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CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY

1. Pre-laboratory Notebook Format Provide 1 record notebook per student, cover with color specific for your section. First page should bear no marks Second page:

TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise # 1 Title Preparation of Standard Curve for Protein Content Determination Cell Fractionation and Separation Page # 1

Succeeding Pages:

ID Number: 11140867 Section:

Date Performed: Date Submitted:

Exercise 1 Preparation of Standard Curve for Protein Content Determination I. Introduction Should be in paragraph form

II. Objectives Should be at least 3

III. Materials and Methods Materials should be incorporated in the flow chart with diagram

IV. Data Tables and Graphs Should have appropriate labels

2. Final Report Format Standard Curve Preparation of Albumen to Identify Protein Concentration of an Unknown

Rodel Jonathan S. Vitor II Biology Department De La Salle University

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES

The scientific paper has the following elements: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion and Literature Cited. The actual words "Introduction", "Methods," etc. are used to head the sections of your paper.

TITLE
The title should contain three elements: (1) the name of the organism studied; (2) the particular aspect or system studied; and (3) the variable(s) manipulated.

ABSTRACT
The abstract is a one or two paragraph condensation (150-200 words) of the entire work described completely in the paper. The abstract should be a self-contained unit capable of being understood without the benefit of the text. It should contain these four elements: (1) the purpose of the study (the central question); (2) a brief statement of what was done (Methods); (3) a brief statement of what was found (Results); and (4) a brief statement of what was concluded (Discussion, in part).

INTRODUCTION
The function of an introduction is to present the question being asked and place it in the context of what is already known about the topic. Background information that suggests why the topic is of interest and related findings by other scientists are usually mentioned here. In other words, this section should contain: (1) a description of the nature of the problem and current state of knowledge or understanding at the beginning of the investigation (background); (2) a statement of the purpose, scope, and general method of investigation in your study; (3) hypothesis/hypotheses and predictions. Do not get lost in reviewing background information. Remember that the Introduction is meant to introduce the reader to your research, not summarize and evaluate all past literature on the subject (which is the purpose of a review paper). Many of the other studies you may be tempted to discuss in your Introduction are better saved for the Discussion, where they become a powerful tool for comparing and interpreting your results. Include only enough background information to allow your reader to understand why you are asking the questions you are and why your hypotheses are reasonable ones. Often, a brief explanation of the theory involved is sufficient. The statement of purpose expresses the central question you are asking and thus presents the variable you are investigating. For example: This study investigates the relationship between tree density and fruit size. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of enzyme concentration on the reaction rate of .... The hypothesis is the explanation you are proposing for certain observations. It is a tentative answer to the question you have posed above. It should be accompanied by a prediction of results expected under certain conditions if the hypothesis is correct. If competition lowers reproductive output, then fruit size should be smaller when tree density increases. Some editors think that the principal results and conclusions should be summarized in the Introduction. This practice is advocated by Day (1983). Most biologists disagree, arguing that such a summary appears in the abstract and should not be repeated in the Introduction. You should avoid the practice except when writing for a journal that requires it. Write this section in the past or present tense, never in the future. Avoid expressions like "This study will examine

METHODS
The function of this section is to describe all experimental procedures, including controls. The description should be complete enough to enable someone else to repeat your work. If there is more than one part of the experiment, it is a good idea to describe your methods and present your results in the same order in each section. This may not be the same order in which the experiments were performed -it is up to you to decide what order of presentation will make the most sense to your reader.

Explain why each procedure was done, i.e., what variable were you measuring and why? Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense (what you did, what you found, etc.) whereas conclusions from your results are given in the present tense. Mathematical equations and statistical tests are considered mathematical methods and should be described in this section along with the actual experimental work. Use active rather than passive voice when possible. Always use the singular "I" rather than the plural "we" when you are the only author of the paper. Throughout the paper, avoid contractions, e.g. did not vs. didnt. If any of your methods is fully described in a previous publication (yours or someone elses), you can cite that instead of describing the procedure again. Example: The chromosomes were counted at meiosis in the anthers with the standard acetocarmine technique of Snow (1955).

RESULTS
The function of this section is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation. Statistical tests applied to your data are reported in this section although conclusions about your original hypotheses are saved for the Discussion section. Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings. The text should be understandable by someone who has not seen your figures and tables. Example: Incorrect: The results are given in Figure 1. Correct: Temperature was directly proportional to metabolic rate (Fig. 1). All results should be presented, including those that do not support the hypothesis. Statements made in the text must be supported by the results contained in figures and tables. The results of statistical tests can be presented in parentheses following a verbal description. Example: Fruit size was significantly greater in trees growing alone (t = 3.65, df = 2, p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION
The function of this section is to analyze the data and relate them to other studies. To "analyze" means to evaluate the meaning of your results in terms of the original question or hypothesis and point out their biological significance. The Discussion should contain at least: the relationship between the results and the original hypothesis, i.e., whether they support the hypothesis, or cause it to be rejected or modified. an integration of your results with those of previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena. possible explanations for unexpected results and observations, phrased as hypotheses that can be tested be realistic experimental procedures, which you should describe. Trends that are not statistically significant can still be discussed if they are suggestive or interesting, but cannot be made the basis for conclusions as if they were significant. Avoid redundancy between the Results and the Discussion section. Do not repeat detailed descriptions of the data and results in the Discussion. In some journals, Results and Discussions are joined in a single section, in order to permit a single integrated treatment with minimal repetition. This is more appropriate for short, simple articles than for longer, more complicated ones.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


This is also the appropriate place to propose specific further study if that will serve some purpose, but do not end with the tired clich that "this problem needs more study." All problems in biology need more study. Do not close on what you wish you had done; rather finish stating your conclusions and contributions.

TABLES AND FIGURES


Tables and figures should be used when they are a more efficient way to convey information than verbal description. They must be independent units, accompanied by explanatory captions that allow them to be understood by someone who has not read the text. Do not repeat in the text the information in tables and figures, but do cite them, with a summary statement when that is appropriate. Whenever possible, use a figure instead of a table. Relationships between numbers are more readily grasped when they are presented graphically rather than as columns in a table. Tables 1. Do not repeat information in a table that you are depicting in a graph or histogram; include a table only if it presents new information. 2. It is easier to compare numbers by reading down a column rather than across a row. Therefore, list sets of data you want your reader to compare in vertical form.

3. Provide each table with a number (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and a title. The numbered title is placed above the table. Figures 1. These comprise graphs, histograms, and illustrations, both drawings and photographs. Provide each figure with a number (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.) and a caption that explains what the figure shows. The numbered caption is placed below the figure. 2. Graphs and histograms can both be used to compare two variables. However, graphs show continuous change, whereas histograms show discrete variables only. For both graphs, and histograms, plot the independent variable on the horizontal (x) axis and the dependent variable on the vertical (y) axis. Label both axes, including units of measurement. 3. Drawings and photographs are used to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, cellular and subcellular structure, and results of procedures like electrophoresis.

LITERATURE CITED
This is the last section of a scientific paper. References are listed by author using the CBE format. Papers are not referred to by footnotes as in literature papers but are cited within the body of the text. Please refer to your Thesis Guide specific examples.

GUIDELINES
Type the text in Times New Roman, Font Size 11. All section headings should be in boldface, centered. All subheadings should be italicized. Body of the text should be justified, 1.5 spaced, except for the abstract and literature cited. Margins on all sides should be 1.

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