ to the number of Node B% the number of carriers and the &ub
throu$hut! &f there is not a clear <2 traffic exectation then the number of RN( should be dimensioned
accordin$ to B- = of the maximum ossible number of Node B! .xistin$ BS( area boundaries should be used
as a basis for definin$ RN( area boundaries! RN( boundaries should balance traffic between RN(! RN( areas
should not run close to and arallel to ma:or roads nor railways! "i#ewise% RN( boundaries should not traverse
dense subscriber areas! 9nce the RN( boundaries have been defined then a strate$y should be develoed to
secify the hysical location of each RN(% i!e! centralised or distributed!
(ll &ive R/! ca)acity con&iurations have been de)loyed by various o)erators. +t is common to start de)loyment
usin R/! ca)acity con&iurations 2 or 3. +t is ty)ical &or an R/! 'ith ca)acity con&iuration 2 to have 1%0 /ode >
connected and &or an R/! 'ith ca)acity con&iuration 3 to have 180 /ode > connected.
5112 *ools
Radio net'or* )lannin tools, e.. /et(ct )lanner, o&ten include &ields 'ithin their database structure &or R/!
identity. Ho'ever these tools do not usually com)lete the )lannin )rocess itsel&. Planners have to identi&y
boundaries and assin the identities in a relatively manual &ashion.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to R/! area )lannin are )resented in 2able #8.
)alue
GlobalR/!idCRnc+d R/! 1 to #0$% , ste) 1 F
+ur<istC+uritemC/Rnc+d R/! 1 to #0$% , ste) 1 F
(d3sR/!id (D", 1 to #0$% , ste) 1 F
(d3iR/!id (D"+ 1 to #0$% , ste) 1 F
(d3dR/!id (D"D 1 to #0$% , ste) 1 F
*a+le 26 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to RN% area :lanning
(n R/! connects a rou) o& /ode > to the core net'or*. R/! )lannin involves identi&yin the number o& R/!
'hich are re6uired and then determinin 'hich /ode > should be connected to each R/!. 2he R/! 'hich
connects a /ode > to the core net'or* is *no'n as the controllin R/!. /eihbourin R/! are usually connected
directly by an +ur inter&ace. ;hen @9 'ith active connections move &rom the coverae area o& one R/! to the
coverae area o& another R/! then sinalin and user )lane data is trans&erred across the +ur inter&ace. +t is
desirable to minimise the 6uantity o& sinalin and user )lane data 'hich is trans&erred across the +ur inter&ace, i.e.
to minimise the +ur transmission ca)acity re6uirement. 2he oriinal R/! )rovides the +u connection to the core
net'or* and is *no'n as the ,ervin R/! 0,R/!1. 2he second R/! is *no'n as the Dri&t R/! 0DR/!1. ( @9
may be in so&t handover 'ith cells belonin to three R/! and so have one ,R/! and t'o DR/!. +& a @9 is in so&t
handover bet'een cells connected to both an ,R/! and a DR/! then some )rocedures become less o)timal. ?or
e7am)le, interF&re6uency and interFsystem neihbours cannot be trans&erred across /,/Gs im)lementation o& the
+ur inter&ace. 2his means that interF&re6uency and interFsystem neihbour lists are based only u)on the neihbour
lists o& the active set cells belonin to the ,R/!. +& a @9 moves com)letely into the coverae area o& a DR/!, i.e.
the active set does not include any cells 'hich are connected to the ,R/!, then ,R/, relocation can be
com)leted. ,R/, relocation involves movin the +u connection &rom the ,R/! to the DR/!. 2he DR/! then
becomes the ne' ,R/!. ,R/, relocation re6uires su))ort &rom the @9 and the core net'or* as 'ell as &rom the
R(/. +& a third )arty core net'or* is used 'hich does not su))ort ,R/, relocation then R/! anchorin must be
used. R/! anchorin should be avoided because /,/Gs im)lementation limits the &unctionality o& the R(/ 'hile
anchorin, e.. interFsystem and interF&re6uency handover are not )ossible, and )ac*et scheduler ca)acity re6uests
'ill be inored 'hile anchorin an R/!.
2he )recedin discussion im)lies that it is bene&icial to have a relatively lo' number o& R/! boundaries and to
locate those boundaries alon routes 'here there is unli*ely to be lare 6uantities o& @9 crossin them. 2his tends
to im)ly that the net'or* should be desined to have a relatively small number o& hih ca)acity R/!. 2he dra'bac*
o& this a))roach is that it is less &le7ible in terms o& &uture e7)ansion. 2here may be a re6uirement to start reF
)arentin /ode > to di&&erent R/! as the siLe o& the net'or* increases. (lternatively a relatively lare number o&
lo'er ca)acity R/! can be de)loyed. 2hese R/! can then be u)raded as the siLe o& the net'or* increases. 2he
R/! )lannin tas* should start by identi&yin a s)eci&ic stratey &or de)loyin either a relatively lo' number o& hih
ca)acity or a relatively hih number o& lo' ca)acity R/!. De)loyin a relatively lo' number o& hih ca)acity R/! is
less e7)ensive in terms o& initial de)loyment but may become more e7)ensive as the siLe o& the net'or* increases
and reF)arentin becomes necessary.
2he /,/ R/! can be de)loyed usin di&&erent ca)acity con&iurations. 2hese ca)acity con&iurations are
)resented in 2able #$.
RN% t$:e RN% %onfiguration Node , %arriers /u+ *!roug!:ut
R/!1$- 1 128 38# #8 Mb)s
0R(,0-1 2 1$2 %E- 8% Mb)s
3 2%- E-8 122 Mb)s
# 320 $-0 1%$ Mb)s
% 38# 11%2 1$- Mb)s
- %12 11%2 300 Mb)s
E %12 11%2 #%0 Mb)s
R/!#%0 1 200 -00 1%0 Mb)s
0R(,0-1 2 300 $00 300 Mb)s
3 %12 11%2 #%0 Mb)s
R/!2-00 1 1##0 1##0 $00 Mb)s
0R@101 2 2100 2100 1%00 Mb)s
3 2800 2800 2000 Mb)s
*a+le 27 9 NSN RN% 4a:a4it$ 4onfigurations
9ach ca)acity con&iuration is s)eci&ied in terms o& the number o& /ode > 'hich can be connected to the R/!, the
number o& carriers 'hich can be connected to the R/! and the +ub throuh)ut 'hich can be connected to the R/!.
2he term carrier is synonymous 'ith the term cell. ( 1N1N1 /ode > has 3 carriers 'hereas a 2N2N2 /ode > has -
carriers. 2he carrier limitations corres)ond to the /ode > limitations 'hen the /ode > have 3 carriers, e.. an R/!
con&iuration % could accommodate 38# 1N1N1 /ode > or 1$2 2N2N2 /ode >. 9valuatin the +ub throuh)ut
re6uires a 3G tra&&ic e7)ectation as 'ell as an estimate o& the associated +ub sinalin. +n this conte7t the +ub
throuh)ut does not include any (2M nor ((<2 overheads. 2his is because the +ub throuh)ut limitations are
s)eci&ied &or the R/!Gs Data and Macro Diversity @nit 0DM!@1 and the (2M and ((<2 headers are removed )rior
to reachin the DM!@. 2he +ub throuh)ut should include the M(!, R<!, &rame )rotocol and so&t handover
overheads. 2here is usually a lare uncertainty associated 'ith the 3G tra&&ic e7)ectation. 2his means that the +ub
throuh)ut calculations are unli*ely to be accurate. (n alternative and sim)ler a))roach is to assume that the
number o& /ode > 'hich can be connected to an R/! is E0 U o& the ma7imum, e.. an R/! con&iuration % could
accommodate 38# 7 0.E S 2-8 1N1N1 /ode >.
8nce the number o& /ode > )er R/! has been determined then the /ode > must be rou)ed accordin to 'hich
R/! they 'ill be connected. >,! boundaries used &or the 2G system are li*ely to be relatively mature and may
have already been o)timised in terms o& their locations. 2his means that they )rovide a ood startin )oint &or the
de&inition o& R/! boundaries. +& the number o& 2G base stations )er >,! is relatively small then it may be )ossible
to rou) >,! areas to &orm a sinle R/! area. R/! boundaries should not run close to and )arallel to ma3or roads
nor rail'ays other'ise there is a ris* o& relatively lare 6uantities o& +ur tra&&ic. <i*e'ise, boundaries should not
traverse dense subscriber areas. +t may be )ossible to rou) a number o& urban and suburban areas to &orm a
sinle R/! area. R/! boundaries should be accounted &or durin the cluster identi&ication tas* associated 'ith
)reFlaunch o)timisation. (t least some clusters should be de&ined such that R/! boundaries are crossed durin
drive tests. 2his hel)s to veri&y that +ur boundaries are not havin a sini&icant im)act u)on call )er&ormance.
8nce the R/! boundaries have been de&ined then a stratey should be develo)ed to s)eci&y the )hysical location
o& each R/!. 2he R/! can be centralised at a sinle or a relatively small number o& locations or they can be
distributed. ( centralised a))roach o&&ers easier manaement o& the e6ui)ment 'hereas a distributed a))roach
o&&ers reater resilience to &ire or loss o& )o'er. ( distributed a))roach can also mean that R/! are closer to their
/ode > althouh +ur lin*s are li*ely to be loner.
512 URA area :lanning
@R( )lannin involves de&inition o& u) to 8 @R(+d )er cell
@sae o& @R( state can decrease sinallin load in R/! and decrease @9 )o'er consum)tion
NSN Recommendation: The URA can be lanned initially to match the RN( area! This simlifies the lannin$ as
only one and same URA&d can be used for all cells in the networ#! URA can be otimised based on networ#
monitorin$ data!
R@10 R/! su))ort @R(HP!H state transition. 2he )ur)ose o& this state is to decrease the cell u)date sinalin
due to cell reselection, 'hich saves R/! and @9 resources. 2able %0 lists the relevant R/! )arameters.
@R(+d<ist ;!9< ,tructure 'ith 8 @R(+d values /C(
@R(+d ;!9< 1..-%%3%, ste) 1 /C(
Ma7!ellReselections R/! 0...100 times, ste) 1 times 3 times
!ellReselection8bservin2ime R/! 1...-0 min, ste) 1 min 1- min
*a+le 50 9 RN% :arameters rele"ant URA area :lanning
;hen the @9 is in !ellH?(!H or !ellHP!H state, its location is *no'n by the cell level based on the cell u)dates
sent by the @9 'hen a cell chane occurs. +& too many cell u)dates 0*ax(ellReselections1 are received in a
)rede&ined time 'indo' 0(ellReselection9bservin$Time1, the @9 is ordered to trans&er to @R(HP!H state in order
to reduce cell u)date sinallin bet'een the @9 and R/!.
+n @R(HP!H state the location o& the @9 is *no'n by the @2R(/ Reistration (rea 0@R(1 level. @R( areas may
overla) 0reduces )inF)on bet'een @R( areas1 and &or that )ur)ose u) to 8 @R( identi&iers can be broadcasted
in one cell. 2he &irst @R(Fidenti&ier is called )rimary @R( and the rest o& the @R( identi&iers in the @R(Flist are
called secondary @R(s. (n @9 in @R(HP!H state has al'ays only one valid @R(, 'hich is the )rimary @R( o& the
cell, in 'hich the @9 has entered @R(HP!H state, or in 'hich the @9 has initiated the latest @R( u)date
)rocedure. 2he @9 does not initiate @R( u)date )rocedure in the cells 'here the assined @R( is included in the
@R(Flist.
+n @R(HP!H state the @9 uses discontinuous rece)tion and monitors )ain indications sent by the R/!. ;hen
the R/! 'ishes to initiate any do'nlin* activity, it &irst )er&orms the )ain )rocedure in all cells havin the @9s
@R( in their @R(Flist. ;hen the @9 initiates data trans&er it sends a @R( u)date messae to R/!. ;hen a
!ellC@R( @)date is received via the +ur inter&ace &rom the neihbourin R/! 0DR/!1, the RR! entity o& the ,R/!
initiates a ,R/, relocation )rocedure &or )ac*etFs'itched nonFreal time service.
1igure 17 3 URA :lanning
2he )lannin o& @R( involves a balance bet'een )ain load and sinallin load. +& @R( are )lanned to be lare
then )ain messaes have to be broadcast across an increased number o& cells and the )ain load increases. +&
@R( are )lanned to be small then @9 have to com)lete cell u)dates more &re6uently and the sinallin load and
also @9 )o'er consum)tion increases. Plannin small @R( also creates more 'or* &or the )lanners and the
net'or* desin becomes more com)le7. @R( area desined to overla) 'ith one another to avoid )inF)on e&&ects
at @R( boundaries 0see ?iure 1$1.
Plannin @R( areas to be e6ual 'ith R/! areas *ee)s the )lannin )rocess relatively sim)le but the resultin @R(
'ill be relatively lare. @R( area is al'ays limited to the R/! area, thus same and only one @R(+d can be used in
all cells, 'hen @R( areas are )lanned to cover 'hole R/! area. 2here is no bene&it on addin secondary @R(+d
as there can not be overla) bet'een R/! areas. ?ine tunin o& the @R( can be done in net'or* o)timisation
)hase by usin net'or* statistics &or mobility and sinallin activity.
513 -t!er A%#0A 1reBuen4ies
2he allocation o& &re6uency bands &or ?DD ;!DM( is s)eci&ied by 3GPP in 2,2%.10#.
3GPP release $$ s)eci&ies o)eratin bands + and ++. Release % s)eci&ies o)eratin bands +, ++ and +++.
Release - s)eci&ies o)eratin bands +, ++, +++, +:, : and :+. Release E s)eci&ies o)eratin bands + V +P.
8)eratin band + is at 2100 MHL and re)resents the core 3G s)ectrum allocation. 8)eratin band ++ is at
1$00 MHL and hel)s to satis&y the re6uirements o& (merica. 8)eratin band : is at 8%0 MHL and
re)resents an e7tension band &or &uture use. 8)eratin band +P is the G,M$00 band.
Du)le7 s)acins vary &rom #% MHL &or o)eratin bands : and :+, to #00 MHL &or o)eratin band +:. <arer
s)acins increase the im)ortance o& treatin the u)lin* and do'nlin* )ro)aation se)arately.
/,/ su))orts ;!DM( 2100 0>and +1, ;!DM( 1$00 0>and ++1, ;!DM( 1800 0>and +++1, ;!DM(
1E00C2100 0band +:1, ;!DM( 8%0 0band :1, ;!DM( $00 0band :+++1, and ;!DM( 1E00 0band +P1
2he @(R?!/ identi&ies the R? carrier on a 200 *HL raster. 2he 200 *HL raster can be used &or &ine tunin
the )osition o& the R? carrier. 8)eratin bands ++ and +:, : and :+ have additional R? carrier )ositions
de&ined 'ith a di&&erent @(R?!/ numberin scheme.
Directed 9merency !all +nterF,ystem Handover 09M+,H81 is su))orted by /,/ &or ;!DM( 1$00 and
8%0. 9M+,H8 allo's G,M location based services to be used in (merican mar*ets 'here there are
strinent location based service re6uirements &or emerency calls.
/,/Gs solution su))orts both 20 ; and #0 ; ;P(. (nd in R@10 also 30 ; and -0 ; ;P( are available.
/ot all ;P(s are su))ortin every &re6uency band.
2he ma3ority o& lin* budet assum)tions are the same &or all o)eratin bands. (ntenna ains and &eeder
losses tend to be lo'er at lo'er &re6uencies. >uildin )enetration losses and indoor standard deviations can
be assumed to be e6ual &or each o& the &re6uency bands althouh these assum)tions tend to be country
s)eci&ic. 2he use o& #0 ; ;P( &or ;!DM( 1$00 and 8%0 means that do'nlin* transmit )o'ers are
ty)ically 3 d> reater. MH( may not be used in band : as a result o& the reduced &eeder loss at 8%0 MHL.
2he airFinter&ace )ro)aation loss is less &or the lo'er o)eratin bands. +n the case o& 8*umuraFHata, the
&re6uency de)endant terms result in a))ro7imately 12 d> di&&erence bet'een the ;!DM( 2100 and 8%0
)ath loss &iures &or a s)eci&ic cell rane. Pro)aation model, clutter de)endant correction &actors may be
assumed to increase at lo'er &re6uencies, i.e. &or ;!DM( 8%0.
+n terms o& R/! databuild, there are relatively &e' di&&erences bet'een the use o& the di&&erent &re6uency
bands.
NSN Recommendation: Similar to the '()*A 50-- case% lin# bud$ets should be comleted for ulin# services%
downlin# services and the (+&(1! An oerator4s lin# bud$ets should be obtained at the start of any radio
networ# lannin$ ro:ect! These lin# bud$ets should be understood and discussed in detail! +articular attention
should be $iven to the buildin$ enetration loss and indoor standard deviation assumtions! These assumtions
are li#ely to be country secific and should be a$reed on a er ro:ect basis! +articular attention should also be
aid to the differences in the roa$ation modelin$ for each oeratin$ band! "in# bud$ets should be validated in
the field durin$ the initial hases of networ# deloyment! &n terms of the RN( databuild% the UARF(N should be
confi$ured aroriately for the servin$ and nei$hbourin$ cells! )ownlin# transmit owers should be confi$ured
accordin$ to the '+A bein$ used!
8)eratin band + re)resents the core 3G &re6uency band and is the most commonly de)loyed band around the
'orld. R(,0- su))orts both o)eratin bands +, ++, +++, +:, :, :+++ and +P. 8)eratin band ++ is o& most interest to the
(merican mar*et. 3G de)loyments in (merica are no' ma*in use o& this second o)eratin band. !urrently, there
is relatively little )ractical e7)erience o& usin o)eratin band ++ althouh )lannin teams in (merica have com)leted
much o& the analysis durin contract tenderin. 2here are also &irst e7)eriences &rom ;!DM($00 net'or*s in
?inland.
5132 *ools
/,/Gs /et(ct MultiFRadio Planner su))orts multi)le &re6uencies. +& the 3G simulation a))roach to radio net'or*
)lannin has been ado)ted then simulations can be com)leted in the same 'ay &or each o)eratin band. 2he
a))ro)riate )ro)aation modelin and /ode > con&iuration )arameter values must be a))lied in each case.
/et(ct Planner allo's the s)eci&ication o& only one R? carrier &re6uency, i.e. it is not )ossible to de&ine se)arate
u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies. +n cases 'here the du)le7 s)acin is lare then it may be necessary to
com)ensate by modi&yin one o& the lin* budet )arameters 'hich are s)eci&ic to either the u)lin* or do'nlin*. +& the
)ath loss based a))roach to radio net'or* )lannin has been ado)ted the )ath loss calculations can be com)leted
in the same 'ay &or each o)eratin band. 2he a))ro)riate )ro)aation modelin )arameter values must be a))lied
in each case.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to the use o& other &re6uency bands are sho'n in 2able %1.
Name S4o:e Range A%#0A
2100
#efault
A%#0A
1700
#efault
A%#0A
650 K 700
#efault
Pt7Primary!P+!H ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 33 d>m 3- d>m 3- d>m
!P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set ;!9< F10 to 1E, ste) 0.% d> 0 d> 0 d> 0 d>
Pt7DP!Hma7 ;!9< F3 to 0, ste) 0.1 d> F3 d> F3 d> F3 d>
Pt7D<absMa7 ;>2, F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 38 d>m #1 d>m #1 d>m
@9t7Po'erMa7DP!H ;!9< F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 2# d>m 2# d>m 2# d>m
@(R?!/ ;!9< 0 to 1-383, ste) 1 de&ault value is not a))licable
see discussion belo'
*a+le 51 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e use of ot!er freBuen4$ +ands
2he release $$ version o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications su))ort t'o )airs o& ?DD &re6uency bands. 2hese are s)eci&ied
in 2,2%.10# and are )resented in 2able %2.
8)eratin >and @)lin* ?re6uencies
@9 transmit, /ode > receive
Do'nlin* ?re6uencies
/ode > transmit, @9 receive
Du)le7 ,)acin
+ 02100 band1 1$20 to 1$80 MHL 2110 to 21E0 MHL 1$0 MHL
++ 01$00 band1 18%0 to 1$10 MHL 1$30 to 1$$0 MHL 80 MHL
*a+le 52 9 3GPP Release 77 1## freBuen4$ +ands
8)eratin band + is currently the most common &re6uency band. 8)eratin band ++ is included to account &or
countries 'hich do not have o)eratin band + available. +n eneral, o)eratin band ++ is a))licable to /orth (merica
'here the ?ederal !ommunications !ommission 0?!!1 is res)onsible &or reulatin &re6uency band allocations. +t
is also a))licable to some )arts o& <atin (merica. 8)eratin band ++ cannot be used as an e7tension band &or
o)eratin band + because the do'nlin* o& band ++ overla)s 'ith the u)lin* o& band +.
>oth o)eratin bands use a channel raster o& 200 *HL. 2his means that the center &re6uency must be an inteer
multi)le o& 200 *HL. Havin a channel raster less than % MHL allo's o)erators and reulators to &ine tune the
s)acin bet'een ad3acent R? carriers. ?or e7am)le, ad3acent channel inter&erence mechanisms may mean that it is
better to have an R? carrier se)aration o& slihtly reater than % MHL bet'een R? carriers belonin to di&&erent
o)erators. ;hereas the R? carrier se)aration can be slihtly less than % MHL bet'een R? carriers belonin to the
same o)erator. 2he bene&it o& &ine tunin the R? carriers in this 'ay de)ends u)on the rollFo&& o& the ad3acent
channel )er&ormance, i.e. i& the ad3acent channel )er&ormance is relatively &lat as a &unction o& &re6uency then there
'ill be little bene&it &rom increasin the R? carrier s)acin by an additional 200 or #00 *HL.
>oth o)eratin bands ma*e use o& a numberin scheme de&ined by the @2R( (bsolute Radio ?re6uency !hannel
/umber 0@(R?!/1. 2he @(R?!/ is iven byD
UARF(N C , ; Frequency
;here, Frequency is the center &re6uency o& the R? carrier in MHL. 8)eratin band ++ has an additional set o&
allo'ed R? carriers 'hich do not lay in the 200 *HL raster. 2hese additional allo'ed R? carriers are 018%2.%,
18%E.%, 18-2.%, 18-E.%, 18E2.%, 18EE.%, 1882.%, 188E.%, 18$2.%, 18$E.%, 1$02.%, 1$0E.% MHL1 in the u)lin*
direction, and 01$32.%, 1$3E.%, 1$#2.%, 1$#E.%, 1$%2.%, 1$%E.%, 1$-2.%, 1$-E.%, 1$E2.%, 1$EE.%, 1$82.%, 1$8E.%
MHL1 in the do'nlin* direction. 2he @(R?!/ &or these additional &re6uencies is de&ined byD
UARF(N?additional frequencies for band &&A C , ; ?Frequency D 0E,-!0A
?or e7am)le, the R? carrier at 2112.- MHL in &re6uency band + 'ould have a @(R?!/ o& 10%-3. 2he R? carrier at
1$32.- MHL in &re6uency band ++ 'ould have a @(R?!/ o& $--3. 2he R? carrier at 1$32.% MHL in &re6uency band
++ 'ould have a @(R?!/ o& #12. 2he @(R?!/ used &or ?DD ;!DM( should not be con&used 'ith the (R?!/
used &or G,M.
2he release % version o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications introduce an additional )air o& ?DD &re6uency bands. 2his
additional set has an u)lin* band &rom 1E10 to 1E8% MHL, and a do'nlin* band &rom 180% to 1880 MHL. 2his set o&
?DD &re6uency bands is not currently su))orted by the /,/ R(/. 2he release - and E version o& the 3GPP
s)eci&ications introduce both a &urther 3 )airs o& ?DD &re6uency bands brinin the total to $ bands. 2he ?DD
&re6uency bands de&ined by the release E version o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications are s)eci&ied in 2,2%.10# and are
)resented in 2able %3. +t is recommended to chec* ?le7i >2, &re6uency su))ort &rom )roduct line documentation,
some o& the &re6uencies are im)lemented i& there is enouh demand.
8)eratin >and @)lin* ?re6uencies
@9 transmit, /ode > receive
Do'nlin* ?re6uencies
/ode > transmit, @9 receive
Du)le7
,)acin
/,/
su))ort in
R(,0-
+ 02100 band1 1$20 to 1$80 MHL 2110 to 21E0 MHL 1$0 MHL Aes
++ 01$00 band1 18%0 to 1$10 MHL 1$30 to 1$$0 MHL 80 MHL Aes
+++ 01800 band1 1E10 to 1E8% MHL 180% to 1880 MHL $% MHL Aes
+: 0@,( 2100 band1 1E10 to 1E%% MHL 2110 to 21%% MHL #00 MHL Aes
: 08%0 band1 82# to 8#$ MHL 8-$ to 8$# MHL #% MHL Aes
:+ 0"a)an 800 band1 830 to 8#0 MHL 8E% to 88% MHL #% MHL /o
:++ 2%00F2%E0 MHL 2-20F2-$0 MHL 120 MHL /o
:+++ 880F$1% MHL $2%F$-0 MHL #% MHL Aes
+P 1E#$.$F1E8#.$ MHL 18##.$F18E$.$ MHL $% MHL Aes
*a+le 53 9 3GPP Release 7 1## freBuen4$ +ands
(ll o& these o)eratin bands use the same 200 *HL raster as that used by bands + and ++. 2he @(R?!/ is also
de&ined in the same 'ay, i.e. @(R?!/ S % R ?re6uency in MHL. 8)eratin band : has an additional set o& allo'ed
R? carriers similar to those de&ined &or o)eratin band ++. +n the case o& o)eratin band :, the additional R? carriers
are 082-.%, 82E.%, 831.%, 832.%, 83E.%, 8#2.% MHL1 in the u)lin* direction and 08E1.%, 8E2.%, 8E-.%, 8EE.%, 882.%,
88E.% MHL1 in the do'nlin* direction. 2he @(R?!/ &or these additional &re6uencies is de&ined byD
UARF(N?additional frequencies for band FA C , ; ?Frequency D 3B-!0A
?or e7am)le, the R? carrier at 8E1.% MHL 'ould have a @(R?!/ o& 100E. 8)eratin bands +: and :+ also have
additional R? carriers de&ined in the release - version o& 3GPP 2,2%.10#. ?urther o)eratin bands 0:++, :+++, +P1 are
'ithin release E o& the 3GPP s)eci&ications.
+n terms o& radio resource manaement and R(/ &unctionality, the main e&&ect o& usin di&&erent o)eratin bands is
the re6uirement to con&iure di&&erent @(R?!/. 2he R/! su))orts interF&re6uency handovers bet'een the
;!DM( $00, ;!DM( 1800, and ;!DM( 2100 &re6uency bands, bet'een the ;!DM( 1E00 and ;!DM( 2100
&re6uency bands, and bet'een the ;!DM( 8%0, ;!DM( 1E00C2100, and ;!DM( 1$00 &re6uency bands. 2he
interFsystem handovers &rom the ;!DM( 2100, ;!DM( $00, and ;!DM( 1800 &re6uency bands to the
G,MC9DG9 $00 and G,MC9DG9 1800 &re6uency bands and vice versa are su))orted. 2he interFsystem handovers
&rom the ;!DM( 8%0, ;!DM( 1E00C2100, and ;!DM( 1$00 &re6uency bands to the G,MC9DG9 8%0 and
G,MC9DG9 1$00 &re6uency bands and vice versa are su))orted as 'ell. ;!DM( 1$00 and 8%0 also su))ort a
&eature called ZDirected 9merency !all +nterF,ystem Handover 09M+,H81. 9M+,H8 directs emerency calls &rom
3G to 2G in order to ma*e use o& the location services )rovided by the 2G net'or*. 2his &eature re6uirement has
oriinated &rom the @,( 'here there is a relatively strinent re6uirement &or the accuracy o& location services 'hen
a))lied to emerency calls. 2he current 3G location based services are not su&&iciently accurate to com)ly 'ith
these re6uirements in the @,(.
+n terms o& system dimensionin and radio net'or* )lannin, the ma3ority o& )arameters are not de)endant u)on
the o)eratin band. 2able %# )resents the )arameters 'hich are ty)ically assumed to have di&&erent values &or each
o)eratin band. ?or 2.1 GHL band there is assumed ty)ical ;P( o& 20 ;.
8)eratin >and
+ 0;!DM(
21001
8)eratin >and
++ 0;!DM(
1$001
8)eratin >and
+: 0;!DM(
@,( 21001
8)eratin >and
: 0;!DM(
8%01
8)eratin >and
:+++ 0;!DM(
$001
/ode > antenna ain 18.% 1E.% 1E.% 1-.% 1-.% d>i
/ode > /oise &iure 2.0 2.1 0taret1 2.1 0taret1 2.3 0taret1 2.3 0taret1 d>
!able loss 2.0 0or 0.%1 2.0 0or 0.%1 2.0 0or 0.%1 1.0 0or 0.%1 1.0 0or 0.%1 d>
!P+!H transmit )o'er 33 3- 3- 3- 3- d>m
Ma7imum do'nlin*
transmit )o'er
,)eechD 3#.2
!, -# dataD
3%.2
P, -# dataD
3%.2
P, 128 dataD
38.0
P, 38# dataD
#0.0
,)eechD 3E.2
!, -# dataD
38.2
P, -# dataD
38.2
P, 128 dataD
#1.0
P, 38# dataD
#3.0
,)eechD 3E.2
!, -# dataD
38.2
P, -# dataD
38.2
P, 128 dataD
#1.0
P, 38# dataD
#3.0
,)eechD 3E.2
!, -# dataD
38.2
P, -# dataD
38.2
P, 128 dataD
#1.0
P, 38# dataD
#3.0
,)eechD 3E.2
!, -# dataD
38.2
P, -# dataD
38.2
P, 128 dataD
#1.0
P, 38# dataD
#3.0
d>m
>uildin )enetration
loss
@rbanD 1-
,uburbanD 12
RuralD 10
@rbanD 1-
,uburbanD 12
RuralD 10
@rbanD 1-
,uburbanD 12
RuralD 10
@rbanD 1-
,uburbanD 12
RuralD 10
@rbanD 1-
,uburbanD 12
RuralD 10
d>
!ombined standard
deviation
@rbanD 12
,uburbanD 10
RuralD $
@rbanD 12
,uburbanD 10
RuralD $
@rbanD 12
,uburbanD 10
RuralD $
@rbanD 12
,uburbanD 10
RuralD $
@rbanD 12
,uburbanD 10
RuralD $
d>
Ma7imum u)lin* t7
)o'er
21 or 2# 21 or 2# 21 or 2# 21 or 2# 21 or 2# d>m
@9 noise &iure
03GPP1
E E E 11 11 d>
2erminal antenna ain 0.0 or 2.0 0.0 or 2.0 0.0 or 2.0 0.0 or 2.0 0.0 or 2.0 d>i
>ody loss 0.0 or 3.0 0.0 or 3.0 0.0 or 3.0 0.0 or 3.0 0.0 or 3.0 d>
MH( used Aes Aes Aes Potentially not Potentially not
>ene&it o& usin MH( 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 d>
MH( insertion loss 0.% 0.% 0.% 0.% 0.% d>
*a+le 52 9 %om:arison of link +udget assum:tions for o:erating +ands /@ //@ /) and )
8)eratin band +: has a relatively lare #00 MHL du)le7 s)acin. 2his means there is an increased re6uirement to
treat the u)lin* and do'nlin* assum)tions se)arately. 8)eratin bands +, ++ : have smaller du)le7 s)acins and it is
more reasonable to assume e6ual values in the u)lin* and do'nlin* directions.
?or the same horiLontal and vertical beam'idths 0assumed to be -%Y in the horiLontal direction and 10Y in the
vertical direction1, /ode > antenna ains tend to decrease 'ith a decrease in &re6uency. +t is assumed that there is
a 1 d> reduction in antenna ain &or o)eratin bands ++ and +:. 2he antenna ain &or o)eratin band +: is dictated
by the u)lin* &re6uency rane 1E10 to 1E%% MHL. ( 2 d> reduction is assumed &or o)eratin bands : and :+++.
2hese &iures are a))licable to three sector sites. +& the level o& sectorisation chanes then the &iures should be
reconsidered. 2he &iures should also be reconsidered i& di&&erent vertical beam'idths are used.
?or the same &eeder diameter, cable loss decreases 'ith a decrease in &re6uency. ?or e7am)le, 'hen usin EC85
&eeder, the cable loss is ty)ically - d> )er 100 m at 2 GHL but only 3 d> )er 100 m at 8%0C$00 MHL. 2hus assumin
that &eeder lenths are similar, the cable loss assum)tion can be reduced &or o)eratin bands : and :+++. 2y)ical
&eeder lenths should be chec*ed to ensure that the cable loss &iures in 2able %# are reasonable. 2hese &iures
assume &eeder lenths o& bet'een 20 and 30 meters 0cable loss &iures also include connector losses1. +& hih sites
are de)loyed then &eeder lenths and cable losses may be reater.
2he !P+!H transmit )o'er assum)tions are based u)on the ty)ical ;P( )o'ers. +n each case, it is assumed that
10 U o& the ;P( )o'er is assined to the !P+!H. +t is ty)ical &or 20 ; ;P( to be used in o)eratin band +
althouh it is also )ossible to use #0 ; ;P(. 2he o)eratin band + !P+!H transmit )o'er in 2able %# is based
u)on a 20 ; ;P(. 8)eratin bands ++ and : are currently )lanned to be released 'ith only #0 ; ;P(. 2his results
in a 3 d> increase in assumed !P+!H transmit )o'er. +t is assumed that ;P( &or o)eratin band +: 'ill also be
released as #0 ; units. ,imilar to the !P+!H transmit )o'ers, the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'ers &or each
service are increased by 3 d> 'hen a #0 ; ;P( is used rather than a 20 ; ;P(.
>uildin )enetration loss assum)tions tend to have a relatively lare uncertainty and they should be chec*ed
aainst ty)ical values &or the country bein considered. 8)erators ty)ically assume the same buildin )enetration
loss &or ;!DM( 2100 and D!,1800. 2his indicates that it is reasonable to assume the same values &or o)eratin
bands +, ++ and +:. 8)eratin bands : and :+++ are at a sini&icantly lo'er &re6uency, i.e. the same as G,M 8%0 and
G,M $00. Public domain technical )a)ers addressin the variation o& buildin )enetration loss as a &unction o&
&re6uency conclude 'ith mi7ed results. ,ome )a)ers indicate that buildin )enetration loss remains the same &or
the 8%0 MHL band 'hereas some )a)ers indicate an increase. 2he &iures in 2able %# assume that the buildin
)enetration loss is e6ual &or all o)eratin bands. <i*e'ise, the indoor standard deviation is assumed to be e6ual &or
all o)eratin bands. +t is necessary to discuss these assum)tions on a )er )ro3ect basis.
9ach o)eratin band may su))ort @9 'hich are either 21 or 2# d>m. 8)erators are li*ely to have a )o)ulation o&
@9 'hich is a mi7 o& 21 and 2# d>m @9. (ssumin a &iure o& 21 d>m introduces some marin and re)resents a
'orst case scenario. <i*e'ise the terminal antenna ain is li*ely to vary &rom one @9 to another. 2he @9 model is
li*ely to have a reater im)act than the o)eratin band. +t is ty)ical to assume a ain o& bet'een 0 and 2 d>i.
Handheld devices are ty)ically assumed to have a 0 d>i ain 'hereas datacards are assumed to have a 2 d>i ain.
+n )ractice, body loss 'ill have some &re6uency de)endence. Ho'ever, it is usual to assume the same values &or
both the 2100 MHL and 8%0C$00 MHL bands. Di&&erent values may be assumed &or each service, e.. 3 d> may be
assumed &or the s)eech service in 'hich case the terminal is o&ten held close to the body, 'hereas 0 d> may be
assumed &or the data service in 'hich case the terminal is o&ten held &urther &rom the body.
2he lo'er cable loss associated 'ith the 8%0 and $00 MHL bands means there is less re6uirement &or an MH(. 2he
bene&it o& an MH( is usually assumed to e6ual the u)lin* cable loss althouh a more accurate calculation can be
com)leted usin ?riisG e6uation. (ssumin e6ual &eeder lenths, the cable loss in the 8%0C$00 MHL band is
a))ro7imately hal& o& that in the 2100 MHL band. 2hus the bene&it o& usin an MH( is also hal&. /evertheless, MH(
may still be de)loyed &or the 8%0C$00 MHL band, es)ecially i& &eeder lenths are relatively lon. MH( insertion
losses are assumed to be e6ual &or all &re6uency bands.
;hen calculatin cell ranes, the &re6uency de)endence o& the )ro)aation loss needs to be accounted &or. 2he
)recise &re6uency de)endence is a &unction o& the )ro)aation model bein a))lied. 2he main &re6uency de)endant
terms &or the 8*umuraFHata )ro)aation model areD
) _ ( 9 . 33 3 . 46 ) 2 _ _ , . 1 ( %') #requenc$ LOG G') to G') ss ependantLo #requenc$* +
) _ ( 2 . 26 6 . 69 ) 1 _ _ 1,0 ( %') #requenc$ LOG G') to %') ss ependantLo #requenc$* +
2he u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies &or o)eratin bands +, ++ and +: should use the &irst o& these t'o e6uations. 2he
u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies &or o)eratin band : should use the second o& these t'o e6uations. 2hese
e6uations allo' an estimate o& the di&&erence in )ath loss bet'een the u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies belonin to
a s)eci&ic o)eratin band, as 'ell as an estimate o& the di&&erence in )ath loss bet'een the various o)eratin bands.
2able %% )resents the di&&erence in )ath loss bet'een the u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies belonin to o)eratin
bands +, ++, +: and :.
8)eratin >and
+ 0;!DM(
21001
8)eratin >and
++ 0;!DM(
1$001
8)eratin >and
+: 0;!DM(
@,( 21001
8)eratin >and
: 0;!DM(
8%01
8)eratin >and
:+++ 0;!DM(
$001
Do'nlin* )ath loss F
u)lin* )ath loss
1.# 0.- 3.1 0.- 0.- d>
*a+le 55 9 #ifferen4e +etween t!e u:link and downlink :at! losses for o:erating +ands /@ //@ /) and )
8)eratin band +: has a relatively lare di&&erence as a result o& the #00 MHL du)le7 s)acin. 2hese &iures should
be a))lied to lin* budet results 'hen identi&yin 'hether coverae is u)lin* or do'nlin* limited. 2able %- )resents
the di&&erence bet'een the )ath loss in o)eratin band + and the )ath loss in o)eratin bands ++, +: and :.
8)eratin >and
+ 0;!DM(
21001
8)eratin >and
++ 0;!DM(
1$001
8)eratin >and
+: 0;!DM(
@,( 21001
8)eratin >and
: 0;!DM(
8%01
8)eratin >and
:+++ 0;!DM(
$001
@)lin* )ath loss in band
7 V u)lin* )ath loss in
band +
0.0 0.% 1.E 11.8 11.1 d>
Do'nlin* )ath loss in
band 7 V do'nlin* )ath
loss in band +
0.0 1.3 0.1 12.- 11.$ d>
*a+le 56 9 #ifferen4e +etween t!e :at! loss in o:erating +and / and t!e :at! loss in o:erating +ands //@ /)
and )
?or e7am)le, these &iures indicate that the )ath loss in the u)lin* o& o)eratin band ++ is 0.% d> less than the )ath
loss in the u)lin* o& o)eratin band +. <i*e'ise, the )ath loss in the do'nlin* o& o)eratin band ++ is 1.3 d> less than
the )ath loss in the do'nlin* o& o)eratin band +. 2he di&&erences bet'een o)eratin bands +, ++ and +: are relatively
small. Ho'ever there is a sini&icant di&&erence bet'een those o)eratin bands and o)eratin band :. ?iure 20
illustrates the relationshi) bet'een )ath loss and cell rane &or each o)eratin band. 2his &iure is based u)on the
u)lin* &re6uency bands.
0
1000
2000
3000
#000
%000
-000
E000
8000
120 12% 130 13% 1#0 1#% 1%0 1%% 1-0
Pat! 8oss;d,=
R
a
n
g
e

;
m
e
t
e
r
s
=
8)eratin >and +
8)eratin >and ++
8)eratin >and +:
8)eratin >and :
1igure 20 9 Relations!i: +etween :at! loss and 4ell range for ea4! o:erating +and
2he 11.8 d> &iure )resented in 2able %- can be observed as the horiLontal distance bet'een the band + and band
: curves. ?or any iven )ath loss the o)eratin band : cell rane is a))ro7imately t'ice the cell rane o& the other
o)eratin bands. Ho'ever the di&&erence in the lin* budet results should be accounted &or )rior to dra'in an
conclusions reardin site count reductions.
+t is also )ossible that the clutter de)endant )ro)aation model correction &actors vary as a &unction o& &re6uency.
!orrection &actors are usually determined durin the )ro)aation model tunin )hase. !orrection &actors decrease
&or less builtFu) areas. !orrection &actors may be assumed to be reater &or o)eratin band :, i.e. ;!DM( 8%0.
2he di&&erence is relatively small and ty)ically assumed to be in the order o& 1 d>. 2his tends to ma*e the o)eratin
band : cell rane more similar to the other bands. 2able %E )resents some e7am)le suburban cell ranes &or
o)eratin bands +, ++ and :. (n area location )robability o& $% U has been assumed in each case.
,ervice 8)eratin >and
+ 0;!DM(
21001
8)eratin >and
++ 0;!DM(
1$001
8)eratin >and
: 0;!DM(
8%01
(MR ,)eech 1.0- 1.0# 1.%- *m
-#C128 *b)s P, Data 1.0$ 1.0- 1.%8 *m
*a+le 57 9 &>am:le su+ur+an 4ell ranges for o:erating +ands //@ /) and )
2he cell ranes &or o)eratin bands + and ++ are very similar. 2he cell ranes &or o)eratin band : 0and :+++1 are
sini&icantly reater, i.e. bet'een #0 and %0 U reater. 2his e7am)le has assumed that the )ro)aation model
correction &actor &or the suburban area is 1 d> reater &or o)eratin band :, i.e. a value o& V# d> has been assumed
&or o)eratin bands + and ++ 'hereas a value o& V3 d> has been assumed &or o)eratin band :.
+n terms o& R/! databuild, there are relatively &e' di&&erences bet'een the use o& the di&&erent &re6uency bands.
2he @(R?!/ needs to be con&iured to the a))ro)riate R? carrier. 2his must be done in terms o& the servin cell
and also any interF&re6uency neihbours. ,imilarly the @(R?!/ must be con&iured 'ithin the >,! &or interFsystem
cell reFselections and interFsystem handovers. 2he !P+!H should be assined 10 U o& the total do'nlin* transmit
)o'er. 2he de&ault value &or ;!DM( 2100 is 33 d>m because the ma3ority o& o)erators ma*e use o& 20 ; ;P(.
2he de&ault value &or ;!DM( 1$00 and ;!DM( 8%0C$00 is 3- d>m because the e6ui)ment &or these bands
su))orts only #0 ; ;P(. <i*e'ise, the de&ault value o& Pt7D<absMa7 is 3 d> reater &or ;!DM( 1$00 and
;!DM( 8%0C$00 to account &or the increased transmit )o'er ca)ability. 2he de&ault values &or
!P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set and Pt7Ma7DP!H are the same &or all o)eratin bands to maintain the same relative
do'nlin* transmit )o'ers.
5. CO-SITING AND RE-FARMING
61 A%#0A 2100'GS0 700 %o3Siting and A%#0A 2100'#%S 1600 %o3Siting
+nterFsystem inter&erence can be caused by s)urious emissions 0nonFideal transmit &ilterin1, receiver
bloc*in 0nonFideal receive &ilterin1 or intermodulation 0nonFlinear mi7in1.
3GPP 2,0%.0% and 2,2%.10# s)eci&y the minimum transmitter and receiver )er&ormance re6uirements &or
the G,M and ;!DM( systems res)ectively.
2he 3GPP s)eci&ications de&ine levels o& inter&erence 'hich are a))licable to a sinle R? carrier. 2hese
levels o& inter&erence increase &or sites 'hich are con&iured 'ith multi)le R? carriers.
+n )ractice the G,M and ;!DM( systems are li*ely to )er&orm better than the s)eci&ications. 2he &iures
'ithin the s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions.
3
rd
order intermodulation )roducts &rom G,M $00 do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin* band. <i*e'ise, 3
rd
order intermodulation )roducts &rom ;!DM( do not &all 'ithin the G,M $00 nor D!, 1800 u)lin* bands. 3
rd
order intermodulation )roducts &rom D!, 1800 may &all 'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin* band.
+solation re6uirements can be achieved by antenna s)acin 'hen usin dedicated &eeders and antennas or
by usin a di)le7or 'hen usin shared &eeders and antennas.
NSN Recommendation: The site desi$n rocess should account for inter/system isolation requirements! A NSN
'()*A Node B and a NSN 2S* @-- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation! "i#ewise% a NSN
'()*A Node B and a third arty 2S* @-- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation! A NSN
'()*A Node B and a NSN )(S 0E-- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation whereas a NSN
'()*A Node B and a third arty )(S 0E-- base station should have at least 7< dB of isolation! These
isolation requirements should be achieved by careful antenna lacement when dedicated '()*A and 2S*
antennas and feeders are used! The isolation requirements should be achieved by usin$ a dilexor when shared
'()*A and 2S* antennas and feeders are used!
2he most common causes o& interFsystem inter&erence are s)urious emissions 0nonFideal transmit &ilterin1, receiver
bloc*in 0nonFideal receive &ilterin1 and intermodulation 0nonFlinear mi7in1. ( ;!DM( /ode > may e7)erience
inter&erence &rom a G,M base station i& there is not su&&icient isolation bet'een the G,M transmitter and the
;!DM( receiver. +nter&erence can be both inFband and outFo&Fband. +nFband inter&erence is de&ined by the G,M
base station s)urious emissions )er&ormance. 8utFo&Fband inter&erence is de&ined by the ;!DM( /ode > receiver
bloc*in )er&ormance. 2he conce)ts o& inFband and outFo&Fband inter&erence &or a ;!DM( /ode > receiver are
illustrated in ?iure 21.
3n4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
8"%4&'4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
!96
%ran.m$%
ma.:
5C#67
rece$0e
ma.:
3n4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
8"%4&'4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
!96
%ran.m$%
ma.:
5C#67
rece$0e
ma.:
1igure 21 9 /n3+and and out3of3+and interferen4e for a A%#0A re4ei"er
3GPP 2,0%.0% s)eci&ies the G,M base station s)urious emissions re6uirements. 2he re6uirements are more
strinent 'hen the G,M base station is coFsited 'ith the ;!DM( /ode >. 2hese re6uirements are )resented in
2able %8.
!onditions ?re6uency >and Ma7. Po'er Measurement >;
,ame eora)hic area 1$20 to 1$80 MHL F-2 d>m 100 *HL
2110 to 21E0 MHL F-2 d>m 100 *HL
!oFlocated base stations 1$20 to 1$80 MHL F$- d>m 100 *HL
2110 to 21E0 MHL F-2 d>m 100 *HL
*a+le 56 9 GS0 700 and #%S 1600 +ase station s:urious emissions :erforman4e reBuirements
( ma7imum )o'er o& V-2 d>m measured in 100 *HL is e6uivalent to V#- d>m measured in 3.8# MHL 'hereas a
ma7imum )o'er o& V$- d>m measured in 100 *HL is e6uivalent to V80 d>m measured in 3.8# MHL. 2he &iure o& V
80 d>m is the most im)ortant because it is a))licable 'hen the isolation bet'een the ;!DM( /ode > and the
G,M base station is relatively lo'. +& it is assumed that the ;!DM( /ode > has a noise &iure o& 3 d> then the
thermal noise &loor is V10% d>m. 2his means that i& there is 2% d> o& isolation bet'een the ;!DM( /ode > and the
G,M base station then the noise &loor o& the /ode > 'ould be increased by 3 d>. 2he G,M base station is li*ely to
be transmittin more than a sinle R? carrier. +& the G,M base station is transmittin 'ith # R? carriers then the
s)urious emissions 'ill be increased by - d>. +n )ractice G,M base stations are li*ely to )er&orm better than the
s)eci&ications. 2he &iures 'ithin the s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions. ?iure
22 illustrates the increase in inter&erence &loor 'hich is enerated at the ;!DM( /ode > receiver &or a rane o&
isolation &iures.
0
%
10
1%
20
2%
30
10 20 30 #0 %0 -0
/solation ;d,=
/
n
4
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

/
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
4
e

1
l
o
o
r

;
d
,
=
1 G,M R? carrier
# G,M R? carriers
8 G,M R? carriers
1igure 22 9 /n4rease in A%#0A re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ GS0 s:urious emissions
(n isolation o& #0 d> results in a relatively small inter&erence &loor increase &or u) to 8 G,M R? carriers.
3GPP 2,2%.10# s)eci&ies the ;!DM( /ode > receiver bloc*in re6uirements. 2here are s)eci&ic re6uirements to
hel) )rotect ;!DM( /ode > &rom the G,M $00 and D!, 1800 systems. 2hese re6uirements are )resented in
2able %$.
,ystem ?re6uency >and +nter&erin
,inal
;anted
,inal
2y)e o& +nter&erin
,inal
G,M $00 $21 to $-0 MHL 1- d>m F11% d>m !; carrier
D!, 1800 180% to 1880 MHL 1- d>m F11% d>m !; carrier
*a+le 57 9 A%#0A Node , re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements
( ;!DM( /ode > 'hich is coFsited 'ith a G,M base station must be ca)able o& receivin 1- d>m o& inter&erence
&rom the G,M band 'hile maintainin its 6uality re6uirements 'ith a V11% d>m s)eech connection. ( G,M base
station cabinet ty)ically radiates a )o'er o& bet'een 3E d>m and #% d>m. (ssumin a G,M base station transmit
)o'er o& #% d>m means that 2$ d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the G,M sinal is attenuated to 1- d>m )rior
to reach the ;!DM( /ode >. 2his isolation re6uirement is less than that associated 'ith the G,M s)urious
emissions.
G,M $00 third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin* receive band. D!, 1800 third
order interFmodulation )roducts may be enerated 'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin* receive band. 2he &re6uency o& a third
order interFmodulation )roduct is de&ined by 2R&1F&2. ?or e7am)le, i& the D!, 1800 &re6uency 180%.2 MHL is used
then any &re6uency bet'een 18-2.- MHL and 1880.0 MHL 'ill enerate a third order interFmodulation )roduct
'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin* band, i.e. bet'een 1$20 and 1$80 MHL. 8)erators should &ocus u)on s)eci&ic sections o&
the &re6uency band accordin to their ;!DM( s)ectrum assinment. +t is recommended that D!, 1800 &re6uency
)lannin is com)leted in such a 'ay that third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( u)lin*
band. 2his reduces the isolation re6uirement to that de&ined by s)urious emissions and receiver bloc*in.
( G,M base station may e7)erience inter&erence &rom a ;!DM( /ode > i& there is not su&&icient isolation bet'een
the ;!DM( transmitter and the G,M receiver. +nter&erence can be both inFband and outFo&Fband. +nFband
inter&erence is de&ined by the ;!DM( /ode > s)urious emissions )er&ormance. 8utFo&Fband inter&erence is
de&ined by the G,M base station receiver bloc*in )er&ormance. 3GPP 2,2%.10# s)eci&ies the ;!DM( /ode >
s)urious emission re6uirements. 2here are s)eci&ic re6uirements to hel) )rotect the G,M $00 and D!, 1800
systems. 2hese re6uirements are )resented in 2able -0.
,ystem !onditions ?re6uency >and Ma7. Po'er Measurement >;
G,M $00 ,ame eora)hic area $21 to $-0 MHL F%E d>m 100 *HL
!oFlocated base stations 8E- to $1% MHL F$8 d>m 100 *HL
D!, 1800 ,ame eora)hic area 180% to 1880 MHL F#E d>m 100 *HL
!oFlocated base stations 1E10 to 1E8% MHL F$8 d>m 100 *HL
*a+le 60 9 A%#0A Node , s:urious emissions :erforman4e reBuirements
2he G,M $00 and D!, 1800 re6uirements 'hich are s)eci&ied &or 'hen ;!DM( is de)loyed in the same
eora)hic area are intended to )rotect the G,M and D!, mobile stations. 2he re6uirements 'hich are s)eci&ied
&or 'hen ;!DM( and G,M $00 or D!, 1800 base stations are coFsited are intended to )rotect the G,M or D!,
base stations. ( ma7imum )o'er o& V$8 d>m measured in 100 *HL is e6uivalent to V$% d>m measured in 200 *HL.
+& it is assumed that the G,M base station has a noise &iure o& 2 d> then the thermal noise &loor is V11$ d>m. 2his
means that i& there is 2# d> o& isolation bet'een the ;!DM( /ode > and the G,M base station then the noise
&loor o& the base station 'ould be increased by 3 d>. 2he ;!DM( /ode > may be transmittin more than a sinle
R? carrier. +& the ;!DM( /ode > is transmittin 'ith 2 R? carriers then the s)urious emissions 'ill be increased by
3 d>. +n )ractice ;!DM( /ode > are li*ely to )er&orm better than the s)eci&ications. 2he &iures 'ithin the
s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions. ?iure 23 illustrates the increase in
inter&erence &loor 'hich is enerated at the G,M base station receiver &or a rane o& isolation &iures.
0
%
10
1%
20
2%
30
10 20 30 #0 %0 -0
/solation ;d,=
/
n
4
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

/
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
4
e

1
l
o
o
r

;
d
,
=
1 ;!DM( R? carrier
2 ;!DM( R? carriers
1igure 23 9 /n4rease in GS0 re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ A%#0A s:urious emissions
,imilar to the scenario o& a ;!DM( /ode > receiver, an isolation o& #0 d> results in a relatively small inter&erence
&loor increase. 3GPP 2,0%.0% s)eci&ies the G,M $00 and D!, 1800 receiver bloc*in re6uirements. 2hese
re6uirements are )resented in 2able -1.
,ystem ?re6uency >and +nter&erin
,inal
;anted ,inal 2y)e o& +nter&erin
,inal
G,M $00 $2% to 12 E%0 MHL 8 d>m Re&erence sensitivity N 3> !; carrier
D!, 1800 180% to 12 E%0 MHL 0 d>m Re&erence sensitivity N 3> !; carrier
*a+le 61 9 GS0 and #%S +ase station re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements
( G,M $00 base station must be ca)able o& receivin 8 d>m o& inter&erence &rom the ;!DM( band 'hile
maintainin its 6uality re6uirements 'ith a s)eech sinal 'hich is 3 d> stroner than its re&erence sensitivity.
(ssumin a #3 d>m ;!DM( /ode > transmit )o'er means that 3% d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the
;!DM( sinal is attenuated to 8 d>m )rior to reachin the G,M base station. ( D!, 1800 base station must be
ca)able o& receivin 0 d>m o& inter&erence &rom the ;!DM( band 'hile maintainin its 6uality re6uirements 'ith a
s)eech sinal 'hich is 3 d> above re&erence sensitivity. (ssumin a #3 d>m ;!DM( /ode > transmit )o'er
means that #3 d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the ;!DM( sinal is attenuated to 0 d>m )rior to reachin the
D!, base station. /,/ G,M $00 and D!, 1800 base stations have a receiver bloc*in )er&ormance 'hich is
better than the re6uirements s)eci&ied by 3GPP. /,/ G,M $00 and D!, 1800 base stations are able to receive
inter&erin sinal strenths o& 20 d>m, i.e. 12 d> reater than the s)eci&ications &or a G,M $00 base station and 20
d> reater than the s)eci&ications &or a D!, 1800 base station. 2his means that 'hen a /,/ ;!DM( /ode > is
coFsited 'ith a /,/ D!, 1800 base station the isolation re6uirement can be reduced until the inter&erence resultin
&rom s)urious emissions becomes the dominant inter&erence mechanism. +n the case o& a G,M $00 base station,
receiver bloc*in is not the dominant inter&erence mechanism and so the im)roved receiver bloc*in )er&ormance
does not reduce the overall isolation re6uirement. ;!DM( third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin
the G,M $00 nor D!, 1800 &re6uency bands. 2his means that the G,M $00 and D!, 1800 interFsystem isolation
re6uirements are not a&&ected by interFmodulation.
>ased u)on the )recedin discussion and assumed noise &iures, the isolation re6uirement bet'een a /,/
;!DM( /ode > and a /,/ G,M $00 base station should be at least #0 d>. <i*e'ise, a /,/ ;!DM( /ode >
and a third )arty G,M $00 base station should have at least #0 d> o& isolation. ( /,/ ;!DM( /ode > and a /,/
D!, 1800 base station should have at least #0 d> o& isolation 'hereas a /,/ ;!DM( /ode > and a third )arty
D!, 1800 base station should have at least #3 d> o& isolation. +& the receiver noise &iure is reater than that
assumed, e.. &or an active D(, indoor solution, then the isolation re6uirement can be reduced.
2he 'ay in 'hich this isolation re6uirement is achieved de)ends u)on the site desin. +& a di)le7or is bein used to
combine the ;!DM( and G,M sinals such that they can share the same &eeders then the di)le7or )rovides the
ma3ority o& the isolation re6uirement. ( di)le7or ty)ically o&&ers #0 d> o& isolation bet'een the G,M and ;!DM(
systems. +& the G,M and ;!DM( systems have se)arate &eeders and se)arate antennas then the isolation
re6uirement should be )rovided by the )hysical se)aration o& the antennas )lus the attenuation )rovided by the
&eeders. (s earlier s)eci&ied that i& the antennas have a vertical )hysical se)aration then there should be at least 0.2
m bet'een them to achieve #0 d> o& isolation. +& the antennas have a horiLontal )hysical se)aration and a
horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y then there should be at least 0.% m bet'een them to achieve #0 d> o& isolation. +n the
case o& a horiLontal )hysical se)aration, the isolation is de)endant u)on horiLontal beam'idth o& the antennas and
should be chec*ed on a case by case basis.
612 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators use se)arate &eeders and se)arate antennas &or their G,M and ;!DM( systems. 2his
means that the )hysical se)aration o& the antennas is used to satis&y the isolation re6uirements. +n some cases it
has been necessary to mount macrocell antennas horiLontally ad3acent to one another 'ith a se)aration o& 0.% m.
Passive D(, indoor solutions bene&it &rom relatively hih &eeder losses to hel) satis&y the isolation re6uirement.
(ctive D(, indoor solutions bene&it &rom an increased noise &iure 'hich reduces the isolation re6uirement. ,ome
o)erators ma*e use o& shared &eeders and dual band antennas. +n this case di)le7ors are used to satis&y the
isolation re6uirement. +n eneral, the isolation re6uirement bet'een G,M and ;!DM( is satis&ied 'ith relative
ease. 2here have been virtually no re)orted cases o& inter&erence bet'een the t'o systems.
62 A%#0A 650'P%S 1700 %o3Siting and A%#0A 1700'GS0 650 %o3Siting
+nterFsystem inter&erence can be caused by s)urious emissions 0nonFideal transmit &ilterin1, receiver
bloc*in 0nonFideal receive &ilterin1 or intermodulation 0nonFlinear mi7in1.
3GPP 2,0%.0% and 2,2%.10# s)eci&y the minimum transmitter and receiver )er&ormance re6uirements &or
the G,M and ;!DM( systems res)ectively.
2he 3GPP s)eci&ications de&ine levels o& inter&erence 'hich are a))licable to a sinle R? carrier. 2hese
levels o& inter&erence increase &or sites 'hich are con&iured 'ith multi)le R? carriers.
+n )ractice the G,M and ;!DM( systems are li*ely to )er&orm better than the s)eci&ications. 2he &iures
'ithin the s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions.
3
rd
order intermodulation )roducts &rom G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( 1$00 and
;!DM( 8%0 u)lin* bands res)ectively. <i*e'ise, 3
rd
order intermodulation )roducts &rom ;!DM( 8%0 and
;!DM( 1$00 do not &all 'ithin the P!, 1$00 and G,M 8%0 u)lin* bands res)ectively.
+solation re6uirements can be achieved by antenna s)acin 'hen usin dedicated &eeders and antennas, or
by usin a di)le7or 'hen usin shared &eeders and antennas.
NSN Recommendation: The site desi$n rocess should account for inter/system isolation requirements! A NSN
'()*A 0@-- Node B and a NSN 2S* E,- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation! "i#ewise% a
NSN '()*A 0@-- Node B and a third arty 2S* E,- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation! A
NSN '()*A E,- Node B and a NSN +(S 0@-- base station should have at least 7- dB of isolation whereas a
NSN '()*A E,- Node B and a third arty +(S 0@-- base station should have at least 73 dB of isolation!
These isolation requirements should be achieved by careful antenna lacement when dedicated '()*A and
2S* antennas and feeders are used! The isolation requirements should be achieved by usin$ a dilexor when
shared '()*A and 2S* antennas and feeders are used!
2he most common causes o& interFsystem inter&erence are s)urious emissions 0nonFideal transmit &ilterin1, receiver
bloc*in 0nonFideal receive &ilterin1 and intermodulation 0nonFlinear mi7in1. ( ;!DM( /ode > may e7)erience
inter&erence &rom a G,M base station i& there is not su&&icient isolation bet'een the G,M transmitter and the
;!DM( receiver. +nter&erence can be both inFband and outFo&Fband. +nFband inter&erence is de&ined by the G,M
base station s)urious emissions )er&ormance. 8utFo&Fband inter&erence is de&ined by the ;!DM( /ode > receiver
bloc*in )er&ormance. 2he conce)ts o& inFband and outFo&Fband inter&erence &or a ;!DM( /ode > receiver are
illustrated in ?iure 2#.
3n4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
8"%4&'4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
!96
%ran.m$%
ma.:
5C#67
rece$0e
ma.:
3n4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
8"%4&'4(and
$n%er'erence
%& 5C#67
!96
%ran.m$%
ma.:
5C#67
rece$0e
ma.:
1igure 22 9 /n3+and and out3of3+and interferen4e for a A%#0A re4ei"er
3GPP 2,0%.0% s)eci&ies the G,M base station s)urious emissions re6uirements. 2here is a set o& re6uirements
de&ined s)eci&ically &or ;!DM( 2100. 2here are no re6uirements de&ined s)eci&ically &or ;!DM( 8%0 nor ;!DM(
1$00. Ho'ever the ;!DM( 8%0 and ;!DM( 1$00 bands are the same as the G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 bands. +t
is thus reasonable to assume the s)urious emission limits &or P!, 1$00 radiatin into the G,M 8%0 band, and G,M
8%0 radiatin into the P!, 1$00 band. +n both cases, the a))ro)riate s)urious emissions limit is V$8 d>m
measured in a 100 *HL band'idth. ( ma7imum )o'er o& V$8 d>m measured in 100 *HL is e6uivalent to V82 d>m
measured in 3.8# MHL. +& it is assumed that the ;!DM( /ode > has a noise &iure o& 3 d> then the thermal noise
&loor is V10% d>m. 2his means that i& there is 23 d> o& isolation bet'een the ;!DM( /ode > and the G,M base
station then the noise &loor o& the /ode > 'ould be increased by 3 d>. 2he G,M base station is li*ely to be
transmittin more than a sinle R? carrier. +& the G,M base station is transmittin 'ith # R? carriers then the
s)urious emissions 'ill be increased by - d>. +n )ractice G,M base stations are li*ely to )er&orm better than the
s)eci&ications. 2he &iures 'ithin the s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions. ?iure
2% illustrates the increase in inter&erence &loor 'hich is enerated at the ;!DM( 8%0 or ;!DM( 1$00 /ode >
receiver &or a rane o& isolation &iures.
0
%
10
1%
20
2%
30
10 20 30 #0 %0 -0
/solation ;d,=
/
n
4
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

/
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
4
e

1
l
o
o
r

;
d
,
=
1 G,M R? carrier
# G,M R? carriers
8 G,M R? carriers
1igure 25 9 /n4rease in A%#0A re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ GS0 s:urious emissions
(n isolation o& #0 d> results in a relatively small inter&erence &loor increase &or u) to 8 G,M or P!, R? carriers.
3GPP 2,2%.10# s)eci&ies the ;!DM( /ode > receiver bloc*in re6uirements. 2here are s)eci&ic re6uirements to
hel) )rotect ;!DM( /ode > &rom the G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 systems. 2hese re6uirements are )resented in
2able -2.
,ystems +nter&erin ?re6uency
>and
+nter&erin
,inal
;anted
,inal
2y)e o&
+nter&erin
,inal
G,M 8%0 inter&erin 'ith ;!DM( 1$00 8-$ to 8$# MHL 1- d>m F11% d>m !; carrier
P!, 1$00 inter&erin 'ith ;!DM( 8%0 1$30 to 1$$0 MHL 1- d>m F11% d>m !; carrier
*a+le 62 9 A%#0A Node , re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements
( ;!DM( 8%0 or ;!DM( 1$00 /ode > 'hich is coFsited 'ith a G,M base station must be ca)able o& receivin
1- d>m o& inter&erence &rom the G,M band 'hile maintainin its 6uality re6uirements 'ith a V11% d>m s)eech
connection. ( G,M base station cabinet ty)ically radiates a )o'er o& bet'een 3E d>m and #% d>m. (ssumin a
G,M base station transmit )o'er o& #% d>m means that 2$ d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the G,M sinal is
attenuated to 1- d>m )rior to reach the ;!DM( /ode >. 2his isolation re6uirement is less than that associated
'ith the G,M s)urious emissions.
G,M 8%0 third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( 1$00 u)lin* receive band. <i*e'ise
P!, 1$00 third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin the ;!DM( 8%0 u)lin* receive band. 2he
&re6uency o& a third order interFmodulation )roduct is de&ined by 2R&1F&2. ?or e7am)le, i& the G,M 8%0 &re6uency
8$3.8 MHL is used 'ith the G,M 8%0 &re6uency 8-$.2 MHL then there 'ould be a third order interFmodulation
)roduct at 08$3.8R2F8-$.21 S $18.# MHL, i.e. outside the ;!DM( 1$00 band. 2he G,M 8%0 do'nlin* band is
bet'een 8-$ and 8$# MHL 'hile the ;!DM( 1$00 u)lin* band is bet'een 18%0 and 1$10 MHL. 2he P!, 1$00
do'nlin* band is bet'een 1$30 and 1$$0 MHL 'hile the ;!DM( 8%0 u)lin* band is bet'een 82# and 8#$ MHL.
( G,M base station may e7)erience inter&erence &rom a ;!DM( /ode > i& there is not su&&icient isolation bet'een
the ;!DM( transmitter and the G,M receiver. +nter&erence can be both inFband and outFo&Fband. +nFband
inter&erence is de&ined by the ;!DM( /ode > s)urious emissions )er&ormance. 8utFo&Fband inter&erence is
de&ined by the G,M base station receiver bloc*in )er&ormance. 3GPP 2,2%.10# s)eci&ies the ;!DM( /ode >
s)urious emission re6uirements. 2here are s)eci&ic re6uirements to hel) )rotect the G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00
systems. 2hese re6uirements are )resented in 2able -3.
,ystem !onditions ?re6uency >and Ma7. Po'er Measurement >;
G,M 8%0 ,ame eora)hic area 82# to 8#$ MHL 0@<1 F-1 d>m 100 *HL
8-$ to 8$# MHL 0D<1 F%E d>m 100 *HL
!oFlocated base stations 82# to 8#$ MHL 0@<1 F$8 d>m 100 *HL
P!, 1$00 ,ame eora)hic area 18%0 to 1$10 MHL0@<1 F-1 d>m 100 *HL
1$30 to 1$$0 MHL0D<1 F#E d>m 100 *HL
!oFlocated base stations 18%0 to 1$10 MHL0@<1 F$8 d>m 100 *HL
*a+le 63 3 A%#0A Node , s:urious emissions :erforman4e reBuirements
2he G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 re6uirements 'hich are s)eci&ied &or 'hen ;!DM( is de)loyed in the same
eora)hic area are intended to )rotect both the G,M mobile stations and base stations. 2he re6uirements 'hich
are s)eci&ied &or 'hen ;!DM( and G,M 8%0 or P!, 1$00 base stations are coFsited are intended to )rotect the
G,M base stations. ( ma7imum )o'er o& V$8 d>m measured in 100 *HL is e6uivalent to V$% d>m measured in
200 *HL. +& it is assumed that the G,M base station has a noise &iure o& 2 d> then the thermal noise &loor is V11$
d>m. 2his means that i& there is 2# d> o& isolation bet'een the ;!DM( /ode > and the G,M base station then the
noise &loor o& the base station 'ould be increased by 3 d>. 2he ;!DM( /ode > may be transmittin more than a
sinle R? carrier. +& the ;!DM( /ode > is transmittin 'ith 2 R? carriers then the s)urious emissions 'ill be
increased by 3 d>. +n )ractice ;!DM( /ode > are li*ely to )er&orm better than the s)eci&ications. 2he &iures
'ithin the s)eci&ications are usually ado)ted as a set o& 'orst case assum)tions. ?iure 2- illustrates the increase
in inter&erence &loor 'hich is enerated at the G,M base station receiver &or a rane o& isolation &iures.
0
%
10
1%
20
2%
30
10 20 30 #0 %0 -0
/solation ;d,=
/
n
4
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

/
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
4
e

1
l
o
o
r

;
d
,
=
1 ;!DM( R? carrier
2 ;!DM( R? carriers
1igure 26 3 /n4rease in GS0 re4ei"er interferen4e floor 4aused +$ A%#0A s:urious emissions
,imilar to the scenario o& a ;!DM( /ode > receiver, an isolation o& #0 d> results in a relatively small inter&erence
&loor increase. 3GPP 2,0%.0% s)eci&ies the G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 receiver bloc*in re6uirements. 2hese
re6uirements are )resented in 2able -#.
,ystem +nter&erin ?re6.
>and
+nter&erin
,inal
;anted ,inal 2y)e o& +nter&erin
,inal
;!DM( 8%0 inter&erin 'ith
P!, 1$00
8-$ to 8$# MHL 8 d>m Re&erence sensitivity
N 1d>
!; carrier
;!DM( 1$00 inter&erin 'ith
G,M 8%0
1$30 to 1$$0 MHL 0 d>m Re&erence sensitivity
N 3 d>
!; carrier
*a+le 62 9 GS0 and P%S +ase station re4ei"er +lo4king :erforman4e reBuirements
( G,M 8%0 base station must be ca)able o& receivin 8 d>m o& inter&erence &rom the ;!DM( 1$00 band 'hile
maintainin its 6uality re6uirements 'ith a s)eech sinal 'hich is 1 d> stroner than its re&erence sensitivity.
(ssumin a #- d>m ;!DM( /ode > transmit )o'er means that 38 d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the
;!DM( sinal is attenuated to 8 d>m )rior to reachin the G,M base station. ( P!, 1$00 base station must be
ca)able o& receivin 0 d>m o& inter&erence &rom the ;!DM( 8%0 band 'hile maintainin its 6uality re6uirements
'ith a s)eech sinal 'hich is 3 d> above re&erence sensitivity. (ssumin a #- d>m ;!DM( /ode > transmit
)o'er means that #- d> o& isolation is re6uired such that the ;!DM( sinal is attenuated to 0 d>m )rior to
reachin the P!, base station. /,/ G,M $00 and D!, 1800 base stations have a receiver bloc*in )er&ormance
'hich is better than the re6uirements s)eci&ied by 3GPP. /,/ G,M $00 and D!, 1800 base stations are able to
receive inter&erin sinal strenths o& 20 d>m, i.e. 12 d> reater than the s)eci&ications &or a G,M $00 base station
and 20 d> reater than the s)eci&ications &or a D!, 1800 base station. +t is e7)ected that /,/ G,M 8%0 and P!,
1$00 base stations 'ill have similar )er&ormance marins. 2his means that 'hen a /,/ ;!DM( /ode > is coF
sited 'ith a /,/ P!, 1$00 base station the isolation re6uirement can be reduced until the inter&erence resultin
&rom s)urious emissions becomes the dominant inter&erence mechanism. +n the case o& a G,M 8%0 base station,
receiver bloc*in is not the dominant inter&erence mechanism and so the im)roved receiver bloc*in )er&ormance
does not reduce the overall isolation re6uirement.
;!DM( 8%0 and ;!DM( 1$00 third order interFmodulation )roducts do not &all 'ithin the P!, 1$00 and G,M 8%0
&re6uency bands res)ectively. 2his means that the G,M 8%0 and P!, 1$00 interFsystem isolation re6uirements are
not a&&ected by interFmodulation.
>ased u)on the )recedin discussion and assumed noise &iures, the isolation re6uirement bet'een a /,/
;!DM( 1$00 /ode > and a /,/ G,M 8%0 base station should be at least #0 d>. <i*e'ise, a /,/ ;!DM( 1$00
/ode > and a third )arty G,M 8%0 base station should have at least #0 d> o& isolation. ( /,/ ;!DM( 8%0 /ode
> and a /,/ P!, 1$00 base station should have at least #0 d> o& isolation 'hereas a /,/ ;!DM( 8%0 /ode >
and a third )arty P!, 1$00 base station should have at least #- d> o& isolation. +& the receiver noise &iure is
reater than that assumed, e.. &or an active D(, indoor solution, then the isolation re6uirement can be reduced.
2he 'ay in 'hich this isolation re6uirement is achieved de)ends u)on the site desin. +& a di)le7or is bein used to
combine the ;!DM( and G,M sinals such that they can share the same &eeders then the di)le7or )rovides the
ma3ority o& the isolation re6uirement. ( di)le7or ty)ically o&&ers #0 d> o& isolation bet'een the G,M and ;!DM(
systems. +& the G,M and ;!DM( systems have se)arate &eeders and se)arate antennas then the isolation
re6uirement should be )rovided by the )hysical se)aration o& the antennas )lus the attenuation )rovided by the
&eeders. (s earlier s)eci&ied that i& the antennas have a vertical )hysical se)aration then there should be at least 0.2
m bet'een them to achieve #0 d> o& isolation. +& the antennas have a horiLontal )hysical se)aration and a
horiLontal beam'idth o& -%Y then there should be at least 0.% m bet'een them to achieve #0 d> o& isolation. +n the
case o& a horiLontal )hysical se)aration, the isolation is de)endant u)on horiLontal beam'idth o& the antennas and
should be chec*ed on a case by case basis.
622 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators use se)arate &eeders and se)arate antennas &or their G,M and ;!DM( systems. 2his
means that the )hysical se)aration o& the antennas is used to satis&y the isolation re6uirements. +n some cases it
has been necessary to mount macrocell antennas horiLontally ad3acent to one another 'ith a se)aration o& 0.% m.
Passive D(, indoor solutions bene&it &rom relatively hih &eeder losses to hel) satis&y the isolation re6uirement.
(ctive D(, indoor solutions bene&it &rom an increased noise &iure 'hich reduces the isolation re6uirement. ,ome
o)erators ma*e use o& shared &eeders and dual band antennas. +n this case di)le7ors are used to satis&y the
isolation re6uirement. +n eneral, the isolation re6uirement bet'een G,M and ;!DM( is satis&ied 'ith relative
ease.
63 GS0700 and A%#0A700 Refarming
2he $00 MHL and 1800 MHL bands are bein 'idely used by G,M systems )articularly in 9uro)e. +t is believed
that G,M$00 and G,M1800 systems 'ill continue to e7ist &or a lon time. De)loyin @M2, 0@2R(F?DD1 systems
in the $00 MHL and 1800 MHL bands does not mean the immediate re)lacement o& G,M systems by @M2,. @M2,
'ill coFe7ist 'ith G,M in the $00 MHL and 1800 MHL &re6uency bands in the &uture.
2he main interest &or o)erators to de)loy @M2, in the $00 MHL band is the better coverae com)ared to ;!DM(
at 2100 MHL, es)ecially to )rovide coverae &or rural areas. ;!DM($00 o&&ers a considerably more cost e&&icient
solution &or o)erators to o&&er ;!DM( services in rural areas 'ith lo' )o)ulation density.

900MHz
2100MHz
900MHz
900MHz 2100MHz

900MHz
2100MHz
900MHz
900MHz 2100MHz

1igure 27 *!e 4o"erage in t!e 7000.C +and is +etter 4om:ared to A%#0A 21000.C +and
Pre)aration and inter&erence analysis are )layin im)ortant role. +n addition, stratey, ;!DM($00 area should be
*no'n be&ore re&armin.
2here is multi)le documents 'hich introduces to the re&armin, main documents areD
;!DM($00 Plannin GuideHv2.0.doc
G,MH$00HRe&armin.doc
G,M O @M2,$00 radio )lannin 'ith /(P %.2 v 0.1.doc
Planning tools
/et(ct Planner tool is ivin ood initial estimate o& the inter&erence situation 'ith ne' G,M )lan and it is )ossible
to ma*e re&armin 'ith it. More in&ormation related to /(P usae 'ithin $00 re&armin can be &ound &rom document
G,M O @M2,$00 radio )lannin 'ith /(P %.2 v1.0.doc.
/et(ct 8)timiLer can be used &or better &re6uency )lannin, because it is based on real @9 measurements. +n >,!
,11 release there is ne' ?9P method &or this, 'here @9 re)orts measurement results based on certain >( list and
that >( list is chanin so that all &re6uencies can be scanned and re)orted so that it is )ossible to ma*e
inter&erence matri7 both &orm coF channel and ad3acent channel inter&erence 0see more in o)timiLer )roduct
documentation1.
4. RADIO NET7OR8 P9ANNING TOO9
71 A::roa4!es to 3G Radio Network Planning
2here are t'o a))roaches to 3G radio net'or* )lanninD )ath loss based and 3G simulation
based.
2he )ath loss based a))roachD
is relatively sim)le and is the most commonly ado)ted a))roach.
ma*es use o& so&t'are tools 'hich are relatively mature and results 'hich are easy to inter)ret.
ma*es use o& ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss &iures resultin &rom 3G lin* budets.
enerates )lots and statistics &or 3G coverae, best server areas and !C+ analysis.
2he 3G simulation based a))roachD
is more com)le7 and time consumin.
is o&ten used &or &ocused 3G system investiations rather than 'ide area radio net'or* )lannin.
uses so&t'are tools 'hich are less mature and results 'hich are more di&&icult to inter)ret.
ma*es use o& 3G )arameter assum)tions and a 3G tra&&ic )ro&ile.
enerates )lots and statistics &or coverae, ca)acity, so&t handover, intercell inter&erence, u)lin* load
and do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
( detailed radio net'or* )lannin )rocess is re6uired to )rovide ste)FbyFste) instructions 'hich are
customised to the tools bein used and the o)erator s)eci&ic 'or*in )ractices.
/,/Gs tool &or 3G radio net'or* )lannin is /et(ct Planner
NSN Recommendation: &n $eneral% the ath loss based aroach to <2 radio networ# lannin$ should be
adoted for wide area radio networ# lannin$ and the <2 simulation based aroach should be adoted for
focused investi$ations of system erformance! <2 simulations can also be used durin$ the re/launch
otimisation activity! The initial emhasis of lannin$ should be laced uon service and (+&(1 covera$e! <2
site candidates should be selected accordin$ to the criteria secified in section Site Selection! The roa$ation
model should be tuned from measurements accordin$ly! The lin# bud$et si$nal stren$th thresholds should be
based uon a set of <2 service and (+&(1 lin# bud$ets! (overa$e should aear conti$uous across the tar$et
area! Best server areas should have well defined boundaries and should not be fra$mented! Nei$hbourin$ best
server areas should be of aroximately equal si>e!
2here are t'o &undamental a))roaches to 3G radio net'or* )lannin. 2hese are the )ath loss based a))roach and
the 3G simulation based a))roach. 2he )ath loss based a))roach is the sim)lest and has been ado)ted by the
ma3ority o& 3G o)erators.
711 Pat! 8oss +ased A::roa4!
2he )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin can be com)leted usin a 2G radio net'or* )lannin
tool. 2he )lannin tool must be ca)able o& com)letin )ath loss calculations and dis)layin areas 'here s)eci&ic
)ath loss thresholds are e7ceeded. 2he )lannin tool should also be ca)able o& dis)layin best server areas and
o)tionally, it should be ca)able o& dis)layin do'nlin* !C+. +n each case, numerical statistics as 'ell as ra)hical
)lots should be enerated. 2he in)uts to the )lannin tool &or the )ath loss based a))roach areD
3G site candidates 'ith their )hysical con&iuration 0antenna ty)e, antenna heiht, antenna tilt, antenna
aLimuth, &eeder ty)e and &eeder lenth1.
)ro)aation model.
diital terrain ma).
lin* budet sinal strenth thresholds.
2he 3G site candidates should be those 'hich have been selected accordin to the criteria s)eci&ied in earlier
section. 2hey may be 2G sites 'hich are bein reFused &or 3G or they may be reen&ield sites 'hich are bein
introduced &or 3G. 2he )ro)aation model should be tuned &rom measurements accordinly. Pro)aation model
tunin should account &or inaccuracies in the diital terrain ma), e.. areas sho'n to be rural clutter ty)e 'hich are
actually suburban clutter ty)e. 2he lin* budet sinal strenth thresholds should be based u)on a set o& 3G service
and !P+!H lin* budets. Guidance &or 3G lin* budets 'as )rovided in earlier section.
2he 3G lin* budet results must be ad3usted )rior to bein used 'ithin the )lannin tool. <in* budet results are
enerated in terms o& ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss 'hereas the ma3ority o& )lannin tools dis)lay contours o& sinal
strenth. 2his means that a relatively arbitrary /ode > transmit )o'er must be selected and then a sinal strenth
threshold com)uted by subtractin the lin* budet ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss. 2he node > antenna ain and
&eeder loss must also be ta*en into account. +t is common &or the arbitrary transmit )o'er to be selected to e6ual
the !P+!H transmit )o'er. 2his means that sinal strenths com)uted by the )lannin tool can be inter)reted as
!P+!H R,!P. (n e7am)le o& the translation &rom a lin* budet ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss &iure to a )lannin tool
sinal strenth threshold is )resented in 2able -%.
<in* budet result &or ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss 1#0 d>
Do'nlin* transmit )o'er con&iured in the )lannin tool 33 d>m
/ode > antenna ain assumed in the lin* budets 18 d>i
?eeder loss assumed in the lin* budets 2 d>
Plannin tool sinal strenth threshold F$1 d>m
*a+le 65 9 &>am:le translation of 3G link +udget result to :lanning tool signal strengt! t!res!old
+n this e7am)le it is assumed that the ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss &rom the 3G lin* budets is 1#0 d>. 2his &iure
may have oriinated &rom the u)lin* service lin* budet, the do'nlin* service lin* budet or the do'nlin* !P+!H lin*
budet, i.e. 'hichever lin* budet enerated the lo'est ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss. 2he )lannin tool is used to
dis)lay contours o& do'nlin* sinal strenth irres)ective o& 'hether the corres)ondin )ath loss oriinated &rom an
u)lin* or do'nlin* lin* budet, i.e. sinal strenth is bein used to )rovide an indication o& )ath loss. Di&&erences
bet'een u)lin* and do'nlin* )ath loss 0resultin &rom the 1$0 MHL &re6uency division du)le7 s)acin1 should be
accounted &or durin the lin* budet analysis.
2he antenna ain used in 2able -% should e6ual the node > antenna ain assumed in the lin* budets. +t is li*ely
that an actual radio net'or* includes a rane o& di&&erent antenna ty)es each 'ith a di&&erent antenna ain. 2his
does not have an im)act u)on the results as lon as the )lannin tool is con&iured 'ith the actual antenna ty)es.
?or e7am)le, i& the lin* budets are based u)on an antenna ain o& 18 d>i 'hereas a s)eci&ic node > has an actual
antenna ain o& 1- d>i then the ma7imum allo'ed )ath loss resultin &rom the lin* budet 'ill be 2 d> more rela7ed
than it should be. Ho'ever, a))lyin an 18 d>i antenna ain in 2able 1 means that the sinal strenth threshold is 2
d> more di&&icult to achieve and the t'o e&&ects cancel one another.
2he &eeder loss used in 2able -% should e6ual the &eeder loss assumed in the limitin lin* budet, i.e. u)lin*
service, do'nlin* service or do'nlin* !P+!H. +& the u)lin* service lin* budet is the limitin lin* budet and Mast
Head (m)li&iers 0MH(1 are )resent then it is more accurate to account &or the bene&it o& usin the MH( and to
con&iure a value o& 0 d> in both 2able -% and in the )lannin tool. 2his assumes that the MH( )rovides a bene&it
'hich is e7actly e6ual to the &eeder loss. 2his a))ro7imation introduces inaccuracies &or node > 'hich have very
short or very lon &eeder lenths. Ho'ever, there is o&ten a re6uirement to use the )lannin tool as a database &or
site s)eci&ic &eeder loss values. 2his means that it is not )ossible to enter &eeder loss values o& 0 d> &or all sites.
+nstead the actual &eeder loss values are entered in the )lannin tool and the &eeder loss value assumed in the lin*
budet 0e7cludin the bene&it o& usin an MH(1 is a))lied in 2able -%. +& the do'nlin* service lin* budet or the
do'nlin* !P+!H lin* budet is the limitin lin* budet then the actual &eeder loss values should be entered in the
)lannin tool and the &eeder loss value assumed in the do'nlin* lin* budet should be a))lied in 2able -%.
<in* budets should be com)leted on a )er service and )er clutter ty)e basis. <in* budets di&&er across services
)rimarily due to di&&erences in the 9bC/o re6uirements and )rocessin ains. <in* budets di&&er across clutter ty)es
)rimarily due to di&&erences in buildin )enetration losses and slo' &adin standard deviations. 2his means that
there are a relatively lare number o& sinal strenth contours 'hich could be dis)layed. +t is common to reduce the
number o& contours 'hich are dis)layed to hel) sim)li&y their visualisation and inter)retation. 2he number o&
contours can be reduced such that only those corres)ondin to the most demandin service are )lotted. /e7t &iure
illustrates an e7am)le o& )lottin the coverae contours only &or the most demandin service.
Dense @rban
@rban
,uburban
Rural
%o"erage
,)eci&ic service
Dense @rban
@rban
,uburban
Rural
%o"erage
,)eci&ic service
1igure 26 9 &>am:le 4o"erage :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio network :lanning w!en
a::l$ing 4lutter de:endent signal strengt! t!res!olds for a s:e4ifi4 ser"i4e
2he most demandin service could be the -#C128 *b)s P, data service. 2his does not necessarily mean that the
o)erator does not 'ish to o&&er the -#C38# *b)s P, data service. 2he radio net'or* could be )lanned accordin to
the -#C128 *b)s P, data service and then the -#C38# *b)s P, data service o&&ered on a best e&&ort basis. +n the
case o& ?iure 28, a di&&erent coverae contour is )lotted &or each clutter ty)e. !overae should be chec*ed by
selectin the contour corres)ondin to the underlyin clutter ty)e.
2he )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin should include an analysis o& the best server areas.
2his hel)s to ensure ood dominance and a relatively even distribution o& net'or* loadin. >est server areas should
be contiuous and should not be &ramented. /onFcontiuous best server areas indicate that there is li*ely to be
relatively )oor dominance and increased levels o& intercell inter&erence. +n eneral, neihbourin best server areas
should be o& a))ro7imately e6ual siLe. +& there is a *no'n tra&&ic hots)ot then a node > should be located as close
as )ossible to that hots)ot and the dominance area can be smaller. ?iure 2$ illustrates an e7am)le best server
)lot.
1igure 27 9 &>am:le +est ser"er :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio network :lanning
2his e7am)le is a))licable to a )o)ulation o& traditional /ode >. +& the radio net'or* included micro or lo'er )o'er
node >s then, de)endin u)on ho' the radio net'or* )lannin tool is con&iured, there could be a sinle best
server area )er node > rather than a sinle best server area )er sector.
,ome o)erators include a do'nlin* !C+ analysis as )art o& their )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or*
)lannin. ( !C+ analysis )rovides an indication o& cell isolation and intercell inter&erence. 2G radio net'or* )lannin
tools can be used to com)lete a !C+ analysis by assinin a sinle R? carrier to all cells. <are neative values o&
!C+ can be inter)reted as areas o& )oor dominance 'here the !P+!H 9cC+o is li*ely to be )oor. ( ty)ical threshold
&or the minimum allo'ed do'nlin* !C+ is V- d>. 2his corres)onds to incurrin inter&erence 'hich is &our times
stroner than the desired sinal, e.. this 'ould occur i& a @9 received &ive sinals o& e6ual strenth. ( !C+ analysis
does not account &or so&t handover bet'een cells but this is analoous to actual !P+!H sinals 'hich are not
combined 'hile a @9 is in so&t handover. 3G simulations can be used to validate that a !C+ analysis is eneratin
meanin&ul results. ?iure 30 illustrates an e7am)le do'nlin* !C+ )lot.
1igure 30 9 &>am:le %'/ anal$sis :lot from t!e :at! loss +ased a::roa4! to 3G radio network :lanning
+n this e7am)le there are a &e' relatively small locations 'here the do'nlin* !C+ is )oor, i.e. belo' a value o& V- d>.
2he )lanner 'ould have to decide 'hether or not these locations are im)ortant. +& they are in areas 'here there is
unli*ely to be any tra&&ic then they can be le&t.
( !C+ analysis can also be used subse6uent to radio net'or* )lannin 'hen de&inin cluster boundaries durin the
)reFlaunch o)timisation )hase. ( !C+ analysis can be used to hel) identi&y clusters 'hich are relatively 'ell isolated
&rom one another. 2his hel)s to ensure that R? o)timisation 'ithin one cluster has minimal im)act u)on the
neihbourin clusters.
712 3G Simulation +ased A::roa4!
2he 3G simulation based a))roach to radio net'or* )lannin re6uires the use o& a 3G radio net'or* )lannin tool.
2he ma3ority o& 3G radio net'or* )lannin tools, includin /et(ct Planner ma*e use o& Monte !arlo simulations.
Monte !arlo simulations are static rather than dynamic. 2his means that system )er&ormance is evaluated by
considerin many inde)endent instants 0sna) shots1 in time. ( dynamic simulation evaluates )er&ormance by
considerin a series o& consecutive instants in time. +n eneral, dynamic simulations are more time consumin than
static simulations. +n the case o& static simulations, the )o)ulation o& @9 are reFdistributed across the simulation
area &or every simulation sna) shot. ?or each sna) shot the u)lin* and do'nlin* transmit )o'er re6uirements are
com)uted based u)on lin* loss, !C+ re6uirement and the level o& inter&erence. @9 'hich are not able to achieve their
!C+ re6uirements are cateorised as bein in outae. 8utae may also be caused by &actors such as inade6uate
baseband )rocessin resources or reachin the ma7imum allo'ed increase in u)lin* inter&erence. >y considerin a
lare number o& instants in the time the simulation is able to )rovide an indication o& the )robability o& certain events
occurrin, e.. the )robability that a @9 'ill be able to establish a connection at a s)eci&ic location. 2he simulation is
also able to )rovide an indication o& averae )er&ormance metrics such as cell throuh)ut and do'nlin* transmit
)o'er.
2he in)uts re6uired &or the 3G simulation based a))roach to radio net'or* )lannin areD
3G site candidates 'ith their )hysical con&iuration 0antenna ty)e, antenna heiht, antenna tilt ,antenna
aLimuth, &eeder ty)e and &eeder lenth1
)ro)aation model
diital terrain ma)
3G )arameter assum)tions
3G tra&&ic )ro&ile
2he &irst three in)uts are the same as those used &or the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin.
2he 3G )arameter assum)tions overla) 'ith those 'hich are used to enerate lin* budets. 3G simulation tools
usually re6uire more )arameters than a lin* budet, e.. the number o& hard'are channels available at a /ode >,
do'nlin* orthoonality, so&t handover addition and dro) 'indo's. ,ome lin* budet )arameters have a di&&erent
de&inition in the )lannin tool. ?or e7am)le, the so&t handover ain 'hich a))ears 'ithin a lin* budet includes the
diversity bene&its &or both &ast and slo' &adin. 2he so&t handover ain 'hich a))ears 'ithin a 3G simulation tool
usually includes only the diversity bene&it &or &ast &adin. 2his is because 3G simulation tools usually model slo'
&adin e7)licitly and thus the so&t handover ain is already included in the system modelin. 2he 3G tra&&ic )ro&ile is
relatively di&&icult to de&ine. +t re6uires a s)eci&ication o& the services 'hich are used and also the e7tent to 'hich
they are used. +n addition, it re6uires a s)eci&ication o& the eora)hic distribution o& @9. Most 3G radio net'or*
)lannin tools allo' @9 to be distributed 'ithin )olyons, alon vectors or based u)on the clutter ty)e. /et(ct
)lanner also allo's the im)ort o& tra&&ic ma)s 'hich can be enerated outside the )lannin tool. 2hese tra&&ic ma)s
can be based u)on national census )o)ulation statistics i& the movement o& @9 &rom home locations to 'or*
locations durin the busy hour is accounted &or. (lternatively, tra&&ic ma)s can be enerated &rom 9rlan ma)s
'hich have been recorded &rom an e7istin 2G net'or*. 2his a))roach assumes that the distribution o& 3G tra&&ic
'ill be a))ro7imately the same as the distribution o& 2G tra&&ic.
2he 3G simulation based a))roach to radio net'or* )lannin is more time consumin then the )ath loss based
a))roach. 2he results ta*e more time to enerate and more time to inter)ret. 2he time re6uired to enerate
simulation results de)ends u)on the siLe o& the eora)hic area bein modeled and also the 6uantity o& tra&&ic
loadin the net'or*. 9ach simulation sna) shot ta*es loner to com)lete 'hen there are lare 6uantities o& tra&&ic.
Ho'ever, there is a re6uirement &or more simulation sna) shots 'hen there is only a small 6uantity o& tra&&ic. More
simulation sna) shots are re6uired to ensure that the simulation results have convered. !onverence o& the
simulation results should al'ays be chec*ed to'ards the end o& a simulation. 2his can be achieved by ensurin that
the results are not chanin sini&icantly a&ter successive sna) shots. 2he ma3ority o& 3G simulation tools include
&unctionality &or a )assive scan terminal. ( )assive scan terminal increases the rate at 'hich ra)hical results are
enerated by the simulation tool but decreases the rate at 'hich numerical results are enerated. 2he )assive scan
terminal o)erates by evaluatin system )er&ormance at every )i7el 'ithin the simulation area at the end o& each
simulation sna) shot. 2his increases the rate at 'hich ra)hical results are enerated because 'ithout the )assive
scan terminal, results can only be enerated &or the )i7els 'here @9 have been distributed.
2he main bene&it o& com)letin 3G simulations is the relatively lare 6uantity o& in&ormation 'hich is enerated. 2his
in&ormation is bene&icial i& it is inter)reted correctly. (lthouh the scenario is less realistic, it can be easier to
inter)ret results i& a sinle service is simulated at a time. 2he main results &rom a 3G simulation are ty)icallyD
service coverae
system ca)acity
so&t handover overhead
intercell inter&erence
u)lin* and do'nlin* transmit )o'ers
u)lin* and do'nlin* inter&erence &loors
connection establishment &ailure mechanisms
+t is usual to be able to visualise each o& these results usin ra)hical )lots and also to be able to study them usin
numerical re)orts. !overae )lots are usually enerated on a )er service basis. (n e7am)le coverae )lot &or the
-#C-# *b)s !, data service is illustrated in ?iure 31.

1igure 31 9 &>am:le 4o"erage :lot for t!e 62'62 k+:s %S data ser"i4e
,ervice coverae )lots illustrate locations 'here @9 'ere able to achieve their u)lin* and do'nlin* !C+
re6uirements. (reas 'here there is no coverae corres)ond to locations 'here @9 could not achieve their !C+
re6uirement as a result o& either inade6uate transmit )o'er or one o& the other &ailure mechanisms, e.. the
ma7imum allo'ed increase in u)lin* inter&erence has been reached.. (n e7am)le )lot o& u)lin* load is illustrated in
?iure 32. 2his )lot )rovides an indication o& the increase in u)lin* inter&erence &loor at each cell and can be used to
identi&y cells 'hich have reached their ma7imum allo'ed increase.

1igure 32 9 &>am:le :lot of u:link load
+n the case o& /et(ct Planner, 'hen connections &ail an indication o& the &ailure mechanism is )rovided in the cell
bloc*in re)ort. (n e7am)le o& this re)ort is illustrated in ?iure 33.
1igure 33 9 &>am:le 4ell +lo4king re:ort
2he relatively lare 6uantity o& time re6uired to com)lete and analyse 3G simulations means that they are usually
used &or &ocused studies rather than 'ide area radio net'or* )lannin. ?ocused studies may be used to evaluate
the ca)acity o& a section o& the net'or* or they may be used to estimate the so&t handover overhead or the level o&
intercell inter&erence. 3G simulations may also be used to hel) validate the )ath loss based a))roach to 3G radio
net'or* )lannin.
713 *ools
2here is a lare number o& commercial radio net'or* )lannin tools 'hich may be used &or either the )ath loss
based a))roach or the 3G simulation based a))roach. /,/Gs /et(ct Planner includes both 2G and 3G modules
and so either a))roach may be ado)ted. /et(ct Planner has been 'ritten by (ircom. (ircom have their o'n version
'ith very similar ca)abilities. 2his version is called 9nter)rise. 8)erators may have 9nter)rise rather than /et(ct
Planner i& they have )urchased the tool directly &rom (ircom rather than &rom /,/. 8ther )lannin tools 'ith similar
ca)abilities include <oicaGs 8dyssey and ?ors*Gs (toll.
712 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators are usin the )ath loss based a))roach to )lan their 3G net'or*s. 2his a))roach is
relatively sim)le and less time consumin than the 3G simulation based a))roach, i.e. it is more )ractical. +n
eneral, 3G simulation tools are bein used &or &ocused theoretical studies. +n some cases, 3G simulation tools are
bein used as )art o& the )reFlaunch o)timisation )rocess. 8)erators ty)ically de&ine their o'n )rocess &or )lannin
the 3G radio net'or* althouh /,/ is o&ten re6uested to revie' and )rovide &eedbac*.
72 Pro:agation 0odelling
(ccurate )ro)aation modelin is &undamental to radio net'or* )lannin.
2he *ey in)uts are the )ro)aation model itsel&, the diital terrain ma) and the site con&iuration data.
( set o& )ro)aation models may be used rather than a sinle )ro)aation model.
D!, 1800 )ro)aation models can be used &or 3G radio net'or* )lannin.
Pro)aation model tunin involves minimisin the standard deviation o& the error bet'een the )redicted and
measured )ro)aation loss, 'hile maintainin a mean error 'hich is close to 0 d>.
2he R? measurements 'hich are used &or tunin may be recorded &rom either e7istin D!, 1800 cells or
s)eci&ic test transmitters.
2here is a set o& instructions &or tunin each )ro)aation model ty)e 'ithin /et(ct Planner.
8nce )ro)aation models have been tuned they should be validated and audited on a reular basis.
NSN Recommendation: (hec#s should be made to ensure that the di$ital terrain ma ?)T*A is u/to/date and is
accurate in terms of clutter% vectors and $round hei$ht! The )T* resolution should be about 5- m for urban and
suburban areas and about ,- m for rural areas! The number of clutter cate$ories should be aroximately 0-! &f
an oerator secifies the roa$ation model then the results should be comared with those $enerated by a
NSN model to identify any si$nificant differences! &t is accetable to use a )(S 0E-- roa$ation model for <2
radio networ# lannin$! Buildin$ vectors should be used if the radio networ# lan includes microcells with
antenna which are below roof/to! RF measurements used to tune a roa$ation model should be based uon
at least E sites% with a further 5 sites measured for subsequent model validation! )rive routes should be lanned
to remain within the < dB beamwidth of the antenna and should avoid elevated sections of road% tunnels or
cuttin$s! The drive route should include a balance of line/of/site and non/line/of/site locations! *easurement
data should be filtered% binned and analysed rior to comletin$ tunin$! .ach clutter tye should have at least
7-- data samles after binnin$! The most aroriate tye of roa$ation models should be determined durin$
the tunin$ rocedure! The instructions rovided should be used to tune the models! After tunin$% the models
should be validated and eriodically audited!
721 ReBuirements
(ccurate )ro)aation modelin is &undamental to both the 3G simulation based a))roach and the )ath loss based
a))roach to 3G radio net'or* )lannin. 2he *ey in)uts to )ro)aation modelin are the )ro)aation model itsel&,
the diital terrain ma) 0D2M1 and the site con&iuration data. Radio net'or* )lannin is o&ten com)leted usin a set
o& )ro)aation models rather than a sinle )ro)aation model. Di&&erent models may be tuned &or s)eci&ic antenna
heihts or s)eci&ic cell ranes. Diital terrain ma)s o&ten become outFo&Fdate and subse6uently become a source o&
error. 2he site con&iuration data relies u)on the accuracy o& the antenna ain )attern as 'ell as the antenna
heiht, aLimuth and tilt data. 8)erators may have e7istin )ro)aation models &or their 2G radio net'or*s. 2hey
may 'ish to use the same models &or 3G radio net'or* )lannin. +n this case, their models should be com)ared
'ith ty)ical /,/ models to hel) identi&y any sini&icant di&&erences. +t is reasonable to assume that a )ro)aation
model 'hich has been used to )lan a D!, 1800 net'or* can also be a))lied 'hen )lannin a 3G net'or*.
;hen a )ro3ect re6uires the de&inition o& a ne' )ro)aation model the &ollo'in tas*s should be com)letedD
D2M s)eci&ication, )urchase and validation
selection o& )ro)aation model ty)e based u)on re6uirements
)lannin and com)letion o& drive survey
R? measurement )ostF)rocessin and )ro)aation model calibration
)ro)aation model validation and continuous auditin
D2M re6uirements should be s)eci&ied in terms o& resolution, &ormat and the number o& clutter cateories. 2he
resolution should be relatively hih &or urban and suburban areas but can be reduced &or rural areas. +t is ty)ical to
use a 20 m resolution &or urban and suburban areas 'hereas a %0 m resolution may be used &or rural areas. +& the
resolution is too lo' then the accuracy o& the ma) and the subse6uent )ro)aation modelin becomes )oor. +& the
resolution is too hih then the D2M is li*ely to be e7)ensive and the com)uter )rocessin re6uirement may become
e7cessive. Resolutions 'hich are hiher than 20 m may be a))ro)riate &or dense urban areas 'here cell ranes
are )articularly small. +& microcells 'ith belo' roo&Fto) antennas are to be )lanned then it may be necessary to
)urchase a ma) 'hich includes buildin vectors. >uildin vectors may have either t'o or three dimensions. 2he
&ormat o& the D2M should be s)eci&ied to match the &ormat used by the radio net'or* )lannin tool. +& the re6uired
&ormat is not available then the )urchased ma) 'ill re6uire )ostF)rocessin )rior to im)ortin. 2he a))ro)riate
number o& clutter cateories de)ends u)on the eora)hic area. +t is ty)ical to ma*e use o& about 10 cateories.
,ome )lannin tools may have a ma7imum number o& cateories 'hich can be im)orted. +n this case, the D2M can
be )ostF)rocessed to mere similar cateories. +& the number o& cateories is lare then the )ro)aation tunin
e7ercise becomes more di&&icult. 8nce the D2M has been )urchased and im)orted into the radio net'or* )lannin
tool, a set o& chec*s should be com)leted to hel) validate its accuracy. !lutter ty)es and vectors should be
com)ared 'ith those indicated on )a)er ma)s. <i*e'ise, the round heiht data should be com)ared 'ith that
indicated on )a)er ma)s.
8nce the diital terrain ma) has been validated then an initial selection o& )ro)aation models should be made. +t
may be necessary to chane this selection i& it is subse6uently &ound to be ina))ro)riate durin the model tunin
tas*. 2he re6uirement &or a set o& di&&erent )ro)aation models should be evaluated. +n eneral, the ty)e o&
)ro)aation models 'hich can be selected are limited to those 'hich are su))orted by the radio net'or* )lannin
tool. /,/Gs /et(ct Planner allo's selection bet'een a standard macrocell model, a standard microcell model and a
/,/ )ro)aation model. +& the /,/ )ro)aation model is chosen then it is subse6uently )ossible to select bet'een
8*umuraFHata and ;al&ischF+*eami models. /et(ct Planner also allo's the im)ort o& ray tracin results &rom third
)arty )ro)aation modelin tools. 2hese may be necessary i& microcells are bein )lanned. 2he main di&&erences
bet'een the a))licability o& the 8*umuraFHata model and the ;al&ischF+*eami model are )resented in 2able --.
8*umuraFHata ;al&ischF+*eami
?re6uency Rane 1%0 MHL to 1.0 GHL
1.% to 2.0 GHL
800 MHL to 2.0 GHL
/ode > (ntenna Heiht 30 to 200 m
above roo&Fto)
# to %0 m
above roo&Fto)
@9 (ntenna Heiht 1 to 10 m 1 to 3 m
Rane 1 to 20 *m 30 m to - *m
())licable to Macrocells Macrocells
*a+le 66 9 A::li4a+ilit$ of t!e -kumura3.ata and Aalfis4!3/kegami :ro:agation models
2here is a detailed s)eci&ication &or each o& these models 'ithin the /et(ct Planner @ser Re&erence. ( number o&
model ty)es can be chosen at this stae 'ith the &inal selection bein made durin )ro)aation model tunin. 2he
&inal number o& models should be *e)t relatively small to hel) ensure that the radio net'or* )lannin )rocess
remains )ractical. +& there are sites 'ith sini&icantly di&&erent cell ranes, antenna heihts or radio environments
then it may be necessary to de&ine se)arate )ro)aation models.
8nce the a))ro7imate number and ty)e o& )ro)aation model have been identi&ied then an R? measurement
cam)ain should be )lanned to tune each model. 2unin a )ro)aation model involves com)arin measured and
)redicted data 'hile ad3ustin the model in)ut )arameters to achieve a minimum error. 2he R? measurements may
be recorded either &rom e7istin D!, 1800 sites or &rom s)eci&ic test transmitters radiatin continuous 'ave 0!;1
sinals 'ithin the 3G do'nlin* &re6uency band. +t is )re&erable, althouh more e7)ensive to use s)eci&ic test
transmitters. (t least 8 sites are re6uired &or each )ro)aation model. ( &urther 2 sites should be measured &or
subse6uent model validation. +& test transmitters are bein used then some o& the test sites should be measured
'ith multi)le antenna heihts. 2he test sites and their antenna locations should be re)resentative o& candidate 3G
sites. 2he test sites should be distributed across the area 'here the )ro)aation model 'ill be a))lied. 2his may
involve ta*in measurements in a number o& di&&erent areas. +n the case o& roo&Fto) sites, antenna clearance anles
should be chec*ed in the same 'ay as they are chec*ed durin the normal site desin activity. <i*e'ise, antennas
should not be obstructed. 9ach test site should be visited be&ore the drive route is )lanned to hel) ensure its
suitability. +& directional antennas are used &or the test sites the drive route should remain 'ithin the 3 d> beam'idth
o& the antenna. Pro)aation model tunin is less li*ely to be accurate outside this beam'idth due to the increased
variance o& the antenna ain )attern. 2he drive route should include a balance o& lineFo&Fsiht and nonFlineFo&Fsite
locations. 2he route should also )rovide measurements 'hich are relatively evenly distributed in terms o& distance
&rom the test site. 9ach clutter ty)e should have a minimum o& #00 measurement sam)les a&ter binnin. 2here can
be an overla) bet'een routes 'hich are used &or di&&erent test sites althouh the entire route should not be the
same. Routes should not be )lanned across sections o& elevated road because these locations are li*ely to cause a
discre)ancy bet'een the D2M round heiht and the actual measurement heiht. <i*e'ise, routes should not be
)lanned throuh tunnels or cuttins. 8nce the drive routes have been )lanned the measurements should be
recorded. Di&&erential GP, 'ith dead rec*onin should be used 'henever )ossible. Dead rec*onin hel)s to
maintain location accuracy 'hen GP, satellite visibility is lost.
8nce the measurement data has been recorded it should be &iltered, binned and analysed. 9rroneous data should
be removed, as should data 'hich has a sinal strenth belo' V110 d>m and is less li*ely to be accurate. +& drive
routes include elevated sections o& road, tunnels or cuttins then these measurements should also be removed.
Data should be binned accordin to distance and usin a rid 'hich has the same resolution and re&erence as the
D2M. 2he binned measurements should be analysed in terms o& )lottin the number o& data )oints )er clutter ty)e
and )lottin the number o& data )oints as a &unction o& sinal strenth and distance &rom the test site. +t may also be
necessary to convert the measurement data into a &ormat 'hich the radio net'or* )lannin tool can im)ort &or
tunin.
Pro)aation model tunin involves minimisin the standard deviation o& the error bet'een the )redicted )ro)aation
loss and the measured )ro)aation loss, 'hile maintainin a mean error 'hich is close to 0 d>. 2here is no sinle
correct 'ay o& calibratin a )ro)aation model. ,ome radio net'or* )lannin tools o&&er &unctionality &or
automatically tunin a )ro)aation model. /et(ct Planner allo's the main )ro)aation model )arameters to be
manually ad3usted 'hile o&&erin automatic tunin &or the clutter ty)e correction &actors. 2he eneric )ro)aation
model tunin )rocess is iterative and involves the &ollo'in ste)sD
com)lete a set o& )ro)aation )redictions
6uanti&y the mean and standard deviation o& the error bet'een the )redicted and measured data
ad3ust one in)ut )arameter belonin to the )ro)aation model
reFcalculate the )ro)aation )redictions and determine 'hether or not the results have im)roved
i& the results have im)roved *ee) the chane and re)eat, other'ise undo the chane and re)eat
re)eat until the mean and standard deviation o& the error cannot be reduced any &urther.
( detailed e7)lanation to each o& these ste)s is )rovided in the /et(ct Planner @ser Re&erence Guide. 2his
document )rovides instructions &or tunin each ty)e o& )ro)aation model.
8nce the )ro)aation models have been tuned then they should be validated usin some measurements 'hich
'ere not used &or tunin. 2he measurements should be loaded into the tunin tool and used to determine a mean
and standard deviation &or the error bet'een the measured and )redicted data. 2he mean and standard deviation or
the error should be similar to that 'hich 'as obtained at the end o& the tunin )rocedure. 8nce the )ro)aation
models have been &inalised and used then they should be audited on a reular basis to ensure that they remain
valid. Measurements &rom the )reFlaunch o)timisation activity may be used to re&ine the )ro)aation models. 2his
may be done on a cluster by cluster basis or i& the resources are available then it could be done on a cell by cell
basis. 2ools such as (ircomGs R(/8P2 allo' the im)ort o& )reFlaunch or )ostFlaunch o)timisation drive test data &or
com)arison aainst )redictions.
722 %ommon Pra4ti4e
+t is common &or o)erators to be usin relatively old diital terrain ma)s 0D2M1 'hich have become inaccurate. D2M
resolutions bet'een 20 and %0 m are common. 2he use o& buildin vectors is usually restricted to dense urban
areas and may not be used at all. +t is common &or o)erators to a))ly the same )ro)aation models &or 3G and
D!, 1800. 8)erators ma*e use o& HataF8*umura, ;al&ischF+*eami and the standard macrocell model 'ithin
/et(ct Planner. +t is rare &or o)erators to use ray tracin &or net'or* )lannin )ur)oses. Ray tracin is sometimes
used &or s)eci&ic studies 'hich &ocus u)on relatively small eora)hic areas. ,ome o)erators have com)leted
)ro)aation model tunin usin e7istin D!, 1800 cells 'hereas other o)erators have used s)eci&ic test
transmitters. 2he tas* o& )ro)aation model tunin is sometimes contracted to a third )arty oranisation.
:. PARAMETER P9ANNING AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
61 /ntra3freBuen4$ 4ell re3sele4tion
2he intraF&re6uency neihbor measurements should be activated early enouh
2he 9cC+o variation caused by H,DP( )o'er should be ta*en into account in the ,intrasearch )arameter
settin
+& hih number o& reselection 0!ell u)date, <(CR( u)date1 is detected is net'or* area, this can be
decreased by increasin the 2reselection time andCor hiher hysteresis settins
R@10 R/! allo's the usae o& R,!P based cell ran*in, 'hich can be used to decrease number o& cell reF
selections in some areas.
NSN Recommendation: &dle mode arameters should be otimi>ed to imrove the call setu success rate
611 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators use the /,/ de&aults.
2he R/! databuild )arameters related to intraF&re6uency cell reFselections.
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
Suita+le 4ell ;S34riteria=
B6ualmin ;!9< R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 1 d> F18 d>
Br7levmin ;!9< R(,0- F11$...F2% d>m, ste) 2 d>m F11% d>m
@9t7Po'erMa7PR(!H ;!9< R(,0- F%0...33 d>m, ste) 1 d>m 21 d>m
(d3sB6ualmin H8P, R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 1 d> F18 d>
(d3sBr7levmin H8P, R(,0- F11$...F2% d>m, ste) 2 d>m F11% d>m
(d3s27P'rR(!H (D", R(,0- F%0...33 d>m, ste) 1 d>m R
0easurement 4riteria
,intrasearch ;!9< R(,0- 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 10 d>
,intrasearch!onn ;!9< R(,10 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 10 d>
%ell ranking ;R34riteria=
!ell,elBualMeas ;!9< R@10 !P+!H 9cC/o 001, !P+!H R,!P 011 !P+!H 9cC/o 001
Bhyst1 ;!9< R(,0- 0...#0 d>, ste) 2 d> 0 d>
Bhyst2 ;!9< R(,0- 0...#0 d>, ste) 2 d> 0 d>, 2 d>, # d>
Bhyst1?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1d> 0 d>
Bhyst2?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
Bhyst1P!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
Bhyst2P!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
(d3sBo&&set1 H8P, R(,0- F%0...%0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
(d3sBo&&set2 H8P, R(,0- F%0...%0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
%ell re3sele4tion
2reselection ;!9< R(,0- 0...31 s, ste) 1 s 2 s
2reselection?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...-.2 s, ste) 0.2 s 2 s
2reselectionP!H ;!9< R@10 0...31 s, ste) 1 s 2 s
,)eed,cale2resel ;!9< R@10 0...1, ste) 0.1 0.E
/onH!,/cr ;!9< R@10 1...1-, ste) 1 8
/onH!,2crMa7 ;!9< R@10 /ot used 001, 30 s 011, -0 s 021, 120 s
031, 180 s 0#1, 2#0 s 0%1
/ot used 001
/onH!,2crMa7Hyst ;!9< R@10 /ot used 001, 10 s 011, 20 s 021, 30 s /ot used 001
031, #0 s 0#1, %0 s 0%1, -0 s 0-1, E0 s 0E1
,+>#+ndicator ;!9< R@10 ,+># not broadcasted 001, ,+>#
broadcasted 011
,+># not
broadcasted 001
RtHo)s+denti&ier (D", R(,0- 1...100, ste) 1 F
*a+le 67 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e downlink 4ommon 4!annels ;F +ased on A%&8 "alue if
4ell in same RN%@ ot!erwise set +$ :arameter@ default 21 d,m=
RtHo)s+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y 'hat H8P )arameter sets are send in ,+>11. /rtHo)s+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y
;hen @9 is in the +dle mode or connected mode !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H or @R(HP!H state, it is res)onsible o&
the evaluation o& the 6uality o& the servin cell and the neihbor cells 02,2%.30#1 and &or )er&ormin a cell reF
selection )rocedure i& needed. 2he 6uality o& a ;!DM( cell is measured by t'o measures called Squal and SrxlevD
ion Pcompensat 6r+levmin RSCP Sr+lev
6qualmin EcNo Squal
meas
meas

,
'here ( ) 0 , _ _ _ _ m a x
, E
% ( 7 P R ( C ' % ( 7 T 7 P R , E i o n P c o m p e n s a t . @9H2PP;RHM(PHR(!H is based on the
@9t7Po'erMa7PR(!H or (d3s27P'rR(!H )arameter values, and PHM(P is the ma7imum )o'er ca)ability o& the
@9.
2he de&ault value o& Gqualmin 0(d3sB6ualmin1 is F18 d> and Grxlevmin 0(d3sBr7levmin1 is F11% d>m.
+t is mandatory &or the @9 to measure the servin cell 6uality )eriodically 02,2%.1331. 2he @9 shall measure the
!P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P level o& the servin cell and evaluate the cell selection criterion , &or the servin
cell at least every DRP cycle 0de&ault -#0 ms1. 2he @9 shall &ilter the !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P
measurements o& the servin cell usin at least 2 measurements 'ith minimum o& time s)acin o& -#0 ms 0de&ault1.
+n order to cam) normally on the cell, the servin cell has to meet suitable cell or ,FcriteriaD
'
>
>
0
0
;
Sr+lev
(N*
Squal
criteria S
.
2he @9 noise &loor is at about F100 d>m level, thus the Grxlevmin o& F11% d>m corres)onds an 9cC+o value o& F1%
d>. ;ith hiher level o& D< inter&erence 0] 3 d> noise rise1 the inter&erence limit B6ualmin starts limitin.
+ntraF&re6uency neihbor cells have to be measured by the @9 only 'hen
{ ch Sintrasear Squal criteria t measuremen &requenc$ Intra < ;
&or the servin cell is &ul&illed. 2his corres)onds an 9cC+o value belo' F8 d>, 'ith de&ault )arameter values. +t should
be noted that the H,DP( )o'er activity 'ill cause hih variation on 9cC+o, and dro) o& 9cC+o do'n to F10 d>
0Pt7!P+!HCPt7!ellMa71 in 20; cell 'ith de&ault 2; )ilot. R@10 R/! allo's de&inition o& di&&erent threshold
0,intrasearch!onn1 &or cellFreselection measurements in connected mode 0!9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H, @R(HP!H
states1. 2he use o& these se)arate values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter.
2he @9 shall measure !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P at least every -#0 ms 0de&ault1 &or intraF&re6uency cells that
are identi&ied and measured accordin to the measurement rules. 2he @9 shall &ilter !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H
R,!P measurements o& each measured interF&re6uency cell usin at least 2 measurements 'ith minimum o& time
s)acin o& -#0 ms 0de&ault1.
(ll neihbor cells 0)lus servin cell1 'hich &ul&ill the ,Fcriteria are considered as candidate taret cells &or cell reF
selection. 2hese cells are ran*ed accordin to ran*in or VRFcriteriaD

( )
'
2
2
;
,
,
6o&&set EcNo R
6h$st EcNo R
EcNo criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
,
'here the Bhyst2 value is de&ined accordin to Bhyst2 )arameter, the de&ault value o& the )arameters introduces a
2 d> hysteresis &or the reFselection. (dditional hysteresis can be introduced by increasin the Bhyst2 value by 2 d>
0to #d>1 or by decreasin the (d3sBo&&set2 value by same amount, in <(CR( borders 'here the number o& cellF
reselection should be minimiLed. ,imilarly a 0 d> hysteresis can be used in the area o& hih mobility to s)eed u)
the reFselections.
R@10 R/! allo's the de&inition o& a se)arate value &or !9<<H?(!H state 'ith Bhyst2?(!H, and in
!9<<HP!HC@R(HP!H state 'ith Bhyst2P!H )arameter values. 2he use o& these se)arate values re6uires
activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter. +n R@10 R/! it is )ossible to chane the ran*in to
be done based on R,!P measurements 'ith !ell,elBualMeas )arameter. 2his chanes also the used hysteresis
values to Bhyst1, Bhyst1?(!H or Bhyst1P!H, and o&&set values accordin to Bo&&set1.
( )
'
1
1
;
,
,
6o&&set RSCP R
6h$st RSCP R
RSCP criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
2he cell, 'hich is ran*ed hihest and is not the current servin cell, is the taret cell &or the cell reFselection
)rocedure. >e&ore actual cell reFselection is )er&ormed, this condition has to be &ul&illed &or the same taret cell &or a
)eriod o& 2reselection, 'hich is de&ined by 2reselection )arameter. <o'er 2reselection value 00 sec1 can be used in
areas 'ith hih mobility to s)eed u) the reFselections.
R@10 R/! includes multi)le chanes to the interF&re6uency cellFreselection &unctionality. +t allo's de&inition o&
se)arate value &or !9<<H?(!H state 'ith 2reselection?(!H, and in !9<<HP!HC@R(HP!H state 'ith
2reselectionP!H )arameters. R@10 R/! allo's also the activation o& hih mobility detection on the @9 0'ithout
H!,1, 'hich is con&iured 'ith the /onH!,/cr, /onH!,2crMa7 and /onH!,2crMa7Hyst )arameters. 2he
detection is based on @9 countin the number o& cell reFselections 0]/onH!,/cr1 in iven time 0/onH!,2crMa71.
2he corres)ondin 2reselection )arameter is multi)lied by the ,)eed,cale2resel )arameter value, 'hen the @9
detects hih mobility.
62 /nter3freBuen4$ 4ell re3sele4tion
,searchH!, )arameter can be used to de&ine a R,!P threshold &or the interF&re6uency neihbour
measurements 0even 'ithout H!,1
+n R@10 R/! the ;!DM( cell ran*in can be chane to R,!P based 'ith the !ell,elBualMeas
)arameter
NSN Recommendation: The confi$uration of the R(S+ threshold for inter/frequency measurement criteria and
ran#in$ should be considered in areas with hi$h 1S)+A activity in order to revent in#/on$ effect between
layers!
621 %ommon Pra4ti4e
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
(d3iB6ualmin H8P+ R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 1 d> F18 d>
(d3iBr7levmin H8P+ R(,0- F11$...F2% d>m, ste) 2 d>m F11% d>m
(d3i27P'rR(!H (D"+ R(,0- F%0...33 d>m, ste) 1 d>m R
,intersearch ;!9< R(,0- 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 8 d>
,searchH!, ;!9< R(,0- F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,intersearch!onn ;!9< R@10 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 8 d>
,searchH!,!onn ;!9< R@10 F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
!ell,elBualMeas ;!9< R@10 !P+!H 9cC/o 001, !P+!H R,!P 011 !P+!H 9cC/o 001
Bhyst1 ;!9< R(,0- 0...#0 d>, ste) 2 d> 0 d>
Bhyst2 ;!9< R(,0- 0...#0 d>, ste) 2 d> 2 d>
Bhyst1?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1d> 0 d>
Bhyst2?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
Bhyst1P!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
Bhyst2P!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
(d3iBo&&set1 H8P+ R(,0- F%0...%0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
(d3iBo&&set2 H8P+ R(,0- F%0...%0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
%ell re3sele4tion
+nter?re6,cale2resel ;!9< R@10 1...#.E%, ste) 0.2% 1
/onH!,/cr ;!9< R@10 1...1-, ste) 1 8
031, 180 s 0#1, 2#0 s 0%1
/ot used 001
/onH!,2crMa7Hyst ;!9< R@10 /ot used 001, 10 s 011, 20 s 021, 30 s 031, /ot used 001
#0 s 0#1, %0 s 0%1, -0 s 0-1, E0 s 0E1
broadcasted 011
,+># not
broadcasted 001
RtHo)i+denti&ier (D"+ R(,0- 1...100, ste) 1 F
RtHo)i+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y 'hat H8P )arameter sets are send in ,+>11. /rtHo)i+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y
;hen @9 is in +dle model ot !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H or @R(HP!H state, it is res)onsible o& the evaluation o& the
6uality o& the servin cell and the neihbor cells 02,2%.30#1 and &or )er&ormin a cell reFselection )rocedure i&
needed. 2he 6uality o& a ;!DM( cell is measured by t'o measures called Squal and SrxlevD
6qualmin EcNo Squal
meas
meas

,
'here ( ) 0 , _ _ _ _ m a x
, E
@9t7Po'erMa7PR(!H or (d3i27P'rR(!H )arameter values, and PHM(P is the ma7imum )o'er ca)ability o& the
@9.
2he de&ault value o& Gqualmin 0(d3iB6ualmin1 is F18 d> and Grxlevmin 0(d3iBr7levmin1 is F11% d>m.
'
>
>
0
0
;
Sr+lev
(N*
Squal
criteria S
.
+nterF&re6uency neihbor cells have to be measured by the @9 only 'hen
'
<
<
Ssearch'CS Sr+lev
OR
ch Sintersear Squal
criteria t measuremen &requenc$ Inter ;
&or the servin cell is &ul&illed. 2his corres)onds an 9cC+o value belo' F10 d> or R,!P belo' F11% d>m, 'ith de&ault
)arameter values. +t should be noted that hih H,DP( )o'er activity 'ill cause hih variation on 9cC+o, and dro) o&
9cC+o do'n to F10 d> 0Pt7!P+!HCPt7!ellMa71 in 20; cell 'ith de&ault 2; )ilot. 2hus the ,intersearch )arameter
value can be decreased and )ossibly the ,searchH!, )arameter value increased, in areas 'ith hih H,DP(
activity, in order to avoid unnecessary cell reFselections bet'een carriers. 2his chanes the interF&re6uency
measurements to be triered based on the R,!P criteria, 'hich is not in&luenced by D< )o'er chanes.
R@10 R/! allo's de&inition o& di&&erent threshold 0,intersearch!onn, ,searchH!,!onn1 &or cellFreselection
measurements in connected mode 0!9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H, @R(HP!H states1. 2he use o& these se)arate
values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter.
2he @9 shall measure !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P at least every 0/carrierF11 R 1.28 sec 0de&ault1 &or interF
&re6uency cells that are identi&ied and measured accordin to the measurement rules. 2he )arameter /carrier is the
number o& carriers used &or ?DD cells. 2he @9 shall &ilter !P+!H 9cC+o and !P+!H R,!P measurements o& each
measured interF&re6uency cell usin at least 2 measurements 'ith minimum o& time s)acin o& -#0 ms 0de&ault1.
(ll neihbour cells 0)lus servin cell1 'hich &ul&il the ,Fcriteria are considered as candidate taret cells &or cell reF
selection. 2hese cells are ran*ed accordin to ran*in or VRFcriteriaD

( )
'
2 ; cell. <e$gh(&r
2 ; cell 9er0$ng
;
,
,
6o&&set EcNo R
6h$st EcNo R
EcNo criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
,
2 d> hysteresis &or the reFselection. R@10 R/! allo's the de&inition o& a se)arate value &or !9<<H?(!H state 'ith
Bhyst2?(!H, and in !9<<HP!HC@R(HP!H state 'ith Bhyst2P!H )arameter values. 2he use o& these se)arate
values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter. +n R@10 R/! it is )ossible to chane
the ran*in to be done based on R,!P measurements 'ith !ell,elBualMeas )arameter. 2his chanes also the
used hysteresis values to Bhyst1, Bhyst1?(!H or Bhyst1P!H, and o&&set values accordin to Bo&&set1.
( )
'
1
1
;
,
,
6o&&set RSCP R
6h$st RSCP R
RSCP criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
)eriod o& 2reselection, 'hich is de&ined by 2reselection )arameter.
2reselectionP!H )arameters. 2he 2reselection value is also multi)lied 'ith +nter?re6,cale2resel )arameter value,
'hen the best ran*ed cell is in other carrier &re6uency than the current servin cell. R@10 R/! allo's also the
activation o& hih mobility detection on the @9 0'ithout H!,1, 'hich is con&iured 'ith the /onH!,/cr,
/onH!,2crMa7 and /onH!,2crMa7Hyst )arameters. 2he detection is based on @9 countin the number o& cell
reFselections 0]/onH!,/cr1 in iven time 0/onH!,2crMa71. 2he corres)ondin 2reselection )arameter is
multi)lied by the ,)eed,cale2resel )arameter value in addition to the +nter?re6,cale2resel value, 'hen the @9
detects hih mobility.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1#0 018%1
63 /nter3RA* 4ell re3sele4tion
,H!,HR(2 )arameter can be used to de&ine a R,!P threshold &or the interF&re6uency neihbour
measurements 0even 'ithout H!,1
;hen G,M cell0s1 are ran*ed 'ith ;!DM( cells, the cell ran*in is al'ays based on R,!PCG,MHR,,+
2he ;!DM( F] G,M reFselection )arameters have to be )lanned in res)ect to the G,MFF] ;!DM(
)arameter settins
NSN Recommendation: The usa$e and confi$uration of RS(+ measurement criteria with S1(SHRAT arameter
should be considered in areas with hi$h 1S)+A traffic causin$ hi$h .c6&o variation! The cell/reselection criteria
should be balanced with the re/selection bac# from 2S* in order to rovide hi$h enou$h ?3/E dBA hysteresis for
the re/selection ?SsearchHRAT vs!F))HGminA !
631 %ommon Pra4ti4e
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
(d3Br7levmin H8PG R(,0- F11%...F2% d>m, ste) 2 d>m F101 d>m
(d327P'rR(!H (D"G R(,0- 0...33 d>m, ste) 1 d>m F
,searchHR(2 ;!9< R(,0- 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> # d>
,H!,HR(2 ;!9< R(,0- F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,searchHR(2!onn ;!9< R@10 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> # d>
,H!,HR(2!onn ;!9< R@10 F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
Bhyst1 ;!9< R(,0- 0...#0 d>, ste) 2 d> 0 d>
Bhyst1?(!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1d> 0 d>
Bhyst1P!H ;!9< R@10 0...#0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
(d3Bo&&set1 H8P+ R(,0- F%0...%0 d>, ste) 1 d> 0 d>
%ell re3sele4tion
+nterR(2,cale2resel ;!9< R@10 1...#.E%, ste) 0.2% 1
/onH!,/cr ;!9< R@10 1...1-, ste) 1 8
031, 180 s 0#1, 2#0 s 0%1
/ot used 001
/onH!,2crMa7Hyst ;!9< R@10 /ot used 001, 10 s 011, 20 s 021, 30 s
031, #0 s 0#1, %0 s 0%1, -0 s 0-1, E0 s 0E1
/ot used 001
broadcasted 011
,+># not
broadcasted 001
RtHo)+denti&ier (D"G R(,0- 1...100, ste) 1 F
RtHo)+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y 'hat H8P )arameter sets are send in ,+>11. /rtHo)+denti&ier is used to s)eci&y
;hen @9 is in +dle model ot !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H or @R(HP!H state, it is res)onsible o& the evaluation o& the
6uality o& the servin cell and the neihbor cells 02,2%.30#1 and &or )er&ormin a cell reFselection )rocedure i&
needed. 2he 6uality o& a ;!DM( cell is measured by t'o measures called Squal and Srxlev, only ,r7lev is used
&or G,M cellsD
ion Pcompensat 6r+levmin GS% RSSI Sr+lev
6qualmin EcNo Squal
meas GS%
meas
meas

_
,
'here ( ) 0 , _ _ _ _ m a x
, E
@9t7Po'erMa7PR(!H or (d327P'rR(!H )arameter values, and PHM(P is the ma7imum )o'er ca)ability o& the
@9.
2he de&ault value o& Gqualmin 0(d3sB6ualmin, (d3iB6ualmin1 is F18 d> and 0(d3sBr7levmin, (d3iBr7levmin1 is F11%
d>m, &or G,M cells the Grxlevmin 0(d3Br7levmin1 S F102 d>m.
'
>
>
0
0
;
Sr+lev
(N*
Squal
criteria S
.
+nterFR(2 neihbour cells have to be measured by the @9 only 'hen
'
<
<
R(T S'CS Sr+lev

OR
R(T Ssearch Squal
criteria t measuremen R(T Inter
_
_
;
&or the servin cell is &ul&illed. 2his corres)onds an 9cC+o value belo' F1# d> or R,!P belo' F11% d>m, 'ith de&ault
)arameter values. +t should be noted that hih H,DP( )o'er activity 'ill cause hih variation on 9cC+o, and dro) o&
9cC+o do'n to F10 d> 0Pt7!P+!HCPt7!ellMa71 in 20; cell 'ith de&ault 2; )ilot. 2he ,searchHR(2 )arameter value
can be decreased and )ossibly the ,H!,HR(2 )arameter value increased, in areas 'ith hih H,DP( activity, in
order to avoid unnecessary cell reFselections bet'een carriers. 2his chanes the interFR(2 measurements to be
triered based on the R,!P criteria, 'hich is not in&luenced by D< )o'er chanes.
R@10 R/! allo's de&inition o& di&&erent threshold 0,searchHR(2!onn, ,H!,HR(2!onn1 &or cellFreselection
measurements in connected mode 0!9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H, @R(HP!H states1. 2he use o& these se)arate
values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter.
2he @9 shall measure the sinal level o& the G,M >!!H carrier o& each G,M neihbor cell indicated in the
measurement control system in&ormation o& the servin cell, at least every %.12 sec 0de&ault1. 2he @9 shall maintain
a runnin averae o& # measurements &or each G,M >!!H carrier. 2he measurement sam)les &or each cell shall
be as &ar as )ossible uni&ormly distributed over the averain )eriod.
(ll neihbor cells 0)lus servin cell1 'hich &ul&ill the ,Fcriteria are considered as candidate taret cells &or cell reF
selection. G,M cell have to meet only the sinal level criteria 0,r7lev1. ;hen G,M cell0s1 is included in the
candidatelist, the cell ran*in in done based on sinal level ran*in or V RFcriteriaD
( )
'
1 _
1
; ,
,
,
6o&&set RSSI GS% R
6h$st RSCP R
RSSI RSCP criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
2 d> hysteresis &or the reFselection. R@10 R/! allo's the de&inition o& a se)arate value &or !9<<H?(!H state 'ith
Bhyst1?(!H, and in !9<<HP!HC@R(HP!H state 'ith Bhyst1P!H )arameter values. 2he use o& these se)arate
values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter. +& a ;!DM( cell is ran*ed hihest,
the G,M cell0s1 is le&t out o& candidate list and the ;!DM( cell are ran*ed aain as )resented in 8.1 or 8.2.
)eriod o& 2reselection, 'hich is de&ined by 2reselection )arameter.
2reselectionP!H )arameters. 2he 2reselection value is also multi)lied 'ith +nteR(2,cale2resel )arameter value,
'hen the best ran*ed cell is G,M cell. R@10 R/! allo's also the activation o& hih mobility detection on the @9
0'ithout H!,1, 'hich is con&iured 'ith the /onH!,/cr, /onH!,2crMa7 and /onH!,2crMa7Hyst )arameters.
2he detection is based on @9 countin the number o& cell reFselections 0]/onH!,/cr1 in iven time
0/onH!,2crMa71. 2he corres)ondin 2reselection )arameter is multi)lied by the ,)eed,cale2resel )arameter
value in addition to the +nteR(2,cale2resel value, 'hen the @9 detects hih mobility.
62 %ell re3sele4tion from GS0 to A%#0A la$er
Multi)le chanes in the s)eci&ication causes some di&&erences bet'een the behaviour o& the @9s
R,!P criteria 'as introduced 008C200#1, it is im)lemented in ,13 >,!
+nterFsystem net'or* controlled cellFreselection 0+,F/!!R1 &eature )rovides additional )ossibilities &or
controllin the cellFreselection 'ith active GPR,C9DG9 connection based on service or G,MC;!DM(
coverae
NSN Recommendation: Sufficient ?3/E dBA hysteresis between '()*A/I2S* and 2S*/I'()*A reselection
should be confi$ured by settin$ the F))Gmin arameter sufficiently hi$h when comared with the
S1(SHRAT8Grxlevmin!
621 %ommon Pra4ti4e
622 ,S%',*S #ata+uild Parameters
2he G,MF];!DM( cell reFselection s)eci&ic )arameters are listed in the table belo'.
3GPP name 3GPP
release
NSN name S4o:e ,SS
release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
0easurement
4riteria
BsearchH+ _Rel % 6,earch+ 0B,R+1 >2, _,12 0 0F$8 d>m1, 1 0F$#
d>m1, 2 0F$0 d>m1, 3
0F8- d>m1, # 0F82
d>m1, % 0FE8 d>m
0R<(HP belo'11, - 0F
E# d>m 0R<(HP
belo'11, E 0+n&inity
0al'ays11, 8 0FE8 d>m
0R<(HP above11, $ 0F
E# d>m 0R<(HP
above11, 10 0FE0
d>m1, 11 0F-- d>m1,
12 0F-2 d>m1, 13 0F%8
d>m1, 1# 0F%# d>m1,
1% 0+n&inity 0never11
E 0+n&inity
0al'ays11
BsearchHP _Rel % 6,earchP 0B,RP1 >2, _,12 0 0F$8 d>m1, 1 0F$#
d>m1, 2 0F$0 d>m1, 3
0F8- d>m1, # 0F82
d>m1, % 0FE8 d>m
0R<(HP belo'11, - 0F
E# d>m 0R<(HP
belo'11, E 0+n&inity
0al'ays11, 8 0FE8 d>m
0R<(HP above11, $ 0F
E# d>m 0R<(HP
above11, 10 0FE0
d>m1, 11 0F-- d>m1,
12 0F-2 d>m1, 13 0F%8
d>m1, 1# 0F%# d>m1,
1% 0+n&inity 0never11
E 0+n&inity
0al'ays11
%ell re3sele4tion
4riteria
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1## 018%1
?DDHBo&&set _Rel % ?ddBo&&set 0?DD1 >2, _,12 F32..28 d>, ste) # d> F32 0F in&inity1
?DDHBmin _Rel % ?ddBmin 0?DM1 >2, _,12 2,#%.008v%.12
008C20031
0 0F20 d>1, 1 0F- d>1,
2 0F18 d>1, 3 0F8 d>1,
# 0F1- d>1, % 0F10 d>1,
- 0F1# d>1, E 0F12 d>1
% 0F10 d>1
or
3 0F8 d>1
?DDHBminH8&&set Rel % &ddBMin8&&set >2, ,13 0..1# d>, ste) 2 d> 0 d>
?DDHR,!Pmin 2,#%.008
R$$,v8.21
R#,v#.1%
R%,v%.12
008C200#1
&ddRsc)Min >2, ,13 F11#...F8# d>m, ste) 2
d>m
F102 d>m
*a+le 70 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e 4ell3resele4tion from GS0 to A%#0A
2he ,ystem +n&ormation messaes enablin the cell reFselection to ;!DM( layer are sent by the net'or* to the
mobiles. 2he interFsystem cell reFselection re6uires the sendin o& a ne' ,ystem +n&ormation messaeD ,+ 26uater.
2he cell reFselection )arameters that are sent on ,+ 26uater messaes areD
4 threshold to search ;!DM( R(/ cells 06,earch+, 6,earchP &or GPR, enabled mobiles1
4 minimum &dd threshold 0?ddBmin1
4 &dd cell reselect o&&set 0?ddBo&&set1
2he set belo' is re)eated &or every neihbour ;!DM( R(/ cellD
4 ;!DM( do'nlin* carrier &re6uency
4 do'nlin* transmission diversity
4 scramblin code
Parameters &rom the ,+ 26uater messaes allo' the mobile to build lists, 'hich are used &or measurement
re)ortin.
/oteD ,u))ort &or Pac*etF>!!H 0P>!!H1 has been removed in ,13 0P!@21, thus the )arameters G?DD and
G?DM are not used.
ReFselection measurements are controlled by the )arameter 6,earch+ 06,earchP1. 2he )arameter de&ines a
threshold and also indicates 'hether these measurements are )er&ormed 'hen R,,+ 0a runnin averae o&
received sinal level1 o& the servin G,M cell is belo' or above the threshold, see the )icture belo'.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1#% 018%1
1igure 32( A%#0A measurement triggering
+& the broadcast neihbour cell list &rom the >,! to the mobile contains in&ormation on ;!DM( R(/ cells, the
mobile u)dates the value R,,+ &or the servin cell and each o& the at least si7 stronest nonFservin G,M cells at
least every &ive seconds. 2he mobile reselects a suitable ;!DM( R(/ cell accordin to the &ollo'in three criteriaD
1. its measured R,!P value e7ceeds the value o& R,,+ &or the servin cell and all o& the suitable 0see 3GPP 2,
03.221 nonFservin G,M cells by the value ?DDHBo&&set,
4 +& its measured R,!P value e7ceeds the value o& R,,+ &or the servin cell and all o& the suitable nonF
servin G,M cells by the value B,R+ 0B,RP1 &or )eriod o& &ive seconds. 2his means that 'ith )ositive
o&&set value the ;!DM( cell should be better than G,M cell and vica versa.
2. its measured 9cC/o value is e6ual or reater than the value ?DDHBmin, and
4 ?or ?DD the mobile selects the ;!DM( cells, 'hose measured 9cC/o value is e6ual or reater than the
value ?DDBmin!
3. its measured R,!P value is e6ual to or reater than ?DDHR,!PHthreshold 0+n R$$CR# i& su))orted by the M,1.
!riteria 3 'as introduced in R$$CR#CR% s)eci&ications on 200#F08 and the e7act de&inition varies bet'een R$$CR#
and R% 0see 3GPP 2, 0%.08 version 8.21.0 Release 1$$$, 3GPP 2, #%.008 version #.1%.0 Release # and 3GPP
2, #%.008 version %.1$.0 Release % or later s)ecs1. !P+!H R,!P >ased !riterion &or 2G to 3G !ell Reselection is
a >,, ,13 &eature.
?DDHR,!PHthreshold is de&ined in R% asD
4 ?DDHR,!Pmin V min00PHM(P V 21 d>m1, 3 d>1, i& ?DDHR,!Pmin is broadcast on the servin cell,
4 Br7levmin N Pcom)ensation N 10 d>, i& these )arameters are available
Pcom)ensation is ma70@9H2PP;RHM(PHR(!H V PHM(P, 01 0d>1,
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1#- 018%1
4 2he de&ault value o& ?DDHR,!Pmin 0F102 d>m1.
!riteria 2 'as chaned in R% s)eci&ications to beD
2. its measured 9cC/o value is e6ual or reater than the value ?DDHBmin F ?DDHBminH8&&set
4 2he broadcastin o& ?DDHBminH8&&set is a >,,13 &eature, de&ault is 0 d>.
2hus, the &inal G,M to ;!DM( reFselection criteria R% s)eci&ication is
'

+ >

Threshold RSCP #** RSCP
&&set #**86min8o #dd6min Io Ec
#dd6o&&set GS% RSSI RSCP
(N* criteria n reselectio Cell C*%( GS%
_ _
_
;
More details on the criteria chanes can be &ound inD
C;<USERS<Mul#il*-"/
+l*nnin!<ISHO R"-$"l")#i.n in $+")$.&l$
+n case a cell reFselection occurs 'ithin the )revious 1% seconds, ?DDHBo&&set is increased by % d>. !ell
reselection to @2R(/ shall not occur 'ithin % seconds a&ter the M, has reselected a G,M cell &rom an @2R(/ cell
i& a suitable G,M cell can be &ound.
+& more than one ;!DM( R(/ cells &ul&ils the above criteria, the mobile selects the ;!DM( R(/ cell 'ith the
reatest R,!P value.
Note 2he )arameters that are re6uired to determine, 'hether the ;!DM( cell is suitable, are broadcast on >!!H
o& the ;!DM( R(/ cell. ( mobile may start reFselection to'ards the ;!DM( R(/ cell be&ore decodin the >!!H
o& the ;!DM( R(/ cell. +& the ;!DM( R(/ cell is not suitable, this leads to a short interru)tion o& service.
(&ter the mobile has reFselected a G,M cell &rom an ;!DM( R(/ cell there is a &iveFsecond )ause to the cell reF
selection to ;!DM( R(/.
( summary o& the )rocedure is )resented in ne7t ?iure.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1#E 018%1
1igure 35( 2G 3D 3G 4ell resele4tion :ro4edure ;Rel 5=
65 %ell re3sele4tion wit! .%S
H!, &eature can be used to set di&&erent )riority levels to cell layers
,lo' movin mobiles reFselect to hih )riority layer 'hen 'ith acce)table 6uality
?ast movin mobiles reFselect lo'est )riority layer 'hen available
NSN Recommendation: no additional recommendation
651 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he H!, &eature s)eci&ic )arameters are listed in the table belo'. ,ome )arameters 0mar*ed R1 have di&&erent
meanin 'hen H!, is not in use.
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
@se8&H!, ;!9< R(,0- /ot used 001, @sed 011 /ot used 001
H!,HPR+8 ;!9< R(,0- 0...E, ste) 1 0
(d3sH!,)riority (D", R(,0- 0...E, ste) 1 0
(d3iH!,)riority (D"+ R(,0- 0...E, ste) 1 0
(d3H!,)riority (D"G R(,0- 0...E, ste) 1 0
,searchH!, 0R1 ;!9< R(,0- F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,searchH!,!onn 0R1 ;!9< R@10 F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,searchHR(2 ;!9< R(,0- 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> # d>
,searchHR(2!onn ;!9< R@10 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> # d>
,H!,HR(2 0R1 ;!9< R(,0- F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,H!,HR(2!onn 0R1 ;!9< R@10 F1...$1 d>, ste) 2 d> F1 d>
00 d> at @91
,limitH,earchR(2 ;!9< R(,0- 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 2 d>
,limitH,earchR(2!onn ;!9< R@10 0...20 d>, ste) 2 d> 2 d>
/!r ;!9< R(,0- 1...1-, ste) 1 8
2!rMa7 ;!9< R(,0- /ot used 001, 30 s 011, -0 s 021, 120 s
031, 180 s 0#1, 2#0 s 0%1
-0 s 021
2!rMa7Hyst ;!9< R(,0- /ot used 001, 10 s 011, 20 s 021, 30 s
031, #0 s 0#1, %0 s 0%1, -0 s 0-1, E0 s 0E1
/ot used 001
.%S 4riteria ;.34riteria= and %ell ranking ;R34riteria=
Bhcs ;!9< R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 0.% d> F2# d>
(d3sH!,threshold H8P, R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 0.% d> F2# d>
(d3sPenalty2ime H8P, R(,0- 0...-0 s, ste) 10 s 0 s
(d3s2em)8&&set1
H8P, R(,0- 3 d> 001, - d> 011, $ d> 021, 12 d> 031,
1% d> 0#1, 18 d> 0%1, 21 d> 0-1, 100
d>. +n&inity 0E1
3 d> 001
(d3s2em)8&&set2 H8P, R(,0- 2 d> 001, 3 d> 011, # d> 021, - d> 031, 8
d> 0#1, 10 d> 0%1, 12 d> 0-1, 100 d>.
+n&inity 0E1
2 d> 001
(d3iH!,threshold H8P+ R(,0- F2#...0 d>, ste) 0.% d> F2# d>
(d3iPenalty2ime H8P+ R(,0- 0...-0 s, ste) 10 s 0 s
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1#$ 018%1
(d3i2em)8&&set1
H8P+ R(,0- 3 d> 001, - d> 011, $ d> 021, 12 d> 031,
1% d> 0#1, 18 d> 0%1, 21 d> 0-1, 100
d>. +n&inity 0E1
3 d> 001
(d3i2em)8&&set2 H8P+ R(,0- 2 d> 001, 3 d> 011, # d> 021, - d> 031, 8
d> 0#1, 10 d> 0%1, 12 d> 0-1, 100 d>.
+n&inity 0E1
2 d> 001
(d3H!,threshold H8PG R(,0- FF110...F3E d>m, ste) 1 d>m F110 d>m
(d3Penalty2ime H8PG R(,0- 0...-0 s, ste) 10 s 0 s
(d32em)8&&set
H8PG R(,0- 3 d> 001, - d> 011, $ d> 021, 12 d> 031,
1% d> 0#1, 18 d> 0%1, 21 d> 0-1, 100
d>. +n&inity 0E1
3 d> 001
Hierachical cell structure 0H!,1 &eature enables settin o& di&&erent )riorities to the cells. 2his can be used &or
e7am)le on de&inition o& macroF and microFcell layers and &or directin slo' mobility @9s to microFcell layer and hih
mobility @9s to ma7roFcell layer. 2he cell reFselection 'ith H!, &eature &ollo's the ne7t )rinci)lesD
4 ;ith ood servin cell sinal 6uality and level, only cells 'ith hiher )riority than servin cell are measured
4 ?ast movin mobiles try to select neihbors 'ith lo'er or e6ual )riority than servin cell
4 ,lo' movin mobiles select only hihest )riority neihbors, i& they )ass HFcriteria
4 ( tem)orary o&&set can be a))lied in HFcriteria and RFcriteria
@sae o& H!, &eature chanes the measurement thresholds, introduces a ne' HFcriterion and modi&ies also the
cell ran*in )rocedure. ?iure 3- )resents the main main level )rocedure.
S-C/i#"/i.n
=ul=ill"
only cells
with
highest HCS
priorities &
H > 0
2"*$u/"2"n#
#,/"$,.l$
cells with
lower HCS
priority than
in serving cell
H-Criterion
=./ =*$#
2.%in! UE$
=./ $l.6
2.%in! UE$
R-C/i#"/i.n
)"ll /*nkin!
R-C/i#"/i.n
)"ll /*nkin!
accept all
neighbours
cells with
H>0
R-C/i#"/i.n
)"ll /*nkin!
no cells with
H>0
1igure 36 3 %ell re3sele4tion wit! .%S
Measurement thresholds
2he measurement rules &or neihbour cell measurements chane 'hen the H!, is enabled. ?iure 3E )resents the
measurement rules &or intraF and interF&re6uency neihbour measurements, and interFR(2CG,M neihbour
measurements.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%0 018%1
a1
,r7lev `
,searchH!,
,6ual `
,intersearch
,6ual `
,intrasearch
Measure all intraF
and interF&re6uency
cells
Aes
/o
/o
Aes
/o
Measure intraF and
interF&re6uency
cells 'ith H+GH9R
)riority
Measure intraF and
interF&re6uency
cells 'ith 9B@(<
or H+GH9R )riority
?ast movin
@9^
/o
Aes
Measure intraF and
interF&re6uency
cells 'ith 9B@(<
or <8;9R )riority
b1
,r7lev `
,H!,HR(2
,6ual `
,searchHR(2
,6ual `
,limitH,earchR(2
Measure all G,M
cells
Aes
/o
/o
Aes
/o
8)tion not to
measure G,M
cells
Measure G,M
cells 'ith 9B@(<
or H+GH9R )riority
?ast movin
@9^
/o
Aes
Measure G,M
cells 'ith 9B@(<
or <8;9R )riority
1igure 37 3 /ntra3 and interfreBuen4$ ;a= and inter3RA*'GS0 ;+= 4ell measurement rules wit! .%S
R@10 R/! allo's the de&inition o& di&&erent thresholds 0,intersearch!onn, ,searchH!,!onn, H!,HR(2!onn,
,searchHR(2!onn1 &or cellFreselection measurements in connected mode 0!9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H, @R(HP!H
states1. 2he use o& these se)arate values re6uires activation o& ,+># transmission 'ith ,+>#+ndicator )arameter.
@9 detects the mobility level based on /!r, 2!rMa7 and 2!rM(7Hyst )arameters as discussed in )revious
sections.
HFcriteria and RFcriteria
HFcriteria are used to evaluate 'hether cell )riorities are a))lied in the cellFreselection )rocedure, the )riorities are
a))lied only i& servin or neihbour cell0s1 )ass this criteriaD
'
t TempO&&set ld 'CSthresho RSSI GS% '

t TempO&&set ld 'CSthresho EcNo '
6hcs EcNo '
criteria '
n n meas n
n n meas n
s s meas s
,
,
,
_ ; cell. !96 <e$gh(&r
2 ; cell. 5C#67 <e$gh(&r
; cell 9er0$ng
;
'here the Bhcs value is de&ined accordin to the Bhcs )arameter o& the servin cell. H!,threshold value is de&ined
by the (d3sH!,threshold, (d3iH!,threshold or (d3H!,threshold )arameters. +& the neihbour cell has di&&erent
)riority than the servin cell, a tem)orary o&&set 0(d3i2em)8&&set2, (d3i2em)8&&set2 or (d32em)8&&set1 is a))lied
to the neihbour cell criteria &or a )eriod de&ined by (d3sPenalty2ime, (d3iPenalty2ime or (d3Penalty2ime.
;hen H!, is used in the servin cell the @9 shall )er&orm ran*in o& all cells that &ull&il the criterion , and
1. 'hen in lo'Fmobility
4 all measured cells, that have the hihest H!,HPR+8 amon those cells that &ul&il the criterion H ]S 0.
4 all measured cells, not considerin H!, )riority levels, i& no cell &ul&il the criterion H ]S 0.
2. 'hen in hihFmobility
4 all measured cells, and amon these cellsD
4 i& there are cells 'ith a lo'er H!, )riority than the servin cell that &ul&il the criterion H ]S 0D
4 &rom the cells that have a lo'er H!, )riority than the servin cell, all cells that have the hihest H!,HPR+8
amon those cells that &ul&il the criterion H ]S0Q
;hen only ;!DM( cell are ran*ed and in R@10 the !ell,elBualMeas is set to 9cC+o, the ran*in is done based on
the ran*in criteria
( )
'
2 2 ; cell. <e$gh(&r
2 ; cell 9er0$ng
;
,
,
TempO&&set 6o&&set EcNo R
6h$st EcNo R
EcNo criteria R
n meas n
s meas s
as )resented in )revious sections. ( tem)orary o&&set 0(d3i2em)8&&set2, (d3i2em)8&&set21 is a))lied to the
neihbour cell 'hen the H!, is enabled and the neihbour cell has same )riority than the servin cell.
;hen the candidate cells include a G,M cell or in R@10 R/! the !ell,elBualMeas )arameter is set to R,!P
measurements, the ran*in criteria chanes. 2his chanes also the used hysteresis values to Bhyst1, Bhyst1?(!H
or Bhyst1P!H, and o&&set values accordin to Bo&&set1.
( )
'
1 1 _ ; cell. !96 <e$gh(&r

1 1 ; cell. 5C#67 <e$gh(&r
1 ; cell 9er0$ng
;
,
,
,
TempO&&set 6o&&set RSSI GS% R
TempO&&set 6o&&set RSCP R
6h$st RSCP R
RSCP criteria R
n meas n
n meas n
s meas s
( tem)orary o&&set 0(d3i2em)8&&set1, (d3i2em)8&&set1, (d32em)8&&set11 is a))lied to the neihbour cell 'hen the
H!, is enabled and the neihbour cell has same )riority than the servin cell.
66 %ell a44ess 4ontrol
!ell access restriction a))lies to RR! !onnection setu) on the cell, @9 'ill cam) normally on restricted cell
Radio /et'or* (ccess Reulation ?unction &eature can be used to limit the access o& de&ined share o& @9s
tem)orarily on the cell in events 'ith hih tra&&ic level
NSN Recommendation: no additional recommendation
661 %ommon Pra4ti4e
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
(!>arred<ist ;!9< R(,0- >it 0D (ccess !lass 0, >it 1D (ccess
!lass 1, >it 2D (ccess !lass 2, >it 3D
(ccess !lass 3, >it #D (ccess !lass
#, >it %D (ccess !lass %, >it -D
(ccess !lass -, >it ED (ccess !lass
E, >it 8D (ccess !lass 8, >it $D
(ccess !lass $, >it 10D (ccess !lass
10, >it 11D (ccess !lass 11, >it 12D
(ccess !lass 12, >it 13D (ccess
!lass 13, >it 1#D (ccess !lass 1#,
>it 1%D (ccess !lass 1% 0
Restriction+nterval R/! R(,0- 20...1800 s, ste) 10 s -0 s
R/(RGrou)+d ;!9< R(,0- #...13, ste) 1, 0 S not connected to
any !M8>
F
!,Grou)+D ;!9< R(,0- #...13, ste) 1, 0 S not connected to
any !M8>
F
P,Grou)+D ;!9< R(,0- #...13, ste) 1, 0 S not connected to
any !M8>
F
RestrictionGrou)2y)e !M8> R(,0- ?orced R/(R 001, ?orced !,FD,(!
011, ?orced P,FD,(! 021, R/(R 031,
!,FD,(! 0#1, P,FD,(! 0%1 F
RestrictionGrou)/ame !M8> R(,0- 0...#0 characters F
(!>arred<ist,ystem !M8> R(,0- >it 0D (ccess !lass 0, >it 1D (ccess
!lass 1, >it 2D (ccess !lass 2, >it 3D
(ccess !lass 3, >it #D (ccess !lass
#, >it %D (ccess !lass %, >it -D
(ccess !lass -, >it ED (ccess !lass
E, >it 8D (ccess !lass 8, >it $D
(ccess !lass $
0
!ell(ccessRestriction !M8> R(,0- 10...100 U, ste) 10 U 10U
2ra&&icRestriction !M8> R(,0- disabled 001, enabled 011 disabled 001
(t subscri)tion, one or more (ccess !lasses are allocated to the subscriber and stored to the @,+M.
+n&ormation on cell access restrictions associated 'ith the (ccess !lasses is broadcast as system in&ormation, [#\.
2he @9 shall inore (ccess !lass related cell access restrictions 'hen selectin a cell to cam) on, i.e. it shall not
re3ect a cell &or cam)in on because access on that cell is not allo'ed &or any o& the (ccess !lasses o& the @9. (
chane o& the indicated access restriction shall not trier cell reFselection by the @9.
(ccess !lass related cell access restrictions shall be chec*ed by the @9 be&ore sendin an RR! !8//9!2+8/
R9B@9,2 messae 'hen enterin !onnected Mode &rom @2R(/ +dle mode. (ccess !lass related cell access
restrictions, i& it is sent as a )art o& Domain ,)eci&ic (ccess Restriction )arameters, shall also be chec*ed by the @9
be&ore sendin +/+2+(< D+R9!2 2R(/,?9R messae. 8ther'ise, cell access restrictions associated 'ith the
(ccess !lasses shall not a))ly &or a @9 'hich already is in !onnected Mode.
>asic &unctionality
2he basic &unctionality su))orts the restriction o& certain access classes based on (!>arred<ist )arameter.
8)tional &eatures
+n a normal situation, the net'or* access is allo'ed &or all (ccess <evels. +& the net'or* access needs to be limited
due tem)orary hih tra&&ic level 0stadium event, disaster1, the o)erator can activate the access control alorithm
0R(/801D Radio /et'or* (ccess Reulation ?unction, R/(R1, 'hich allo's and restricts the net'or* access o&
(ccess <evel 0 to $ users in )rede&ined intervals. (ccess <evels 10 to 1% belonin to authorities 0&or e7am)le the
&ire service or the )olice1 are not restricted. /e' restrictedCallo'ed in&ormation is broadcast in the ,ystem
+n&ormation messae to all @9s in the cycle o& the access control alorithmGs interval. 2he @9s at the restricted
(ccess <evel sto) transmittin the connection re6uest messaes 0RR! !8//9!2+8/ R9B@9,21 until the status
o& the (ccess <evel in system +n&ormation is chaned to Iallo'edI.
2he Domain ,)eci&ic (ccess !lass Restriction 0D,(!1 is used &or restrictin the tra&&ic based on the core net'or*
domain. (s in the Radio /et'or* (ccess !lass Restriction &eature, also in the D,(! the access classes are
restricted in a se6uential manner. 2he mobile terminals 'ith access classes 0F$ are included in the D,(!
restriction. (ccordin to the user set )arameters, the system chanes the restriction se6uentially so that each o& the
access classes 0F$ is restricted &or a certain )eriod o& time. 2he restriction is chec*ed by the @9 be&ore sendin
+/+2+(< D+R9!2 2R(/,?9R messae, 'hen the D,(! is active.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%# 018%1
67 %ell status and s:e4ial reser"ations
@9 is not allo'ed to select and reFselect a barred cell, not even emerency calls are allo'ed
8nly @9s 'ith access class 11 or 1% can cam) on a cell reserved &or o)erator use
NSN Recommendation: Usa$e of cell barrin$ has to be considered carefully as a barred cell causes a covera$e
hole for U.s not allowed cam on the cell% if they do not have ossibility to cam on other carrier!
671 %ommon Pra4ti4e
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
!ell>arred ;!9< _R(,0- >arred 001, /ot barred 011 /ot barred 011
2barred ;!9< _R(,0- 10 s 001, 20 s 011, #0 s 021, 80 s 031, 1-0
s 0#1, 320 s 0%1, -#0 s 0-1, 1280 s 0E1 #0 s 021
!ellHReserved ;!9< _R(,0- Reserved 001, /ot reserved 011 /ot reserved 011
+ntra?re6H!ellHReselectH+n
d
;!9< _R(,0- (llo'ed 001, /ot allo'ed 011 (llo'ed 001
;hen a cell is barred, the @9 is not allo'ed to select and reFselect this cell. /ot even emerency calls are allo'ed.
+ntra?re6H!ellHReselectH+nd )arameter can be used to allo' the @9 to reFselect an other cell on same carrier, in
case the hihest ran*ed cell is barred.
!ell>arred )arameter can be used to barr all @9s cam)in on the cell. !ellHReserved )arameter can be used to
reserve the cell &or o)erator use. +n this case only @9s 'ith access class 11 or 1% can cam) on the cell. 2he cell is
barred &or other @9s 00F$, 12F1#1.
;hen the cell is barred, the @9 must chec* bet'een the time interval de&ined by 2barred, 'hether the status o& the
barred cell has chaned.
66 %ell sele4tion wit! emergen4$ 4all
( restriction on emerency calls, i& needed, shall be indicated in the M(ccess class barred listM +9 [#\. +& access class
10 is indicated as barred in a cell, @9s 'ith access class 0 to $ or 'ithout an +M,+ are not allo'ed to initiate
emerency calls in this cell. ?or @9s 'ith access classes 11 to 1%, emerency calls are not allo'ed i& both access
class 10 and the relevant access class 011 to 1%1 are barred. 8ther'ise, emerency calls are allo'ed &or those
@9s. 02,2%.30#1
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%% 018%1
67 #ownlink %ommon %!annel Powers
2he do'nlin* common channels include the !P+!H, PF!!P!H, ,F!!P!H, PF,!H, ,F,!H, (+!H, P+!H,
H,F,!!H, H,FPD,!H, 9F(G!H and M+!H.
2he H,F,!!H and H,FPD,!H are associated 'ith H,DP( 'hile the 9F(G!H is associated 'ith H,@P(.
2hese channel ty)es are described in reater detail 'ithin [H,P( Plannin Guide\. 2he M+!H is )lanned &or
R@20 rather than R@10 so is not described any &urther at this time.
2he PF!!P!H enca)sulates the >!H 'hereas the ,F!!P!H enca)sulates the P!H and ?(!H. Multi)le
?(!H can be con&iured &or di&&erent )ur)oses. >y de&ault, there is a control )lane ?(!H used to trans&er
sinallin in&ormation and a user )lane ?(!H used to trans&er a))lication data. 2here can also be a &urther
?(!H used to trans&er ,ervice (rea >roadcast 0,(>1 in&ormation. 2he use o& ,(> re6uires 3 ,F!!P!H.
?i7ed do'nlin* transmit )o'ers are allocated to the !P+!H, PF!!P!H, ,F!!P!H, PF,!H, ,F,!H, (+!H
and P+!H. 2hese transmit )o'ers must be su&&icient &or each common channel to be received reliably
across the entire cell.
2he !P+!H, PF!!P!H, ,F!!P!H, PF,!H, ,F,!H, (+!H and P+!H consume a sini&icant 6uantity o&
do'nlin* transmit )o'er 0ty)ically 20 to 2% U o& the total do'nlin* transmit )o'er ca)ability1.
2he activity o& the common channels must be ta*en into account 'hen com)utin their averae )o'er.
2he timin o& the common channels must be ta*en into account 'hen com)utin their )ea* )o'er.
2he common channel )o'ers de&ine the u))er limit &or the !P+!H 9cC+o 0ty)ically V3 d>1.
2he transmit )o'er assined to the P+!H has the )otential to be tuned accordin to the number o& )ain
indicators )er radio &rame but this has relatively little im)act u)on the total common channel )o'er.
+t is relatively di&&icult to 6uanti&y the im)act o& chanin the do'nlin* common channel )o'ers but this
could &orm )art o& 'ide area )arameter tunin &ollo'in the radio net'or* )lannin activity.
NSN Recommendation: (ommon channel ower calculations should be comleted and resented to the
oerator on a er ro:ect basis! &ncreases to the default common channel owers can be acceted as lon$ as
the oerator is made aware of the imlications uon the total downlin# transmit ower! )ecreases to the default
common channel owers should be avoided unless there is sufficient :ustification from field trials! The common
channel owers should be ad:usted for scenarios where there may be a soft handover radio lin# imbalance% e!$!
at the interface between a icocell and Flexi Node B! A sin$le S/((+(1 should be used unless the +(1 starts
to bloc# the FA(1/c and FA(1/u ?or if there is a requirement to enable SAB servicesA! The +&(1 should be
confi$ured to include a relatively lar$e number of a$in$ indicators er radio frame% i!e! B5!
2he do'nlin* common channels are essential to the o)eration o& the radio net'or*. 2hey allo' a @9 to synchronise
to a s)eci&ic cell, read system in&ormation, com)lete the random access )rocedure, receive )ain messaes,
trans&er sinallin and trans&er a))lication data.
671 %ommon Pra4ti4e
2he ma3ority o& o)erators use the /,/ de&ault con&iuration &or the do'nlin* common channel transmit )o'ers.
,ome o)erators ma*e chanes to the /,/ de&ault con&iuration. 2here have been very &e' &ield trials to determine
the o)timal transmit )o'er assined to each common channel. +n many cases it is very di&&icult to 6uanti&y the
im)act o& ma*in chanes, e.. it is di&&icult to 6uanti&y the bene&it o& increasin the transmit )o'er o& the PF,!H
and ,F,!H by 1 d>, or increasin the transmit )o'er o& the PF!!P!H by 1 d>. !ommon channel )o'er
calculations similar to those )resented in this section should al'ays be com)leted. +t is relatively common to &ind
errors in the assumed activity &actors &or each common channel and o)erators are not normally a'are o& the im)act
o& the ,F!!P!H 2?!+ bits. Most o)erators ma*e use o& only a sinle ,F!!P!H. 2he use o& a second ,F!!P!H
has been tested by a small number o& o)erators.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to the !P+!H, PF!!P!H, ,F!!P!H, PF,!H, ,F,!H, (+!H and P+!H are
)resented in 2able E#. 2he transmit )o'ers o& the PF!!P!H, ,F!!P!H, PF,!H, ,F,!H, (+!H and P+!H are all
relative to the transmit )o'er o& the !P+!H. 2he P81H1%, P81H30 and P81H-0 de&ine the ,F!!P!H )o'er o&&set
bet'een the data bits and 2?!+ bits. 2he indices 1%, 30 and -0 corres)ond to the BP,= symbol rate. 2he
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%- 018%1
P+Hamount )arameter de&ines the number o& )ain indicators 'ithin each P+!H radio &rame. 2his does not directly
in&luence the transmit )o'er o& the P+!H but may allo' some o)timisation o& the P+!H transmit )o'er.
Pt7Primary!!P!H ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> F% d>
Pt7,!!P!H1 ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> 0 d>
Pt7,!!P!H2 ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> F% d>
Pt7,!!P!H3 ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> F2 d>
Pt7Primary,!H ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> F3 d>
Pt7,ec,!H ;!9< F3% to 1%, ste) 0.1 d> F3 d>
P27P+!H ;!9< F10 to %, ste) 1 d> F8 d>
Pt7(+!H ;!9< F22 to %, ste) 1 d> F8 d>
P81H1% ;!9< 0 to -, ste) 0.2% d> 2 d>
P81H30 ;!9< 0 to -, ste) 0.2% d> 3 d>
P81H-0 ;!9< 0 to -, ste) 0.2% d> # d>
/br8&,!!P!Hs ;!9< 1, 2, 3 1
P+Hamount ;!9< 18, 3-, E2, 1## E2
*a+le 72 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e downlink 4ommon 4!annels
3GPP 2, 2%.211 de&ines the timin relationshi)s bet'een each o& the do'nlin* common channels. 2his timin
in&ormation should be used 'hen com)utin either the averae or the )ea* common channel transmit )o'ers.
3GPP 2, 2%.211 and 2,2%.213 s)eci&y that the !P+!H is a stream o& Z1Gs 'hich is s)read 'ith channelisation code
02%-,01. 2he value 2%- re)resents the s)readin &actor and the value 0 re)resents the )osition 'ithin the code tree.
!hannelisation code 02%-,01 is a series o& 2%- Z1Gs so the channelisation code has no im)act u)on the oriinal
stream o& Z1Gs. 2, 2%.213 also s)eci&ies that the !P+!H is scrambled usin the )rimary scramblin code o& the cell
and 2, 2%.211 s)eci&ies that the !P+!H has an activity &actor o& 100 U.
3GPP 2, 2%.211 and 2, 2%.213 s)eci&y that the PF,!H is a &i7ed se6uence o& 2%- chi)s transmitted durin the &irst
10U o& every do'nlin* time slot. 2he same se6uence is used by every cell belonin to every o)erator. 3GPP 2,
2%.211 and 2, 2%.213 also s)eci&y that the ,F,!H is a se6uence o& 1% bloc*s o& 2%- chi)s. 2he )recise se6uence
de)ends u)on 'hich o& the -# scramblin code rou)s has been assined to the cell. 2he 1% bloc*s o& 2%- chi)s
occu)y the &irst 10 U o& each time slot over every 1% time slot radio &rame.
3GPP 2, 2%.331 de&ines the system in&ormation content o& the >!H trans)ort channel 'hich is enca)sulated by the
PF!!P!H. 2, 2%.213 s)eci&ies that the PF!!P!H is s)read 'ith channelisation code 02%-,11 and 2, 2%.211
s)eci&ies that the PF!!P!H is scrambled usin the )rimary scramblin code 'hich has been assined to the cell.
2, 2%.211 s)eci&ies that the PF!!P!H is broadcast durin the last $0 U o& every slot. 2he PF!!P!H does not
include any 2?!+ bits nor any )ilot bits.
3GPP 2, 2%.331 de&ines the )ain content o& the P!H trans)ort channel and sinalin content o& the control )lane
?(!H trans)ort channel 'hich are both enca)sulated by the ,F!!P!H. 2he content o& the user )lane ?(!H
trans)ort channel is outside the sco)e o& the R(/. 2he channelisation code used to s)read the ,F!!P!H is not
standardised and can be selected by the vendor. 2, 2%.211 s)eci&ies that 'hen a ,F!!P!H enca)sulates a P!H
trans)ort channel then it must be scrambled usin the )rimary scramblin code. 8ther'ise it may be scrambled
usin either the )rimary or a secondary scramblin code. /,/ uses only )rimary scramblin codes &or the ,F
!!P!H. /,/ su))orts the transmission o& either 1, 2 or 3 ,F!!P!H.
,F!!P!H is only re6uired i& the ca)acity o& a sinle ,F!!P!H is insu&&icient.
+& one ,F!!P!H is broadcast then channelisation code 0-#,11 is assined. 2,2%.211 s)eci&ies the set o& allo'ed
slot &ormats &or the ,F!!P!H. ;hen one ,F!!P!H is broadcast then slot &ormat 8 is a))lied. 2his slot &ormat
includes 8 2?!+ bits, E2 data bits and 0 )ilot bits 'ithin each slot. 2he 2?!+ bits are broadcast irres)ective o&
'hether or not there is any data to transmit. 2his means that the ,F!!P!H al'ays has a &inite activity. 2he 2?!+
bits are transmitted 'ith a reater )o'er than the data bits. 2he transmit )o'er o& the data bits is de&ined by the
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%E 018%1
R/! databuild )arameter Pt7,!!P!H1 'hereas the transmit )o'er o& the 2?!+ bits is de&ined by the )arameter
P81H-0. +& the ,F!!P!H is assumed to have a transmit )o'er e6ual to the value o& Pt7,!!P!H1 then the hiher
transmit )o'er o& the 2?!+ bits can be modeled by increasin the activity &actor a))ro)riately. +& no data bits are
transmitted then the ,F!!P!H has an e&&ective activity o& 2% U 'hereas i& data bits are transmitted continuously
then the ,F!!P!H has an e&&ective activity o& 11% U 0based u)on the de&ault value o& # d> &or P81H-01.
;hen one ,F!!P!H is broadcast, the ?(!HFc can be sent simultaneously 'ith the P!H 0'hen the ?(!HFc uses
an intermediate bit rate o& 1-.8 *b)s rather than the ma7imum bit rate o& 33.- *b)s1 but the ?(!HFu cannot be sent
in the same 22+ as the P!H nor in the same 22+ as the ?(!HFc. 2he M(! layer 'ithin the R/! is res)onsible &or
manain the )riority o& the P!H, ?(!HFc and ?(!HFu, i.e. the R/! decides 'hich o& these messaes are sent
&irst on the ,F!!P!H. 2he )riority order is P!H 0hihest )riority1, ?(!HFc, then ?(!HFu 0lo'est )riority1. 2his
means that ?(!HFu trans)ort bloc*s can only be sent 'hen there are no P!H nor ?(!HFc messaes to send. 2he
P!H trans)ort channel al'ays has )riority so 'henever there are P!H messaes to send then the R/! schedules
u) to one 80 bit )ain messae 0containin a sinle )ain record1 )er 10 ms 22+. +& there are simultaneous P!H
and ?(!HFc messaes to send, then the R/! can schedule both durin the same time )eriod but the ?(!HFc has
to ma*e use o& the trans)ort &ormat based u)on the intermediate bit rate o& 1-.8 *b)s. ,chedulin o& P!H
messaes &or @9 in RR! +D<9 and !9<<HP!H also needs to account &or the DRP cycle lenth and the associated
)ain occasions used by the @9. @9 in RR! +D<9 and !9<<HP!H 'ill only listen to the P+!H once )er DRP
cycle. 2he ,F!!P!H &rame 'hich includes the P!H messae associated 'ith a s)eci&ic P+!H &rame occurs E-80
chi)s a&ter the P+!H. ;ith our current im)lementation, there should only ever be one )ositive )ain indication
'ithin a P+!H &rame because currently it is only )ossible to send one )ain record 'ithin the associated ,F!!P!H
&rame. +& the )ain channel is e7)eriencin conestion then it may be necessary to reduce the siLe o& the location
areas. ( chec* should also be made to determine 'hether or not !9<<HP!H is enabled. 2he use o& !9<<HP!H
can sini&icantly reduce the )ain load because )ain messaes are directed to a sinle cell rather than an entire
location area.
+& t'o ,F!!P!H are broadcast then channelisation codes 'ith s)readin &actors -# and 2%- are assined &or the
?(!H and P!H res)ectively. 2he &irst ,F!!P!H 'hich enca)sulates the control )lane ?(!H and the user )lane
?(!H ma*es use o& slot &ormat 8. 2his slot &ormat includes 8 2?!+ bits, E2 data bits and 0 )ilot bits 'ithin each slot.
2he 2?!+ bits are broadcast irres)ective o& 'hether or not there is any data to transmit. 2he activity &or this ,F
!!P!H can be modeled in the same 'ay as &or the case 'hen a sinle ,F!!P!H is broadcast. 2he second ,F
!!P!H 'hich enca)sulates the P!H ma*es use o& slot &ormat 0. 2his slot &ormat includes 0 2?!+ bits, 20 data bits
and 0 )ilot bits. 2his ,F!!P!H has an activity 'hich is de&ined only by the activity o& the data bits and a transmit
)o'er de&ined by the R/! databuild )arameter Pt7,!!P!H2. 2he P!H ca)acity 'hen usin t'o ,F!!P!H is the
same as the P!H ca)acity 'hen usin one ,F!!P!H. +n both cases, a ma7imum o& 1 )ain messae can be sent
)er 10 ms 22+.
3GPP 2,2%.211 s)eci&ies that the P+!H is a se6uence o& 288 bits 'hich occu)y the &irst $- U o& every 10 ms radio
&rame. 2,2%.211 also s)eci&ies that the s)readin &actor &or the P+!H is 2%-. 2he )recise channelisation code is not
standardised and can be selected by the vendor. /,/ uses channelisation code 02%-,31. 2,2%.213 s)eci&ies that
the P+!H is al'ays scrambled usin the )rimary scramblin code 'hich has been assined to the cell. 2he 288 bits
'hich &orm the P+!H &rame are a concatenation o& )ain indicators. 2here may be either 18, 3-, E2 or 1## )ain
indicators )er P+!H &rame. 2his is controlled by the R/! databuild )arameter P+Hamount. 2able E% )resents the
relationshi) bet'een the number o& )ain indicators )er P+!H &rame and the number o& bits available to each
)ain indicator.
/umber o& )ain
indicators )er P+!H &rame
/umber o& )ain
rou)s )er P+!H &rame
/umber o& bits )er
)ain indicator
2otal number o& bits )er
P+!H &rame
18 18 1- 288
3- 3- 8 288
E2 E2 # 288
1## 1##
2 288
*a+le 75 9 Relations!i: +etween t!e num+er of :aging indi4ators and t!e num+er of +its :er :aging
indi4ator
Decreasin the number o& )ain indicators )er P+!H &rame means that each )ain indicator has a reater
number o& bits. 2his increases the level o& redundancy in the )ain indicator and thus increases its reliability &or a
&i7ed transmit )o'er. +& the number o& )ain indicators )er P+!H &rame is decreased then it should be )ossible to
decrease the transmit )o'er o& the P+!H and maintain the same reliability. Ho'ever the de&ault transmit )o'er o&
the P+!H is 8 d> lo'er than that o& the !P+!H and the ,F!!P!H and so any reductions in the P+!H transmit )o'er
have little im)act u)on the total /ode > transmit )o'er. +ncreasin the number o& )ain indicators )er P+!H &rame
means that the @9 )o)ulation can be divided into more )ain rou)s and thus there are less @9 'ithin each
)ain rou). 2his )rovides the bene&it o& reducin the &re6uency 'ith 'hich @9 are instructed to read the P!H
trans)ort channel on the ,F!!P!H, i.e. it reduces @9 )o'er consum)tion. 2he de&ault number o& )ain indicators
)er P+!H &rame is E2 because the )otential reduction in @9 )o'er consum)tion is more sini&icant than the
reduction in total do'nlin* transmit )o'er 'hich could be achieved by decreasin the number o& )ain indicators.
+n the case o& a com)letely unloaded cell 'ith the de&ault common channel )o'ers, the total do'nlin* transmit
)o'er 'ould decrease by 0.2 d> i& the P+!H )o'er 'as decreased by 3 d>. 2his decrease 'ould be smaller i& the
cell 'as loaded.
3GPP 2,2%.211 s)eci&ies that the (+!H is a chi) se6uence 'hich can occu)y u) to 80 U o& each 20 ms PR(!H
&rame. 2,2%.211 also s)eci&ies that the s)readin &actor &or the (+!H is 2%-. 2he )recise channelisation code is not
standardised and can be selected by the vendor. /,/ uses channelisation code 02%-,21. 2,2%.213 s)eci&ies that
the (+!H is al'ays scrambled usin the )rimary scramblin code 'hich has been assined to the cell.
2able E- )resents the minimum and ma7imum averae do'nlin* transmit )o'ers &or the common channels. 2he
di&&erence bet'een the minimum and ma7imum averae transmit )o'ers is determined by the activities o& the ,F
!!P!H and the (+!H.
,ervice 2y)e De&ault Po'er Minimum
(ctivity
Minimum (verae
Po'er
Ma7imum
(ctivity
Ma7imum (verae
Po'er
!P+!H 33 d>m 100 U 33 d>m 100 U 33 d>m
PF,!H 30 d>m 10 U 20 d>m 10 U 20 d>m
,F,!H 30 d>m 10 U 20 d>m 10 U 20 d>m
PF!!P!H 28 d>m $0 U 2E.% d>m $0 U 2E.% d>m
,F!!P!H 33 d>m 2% U 2E d>m 11% U 33.- d>m
P+!H 2% d>m $- U 2#.8 d>m $- U 2#.8 d>m
(+!H 2% d>m 0 U F 80 U 2% d>m
2otal F F
3%.% d>m 3.% ;
F
3E.% d>m %.- ;
*a+le 76 9 %al4ulation of t!e a"erage downlink transmit :ower for t!e 4ommon 4!annels
2he activity o& the ,F!!P!H has a sini&icant im)act u)on the total common channel do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
2hese &iures de&ine the u))er limit &or the !P+!H 9cC+o. 2he &iures in 2able E- indicate that 'hen a @9 is in an
area o& ood dominance then it 'ould have a ma7imum )ossible !P+!H 9cC+o o& V2.% d>. 2his &iure 'ould be
reduced i& the cell had some activity, i& the @9 moved into an area 'here it incurred intercell inter&erence or i& the
@9 moved into an area 'hich 'as thermal noise limited.
+t may be necessary to ad3ust the common channel )o'ers to suite a s)eci&ic scenario.
2able EE )resents the )ea* do'nlin* transmit )o'ers re6uired by the common channels at the start and at the end
o& a radio &rame time slot.
,ervice 2y)e (ctive at the
start o& a slot
De&ault Po'er (ctive at the
end o& a slot
De&ault Po'er
!P+!H Aes 33 d>m Aes 33 d>m
PF,!H Aes 30 d>m /o F
,F,!H Aes 30 d>m /o F
PF!!P!H /o F Aes 28 d>m
,F!!P!H Aes 02?!+ bits1 3E d>m Aes 0data bits1 33 d>m
P+!H Aes 2% d>m Aes 2% d>m
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1%$ 018%1
(+!H Aes 2% d>m Aes 2% d>m
2otal F
3$.8 d>m C $.- ;
F
3E.2 d>m C %.3 ;
*a+le 77 9 %al4ulation of t!e :eak downlink transmit :ower for t!e 4ommon 4!annels
2he instantaneous do'nlin* transmit )o'er re6uirement &or the common channels at the start o& a timeslot is
relatively hih. 2his is caused by the ,F!!P!H 2?!+ bits coincidin 'ith the !P+!H, the PF,!H and the ,F,!H.
2he &rame structure o& the ,F!!P!H is o&&set in time relative to that o& the !P+!H, the PF,!H and the ,F,!H.
Ho'ever, /,/Gs im)lementation uses an o&&set o& e7actly 3 time slots 'hich means that the start o& each slot still
coincides. 2his relatively hih )o'er is re6uired durin the &irst 10 U o& each time slot. 2he R/! does not have
visibility o& this )ea* transmit )o'er. 2he R/! is only in&ormed o& the averae do'nlin* transmit )o'er. 2his &iure
is averaed over the duration o& a radio resource indication )eriod 'hich is ty)ically 20 radio &rames.
+n eneral, simulations and &ield trials should be used to determine a))ro)riate common channel transmit )o'ers.
Ho'ever, a sanity chec* can be com)leted by com)arin the a))ro7imate lin* budet o& the common channels 'ith
the lin* budet o& an e7am)le do'nlin* service. 2able E8 )resents the )arameters 'hich are used to com)ute the
ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er &or the -# *b)s data service. 2he resultin ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is
also included.
Pt7Primary!P+!H 33 d>m
!P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set 2 d>
@ser )lane bit rate -# *b)s
@ser )lane R/! 9bC/o #.% d>
,inallin Radio >earer 0,R>1 bit rate 3.E *b)s
,inallin Radio >earer 0,R>1 R/! 9bC/o 8.0 d>
Re&erence service bit rate 12.2 *b)s
Re&erence service 9bC/o 8.0 d>
Ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er 3%.2 d>m
*a+le 76 9 *!e ma>imum downlink transmit :ower for t!e 62 k+:s data ser"i4e
2his transmit )o'er can be com)ared 'ith the transmit )o'er that is assined to each o& the common channels.
2he di&&erence should be e6ual to the di&&erence in the !C+ re6uirements. 2he !C+ re6uirement is a &unction o& the
)rocessin ain and the 9bC/o re6uirement. 2he 9bC/o re6uirements o& the do'nlin* common channels are not
'ell *no'n and have been e7cluded &rom this analysis. 97cludin them introduces an uncertainty in the order o& 1
d>. 2able E$ )resents a com)arison o& the )rocessin ain di&&erences and the transmit )o'er di&&erences &or the
PF!!P!H and ,F!!P!H.
>it Rate De&ault 27 Po'er Processin Gain Delta 27 Po'er Delta <in* >udet Delta
PF!!P!H 12.3 *b)s 28 d>m E.2 d> E.2 d> 0.0 d>
,F!!P!H 33.- *b)s 33 d>m 2.8 d> 2.2 d> 0.- d>
*a+le 77 9 %om:arison of t!e P3%%P%. and S3%%P%. link +udgets wit! t!e 62 k+:s data ser"i4e
+& the do'nlin* common channels have the same coverae as the do'nlin* -# *b)s data service then the
)rocessin ain delta should e6ual the transmit )o'er delta. 2hese &iures indicate that the PF!!P!H and ,F
!!P!H have similar coverae to the -# *b)s do'nlin* data service 'hen the de&ault R/! databuild is used. 2he
calculations could be re)eated &or other do'nlin* services and similar results should be obtained, i.e. the ma7imum
do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted such that each do'nlin* service has a))ro7imately the same coverae.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-0 018%1
610 #ownlink *ransmit Power %al4ulations
(dmission control calculates the ma7imum, minimum and initial do'nlin* transmit )o'ers.
!alculations are com)leted &or ne' radio lin*s and &or reFcon&iured e7istin radio lin*s.
Ma7imum and minimum transmit )o'er calculations are based only u)on the R/! databuild.
+nitial transmit )o'er calculations account &or measurements )rovided by the @9 and /ode >.
2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er calculation &or a 3.# *b)s standalone ,R> includes an additional 2
d> to hel) increase do'nlin* coverae.
2he initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er calculation &or a 3.# *b)s standalone ,R> includes an additional - d> to
hel) im)rove initial synchronisation.
>it rates used in the calculations include the layer 2 overheads &or ,R> but not &or the user )lane.
+& Dynamic <in* 8)timisation is a))licable then the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is e&&ectively 2 d>
less than the calculated result.
+n the case o& radio lin* addition &or so&t handover, the /ode > transmits at the minimum do'nlin* transmit
)o'er until u)lin* synchronisation has been achieved.
+n the case o& radio lin* addition &or so&ter handover, the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is based u)on the
e7istin radio lin* at the /ode >.
NSN Recommendation: *aximum and minimum downlin# transmit ower calculations should be comleted and
resented to the oerator on a er ro:ect basis! *aximum downlin# transmit owers should be comared with
those assumed within lin# bud$et calculations! &nitial downlin# transmit ower calculations should be comleted if
there is a requirement for troubleshootin$ or validation of admission control al$orithms! &n $eneral% the default
RN( databuild should be alied! A standalone SRB bit rate of 0<!3 #bs may be used if there is ressure to
reduce connection establishment delays! The value assi$ned to the (+&(1toRefRAB9ffset arameter may be
increased if there are issues with downlin# caacity! The value of +tx)"abs*ax may be increased if dynamic
lin# otimisation is tri$$ered too frequently!
2he standalone ,R> bit rate is usually con&iured 'ith a value o& 3.# *b)s unless there is )ressure to reduce the
connection establishment delay. 2he main dra'bac* o& usin a standalone ,R> bit rate o& 13.- is the im)act u)on
+ub ca)acity. 2he im)act is reatest u)on the +ub ca)acity because the +ub is not reFcon&iured to a lo'er bit rate
once the 13.- *b)s is reFcon&iured to 3.# *b)s durin R(> establishment. 2he !onnection (dmission !ontrol
0!(!1 ma*es use o& the R/! databuild )arameter UsedSRBA"(Set to include an ,R> activity &actor 'hen
evaluatin the +ub ca)acity re6uired &or a ,R>. 2his reduces the im)act o& assinin a 13.- *b)s ,R>. 2he
coverae o& a 13.- *b)s ,R> is less than the coverae o& a 3.# *b)s ,R> but assumin that the net'or* has been
)lanned to su))ort at least -# *b)s then this should not be an issue.
2he recommended value &or !P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set has been decreased &rom 2 d> to 0 d>. ,ome o)erators use
the old recommended value o& 2 d> 'hereas other o)erators use the ne' recommended value o& 0 d>. 2he ne'
recommended value increases the ma7imum assined do'nlin* transmit )o'ers and thus im)rove do'nlin*
coverae. ?ield test have sho'n that in eneral, coverae is do'nlin* limited and system )er&ormance bene&its
&rom an increase in the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'ers. 2he value &or !P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set can be &urther
decreased to F1 or F2 d> in areas 'ith hih H,DP( activity. 2he dra'bac* o& decreasin the !P+!HtoRe&R(>8&&set
)arameter is a reduction in the do'nlin* airFinter&ace ca)acity. ,ome o)erators use an increased do'nlin* transmit
)o'er dynamic rane. ( 1% d> dynamic rane means that in many scenarios the /ode > is not able to )o'er do'n
su&&iciently and the do'nlin* ><9R is less than the taret ><9R. 2his )rovides increased 6uality o& service to the
end user at the cost o& do'nlin* ca)acity. 2he Pt7D<absMa7 )arameter is o&ten con&iured 'ith a value 'hich is
reater than the de&ault. 2he de&ault value o& 38 d>m means that Dy<8 is triered at 3- d>m. 2his is relatively lo'
and may cause &re6uent bit rate do'nrades. Dy<8 is o&ten disabled usin the R/! databuild )arameter
HHoMa7(llo'ed>itrateD<.
( set o& e7am)le do'nlin* transmit )o'ers is )resented in 2able 80.
,ervice 3.# *b)s 13.- *b)s 12.2 *b)s -# *b)s 128 *b)s 38# *b)s
2y)e standalone
,R>
standalone
,R>
s)eech N
3.# *b)s ,R>
data N
3.# *b)s ,R>
data N
3.# *b)s ,R>
data N
3.# *b)s ,R>
Ma7imum 2$.8 d>m 33.8 d>m 3#.2 d>m 3E.2 d>m #0.0 d>m #0 d>m
Minimum 1% d>m 1% d>m 1% d>m 1E.2 d>m 20.0 d>m 20 d>m
+nitial 2#.E d>m 2#.E d>m 31.0 d>m 3#.1 d>m 3-.$ d>m #0 d>m
*a+le 60 9 &>am:le downlink transmit :owers
2hese &iures are based u)on the recommended R/! databuild 'ith the e7ce)tion that Pt7D<absMa7 has been
increased to #0 d>m. 2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is ca))ed by Pt7D<absMa7 and Pt7DP!Hma7 &or the
38# *b)s data service. 2he minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is ca))ed by Pt7DP!Hmin &or the 3.# *b)s and 13.-
*b)s standalone ,R> as 'ell as &or the 12.2 *b)s s)eech service. 2he standalone ,R> initial do'nlin* transmit
)o'ers are based u)on a !P+!H 9cC+o measurement o& V8 d> and a Pt72otal measurement o& 3- d>m. 2he
s)eech and data service initial do'nlin* transmit )o'ers are based u)on a Pt7(verae measurement o& 2#.E d>m,
i.e. e6ual to the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er o& the 3.# *b)s ,R>, and a standalone ,R> bit rate o& 3.# *b)s.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to do'nlin* transmit )o'er calculations are )resented in 2able 81.
)alue
,tand(loneD!!H>itRate R/! 3.#, 13.- *b)s 3.# *b)s
!P+!HtoRe&R(>o&&set ;!9< F10 to 1E, ste) 0.% d> 0 d>
P!raneD< R/! 0 to 2%, ste) 1 d> 20 d>
Pt7DP!Hma7 ;>2, F3 to 0, ste) 0.1 d> F3 d>
Pt7DP!Hmin ;>2, F-0 to F28, ste) 1 d> F28 d>m
Pt7D<absMa7 ;!9< F10 to %0, ste) 0.1 d>m 38 d>m
D<re&erence>itRate ;!9< 0.01 to 1-000, ste) 0.1 *b)s 12.2 *b)s
D<re&erence2aret><9R ;!9< F8 to 0, ste) 0.1 F2.2
*a+le 61 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to downlink transmit :ower 4al4ulations
( radio lin* re)resents the )hysical connection across the airFinter&ace bet'een a /ode > and a @9. (dmission
control &unctionality 'ithin the R/! is res)onsible &or calculatin the ma7imum, minimum and initial do'nlin*
transmit )o'er &or each radio lin*. !alculations are com)leted &or each o& the &ollo'in scenariosD
a @9 moves &rom RR! +dle into !9<<HD!H to establish a ne' dedicated radio lin*
a @9 moves &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H to establish a ne' dedicated radio lin*
the con&iuration o& an e7istin radio lin* is chaned 'hile in !9<<HD!H
so&t handover radio lin* addition is triered 'hile in !9<<HD!H
,ome as)ects o& these calculations have been e7cluded &rom customer documentation.
-. mo/es from RR% !d&e to %.LL0(%1
;hen a @9 moves &rom RR! +dle to !9<<HD!H it establishes a ne' radio lin*. 2he ne' radio lin* enca)sulates
&our standalone sinallin radio bearers 0standalone ,R>1 'hich are multi)le7ed into a sinle D!H trans)ort
channel and a sinle DP!H )hysical channel. (dmission control calculates the ma7imum, minimum and initial
do'nlin* transmit )o'ers &or the ne' radio lin*. 2he /ode > is in&ormed o& the results usin an />(PD Radio <in*
,etu) Re6uest messae. ( standalone ,R> can be con&iured to have a bit rate o& either 3.# *b)s or 13.- *b)s.
2hese bit rates corres)ond to 2ransmission 2ime +ntervals 022+1 o& #0 ms and 10 ms res)ectively. (dmission
control uses a di&&erent set o& e6uations &or each bit rate. 2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin
the e6uationsD
( ) lated %a+*LCalcu Pt+*PC'ma+ Pt+ma+ %in "er SRB%a+*LPo Standalone , +
'here,
+txmax S #3 d>m &or a 20 ; cell and +txmax S #- d>m &or a #0 ; cell
2
) 10 (
) 2 . 3 10 (
10 ) 4 . 3 (
Re
10
10
Re
+
1
1
1
]
1
+
&
EbNo
EbNo
BR
LOG R(BO&&set CPIC'toRe& CPIC' PT+Primar$ !bps lated %a+*LCalcu
&
SRB
and
1
1
1
]
1
+
) 10 (
) 8 . 14 10 (
10 ) 6 . 13 (
Re
10
10
Re
&
EbNo
EbNo
BR
LOG R(BO&&set CPIC'toRe& CPIC' PT+Primar$ !bps lated %a+*LCalcu
&
SRB
2he e6uation &or the 3.# *b)s standalone ,R> includes an additional 2 d> 'hich is hard coded 'ithin the R/!
im)lementation. 2his &actor has been included to hel) im)rove coverae. 2he standalone ,R> bit rates 03.E, 1#.8
*b)s1 used in these e6uations include the M(! and R<! layer overheads. 2he minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er
e6uation is the same &or both standalone ,R> bit rates. 2he minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin
the e6uationD
( ) Pt+*PC'min Pt+%a+ PCrange*L9 "er SRB%a+*LPo Standalone %a+ in*LPo"er daloneSRB% S + %an
2he initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationsD
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
10
10
6 _
10
Pr
10
10
10
10 ) 2 . 3 10 (
10 ) 4 . 3 (
Pt+Total
EcIo CPIC'
imar$CPIC' PT+ EbNo
ChipRate
LOG !bps *LPo"er InitialSRB
SRB
and
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1

10
10
_
10
Pr
10
10
10
10 ) 8 . 14 10 (
10 ) 6 . 13 (
Pt+Total
EcIo CPIC'
imar$CPIC' PT+ EbNo
ChipRate
LOG !bps *LPo"er InitialSRB
SRB
2hese e6uations rely u)on the @9 )rovidin a !P+!H 9cC+o measurement 'ithin the RR!D RR! !onnection
Re6uest messae and the /ode > )rovidin a Pt72otal measurement 'ithin an />(PD Radio Resource +ndication
messae. +& the @9 does not )rovide a !P+!H 9cC+o measurement then these e6uations cannot be a))lied and the
initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is set e6ual to the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er. 2he e6uation &or the 3.# *b)s
standalone ,R> includes an additional - d> 'hich is subtracted &rom the !P+!H 9cC+o measurement. 2his - d> is
hardcoded 'ithin the R/! im)lementation and has been included to hel) the )er&ormance o& initial synchronisation
across the airFinter&ace. ,imilar to the e6uations used &or the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er, the M(! and R<!
overheads are included as )art o& the standalone ,R> bit rates. ( /ode > transmits at the initial do'nlin* transmit
)o'er until both do'nlin* and u)lin* airFinter&ace synchronisation has been achieved. +nner loo) )o'er control
manaes the do'nlin* transmit )o'er once synchronisation has been achieved.
-. mo/es from %.LL0FA%1 to %.LL0(%1
@9 are instructed to move &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H 'hen there is either an u)lin* or do'nlin* ca)acity
re6uest 'hich has been triered by e7ceedin s)eci&ic R<! bu&&er thresholds. 2hese thresholds are de&ined by the
R/! )arameters /(,sin:ol2hr@<, /(,sin:ol2hrD<, 2ra&:ol2hreshold@<<o' and 2ra&:ol2hresholdD<<o'. 2he
&irst t'o o& these )arameters are based u)on only ,R> 3 and #. 2he third )arameter is based u)on all ,R> )lus
any nonFreal time radio bearer tra&&ic. 2he &orth )arameter is based u)on ,R> 3 and # )lus any nonFreal time radio
bearer tra&&ic. @9 are also instructed to move &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H 'hen there is a re6uest &or a !,
domain service.
;hen a @9 moves &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H it establishes a ne' radio lin*. 2he ne' radio lin* may
enca)sulate only &our standalone sinallin radio bearers 0standalone ,R>1 multi)le7ed into a sinle D!H trans)ort
channel and a sinle DP!H )hysical channel. 2his is the case 'hen the transition is triered &or sinallin
)ur)oses or &or ,M, 0,M, ma*e use o& ,R> 3 and #1. +& the ne' radio lin* enca)sulates only &our standalone ,R>
then the do'nlin* transmit )o'er calculations are the same as those used 'hen a @9 moves &rom RR! +dle to
!9<<HD!H.
(lternatively, the ne' radio lin* may enca)sulate &our ,R> multi)le7ed into one D!H trans)ort channel 'hile a user
)lane bearer is &ed into a second D!H trans)ort channel. 2he t'o D!H trans)ort channels are multi)le7ed into a
sinle )hysical channel. +t is also )ossible &or there to be more than a sinle user )lane trans)ort channel. ?or
e7am)le, i& the transition &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H has been triered by a re6uest &or the s)eech service
there 'ill be three user )lane trans)ort channels 0&or the class (, class > and class ! bits1 )lus the ,R> trans)ort
channel, multi)le7ed into a sinle )hysical channel. (dmission control calculates the ma7imum, minimum and initial
do'nlin* transmit )o'ers &or the ne' radio lin* by accountin &or both the ,R> and the user )lane trans)ort
channel0s1. 2he calculation &or the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is de)endant u)on the tra&&ic class o& the user
)lane trans)ort channel0s1, i.e. 'hether it is, or they are bein used to su))ort conversational, streamin, interactive
or bac*round services. 2he /ode > is in&ormed o& the results usin an />(PD Radio <in* ,etu) Re6uest messae.
2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationsD
( ) ulated 9%a+*LCalc Pt+*PC'ma+ Pt+ma+ %in ming3 onal:Strea Conversati %a+*LPo"er + (
and
( ) + Pt+*Labs%a ulated 9%a+*LCalc Pt+*PC'ma+ Pt+ma+ %in Bac!ground e Interactiv %a+*LPo"er , ) ( +
'here,
1
1
1
]
1
+
+
) 10 (
) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
10
Re
10
10 10
Re
&
EbNo
Serv
EbNo EbNo
BR
BR
LOG R(BO&&set CPIC'toRe& CPIC' PT+Primar$ lated %a+*LCalcu
&
Serv SRB
2he ,R> bit rate includes the M(! and R<! layer overheads, i.e. the bit rate is 3.E *b)s rather than 3.# *b)s. 8nly
the 3.# *b)s ,R> bit rate is a))licable 'hen the ,R> is multi)le7ed 'ith a user )lane trans)ort channel. 2his is
inde)endent o& 'hether or not the R/! databuild )arameter ,tand(loneD!!H>itRate has been con&iured 'ith a
value o& 13.- *b)s. 2he service bit rates used in this e6uation do not include any layer 2 overheads, i.e. the bit rates
should be 12.2 *b)s, -# *b)s, 128 *b)s or 38# *b)s. +n the case o& the s)eech service, the 9bC/o re6uirement &or
the class ( bits is used. +& Dynamic <in* 8)timisation 0Dy<81 is a))licable to a s)eci&ic interactive or bac*round
service then the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is e&&ectively 2 d> less than the calculated result. 2his is
because Dy<8 is triered once the R/! is in&ormed that the do'nlin* transmit )o'er has e7ceeded a threshold
'hich is 2 d> less than the ma7imum. ,hort term increases above this threshold can be e7)erienced 'ithout
trierin Dy<8 i& the averae do'nlin* transmit )o'er re)orted to the R/! remains belo' the threshold.
2he minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er e6uation is the same &or all tra&&ic classes. 2he minimum do'nlin* transmit
)o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationD
( ) m$n , Pt+*PC' Pt+%a+ PCrange*L %a+*LPo"er %a+ %in*LPo"er +
2he initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationD
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-# 018%1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1

+

10
10
_
10
Pr
10 10
10
10
10 ) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
10
Pt+Total
EcIo CPIC'
imar$CPIC' PT+
Serv
EbNo EbNo
ChipRate
BR
LOG o"er Initial*LP
Serv SRB
2his e6uation relies u)on the @9 )rovidin a !P+!H 9cC+o measurement and the /ode > )rovidin a Pt72otal
measurement 'ithin an />(PD Radio Resource +ndication messae. +& the @9 does not )rovide a !P+!H 9cC+o
measurement then these e6uations cannot be a))lied and the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is set e6ual to the
ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er. ,imilar to the e6uation used &or the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er, the
M(! and R<! overheads are included as )art o& the ,R> bit rate, i.e. the bit rate is 3.E *b)s rather than 3.# *b)s.
2he service bit rate does not include any layer 2 overheads, i.e. the bit rate should be 12.2 *b)s, -# *b)s, 128 *b)s
or 38# *b)s. +n the case o& the s)eech service, the 9bC/o re6uirement &or the class ( bits is used. ( /ode >
transmits at the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er until both do'nlin* and u)lin* airFinter&ace synchronisation has been
achieved. +nner loo) )o'er control manaes the do'nlin* transmit )o'er once synchronisation has been achieved.
2he confi3$ration of an e4istin3 radio &in5 is chan3ed
+& a @9 has moved &rom RR! +dle to !9<<HD!H &or the trans&er o& user )lane data, i.e. &or the s)eech service, !,
data service or P, data service, then the initial radio lin* con&iured &or the standalone ,R> is reFcon&iured durin
R(> establishment. 2his reFcon&iuration allo's the radio lin* to accommodate the user )lane data, i.e. user )lane
trans)ort channels are added. (lternatively, a radio lin* may be recon&iured to accommodate a chane in an
e7istin user )lane data rate. ?or e7am)le, the use o& Dynamic <in* 8)timisation 0Dy<81 may reduce the bit rate
durin an interactive or bac*round )ac*et s'itched data session. Pac*et s'itched bit rates may also be reduced i&
)reFem)tion is triered or i& the cell enters the overload state. 2he user )lane )ac*et s'itched bit rate may be
increased i& R<! bu&&er thresholds are e7ceeded and an associated ca)acity re6uest is enerated. ReFcon&iuration
o& the radio lin* involves chanes to the ma7imum, minimum and initial do'nlin* transmit )o'ers.
2he calculation &or the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is de)endant u)on the tra&&ic class o& the user )lane
trans)ort channel0s1, i.e. 'hether it is, or they are bein used to su))ort conversational, streamin, interactive or
bac*round services. 2he /ode > is in&ormed o& the results usin an />(PD Radio <in* Recon&iuration Pre)are
messae. 2he ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationsD
( ) ulated 9%a+*LCalc Pt+*PC'ma+ Pt+ma+ %in Streaming3 onal Conversati %a+*LPo"er + (
and
( ) *Labs%a+ ulated9Pt+ 9%a+*LCalc Pt+*PC'ma+ Pt+ma+ %in Bac!ground e Interactiv %a+*LPo"er + ) (
'here,
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+
) 10 (
) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
10 Re Pr
Re
10
10 10
Re
&
EbNo
Ne"Serv
EbNo EbNo
BR
BR
LOG &R(BO&&set CPIC'to imar$CPIC' PT+ lated %a+*LCalcu
&
Ne"Serv SRB
2he service bit rates used in this e6uation do not include any layer 2 overheads, i.e. the bit rates should be 12.2
*b)s, -# *b)s, 128 *b)s or 38# *b)s. 2his is in contrast to the ,R> bit rate 'hich does include the layer 2
overheads. +& the reFcon&iuration is &or the addition o& user )lane trans)ort channels to a 13.- *b)s standalone
,R>, then the ,R> bit rate is reduced to 3.# *b)s. +n the case o& the s)eech service, the 9bC/o re6uirement &or the
class ( bits is used. +& Dynamic <in* 8)timisation 0Dy<81 is a))licable to a s)eci&ic interactive or bac*round
service then the ma7imum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is e&&ectively 2 d> less than the calculated result. 2his is
because Dy<8 is triered once the R/! is in&ormed that the do'nlin* transmit )o'er has e7ceeded a threshold
'hich is 2 d> less than the ma7imum. ,hort term increases above this threshold can be e7)erienced 'ithout
trierin Dy<8 i& the averae do'nlin* transmit )o'er re)orted to the R/! remains belo' the threshold.
2he minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted usin the e6uationD
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-% 018%1
( ) m$n , Pt+*PC' Pt+%a+ PCrange*L %a+*LPo"er %a+ %in*LPo"er +
@nder normal circumstances, the initial transmit )o'er o& the reFcon&iured radio lin* is based u)on the Pt7(verae
measurements )rovided to the R/! &rom the /ode >. (ssumin that these measurements are available the initial
transmit )o'er is calculated usin one o& the e6uations belo'. 2he &irst e6uation is a))lied 'hen the recon&iuration
is &rom a standalone ,R> and there are no e7istin user )lane trans)ort channels.
*P*C' Pt+(verage
BR
BR
LOG o"er Initial*LP
SRB
EbNo
Ne"Serv
EbNo EbNo
SRB
Ne"Serv SRB
_
) 10 (
) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
10
10
10 10
+
1
1
1
]
1
+

2he &ollo'in e6uation is a))lied 'hen there are e7istin user )lane trans)ort channels, e.. a chane in bit rate
resultin &rom Dy<8.
*P*C' Pt+(verage
BR
BR
LOG o"er Initial*LP
OldServ
EbNo EbNo
Ne"Serv
EbNo EbNo
OldServ SRB
Ne"Serv SRB
_
) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
) 10 ( ) 2 . 3 10 (
10
10 10
10 10
+
1
1
1
]
1
+
+

2he service bit rates used in these e6uations do not include any layer 2 overheads, i.e. the bit rates should be 12.2
*b)s, -# *b)s, 128 *b)s or 38# *b)s. 2his is in contrast to the ,R> bit rate 'hich does include the layer 2
overheads. +n the case o& the s)eech service, the 9bC/o re6uirement &or the class ( bits is used. 2he value o&
Pt7(veraeHDPD!H is an ad3usted value o& the measurement result )rovided by the /ode >. 2he measurement
result is based u)on the DP!!H )ilot bits and needs to have the value o& P83 subtracted to obtain the DPD!H
)o'er. 2he value o& P83 is con&iured usin the hidden R/! databuild )arameter Po'er8&&setD<d)cchPilot. 2his
)arameter is currently con&iured 'ith a value o& 0 d>. +& the Pt7(verae measurement is not available then
Pt7(veraeHDPD!H is re)laced by the last calculated value &or the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er. +n the case o&
radio lin* reFcon&iuration, the @9 and /ode > are already synchronised across the airFinter&ace. 2his means that
inner loo) )o'er control is able to chane the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er as soon as it is a))lied.
*oft hando/er radio &in5 addition
;hen a ne' radio lin* is added to a @9Gs active set the R/! admission control calculates the ma7imum, minimum
and initial do'nlin* transmit )o'ers. 2he ne' radio lin* may be &or either so&t or so&ter handover. Radio lin*s can be
added 'hile there is a standalone ,R> or an ,R> multi)le7ed 'ith user )lane data. Radio lin* addition can be
triered by either measurement re)ortin event 1a or 1c. 2he latter involves a radio lin* deletion as 'ell as a radio
lin* addition. 2hese measurement re)ortin events are only a))licable 'hile a @9 is in !9<<HD!H. +& a ne' radio
lin* is added 'hile there is only a standalone ,R> con&iured the ma7imum and minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'ers
are calculated accordin to the e6uations used 'hen a @9 moves &rom RR!H+dle to !9<<HD!H. +& a ne' radio lin*
added 'hile there are both ,R> and user )lane trans)ort channels con&iured then the ma7imum and minimum
do'nlin* transmit )o'ers are calculated accordin to the e6uations used 'hen a @9 moves &rom !9<<H?(!H to
!9<<HD!H.
+n the case o& soft handover, i& a ne' radio lin* is added 'hile there is only a standalone ,R> con&iured then the
initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted accordin to the e6uations used 'hen a @9 moves &rom RR!H+dle to
!9<<HD!H. +n the case o& soft handover, i& a ne' radio lin* added 'hile there are both ,R> and user )lane
trans)ort channels con&iured then the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is com)uted accordin to the e6uations used
'hen a @9 moves &rom !9<<H?(!H to !9<<HD!H. 2hese e6uations rely u)on the @9 )rovidin a !P+!H 9cC+o
measurement 'ithin the RR!D RR! !onnection Re6uest messae and the /ode > )rovidin a Pt72otal
measurement 'ithin an />(PD Radio Resource +ndication messae. +& the @9 does not )rovide a !P+!H 9cC+o
measurement then these e6uations cannot be a))lied and the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is set e6ual to the
hihest measured do'nlin* transmit )o'er &rom the e7istin active set radio lin*s. +n the case o& soft handover,
'hen a ne' radio lin* is added to the active set the /ode > does not start transmittin at the initial transmit )o'er.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-- 018%1
2he /ode > so&t'are instructs the /ode > to transmit at the minimum transmit )o'er until u)lin* synchronisation
has been achieved. 8nce u)lin* synchronisation has been achieved the /ode > transmits at the initial transmit
)o'er and inner loo) )o'er control is able to o)erate in its normal 'ay. 2his a))roach has been ado)ted to hel)
reduce di&&erences in the do'nlin* transmit )o'ers durin so&t handover and to hel) avoid )otential increases in
u)lin* inter&erence. +& a /ode > 'as to start transmittin at its initial transmit )o'er be&ore achievin u)lin*
synchronisation the @9 'ould achieve synchronisation and its do'nlin* ,+R 'ould increase. 2he @9 'ould then
instruct the active set cells to )o'er do'n. (ll o& the active set cells e7ce)t the ne' cell 'ould )o'er do'n. 2he
ne' cell 'ould not )o'er do'n because it had not achieved u)lin* synchronisation and 'ould not be receivin
)o'er control commands. 2he oriinal radio lin*s 'ould then have relatively )oor 6uality and the @9 'ould start to
discard their 2P! commands. 2he @9 'ould obey the relatively hih 6uality 2P! commands &rom the ne' radio lin*
'hich durin the synchronisation )hase, instruct the @9 to increase its transmit )o'er. 2ransmittin at the minimum
do'nlin* transmit )o'er durin the )eriod )rior to u)lin* synchronisation means that the @9 is less li*ely to achieve
do'nlin* synchronisation and i& it does then the increase in its ,+R 'ill be less.
+n the case o& softer handover, the initial do'nlin* transmit )o'er is set e6ual to the transmit )o'er o& the e7istin
radio lin* belonin to the same /ode >. ( /ode > maintains a sinle u)lin* synchronisation state machine &or all
radio lin*s associated 'ith a s)eci&ic @9, i.e. all radio lin*s are combined 'ithin the same R(=9 receiver. 2his
means that a /ode > is already synchronised 'hen a so&ter handover radio lin* is added to the active set. 2he
issues associated 'ith so&t handover do not e7ist &or so&ter handover and it is not necessary &or the /ode > to start
transmittin at the minimum do'nlin* transmit )o'er.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-E 018%1
611 U:link -:en 8oo: Power %ontrol
8)en loo) )o'er control is a))licable to the PR(!H and u)lin* DP!H establishment )rocedures.
@)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control relies u)on the accuracy o& the u)lin* R,,+ measurements )rovided by the
/ode >. 2hese measurements can be a&&ected by the &eeder loss )arameter 'hich is con&iured durin
/ode > commissionin.
@)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control also relies u)on the accuracy o& the @9 !P+!H R,!P measurements.
2he DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control ma*es use o& the !able<oss R/! databuild )arameter but the PR(!H
o)en loo) )o'er control does not ma*e use o& this )arameter.
>oth the PR(!H and DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control can be re&ined usin the R/! databuild.
2he DP!H establishment )rocedure includes a )eriod o& time durin 'hich the /ode > instructs the @9 to
increase its transmit )o'er by one ste) siLe )er 10 ms radio &rame.
NSN Recommendation: 'hen *1A are installed% oerators should be encoura$ed to confi$ure actual feeder
loss values durin$ Node B commissionin$ rather than a default feeder loss value! 'hen *1A are not installed%
oerators should assi$n the actual value to the feeder loss durin$ Node B commissionin$ or in case of feeder
less solution there mi$ht be a need to imlement a connector loss of -!, dB! 9erators should be advised that
the RN( databuild arameters *1A and (able"oss are used for the )+(1 oen loo ower and also for the
+RA(1 oen loo ower control in RAS-3 RN( and later! &ncreases to the number of +RA(1 reambles and
+RA(1 reamble cycles can be acceted as lon$ as the oerator is made aware of the otential imlications
uon delay and ulin# transmit ower!
@)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control is com)leted by the @9 as )art o& the random access )rocedure 'hich is re6uired
'henever the @9 communicates 'ith the net'or* in RR! states +D<9 mode, !9<<H?(!H, !9<<HP!H or
@R(HP!H. @)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control is also re6uired 'henever the @9 is instructed to establish a dedicated
channel and enter RR! state !9<<HD!H. +& the u)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control calculations are inaccurate then the
@9 may transmit 'ith too little )o'er and messaes may be lost or 'ith too much )o'er and e7cessive inter&erence
may be enerated at the /ode > receiver.
+t is common &or o)erators to con&iure the /ode > &eeder loss )arameter 'ith a sinle de&ault value rather than the
actual value. 2his introduces inaccuracies in the u)lin* R,,+ measurements 'hich can be observed in the R/!
counters or the R/! online monitorin. 2hese inaccuracies can cause either an increase or decrease in the
PR(!H and DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control results. 8)erators o&ten increase the number o& PR(!H )reambles
above the /,/ de&ault value o& 8. 2his increases the )robability o& the /ode > receivin a )reamble 'ithin a
s)eci&ic )reamble cycle but increases the delay to the ne7t )reamble cycle and may lead to @9 transmittin 'ith
relatively hih )o'ers. 2here is o&ten con&usion reardin the use o& the MH( and cable loss R/! databuild
)arameters. +n R(,0- and later these are bein used &or both the DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control and the PR(!H
o)en loo) )o'er control 'hich should clari&y the issue.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to u)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control are )resented in 2able 82.
PR(!HRe6uiredReceived!+ ;!9< F3% to V10, ste) 1 d> F20 d>
0de&ault F2% d>1
Po'erRam),te)PR(!H)reamble ;!9< 1 to 8, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
PR(!HH)reambleHretrans ;!9< 1 to -#, ste) 1 E
R(!HHt7HMa7 ;!9< 1 to -#, ste) 1 1-
@9t7Po'erMa7PR(!H ;!9< F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 21 d>m
@9t7Po'erMa7DP!H ;!9< F%0 to 33, ste) 1 d>m 2# d>m
!able<oss ;!9< 0 to 100, ste) 0.1 d> 3 d> 0recommended to
have actual &eederloss1
MH( ;!9< 8&&set not used 001, 8&&set used 011 8&&set not used 001
*a+le 62 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to u:link o:en loo: :ower 4ontrol
6113 Node , %ommissioning Parameters
2he /ode > commissionin )arameters relevant to u)lin* o)en loo) )o'er control are )resented in 2able 83.
Name Range #efault
;0.A :resent=
#efault
;0.A not :resent=
MH(HinHuse yes, no Aes no
<H?eeder 0 to $$, ste) 0.1 d> 3 d> or actual &eeder loss 0 d>
GHmha 0 to $$, ste) 0.1 d> 12 d> 0 d>
*a+le 63 9 Node , 4ommissioning :arameters rele"ant to u:link o:en loo: :ower 4ontrol
6112 PRA%. %on4e:ts and A::roa4!es
3GPP 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies the o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation &or the PR(!H. 2his e6uation, )resented belo'
determines the transmit )o'er that the @9 a))lies to the &irst PR(!H )reamble.
) ( ) (
,
CPIC'RSCP P ,LRSSI dCI redReceive PR(C'Requi
Lin!Loss ment "erRequire ReceiverPo alPo"er PR(C'Initi
CPIC' t+
+ +
+
2he +RA(1RequiredReceived(& is an R/! databuild )arameter 'ith a de&ault value o& V2% d>, the recommended
value is F20 d>. +t is increase in order to increase the RR! connection setu) )er&ormance in environments 'ith
hihly variable inter&erence levels 0hih H,DP( activity1. +t is read by the @9 &rom ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* % o& the
>!H. +ts value can be com)ared 'ith the !C+ re6uirement &or the s)eech service 'hich is ty)ically V21 d>. 2he !C+
re6uirement &or the PR(!H )reamble can be lo'er because the /ode > receiver only needs to detect the PR(!H
scramblin code and PR(!H sinature. 2here are no data bits to decode. +n addition, 2,2%.21# s)eci&ies that i& the
&irst PR(!H )reamble is not ac*no'leded by a do'nlin* (+!H then &urther )reambles can be transmitted. 9ach
)reamble is transmitted 'ith a )o'er 'hich is reater than the )recedin )reamble. 2he increase in )o'er bet'een
consecutive )reambles is de&ined by the R/! databuild )arameter +owerRamSte+RA(1reamble. 2his
)arameter has a de&ault value o& 1 d>. 2he ma7imum number o& )reambles 'hich can be transmitted in a sinle
)o'er ram)in cycle is de&ined by the R/! databuild )arameter +RA(1HreambleHretrans. 2his )arameter has a
de&ault value o& 8 'hich means that the &inal )reamble belonin to a cycle 'ould have a transmit )o'er 'hich is E
d> reater than the &irst. ( )reamble cycle may be sto))ed be&ore transmittin the &inal )reamble i& the commanded
)reamble )o'er is - d> reater than the ma7imum allo'ed PR(!H transmit )o'er. +& the @9 does not receive an
(+!H durin a )reamble cycle then it may start &urther )reamble cycles. 2he ma7imum number o& )reamble cycles
is de&ined by the R/! databuild )arameter RA(1HtxH*ax. 2he )o'er ram)in 'hich occurs durin a PR(!H
)reamble cycle means that it is not critical i& the o)en loo) )o'er control calculation enerates an initial transmit
)o'er 'hich is 2 or 3 d> too lo'. Ho'ever, eneratin an initial )o'er 'hich is lo'er than this could reduce the
reliability o& the PR(!H )rocedure 'hen the @9 is in a &adin radio environment. 2he re6uirement &or &urther
PR(!H )reambles and )reamble cycles has a relatively small im)act u)on the connection establishment delay.
2he u)lin* R,,+ &iure 'hich a))ears in the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation is read &rom ,ystem
+n&ormation >loc* E o& the >!H. 2his &iure is measured and )rovided by the /ode >. +& this measurement is
inaccurate then it 'ill ma*e the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control calculation inaccurate. 2he 2,2%.21% and
2,2%.10# s)eci&y that i& a MH( is not installed then the measurement re&erence )oint &or the u)lin* R,,+ is at the
/ode > cabinet antenna connector and that i& an MH( is installed then the measurement re&erence )oint is at the
airFinter&ace side o& the MH(. 2his means that 'hen an MH( is installed, the /ode > must com)lete a )o'er
measurement 'ithin its ;2R and then calculate the corres)ondin )o'er at the airFinter&ace side o& the MH(. 2he
/ode > com)letes this calculation usin the )arameters con&iured in the /ode > commissionin &ile. +& these
)arameters are con&iured inaccurately then the resultant R,,+ &iure 'ill also be inaccurate. 2he calculation
com)leted by the /ode > involves com)ensatin &or the automatic ain control 'ithin the ;2R, the ain )rovided
by the ;(?, cable and connector losses bet'een the /ode > cabinet and the MH(, and the MH( ain. +& it is
assumed that the /ode > has accurate in&ormation reardin the automatic ain control 'ithin the ;2R and the
ain )rovided by the ;(?, then the calculation becomesD
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1-$ 018%1
G a i n % ' ( # e ed e r L os s C a b i n e t N o d e B R S SI in s t a l l ed % ' ( , L R SS I _ _ _ ) _ ( +
2he &eeder loss and MH( ain in this e6uation are the values 'hich have been con&iured durin the /ode >
commissionin. +& /ode > commissionin has been com)leted usin a de&ault &eeder loss value rather than the
actual &eeder loss value then inaccuracies 'ill be introduced across the net'or*. +& the commissioned &eeder loss
value is less than the actual &eeder loss value then the u)lin* R,,+ result 'ill be too lo'. +& the commissioned
&eeder loss value is reater than the actual &eeder loss value then the u)lin* R,,+ result 'ill be too hih. 2he same
arument can be a))lied to the MH( ain althouh /,/ MH( have a &i7ed ain o& 12 d> 'ith a narro' tolerance.
;hen an MH( is not installed then the measurement re&erence )oint should be *e)t at the /ode > cabinet antenna
connector. 2he /ode > com)letes the u)lin* R,,+ calculation accordin to the e6uation belo'D
C a b i n e t N o d e B R S S I i n s t a l l e d n o t % ' ( , L R S S I _ _ ) _ _ (
+n this case the &eeder loss value con&iured durin /ode > commissionin is not involved in the u)lin* R,,+
measurement.
2he !P+!H transmit )o'er &iure CPIC' t+
P
, 'hich a))ears in the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation is
read &rom ,ystem +n&ormation >loc* % o& the >!H. 2he measurement re&erence )oint &or this )arameter is at the
/ode > cabinet antenna connector. R/! 'ill ma*e use o& the databuild )arameters (able"oss and MH( to move
the !P+!H transmit )o'er measurement re&erence )oint out to the airFinter&ace side o& the MH(. 2he value o& the
+9 Primary !P+!H 2P )o'er is de&ined in the &ollo'in 'ayD
- +& the value o& the MH( used 0*1A1 manaement )arameter is set to Z8&&set not usedG, +9 Primary !P+!H 2P
)o'er is set to the value o& the +tx+rimary(+&(1 manaement )arameter.
- +& the value o& the MH( manaement )arameter is set to Z8&&set usedG, the value o& the +9 Primary !P+!H 2P
)o'er is de&ined as a di&&erence o& the values o& the +tx+rimary(+&(1 and !able <oss 0(able"oss1
manaement )arameters in the &ollo'in 'ayD
o Primary !P+!H 2P )o'er S M(P[0Pt7Primary!P+!H V !able<oss1, !P+!HM+/\.
o !P+!HM+/ is the smallest )o'er value 'hich can be sinalled 'ith the +9 Primary !P+!H 2P
)o'er 0F10 d>m1.
2he MH( used 0*1A1 and !able <oss 0!able<oss1 manaement )arameters are used to de&ine the value o& the
6uantity Primary !P+!H 2P )o'er in the initial )o'er settin o& the PR(!H )reamble )o'er. +& there is any need to
reduce the initial )reamble )o'er, these t'o ;!DM( cell s)eci&ic manaement )arameters can be used &or that
)ur)ose, reardless o& the &act 'hether the mast head am)li&ier is actually used or not. >ut 'hen doin so, note that
these t'o )arameters also a&&ect the initial )o'er settin o& the u)lin* DP!!H in the o)en loo) )o'er control o&
DP!H.
+t should also be noted that a do'nlin* lin* loss measurement is bein used &or an u)lin* transmit )o'er calculation
'ithout accountin &or )ro)aation di&&erences bet'een the u)lin* and do'nlin* &re6uencies. 2he )ro)aation loss
is reater in the do'nlin* direction meanin that &urther marin is introduced.
2he !P+!H R,!P &iure 'hich a))ears in the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation is measured by the @9.
3GPP 2,2%.133 s)eci&ies that under normal conditions the !P+!H R,!P measurement can be u) to - d> reater
than or - d> less than the actual value. 2his is a &urther )otential source o& error 'hich indicates that it is bene&icial
to include some marin in the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control calculation.
6115 #P%. %on4e:ts and A::roa4!es
2he u)lin* DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control is not standardiLed in as much detail as the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er
control. 3GPP 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies the o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation &or the u)lin* DP!H asD
CPIC'RSCP O&&set *PCC'Po"er lPo"er *PC'Initia ,L _
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E0 018%1
2he de&inition o& the DP!!HPo'er8&&set is vendor de)endent. /,/Gs im)lementation is iven byD
( ) S# SIR ,L RSSI P O&&set *PCC'Po"er
CPIC' t+
l&g 10 _
,
+ +
2his im)lementation can be understood i& the com)lete e6uation is )resented in the same &ormat as the PR(!H
e6uation, i.e.
( ) ) ( ) l&g 10 _ (
_
,
CPIC'RSCP P RSSI S# SIR ,L
Lin!Loss ment "erRequi re ReceiverPo lPo"er *PC'Initia ,L
C PIC' t +
+ +
+
2he combination o& the u)lin* ,+R and the s)readin &actor is e6uivalent to the PR(!H !C+ re6uirement. 2he
s)readin &actor is subtracted &rom the ,+R because the 3GPP de&inition &or the u)lin* ,+R is iven in 2,2%.21% asD
( ) S# ISCP RSCP SIR ,L l&g 10 _ +
+ncludin the s)readin &actor in this de&inition normalises the ,+R values &or di&&erent bit rates and reduces the
rane o& ,+R values 'hich the net'or* is re6uired to handle. 2he u)lin* ,+R values are calculated by the R/! &rom
the .b6No tables 'hich are hidden )arameters 'ithin the R/! databuild. +n eneral, the .b6No values in these
tables are relatively hih and introduce some marin in the DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control calculation. 2he .b6No
values in the R/! databuild tend to be a))licable to harsh )ro)aation conditions.
2he R,,+ value in the e6uation is de&ined as
( ) ( ) etBTS Pr+%a+Targ Pr+Target9 P P RSSI
total r+ total r+
max , , m$n
, ,
,
'here total r+
P
, is the last R,,+ measurement received &rom >2, and
total r+
P
,
is averaed value over
'inA(RABsetuU" 0de&ault %1 R,,+ measurements. 2he /ode > com)letes the u)lin* R,,+ as discussed in
)revious section.
2he !P+!H transmit )o'er &iure CPIC' t+
P
, 'hich a))ears in the DP!!HPo'er8&&set e6uation is de&ined by
admission control. 2he measurement re&erence )oint &or the )arameter +tx+rimary(+&(1 is at the /ode > cabinet
antenna connector. R/! 'ill ma*e use o& the databuild )arameters (able"oss and MH( to move the !P+!H
transmit )o'er re&erence )oint out to the airFinter&ace side o& the MH(. 2he value o& the CPIC' t+
P
, is de&ined in
the &ollo'in 'ayD
- +& the value o& the MH( used 0*1A1 manaement )arameter is set to Z8&&set not usedG,
CPIC' t+
P
,
is set to the
value o& the +tx+rimary(+&(1 manaement )arameter.
- +& the value o& the MH( manaement )arameter is set to Z8&&set usedG, the value o& the
CPIC' t+
P
,
is de&ined as
a di&&erence o& the values o& the +tx+rimary(+&(1 and !able <oss 0(able"oss1 manaement )arameters in the
&ollo'in 'ayD
o
CPIC' t+
P
,
S Pt7Primary!P+!H V !able<oss
+& there is any need to reduce the initial @< DP!!H )o'er, these t'o ;!DM( cell s)eci&ic manaement
)arameters can be used &or that )ur)ose, reardless o& the &act 'hether the mast head am)li&ier is actually used or
not. >ut 'hen doin so, note that these t'o )arameters also a&&ect the initial )o'er settin o& the PR(!H )reamble
in the o)en loo) )o'er control o& PR(!H.
2he !P+!H R,!P &iure 'hich a))ears in the DP!H o)en loo) )o'er control e6uation is measured by the @9 in
the same 'ay as it is measured &or the PR(!H o)en loo) )o'er control. 3GPP 2,2%.133 s)eci&ies that under
normal conditions the !P+!H R,!P measurement can be u) to - d> reater than or - d> less than the actual
value.
(n im)ortant issue 'hich has been raised reardin the initial u)lin* DP!H transmit )o'er is that the inner loo)
)o'er control behaviour can )otentially lead to u)lin* )o'er s)i*es at the /ode > receiver. 3GPP 2,2%.21#
s)eci&ies that durin radio lin* initialisation the /ode > can transmit 2P! commands 'hich are either a continuous
stream o& )o'erFu) commands, or a )attern o& alternatin )o'erFu) and )o'er do'n commands but 'ith an
additional )o'erFu) command every 10 ms radio &rame. /,/ has im)lemented the latter 'hich has the e&&ect o&
increasin the @9 transmit )o'er by the )o'er control ste) siLe once every 10 ms. +& the /ode > does not
synchronise ra)idly then a @9 can sini&icantly increase its transmit )o'er. ?iure 38 illustrates the sinalin and
timin associated 'ith u)lin* and do'nlin* airFinter&ace synchronisation.
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n R">u"$# ?RACH@
UE RNC N." B
NBAP; R*i. 9ink S"#u+ R">u"$#
NBAP; R*i. 9ink S"#u+ R"$+.n$"
NBAP; S-n),/.ni$*#i.n Ini)*#i.n
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n S"#u+ ?FACH@
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n S"#u+ C.2+l"#" ?DCH@
N." B $#*/#$ #.
#/*n$2i# DPCCH
UE $#*/#$ #.
#/*n$2i# DPCCH
UE $-n),/.ni$"$
6i#, #," N." B
N." B $-n),/.ni$"$
6i#, #," UE
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n R">u"$# ?RACH@
UE RNC N." B
NBAP; R*i. 9ink S"#u+ R">u"$#
NBAP; R*i. 9ink S"#u+ R"$+.n$"
NBAP; S-n),/.ni$*#i.n Ini)*#i.n
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n S"#u+ ?FACH@
RRC; RRC C.nn")#i.n S"#u+ C.2+l"#" ?DCH@
N." B $#*/#$ #.
#/*n$2i# DPCCH
UE $#*/#$ #.
#/*n$2i# DPCCH
UE $-n),/.ni$"$
6i#, #," N." B
N." B $-n),/.ni$"$
6i#, #," UE
1igure 36 9 *!e signaling and timing asso4iated wit! u:link and downlink air3interfa4e s$n4!ronisation
2he /ode > starts to transmit its DP!!H once it has received the />(P radio lin* setu) messae &rom the R/!.
2his DP!!H includes the )attern o& 2P! commands 'hich instruct an increase in the u)lin* )o'er once every 10
ms. 2he @9 receives in&ormation reardin the &ormat o& the do'nlin* DP!!H in the RR! !onnection ,etu)
messae. 2he @9 is then able to synchronise 'ith the do'nlin* DP!!H. 8nce the @9 has synchronised it starts to
transmit its u)lin* DP!!H. 2he initial )o'er o& the u)lin* DP!!H is determined by the DP!H o)en loo) )o'er
control calculation but the @9 then obeys the 2P! commands a))earin in the do'nlin* DP!!H. 2he @9 thus
starts to increase its transmit )o'er by one ste) siLe every 10 ms. 2he /ode > attem)ts to synchronise 'ith the
u)lin* DP!!H. +& it achieves synchronisation then inner loo) )o'er control starts to behave in the normal 'ay. +&
synchronisation is not achieved or i& the /ode > ta*es a relatively lon time to achieve synchronisation then the @9
transmit )o'er can be increased to the e7tent that inter&erence is incurred by the /ode >.
612 Soft .ando"er
2he so&t handover )rocedure ma*es use o& intraF&re6uency re)ortin events 1a, 1b and 1c. 2hese events
are evaluated by the @9 at layer 3, a&ter layer 1 and layer 3 &ilterin.
9vents 1a, 1b and 1c are usually based u)on !P+!H 9cC+o because !P+!H 9cC+o measurements are more
accurate than either !P+!H R,!P or )ath loss measurements.
<ayer 3 &ilterin is s)eci&ied to e7)ect an in)ut &rom layer 1 every 200 ms. +n )ractice, layer 1 ty)ically
)rovides an in)ut every %0 to 100 ms. 2his means that timeFtoFtriers less than 200 ms are meanin&ul.
2he addition, dro) and re)lacement 'indo's are sinaled usin values 'hich are t'ice as lare as their
actual values. 2he actual value o& the re)lacement 'indo' is t'ice as lare as 'hat is commonly
inter)reted as the re)lacement 'indo'.
2he /,/ im)lementation allo's a ma7imum active set siLe o& 3.
,cenarios e7ist 'here so&t handover radio lin*s are unbalanced and are more susce)tible to &ailure, e..
neihbourin cells 'hich have une6ual !P+!H transmit )o'ersQ a macrocell neihbourin an indoor
solutionQ a macrocell 'ith an MH( neihbourin a macrocell 'ithout an MH(.
2he )er&ormance o& so&t handover is o)timal 'hen the active set radio lin*s have e6ual sinal to noise ratios
0,/R1. ,o&t handover ains and their associated de&initions are discussed in section #.1.
2he use o& so&t handover enerates overheads in terms o& +ub, /ode > hard'are resources and /ode >
transmit )o'er. 2he use o& so&ter handover enerates overheads in terms o& /ode > transmit )o'er.
NSN Recommendation: A default soft handover arameter set should be alied across either the entire
networ#% or on a er clutter basis% i!e! different default arameter sets for urban% suburban and rural! Subsequent
otimisation to limit the quantity of soft handover should start with chan$es to the hysical confi$uration of sites!
&f this is not ossible or is decided to be too exensive then otimisation may focus uon the RN( databuild!
"ar$e chan$es to the default soft handover arameter set to reduce the quantity of soft handover should be
avoided! 'hen chan$in$ arameters to reduce the quantity of soft handover% the soft handover arameter set for
non/real time services should be considered before the arameter set for real time services% unless there is very
little non/real time traffic! 9timisation to handle different mobility scenarios should focus uon both the RN(
databuild and the hysical confi$uration of sites! The hysical confi$uration should be considered in terms of
increasin$ cell overla for hi$h mobility scenarios! "i#ewise hi$h mobility scenarios should be confi$ured with a
smaller filter coefficient and time/to/tri$$er! *easurement offsets could also be used to allow early entry into the
active set! The Ad:s).RR arameter should be used if a nei$hbour cell has a short term increase in quality
which causes a more stable active set cell to be removed from the active set! The quantity of soft handover
should be monitored durin$ re/launch otimisation usin$ drive test data! The quantity of soft handover should
be monitored durin$ ost/launch otimisation usin$ RN( counters and their associated J+&! Soft handover
scenarios where there is otential for unbalanced radio lin#s should be studied on a case by case basis! The
unbalance should be limited to less than 0- dB! Nei$hbourin$ macrocells should not be assi$ned (+&(1
transmit owers which differ by more than < dB!
8)erators usually de)loy a de&ault so&t handover )arameter set across the entire net'or*. ,ome o)erators may
de&ine a de&ault )arameter set &or urban areas and a di&&erent de&ault )arameter set &or suburban and rural areas.
2he de&ault )arameter sets may then be o)timised on a caseFbyFcase basis. 8)timisation to limit the 6uantity o& so&t
handover starts 'ith chanes to the )hysical con&iuration o& sites. +& this is not )ossible or is decided to be too
e7)ensive then o)timisation is li*ely to &ocus u)on the R/! databuild. 8)timisation to handle di&&erent mobility
scenarios is li*ely to &ocus u)on the R/! databuild but should also include the )hysical con&iuration o& sites, e..
hih mobility scenarios may re6uire reater cell overla). Hih mobility scenarios are ty)ically con&iured 'ith small
&ilter coe&&icients and timeFtoFtriers. Measurement o&&sets may also be used to allo' early entry into the active set.
2he (d3sD9RR )arameter has been used &or scenarios 'here a neihbour cell e7)eriences a short term increase in
6uality 'hich causes a more stable cell to be removed &rom the active. +t is not common to chane the
(ctive,et;eihtin!oe&&icient &rom its de&ault. /,/ has im)lemented a ma7imum active set siLe o& 3. 8ther
vendors allo' larer active set siLes, e.. /ortel has im)lemented a ma7imum active set siLe o& -. (llo'in larer
active set siLes means that the so&t handover overhead is li*ely to be reater. ,o&t handover ain is usually
enerated )rimarily &rom the best t'o cells 'ithin the active set. +ncludin additional cells has a relatively small
im)act u)on the so&t handover ain. /,/ and most other vendors have im)lemented event triered re)ortin &or
event 1a, 1b and 1c. /ortel has im)lemented )eriodic re)ortin. Periodic re)ortin means that the R/! has more
in&ormation available but at the cost o& an increased sinallin load.
2he R/! databuild )arameters relevant to so&t handover are )resented in 2able 8#.
)alue
/rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
Rt?mcs+denti&ier ;!9< 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
?M!,+d ?M!, 1 to 100, ste) 1 /one
(ctive,et;eihtin!oe&&icient ?M!, 0 to 2, ste) 0.1 0
(dditionRe)ortin+nterval ?M!, 0 0disabled1, 0.%, 1, 2, #, 8, 1- s 0.% s
(ddition2ime ?M!, 0, 10, 20, #0, -0, 80, 100, 120, 1-0, 200,
2#0, 320, -#0, 1280, 2%-0, %000 ms
100 ms
(ddition;indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> #.0 d>
Dro)2ime ?M!, 0, 10, 20, #0, -0, 80, 100, 120, 1-0, 200,
2#0, 320, -#0, 1280, 2%-0, %000 ms
-#0 ms
Dro);indo' ?M!, 0 to 1#.%, ste) 0.% d> -.0 d>
9c/o?ilter!oe&&icient ?M!, 0 to -, ste) 1 3
Ma7(ctive,et,iLe ?M!, 2, 3 3
Re)lacementRe)ortin+nterval ?M!, 0 0disabled1, 0.%, 1, 2, #, 8, 1- s 0.% s
Re)lacement2ime ?M!, 0, 10, 20, #0, -0, 80, 100, 120, 1-0, 200,
2#0, 320, -#0, 1280, 2%-0, %000 ms
100 ms
Re)lacement;indo' ?M!, 0 to E.%, ste) 0.% d> 2 d>
(d3sD9RR (D", 0 0&alse1, 1 0true1 0
(d3s9c/o8&&set (D", F10 to 10, ste) 0.% d> 0 d>
9nable+nterR/!sho H8P, 0 0&alse1, 1 0true1 1
*a+le 62 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to soft !ando"er
2he so&t handover )rocedure ma*es use o& intraF&re6uency re)ortin events 1a, 1b and 1c. 2hese events are
s)eci&ied by 3GPP 2,2%.331. 2hey can be based u)on either )ath loss, !P+!H R,!P or !P+!H 9cC+o. /,/Gs
im)lementation uses !P+!H 9cC+o because the associated measurements are more accurate than either !P+!H
R,!P or )ath loss. Re)ortin events 1a, 1b and 1c are evaluated by the @9 at layer 3 a&ter layer 3 &ilterin has
been com)leted. <ayer 3 o& the @9 receives !P+!H 9cC+o measurements &rom layer 1 o& the @9. <ayer 1 o& the @9
records these measurements over a &inite )eriod o& time. 2his introduces some &ilterin at layer 1 to hel) remove the
e&&ects o& &ast &adin. +n eneral, &urther &ilterin is re6uired at layer 3. <ayer 3 &ilterin means that so&t handover
events are less li*ely to be triered by short term chanes in the radio conditions. +t also means that so&t handover
is less res)onsive. ,cenarios 'hich have a re6uirement &or very ra)id so&t handover, e.. hih s)eed trains, can
have layer3 &ilterin disabled. <ayer 3 &ilterin is con&iured by the R/! 'hich broadcasts the &ilter coe&&icient 'ithin
,+>11 and ,+>12. 2he R/! also in&orms the @9 o& the &ilter coe&&icient usin a dedicated measurement control
messae 'hen enterin connected mode state !9<<HD!H. <ayer 3 &ilterin is s)eci&ied by 3GPP 2,2%.331 usin
the e6uationD
n ; n n
%eas a ult #ilter8Res a ult #ilter8Res +

) 1 (
'here,
2 _
, . 0
t Coe&&icien #ilter
a
2he release $$ version o& 2,2%.331 does not s)eci&y the units o& the measurements 'hich &orm the in)ut to the
&ilter, i.e. they could be linear or loarithmic. 2he release % version o& 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies that the units should be
loarithmic. 2his is intended to ma*e the re)ortin events more res)onsive. +& the &ilter coe&&icient is con&iured 'ith
a value o& 0 then a S 1 and layer 3 &ilterin is disabled, i.e. the &ilter result e6uals the in)ut measurement. (s the
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E# 018%1
value o& the &ilter coe&&icient increases then so too does the memory o& the &ilter and )revious in)ut measurements
have a reater in&luence u)on the &ilter result. 2he measurement )eriod &or the &ilter is s)eci&ied by 3GPP 2,2%.133
to be 200 ms. 2his means that the layer 3 &ilter e7)ects an in)ut measurement every 200 ms and enerates an
out)ut result every 200 ms. Ho'ever, the timeFtoFtrier associated 'ith re)ortin events 1a, 1b and 1c can be
s)eci&ied to have durations as small as 10 ms. +& layer 3 &ilterin enerates a result every 200 ms then all timeFtoF
trier values bet'een 10 and 200 ms 'ould lead to e6ual )er&ormance. +n )ractice, layer 1 o& the @9 )rovides
layer 3 o& the @9 'ith measurements more &re6uently than every 200 ms. 2he )recise rate is im)lementation
de)endant and 'ill vary &rom one @9 vendor to another. +& a @9 im)lementation enerates &ilter results every %0 ms
then timeFtoFtrier values o& 10, 20 and #0 ms 'ould lead to e6ual )er&ormance but timeFtoFtrier values o& -0, 80
and 100 ms 'ould lead to a di&&erent )er&ormance. 2he rate at 'hich layer 1 o& a @9 enerates measurements may
de)end u)on the number o& active set cells and neihbours bein measured, i.e. i& less cells are bein measured
then those cells may be re)orted more &re6uently. ;hen layer 3 &ilterin is com)leted at a rate 'hich is more ra)id
than the 200 ms 'hich is s)eci&ied by 3GPP then the e6uation used to com)lete the &ilterin must be modi&ied to
ensure that the im)ulse res)onse o& the &ilter remains consistent. 2he im)ulse res)onse o& the &ilter re)resents the
time history o& the out)ut 'hen a sinle Z1G is )rovided as an in)ut. ?iure 3$ illustrates the im)ulse res)onse o& the
&ilter 'hen in)ut measurements are )rovided at a rate o& 200 ms and 'hen in)ut measurements are )rovided at a
rate o& 100 ms. 2he latter assumes that the &ilter e6uation has been modi&ied a))ro)riately.
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
.am*l$ng
&0er
.am*led
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
%$me
5e$gh%$ng
200 m.
.am*l$ng
&0er
.am*led
1igure 37 9 /m:ulse res:onse of t!e la$er 3 filter w!en in:uts are :ro"ided e"er$ 200 and 100 ms
+& the &ilter e6uation 'as not modi&ied 'hen the rate o& in)ut measurements 'as increased to once every 100 ms the
memory o& the &ilter 'ould halve. +n )ractice it is understood that most @9 use measurement in)ut rates o& bet'een
%0 and 100 ms. 2his means that timeFtoFtrier values should not be o)timised 'ith a resolution o& less than %0 ms,
i.e. 10, 20 and #0 ms 'ould lead to the same )er&ormance.
Re)ortin event 1a is used to add a neihbour to the active set. 9vent 1a is only a))licable to monitored set cells
and 'hen the active set siLe is less than its ma7imum. /,/ limits the active set siLe to 3. 2his hel)s to avoid
e7cessive so&t handover overheads and )laces the em)hasis u)on )lannin areas o& ood dominance. 3GPP
2,2%.331 s)eci&ies the criteria &or re)ortin event 1a asD
[ ] [ ] in (dd %eas LOG %eas LOG O&&set %eas LOG
best
N
i
i neigh neigh
_ 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
+
1
1
]
1
'here,
*easnei$h is the candidate monitored set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
9ffsetnei$h is the R/! databuild )arameter Ad:s.cNo9ffset &or the candidate cell
' is the R/! databuild )arameter ActiveSet'ei$htin$(oefficient
N is the number o& active set cells 'hich are not &orbidden to a&&ect the re)ortin rane
*easi is the active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
*easbest is the best active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
AddH'in is the R/! databuild )arameter Addition'indow
2he de&ault value o& the R/! databuild )arameter (ctive,et;eihtin!oe&&icient is 0 and so the e6uation &or event
1a sim)li&ies toD
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E% 018%1
[ ] [ ] in (dd %eas LOG O&&set %eas LOG
best neigh neigh
_ 10 10 +
(ctive set cells can be &orbidden &rom a&&ectin the re)ortin rane by con&iurin the R/! databuild )arameter
(d3sD9RR. 2he )arameters &or event 1a are broadcast 'ithin ,+>11 and ,+>12. 2hey are also transmitted usin a
dedicated measurement control messae 'hen enterin connected mode state !9<<HD!H. ;ithin these
messaes the addition 'indo' is sinaled usin a value 'hich is t'ice as lare as the actual value, i.e. the sinaled
value should be divided by 2 to obtain the actual value. /,/Gs im)lementation only u)dates these )arameters i&
re6uired 'hen the !ontrollin !ell chanes. 2he conce)t o& !ontrollin !ell is described in ,ection %.-.
Re)ortin event 1b is used to remove a cell &rom the active set. 9vent 1b is only a))licable to active set cells and
'hen the active set siLe is reater than 1. 3GPP 2,2%.331 s)eci&ies the criteria &or re)ortin event 1b asD
[ ] [ ] in *rop %eas LOG %eas LOG O&&set %eas LOG
best
N
i
i active active
_ 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
+
1
1
]
1
'here,
*easactive is the candidate active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
9ffsetactive is the R/! databuild )arameter Ad:s.cNo9ffset &or the candidate cell
' is the R/! databuild )arameter ActiveSet'ei$htin$(oefficient
N is the number o& active set cells 'hich are not &orbidden to a&&ect the re)ortin rane
*easi is the active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
*easbest is the best active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
)roH'in is the R/! databuild )arameter )ro'indow
2he de&ault value o& the R/! databuild )arameter (ctive,et;eihtin!oe&&icient is 0 and so the e6uation &or event
1b sim)li&ies toD
[ ] [ ] in *rop %eas LOG O&&set %eas LOG
best active active
_ 10 10 +
(ctive set cells can be &orbidden &rom a&&ectin the re)ortin rane by con&iurin the R/! databuild )arameter
(d3sD9RR. 2he )arameters &or event 1b are broadcast 'ithin ,+>11 and ,+>12. 2hey are also transmitted usin a
dedicated measurement control messae 'hen enterin connected mode state !9<<HD!H. ;ithin these
messaes the dro) 'indo' is sinaled usin a value 'hich is t'ice as lare as the actual value, i.e. the sinaled
value should be divided by 2 to obtain the actual value.
Re)ortin event 1c is used to re)lace an e7istin active set cell by a hiher 6uality neihbour. 9vent 1c involves
both active set and monitored set cells. +t is only a))licable 'hen the active set siLe is at its ma7imum. 3GPP
2,2%.331 s)eci&ies the criteria &or re)ortin event 1c asD
[ ] [ ] 2 10 10
_ _
n Replace8i O&&set %eas LOG O&&set %eas LOG
lo"est active lo"est active neigh neigh
+ + +
'here,
*easnei$h is the candidate monitored set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
9ffsetactive is the R/! databuild )arameter Ad:s.cNo9ffset &or the candidate monitored set cell
*easactiveHlowest is the candidate active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o measurement a&ter layer 3 &ilterin
9ffsetactiveHlowest is the R/! databuild )arameter Ad:s.cNo9ffset &or the candidate active set cell
RelaceH'in is the R/! databuild )arameter Relacement'indow
+t is im)ortant to reconise that the re)lacement 'indo' is divided by a &actor o& 2. +t is common to thin* o& the
re)lacement 'indo' as the di&&erence bet'een the candidate active set cell !P+!H 9cC+o and the candidate
monitored set cell !P+!H 9cC+o. ?or e7am)le, i& re)lacement is com)leted 'hen a monitored set cell has a 6uality
'hich is 1 d> reater than an active set cell then it is common to thin* o& the re)lacement 'indo' as 1 d>. Ho'ever
the actual value o& the re)lacement 'indo' in this e7am)le is 2 d>. +n addition, the sinaled value o& the
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E- 018%1
re)lacement 'indo' is t'ice as lare as the actual value. 2his means that the R/! databuild )arameter
Re)lacement;indo' could be con&iured 'ith a value o& 2 d> and a value o& # is then sinaled to the @9 'ithin
either ,+>11, ,+>12 or a dedicated measurement control messae. 2he @9 divides the sinaled value by a &actor o&
2 to obtain the actual value o& 2 d> and this corres)onds to 'hat is commonly inter)reted as a 1 d> re)lacement
'indo'.
2he )er&ormance o& so&t handover is o)timal 'hen the active set radio lin*s are received 'ith e6ual sinal to noise
ratios 0,/R1. +& the radio lin*s have une6ual ,/R then the bene&its o& so&t handover decrease. +& the di&&erence in
,/R becomes too reat then 'ea*er radio lin*s are li*ely to &ail. +& t'o macrocells are con&iured 'ith di&&erent
!P+!H transmit )o'ers then the so&t handover area 'ill be closer to the macrocell 'hich has the lo'er !P+!H
transmit )o'er 0assumin that o&&sets have not been a))lied to the @9 !P+!H measurements1. 2his means that the
dedicated channel radio lin* to the cell 'ith the hiher !P+!H transmit )o'er 'ill be 'ea*er. (lternatively, i&
neihbourin cells are une6ually loaded then the cell 'ith the hiher load 'ill e7)erience 'ea*er ,/R durin so&t
handover. +& a cell con&iured 'ith an MH( is neihboured to a cell 'hich is not con&iured 'ith an MH(, then the
cell 'hich is not con&iured 'ith an MH( 'ill e7)erience 'ea*er ,/R durin so&t handover. +n addition, @9 'hich
are in so&t handover bet'een an indoor solution and a macrocell are li*ely to e7)erience di&&erences in their radio
lin* ,/R. 9ach o& these scenarios should be studied on a caseFbyFcase basis. 2he &ollo'in )arara)hs illustrate
ho' an analysis can be com)leted.
2he )oint at 'hich a @9 enters and leaves so&t handover is de&ined by the !P+!H 9cC+o. !P+!H 9cC+o is com)uted
by the @9 usin !P+!H R,!P and R,,+ measurementsD
RSSI RSCP 8 CPIC' Io : Ec 8 CPIC'
2he R,,+ measurement can be assumed to be e6ual &or all !P+!H R,!P measurements recorded at a s)eci&ic
time. 2his means that the )oint at 'hich a @9 enters and leaves so&t handover is e&&ectively de&ined by the !P+!H
R,!P. 2he !P+!H R,!P received by a @9 is iven byD
Loss Lin! *L Pt+CPIC' RSCP CPIC' _ _ _
( @9 enters so&t handover 'hen a neihbourin cell !P+!H R,!P a))roaches the best active set cell !P+!H
R,!P 'ithin a rane de&ined by the addition 'indo'. 2his leads to the e7)ressionD
( ) ( ) i n d o " ( d d i t i o n L o s s L i n ! * L P t + C P I C ' L o s s L i n ! * L P t + C P I C '
n e i g h n e i g h a c t i v e a c t i v e
_ _ _ _ _
1 1

!onsider the e7am)le o& a @9 'hich has one cell in the active set and one neihbourin cell. (ssume that the
!P+!H transmit )o'er assined to one o& the cells is 3 d> less than the !P+!H transmit )o'er assined to the
other. (lso assume that the addition 'indo' has been con&iured 'ith its de&ault value o& # d>. +t is then )ossible to
s)eci&y t'o conditions &or radio lin* additionD
2 _ _ _ _
1

a c t i v e n e i g h
L o s s L i n ! * L L o s s L i n ! * L
0i& the active set cell has 3 d> less !P+!H t7 )o'er1
1 _ _ _ _
1

a c t i v e n e i g h
0i& the active set cell has 3 d> reater !P+!H t7 )o'er1
2he &irst o& these e6uations indicates that there is a E d> di&&erence in do'nlin* lin* loss 'hen a @9 adds a
neihbourin cell 'hich has 3 d> reater !P+!H transmit )o'er. (ssumin that both cells have e6ual loadin, both
are con&iured 'ith MH( and both ma*e use o& u)lin* receive diversity then the t'o cells are li*ely to have similar
u)lin* lin* budets. 2he @9 transmit )o'er 'ill be controlled by the cell 'hich has E d> less lin* loss. 2his means
that the other cell 'ill, on averae receive E d> less )o'er than necessary. 2his radio lin* 'ill be more susce)tible
to loss o& synchronisation and subse6uent &ailure.
( @9 leaves so&t handover 'hen one o& the active set cells has a !P+!H R,!P 'hich &alls outside the rane
de&ined by the so&t handover dro) 'indo'. 2his leads to the e7)ressionD
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1EE 018%1
( ) ( ) i n d o " * r o p L o s s L i n ! * L P t + C P I C ' L o s s L i n ! * L P t + C P I C '
a c t i v e a c t i v e a c t i v e a c t i v e
_ _ _ _ _
1 1 2 2

!onsider the e7am)le o& a @9 'hich has t'o macrocells in the active set. (ssume that the !P+!H transmit )o'er
assined to one is 3 d> less than the !P+!H transmit )o'er assined to the other. (lso assume that the dro)
'indo' has been con&iured 'ith its de&ault value o& - d>. +t is then )ossible to s)eci&y t'o conditions &or radio lin*
removal &rom the active setD
3 _ _ _ _
2 1

a c t i v e a c t i v e
0movin a'ay &rom cell 'ith 3 d> less !P+!H )o'er1
9 _ _ _ _
2 1

a c t i v e a c t i v e
0movin a'ay &rom cell 'ith 3 d> reater !P+!H )o'er1
2he second o& these e6uations indicates that there is a $ d> di&&erence in do'nlin* lin* loss 'hen a @9 is removin
a cell &rom the active set 'hich has 3 d> reater !P+!H transmit )o'er. (ssumin that both cells have e6ual
loadin, both are con&iured 'ith MH( and both ma*e use o& u)lin* receive diversity then the t'o cells 'ill have
similar u)lin* lin* budets. 2he @9 transmit )o'er 'ill be controlled by the cell 'hich has $ d> less lin* loss. 2his
means the other cell 'ill, on averae receive $ d> less )o'er than necessary. 2his radio lin* 'ill be more
susce)tible to loss o& synchronisation and subse6uent &ailure.
2hese imbalances in so&t handover radio lin*s &orm the 3usti&ication &or 'hy it is recommended that neihbourin
cells should not be con&iured 'ith !P+!H transmit )o'ers 'hich have a di&&erence o& more than 3 d>. ?or the
scenarios 'here neihbourin cells have di&&erent u)lin* lin* budets then the di&&erence in those lin* budets
should also be accounted &or 'ithin the analysis. ?or e7am)le, i& a cell 'hich is con&iured 'ith an MH( is
neihboured to a cell 'hich is not con&iured 'ith an MH( then di&&erences in the u)lin* noise &iure have an im)act
u)on the so&t handover radio lin* imbalance. ( cell 'ith an MH( ty)ically has an u)lin* noise &iure o& 3 d>
0re&erenced to the airFinter&ace side o& the MH(1. ( cell 'ithout an MH( ty)ically has an u)lin* noise &iure o& % d>
0re&erenced to the airFinter&ace side o& the &eeder and assumin a &eeder loss o& 2 d>1. 2his introduces a 2 d>
di&&erence in u)lin* sensitivity and could increase the $ d> imbalance sho'n above to 11 d>.
2he use o& so&t handover enerates overheads in terms o& +ub, /ode > hard'are resources and /ode > transmit
)o'er. 2he use o& so&ter handover enerates overheads in terms o& /ode > transmit )o'er. 2hese overheads
mean that the 6uantity o& @9 'hich are in so&t and so&ter handover should be limited. 2he 6uantity o& so&t and so&ter
handover can be limited by care&ul radio net'or* )lannin, i.e. site location, antenna ty)e, heiht, aLimuth and
do'ntilt, or by ad3ustin the R/! databuild. 2he radio net'or* )lan should be used to manae the 6uantity o& so&t
handover 'henever )ossible. 2he R/! databuild should only be used 'hen absolutely necessary. +& the radio
net'or* )lan has areas o& )oor dominance then the 6uantities o& so&t handover 'ill be relatively hih. 2he radio
net'or* )lan should minimise areas o& )oor dominance and thus minimise the so&t handover overhead. 2he so&t
handover addition 'indo' could be reduced to limit the 6uantity o& so&t handover. Ho'ever, doin so is li*ely to
cause ine&&icient use o& the airFinter&ace, i.e. @9 'ill not be able to add cells into the active set 'hich 'ould normally
)rovide a bene&it. +nstead these cells 'ill cause inter&erence. +t may be better to incur increased levels o& so&t
handover overhead rather than to &orce a reduced overhead at the cost o& deraded airFinter&ace )er&ormance. +& the
R/! databuild is used to reduce the 6uantity o& so&t handover then the so&t handover )arameter set &or nonFreal
time services should be considered be&ore the )arameter set &or real time services. /onFreal time services ty)ically
have hiher bit rates and thus create larer overheads althouh the 6uantity o& nonFreal time tra&&ic may be less
than the 6uantity o& real time tra&&ic. /onFreal time services are also more tolerant to the relatively )oor radio
conditions 'hich may be enerated by reducin the so&t handover addition 'indo'. 2he 6uantity o& so&t handover
should be monitored durin )reFlaunch o)timisation usin drive test data. 2he 6uantity o& so&t handover should be
monitored durin )ostFlaunch o)timisation usin R/! counters and their associated =P+. +t is )ossible to monitor
the 6uantity o& so&t handover usin either an averae active set siLe =P+ or a so&t handover overhead =P+. 2hese
=P+ have di&&erent de&initions but )rovide similar in&ormation. 2he taret so&t handover overhead is ty)ically #0 U.
2his may increase to %0 U in urban areas 'here it is more di&&icult to )lan the radio net'or* 'ith ood dominance.
,o&t handover ains and their associated de&initions are discussed in section section #.1. +n eneral, there are three
ty)es o& so&t handover ainD reduction in 9bC/o re6uirement as a result o& reater diversity in the R(=9 receiverQ
reduction in the &ast &ade marin as a result o& not havin to trac* all o& the &ast &adesQ and a reduction in the slo'
&ade marin as a result o& not havin to trac* all o& the slo' &ades. 2here are di&&erences bet'een the so&t handover
ains assumed durin lin* budet analysis and those assumed durin 3G simulations. 2hese di&&erences result &rom
3G simulations e7)licitly modelin slo' &adin, i.e. the ain 'hich results &rom slo' &adin should not be included
'ithin the so&t handover ain &iures other'ise it 'ould be double counted.
!o)yriht . /,/ ,iemens /et'or*s 2008 Pae 1E$ 018%1
613 Power +alan4ing
Po'er inFbalance bet'een ,H8 radio lin*s create unFo)timum D< )er&ormance
Po'er balancin alorithm in R/! measures the inFbalance and sends >2,s ne' re&erence )o'er values
>2,s correct the D< lin* )o'er to'ards the re&erence )o'er values
NSN Recommendation: The activation of ower balancin$ has to be done with constant onitorin$ due to
ossibility of erformance6J+& decrease!
Name S4o:e RN%
Release
Range Re4ommended
)alue
Po'er>alancin R/! R(,0- 0 0Po'er >alancin is not in use1, 1
0Po'er >alancin is in use1
0 0Po'er >alancin
is not in use1
MinPre&!hane R/! R(,0- 1..- d>, ste) 1 d> 3 d>
Pre&,ubtract R/! R(,0- 0..10 d>, ste) 1 d> 2 d>
(d3ustmentRatio R/! R(,0- 0..100, ste) 1 0
(d3ustmentPeriod R/! R(,0- 1..2%- &rame, ste) 1 &rame 2 &rame
Ma7(d3ustment,te) R/! R(,0- 1..10 slot, ste) 1 slot 8 slot
*a+le 65 9 RN% data+uild :arameters rele"ant to t!e :ower +alan4ing
Durin ,H8 the D< )o'er o& the active set radio lin*s should be at e6ual level 0balanced1 to achieve o)timum
inter&erence )er&ormance. Practical limitations cause imbalance bet'een the R< )o'ers. ?irstly, a&ter the radio lin*
setu) there is an initial imbalance 'hich is caused by di&&erence bet'een the e7istin radio lin* )o'er and the o)en
loo) R< initial )o'er calculation 0see ,ection 8.11.%1. ,econdly, there is )o'er dri&tin bet'een the radio lin*s, due
to u)lin* )o'er control command detection errors in >2,.
2aret o& the )o'er balancin alorithm is to remove the inbalance bet'een the radio lin*s. 2his is done based on
the radio )o'er measurements received in the dedicated measurement re)orts sent 'ith />(PD D9D+!(29D
M9(,@R9M9/2 R9P8R2 &rom the >2, and 'ith R/,(PD D9D+!(29D M9(,@R9M9/2 R9P8R2 &rom DR/!
to ,R/!.
,R/! calculates a re&erence )o'er 'hich is sent to all the >2, involved in the ,H8, these >2, 'ill balance the
radio lin* )o'ers by com)ensatin the )o'er to'ards this re&erence )o'er.
612 8a$ering
<ayerin con&iurations are used to de&ine di&&erent cell layers and to control the mobility o& the @9
)o)ulation bet'een the layers
2he R(/ su))orts multi)le di&&erent &unctionalities and &eatures used to control the @9 mobility in idle mode
and di&&erent connected mode layers 0!ellFreselection, directed RR! setu) and handover &eatures1
Main source &or 3G layerin is
Multilayer uideline htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC383-2-38%
NSN Recommendation: The control of the mobility of the U. oulation should be carefully desi$ned in networ#s
utilisin$ multile '()*A carriers and6or 2S* layer!
Plannin o& net'or* layerin is re6uired in net'or*s 'ith multi)le layers li*e ;!DM(CG,M and )ossibly multi)le
;!DM( carriers. <ayerin con&iuration is used to direct the )o)ulation o& the @9s into correct layers in idle mode
and in connected mode. ,election and chane o& net'or* layer can be initiated &or e7am)le by servin cell level or
6uality, availability o& hiher )riority layer, used service and servin cell load.
;!DM( net'or* su))orts list o& &eatures and alorithms )lanned &or layerin. (mon these are
- !ell selection and reFselection settins, H!, alorithm [+dle\
- Directed RR! connection setu) 0DRR!1 alorithms [+dle FF] !9<<HD!H\
o <oad
o @9 ca)ability 0R(/1011D H,P( <ayerin &or @9s in !ommon !hannels1
- +nterF&re6uency and interFR(2 handover alorithms [!9<<HD!H\
o !overae
o Buality
o ,ervice 0<,H8 &eature1
o <oad 0<,H8 &eature1
- !hannel ty)e selection alorithms [!9<<H?(!H F] !9<<HD!H\, R(/1011D H,P( <ayerin &or @9s in !ommon
!hannels
o <oad
o ,ervice
o @9 ca)ability
More details on the &unctionality, )arameters and con&iuration o)tions can be &ound &or e7am)le in multilayer
)lannin uide.
615 Pa4ket data !andling on #%.
Pac*et data connections are characterised by the allocated bit rate and selected channel ty)e 0D!H,
H,P(, common channels1
@9 s)eci&ic P, )rocedures are used &or ca)acity re6uest trierin and bit rate selection
!ell s)eci&ic P, )rocedures are related to handlin o& &lo' o& ca)acity re6uests &rom di&&erent @9s in the
cell, allocation o& the bit rate to the connections and sharin o& the available resources
H,DP( D!H return channel control is done by D!H )ac*et scheduler
NSN Recommendation: The RAN resource usa$e can be otimised by selection of otimum confi$uration for the
+S )(1 traffic handlin$ by the ac#et scheduler! The increased enetration of 1S+A terminals will decrease the
imortance of these functions!
2he con&iuration o& )ac*et data trans&er on D!H consists o& con&iuration o& @9 s)eci&ic P, )rocedures and !ell
s)eci&ic P, )rocedures. 2he @9 s)eci&ic )rocedures handle the bit rate o& a sinle /R2 bearer and the main
)rocedures areD
- !a)acity Re6uest O 2ra&&ic :olume Measurements
o 2hreshold &or ca)acity re6uest trierin
- Dynamic lin* o)timisation &or nonFreal time tra&&ic coverae
o Po'er thresholds &or bit rate do'nrade due to D< lin* )o'er
- 2hrouh)utFbased o)timisation o& the )ac*et scheduler alorithm 0o)tional R(/#0$1
o 2hrouh)ut measurement and do'nrade o& bit rate accordin to used throuh)ut
- ?le7ible u)rade o& the /R2 D!H and Hih throuh)ut measurement 0o)tional R(/2#21
o 2hrouh)ut measurement and u)rade o& bit rate accordin to used throuh)ut
2he cell s)eci&ic P, )rocedures handle the resource sharin bet'een the @9s under the same cell and >2,. 2he
main )rocedures are
- Bueuin o& ca)acity re6uests
o Priority bet'een connections, 6ueuin time
- !hannel ty)e selection
o ,election bet'een common channels 0?(!H1 and D!H or H,P(
- >it rate allocation )rocessCmethod
o >it rate u)rade )rocedure based on sharin o& available resources
o >it rate do'nrade in overload situations
o 9nhanced )riority based schedulin 0o)tional R(/7771 to use )riority bet'een incomin and
e7istin users
More details on this to)ic can be &ound on s)eci&ic )lannin uidesQ 4Pac*et scheduler o)timiLation5 and 4H,P(
)lannin uide5.
616 N,3 and A,3A0R
/,/ R(/ su))orts &our narro'bandF(MR 0/>F(MR1 codecs 012.2, E.$%, %.$0, #.E% *bitCs1 and three
se)arate 'idebandF(MR 0;>F(MR1 codecs 012.-%, 8.8%, -.- *bitCs1.
<o'er bit rate codecs )rovide ca)acity and coverae e7tension 'ith the )rice o& s)eech 6uality.
2he codec is selected based on @< )o'er limitation 0@91 or in R@10 based on load
Possible limitations in core net'or* &unctionality can )revent the usae o& multi)le codec bit rates
NSN Recommendation: A*R codecs rovides caacity and covera$e enhancement% should be roosed to
customer
/,/ R(/ su))orts the usae o& &our narro'bandF(MR 0/>F(MR1 codecs 012.2, E.$%, %.$0, #.E% *bitCs1 and three
se)arate 'idebandF(MR 0;>F(MR1 codecs 012.-%, 8.8%, -.- *bitCs1. 2he />F(MR codecs )rovide a )ossibility to
e7tend the coverae and ca)acity o& the net'or* 'ith the neative im)act on s)eech 6uality. ;>F(MR codecs
)rovice hiher s)eech 6uality and additionally also )ossibility &or ca)acity and coverae enhancement.
;>F(MR s)eech 6uality im)rovement is based on hiher sam)lin rate 1- *HL com)ared to 8 *HL &or />F(MR.
2he achieved s)eech 6uality is su)erior 'hen com)ared to 6uality )rovided by landline connection and similar to
best internet calls, li*e ,*y)e, 'ith ood connection.
+n R(,0- and be&ore the selection o& the code is done in u)lin* by the @9, 'hen the @< )o'er starts limitin. +n D<
direction the codec is not chaned. R@10 su))orts additional codec selection criteria 'here the (MR codec mode
is selected &or incomin and onoin (MR calls based on the radio inter&ace load and +ubC+ur load.
2he relative s)eech 6uality is )resented on ?iure #0. +t sho's the neative e&&ect o& lo'er bit rates &or />F(MR
codec and also the relative im)rovement that can be achieved 'ith the ;>F(MR code ty)e.
1igure 20 3 Relati"e s:ee4! Bualit$ of different A0R 4ode4s
2he ca)acity im)rovement that can be achieved 'ith lo'er data rate codecs is )resented in ?iure #1. +t sho's the
clear ca)acity increase that can be achieved 'ith the lo'er data rate codecs.
0
20
#0
-0
80
100
120
1#0
12.2 *b)s E.$% *b)s %.$ *b)s #.E% *b)s 12.-% *b)s 8.8% *b)s -.- *b)s
/arro'band (MR ;ideband (MR
U
s
e
r

:
e
r

5

0
.
C

:
e
r

s
e
4
t
o
r
A03B
A20B
1igure 21 3 Relati"e 4ell 4a:a4it$ wit! different A0R 4ode4s
2he ca)acity im)rovement that can be achieved due the lo'er bit rate is )resented in ?iure #2. +t sho's more that
20U decrease on the site count, that can theoretically be achieved.
1igure 22 3 Relati"e 4ell 4o"erage wit! different N,3A0R 4ode4 rates
1. REFERENCES
(s )lannin commonly consists o& multi)le tas*s and to)ics, similarly this document is one document 'hich can be
su))orted 'ith multi)le documents.
(lso this document is based on earlier 3G )lannin uideline by !hris "ohnson. 2hat document has been u)dated
and modi&ied to meet the R(,0- and R@10 D!H &unctionalities.
?ollo'in list includes main re&erences and documents 'hich can be used to su))ort this document. +ncluded lin*s
miht be old, but those documents and lin*s 'ere available durin the document creation. ?ollo'in list is not
com)lete thus re&er in /P8 communities 'eb)aes and +M,.
1. R(,0- and R@10 Dimensionin
Dimensionin ;!DM( R(/ in R(,0- htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC38#-$E3$8
!88CROD /et'or* 9nineerin dimensionin uidelines &or R@10
htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-$%###38
2. H,P( )lannin uideline R(,0- htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3E811233E
3. Multilayer uideline htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC383-2-38%
#. !ombined 2G and 3G +ndoor Plannin Guide htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-3-E$#11
%. Model 2unin uideline &or /(P htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-8#2#2E3
-. G,M$00 and ;!DM($00 re&armin and )lannin
;!DM($00 Plannin Guide v2.0 htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3E%18E0$E
G,M $00 Re&armin htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comCDo'nloadC3E%10--21
G,M O @M2,$00 radio )lannin 'ith /(P %.2 htt)sDCCsharenetF
ims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3E2-21$3#
E. /et(ct Planner user uides
Planner %.2 'or*around &or H,@P( htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-#$83-#1
Planner %.2 &or 3G )lannin htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-3---E%#
Planner %.2 &or H,DP( )lannin htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-3-%2##%
3G )lannin )arameters &or /et(ct Planner htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3E2$$$100
8. D!H &eature documents
<o'er(MRHtestin htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3E233%31-
<oadC,ervice >ased Handover )lannin uide htt)sDCCsharenetFims.inside.no*iasiemensnet'or*s.comC8)enC3-3E0#$0E

3G Radio Network Planning Guideline RAS06 RU10 V 1 0

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

3G Radio Network Planning Guideline RAS06 RU10 V 1 0

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Network Planning Guideline

R(T S'CS Sr+lev

t TempO&&set ld 'CSthresho RSSI GS% '

1 1 _ ; cell. !96 <e$gh(&r

Potrebbero piacerti anche