Gas laws in kinetic theory, states (phases) of matter and changes of states of matter:

Boyles law Charles law Pressure law States of matter Latent heat of fusion and vapourization Evaporation and cooling Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Theories of heat
Caloric theory: -heat was considered to be an invisible fluid called caloric -temperature changes in a body was due to the addition or removal of caloric -temperature was directly dependant on the amount of caloric it contained - Supported by experiments involving mixture of 2 materials at different temperatures that become same temperature

Theories of heat
Caloric theory failed in that -a material did not necessarily gain weight if it gained temperature - 2 bodies supplied with the same amount of heat do not reach same temperature - Addition of heat does not produce a temperature rise (melting, boiling) - Friction generates heatwhere was this coming from?

The kinetic theory seemed to have the answers:

Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) observed that heat was produced by friction in canon boring due to the work being done by horses which powered the boring machines The kinetic theory explains that the heat content of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy of the individual particles of matter contained in a body Joules experiments with work and heat supported the kinetic theory in the mid 19th century. He linked mechanical, electrical and chemical energy. Therefore energy can exist in various forms, converted from one form to another but not created/destroyedLaw of Conservation of Energy Heat is a form of energy measured in Joules (name given by scientist who proved using experiments)

 Brownian motion random movement of tiny particles of matter suspended freely in a fluid medium The temperature of a fluid tends be directly proportional to the rate of random movement of the particles (observed using a microscope and a light source to illuminate the tiny particles) The Kinetic theory (Molecular/Particulate/Corpuscular model) is a set of ideas to explain this motion Assumptions of Kinetic theory:
All matter is made up tiny particles referred to as atoms/molecules considered to hard, solid, elastic spheres The particles are in continuous random motion ( 3 types of motion & kinetic energy: vibration, rotation, translation) The particles possess kinetic energy (due to motion) & potential energy (due to their interparticle forces and separation). Sum of K.E. & P.E.= internal energy of the system The temperature of the body/system is a measure of the average kinetic energies of the system The particles of a gas undergo elastic collisions with each other and the container providing an average force being exerted over the walls of the containerpressure of the gas

Kinetic theory

Kinetic theory supported by:

Surface tension, capillary action (evidence for
existence of intermolecular forces)

Liquid and gas diffusion Temperature Evaporation Thermal and electrical conduction States of matter & changes of states of matter Deformation (evidence for existence of intermolecular
forces)

Boyles law
States that the pressure (P) of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature (T) is inversely proportional to its volume (v)
P1 V1 = P2V2
If the volume of a gas is decreased at a Constant temperature the molecules Collide more frequently with the walls Of the container leading to an increase In pressure If the volume of a gas is increased at a Constant temperature the molecules Collide less frequently with the walls Of the container leading to a decrease In pressure

Charles law
States that the volume (v) of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure (P) is directly proportional to its thermodynamic temperature (T) V1= V2
If the volume of a gas is decreased at a Constant pressure the molecules Collide less frequently with the walls Of the container to obtain the same Pressure, this will lead to a lowering Of temperature

T1

T2

If the volume of a gas is increased at a Constant pressure the molecules will have more space in which to move, this shall result in the same Pressure, this will lead to an increase of temperature

Pressure law
The pressure (P) of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume (v) is directly proportional to its thermodynamic (or Kelvin) temperature
If the pressure of a gas is decreased at a Constant volume the molecules Collide less frequently with the walls Of the container. This means they are Now moving more slowly; leading to a Lowering of temperature

P1 = P2 T1 T2

If the pressure of a gas is increased at a Constant volume the molecules Collide more frequently with the walls Of the container. This means they are Now moving faster; average kinetic energy Increases leading to a lowering of temperature

States of matter
Solid state the particles are very close together arranged in a fixed structure with a definite pattern (crystal lattice), Usually high density, strong intermolecular forces, the particles vibrate about a more or less fixed equilibrium positions, a definite size and shape Liquid state Particles are free to translate and slide over one another but not in a permanent structure Has a definite size but no definite shape Intermolecular separation almost same as solid so therefore it also usually has a high density Intermolecular forces of attraction are still strong Gas state Particles much further apartdensity very low Intermolecular forces of attraction very weak Particles are free to move from away from one another as far away as they can

Changes of state occurs when thermal energy is

add to or removed from a material
Prope rty Meltin g Changes Particles absorb the heat energy and begin to move vibrate/faster increase of kinetic energies Name of change Latent heat of fusion Formula Q=mxl

Boiling

The particles absorb energy increasing the potential energy to overcome the forces between the atoms/molecules

Latent heat of vapourizati on

Evapor ation

The particles with the most energies leave and leaving an overall decrease in the lesser tepmrature

Boiling

Average kinetic energies of the particles remain constant Energy absorbed increase the potential energy

Evaporation vs boiling
Evaporation
Occurs at any temperature

Boiling
Occurs over a specific temperature for a given pressure Occurs from within the body of the liquid through the formation of bubbles

Occurs from the surface of the liquid Its rate affected by (i) The presence or absence of wind/breeze which is influenced by the rate the wind is blowing (ii) Temperature (iii) Pressure exerted over the liquid

Affected by pressure and dissolved impurities

Cooling that occurs when evaporation happens 1) In terms of kinetic theory: During evaporation the fastest moving (most energetic) molecules escape leaving behind a liquid with a lower average kinetic energy. This average kinetic energy is a direct measure of Thermodynamic temperature, and therefore has an overall lower temperature 2) In terms of latent heat: for evaporation (liquid to gas) energy for latent heat of vaporization (to overcome atmospheric pressure and intermolecular forces of attraction) is obtained from the surrounding material