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Module4: Fiber in Ducts

Lecture 19: Flow in ducts, (Nozzles and diffusers) and wind tunnels(Contd.)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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The upper branch of each Fanno curve corresponds to the subsonic flow, and the lower branch corresponds to supersonic flow, and the Mach number is unity at the point of maximum entropy on each Fanno curve. Since the flow is adiabatic, the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy can not decrease; thus the path of states along any Fanno curves must be towards the right. Consequently, if the flow at a point in the duct is subsonic (a), the effects of friction will be to increase the velocity and Mach number and to decrease the pressure and enthalpy. If the flow is initially supersonic (b), the friction will decrease the velocity and Mach number and will increase the enthalpy and pressure. A subsonic flow, therefore, will never become supersonic and a supersonic flow will not become subsonic, unless a discontinuity is present. The limiting pressure, beyond which the entropy would suffer a decrease, occurs at Mach number unity and is denoted by p . p denotes the state where M = 1 for the adiabatic flow at constant area. Referring to a state ' a ' the value of p a will be different for an isentropic flow as compared with the value for an adiabatic constant area flow. The isentropic stagnation pressure is reduced as a result of friction, irrespective to whether the flow is subsonic or supersonic. Choking due to friction Consider the stagnation enthalpy, flow per unit area and length of duct are such that Mach number unity is reached at the end of duct. If the duct length is increased, it is evident from the foregoing considerations that some sort of adjustment in the flow is necessary. When the flow is subsonic, this adjustment is in the form of a reduction in the flow rate, that is, the flow is chocked. When the flow is supersonic, the adjustment at first involves the appearance of shock waves, and for sufficiently large increase in duct length, involves ultimately a choking of the flow. Adiabatic, Constant-Area Flow of a Perfect Gas

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

+ d, M + dM

w
dx

p = RT

dp d dT = + p T
2

--- (1)

u2 dM 2 du 2 dT a = RT , M = = 2 RT M2 u T
2

--- (2)

Energy:-

2 u C p dT + d

( 2 )= 0
--- (3)

Divide by C pT , and use definition of Mach number

dT 1 2 du 2 + M =0 2 T 2 u
Mass conservation

G=

m = u A

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

1 du 2 + =0 2 2 u
Momentum Conservation:

--- (4)

Adp w dAw = Audu

A: cross sectional area dAw: wetted wall area over which w acts. The drag coefficient, usually called the coefficient of friction for duct flow, is defined as

f =

w
1 2 u 2

The hydraulic diameter is defined as 4 times the ratio of c.s. area to wetted perimeter,

D=

A 4A =4 dx dAw dAw dx

Using D, f and continuity equation into the momentum equation to give

dp 4 f
Dividing by p and using u 2 = pM 2

u 2 dx
2 D

du m du = u 2 u A

dp M 2 dx M 2 du 2 + 4f + =0 p 2 D 2 u2
NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

-- (5)

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From the definition of isentropic stagnation pressure

1 2 1 p o = p 1 + M 2
dp dp o = + po p
Impulse function is defined as
2 2 dM 1 2 M 2 M 1+ 2

M2

--- (6)

F = pA + Au 2 = pA 1 + M 2
dF dp M 2 dM 2 = + F p 1+ M 2 M 2

)
--- (7)

We have now seven simultaneous linear algebraic relations involving eight differential variables

dp , d , dT , dM 2 du 2 2 , dpo 2, p T po M u

dF

and

dx

or 4

f dx

D.

The physical phenomenon causing changes in state is viscous friction. Hence, the variable 4 f the physically independent variable. From (1) and (3)

dx is D

dp d 1 2 dk 2 = M p 2 k2
Introducing (4) into it

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

dp 1 + ( 1)M 2 du 2 = p 2 u2

With (5) this gives,

dp M 2 1 + ( 1)M 2 dx 4 = f p D 2 1 M 2

-- (8)

Similarly,

dM = M2

M 2 1 +

1 2 M 2 4 f dx D 1 M 2

-- (9)

M2 du dx = 4 f u 2 (1 M 2 ) D

--- (10)

dT 1 da dx ( 1)M 4 4 = = f 2 a T D 2 1 M 2

--- (11)

2 1 M 2

M2

4f

dx D

-- (12)

dpo dx M2 = 4f 2 p D
M2 dF dx = 4 f F D 2 1+ M 2

- (13)

-- (14)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

Also,

To1 s 1 dpo ds = ln = 1 po cp cp p o2 po1

Since To is constant in an adiabatic flow

To 2

ds 1 2 dx M 4f = cp D 2

--- (15)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering