MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO COILS It is observed that an inductor generates an induced EMF within itself as a result of the changing

magnetic field around its own turns, and when this EMF is induced in the same circuit in which the current is changing this effect is called Self-induction, (L). However, when the EMF is induced into an adjacent coil situated within the same magnetic field, the EMF is said to be induced magneticall , inductivel or b Mutual induction, s mbol ( M ). !hen when two or more coils are magneticall lin"ed together b a common magnetic flu# the are said to have the $ro$ert of Mutual Inductance. Mutual Inductance is the basic o$erating $rinci$al of the transformer, motors, generators and an other electrical com$onent that interacts with another magnetic field. !hen we can define mutual induction as the current flowing in one coil that induces an voltage in an adjacent coil. %ut mutual inductance can also be a bad thing as &stra & or &lea"age& inductance from a coil can interfere with the o$eration of another adjacent com$onent b means of electromagnetic induction, so some form of electrical screening to a ground $otential ma be re'uired. !he amount of mutual inductance that lin"s one coil to another de$ends ver much on the relative $ositioning of the two coils. If one coil is $ositioned ne#t to the other coil so that their $h sical distance a$art is small, then nearl all of the magnetic flu# generated b the first coil will interact with the coil turns of the second coil inducing a relativel large EMF and therefore $roducing a large mutual inductance value. Li"ewise, if the two coils are farther a$art from each other or at different angles, the amount of induced magnetic flu# from the first coil into the second will be wea"er $roducing a much smaller induced EMF and

therefore a much smaller mutual inductance value. (o the effect of mutual inductance is ver much de$endant u$on the relative $ositions or s$acing, ( ( ) of the two coils and this is demonstrated below. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE BETWEEN COILS !he mutual inductance that e#ists between the two coils can be greatl increased b $ositioning them on a common soft iron core or b increasing the number of turns of either coil as would be found in a transformer. If the two coils are tightl wound one on to$ of the other over a common soft iron core unit cou$ling is said to e#ist between them as an losses due to the lea"age of flu# will be e#tremel small. !hen assuming a $erfect flu# lin"age between the two coils the mutual inductance that e#ists between them can be given as.

)here*

+o is the $ermeabilit of free s$ace (,.-../01) +r is the relative $ermeabilit of the soft iron core 2 is in the number of coil turns 3 is in the cross0sectional area in m4 l is the coils length in meters

MUTUAL INDUCTION

Here the current flowing in coil one, L. sets u$ a magnetic field around itself with some of these magnetic field lines $assing through coil two, L4 giving us mutual inductance. 5oil one has a current ofI. and 2. turns while, coil two has 24 turns. !herefore, the mutual inductance, M.4 of coil two that e#ists with res$ect to coil one de$ends on their $osition with res$ect to each other and is given as*

Li"ewise, the flu# lin"ing coil one, L. when a current flows around coil two, L4 is e#actl the same as the flu# lin"ing coil two when the same current flows around coil one above, then the mutual inductance of coil one with res$ect of coil two is defined as M4.. !his mutual inductance is true irres$ective of the si6e, number of turns, relative $osition or orientation of the two coils. %ecause of this, we can write the mutual inductance between the two coils as* M.4 7 M4. 7 M. Ho$efull we remember from our tutorials on Electroma nets that the self inductance of each individual coil is given as*

and

!hen b

cross0multi$l ing the two e'uations above, the mutual

inductance that e#ists between the two coils can be e#$ressed in terms of the self inductance of each coil.

giving us a final and more common e#$ression for the mutual inductance between two coils as* Mutual Inductance Bet!een Coils However, the above e'uation assumes 6ero flu# lea"age and .//8 magnetic cou$ling between the two coils, L . and L 4. In realit there will alwa s be some loss due to lea"age and $osition, so the magnetic cou$ling between the two coils can never reach or e#ceed .//8, but can become ver close to this value in some s$ecial inductive coils. If some of the total magnetic flu# lin"s with the two coils, this amount of flu# lin"age can be defined as a fraction of the total $ossible flu# lin"age between the coils. !his fractional value is called the coefficient of cou"lin and is given the letter ".

Cou"lin Coefficient 9enerall , the amount of inductive cou$ling that e#ists between the two coils is e#$ressed as a fractional number between / and . instead of a $ercentage (8) value, where / indicates 6ero or no inductive cou$ling, and . indicating full or ma#imum inductive cou$ling. In other words, if " 7 . the two coils are $erfectl cou$led, if " : /.; the two coils are said to be tightl loosel cou$led and if " < /.; the two coils are said to be cou$led. !hen the e'uation above which assumes a $erfect

cou$ling can be modified to ta"e into account this coefficient of cou$ling, " and is given as*

or )hen the coefficient of cou$ling, " is e'ual to ., (unit ) such that all the lines of flu# of one coil cuts all of the turns of the other, the mutual inductance is e'ual to the geometric mean of the two individual inductances of the coils. (o when the two inductances are e'ual and L . is e'ual to L 4, the mutual inductance that e#ists between the two coils can be defined as*

T#E T$ANSFO$ME$ )hen mutual induction e#ists between two coils or windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage in the other. =evices which ma"e use of this $rinci$le are called transformer. Ever energ transformer has a $rimar windings. !he $rimar winding and one or more winding receives electrical to the secondar

from a $ower source and cou$les this energ

secondar winding b means of a changing magnetic field. !he energ a$$ears as an EMF across the secondar winding, and if a load is connected to the secondar , the energ is transferred to the load. % means of transformer, electrical energ can be transferred from one circuit to another, with no $h sical connection between the two. !he transformer thus acts as a cou$ling device. !ransformers are also indis$ensable in 305 $ower distribution, since the can convert electrical $ower at a given current and voltage into the e'uivalent $ower at some other current and voltage.

OBSE$%ATIONS Distance 'et!een S& No& .. 4. >. ,. ;. (rimar) and Secondar) * cm , cm . cm 0 cm / cm * * 4/// turns 4/// turns Final $eadin +% -% /&, % .% 1%

2o. of turns in ?rimar 2o. of turns in (econdar

CI$CUIT DIA2$AM

A((A$ATUS USED !ransformer (te$ =own Ferrite Aods ,B in length 5o$$er Insulated )ire ,/ 9auge Micro am$ere meter > Colts =iode I2 ,//1 Main Lead 44/ C 3.5. @0/0@ volts

CONCLUSION % above observations, it is found out that E.M.F. induced in the secondar coil is inversel $ro$ortional to the distance between the two coils i.e. when the distance between the $rimar and secondar coil is less, then the E.M.F. induced in the secondar coil is more and vice versa. !his im$lies that the mutual induction of two coils de$ends u$on the distance between the $rimar and secondar coil.

BIBLIO2$A(#3 S& No& .. 4. $eference Modern 3%5 of ?h sics ?? ?h sics =igest Aut4or (atish D. 9u$ta =r. D.L. 9omber E D.L. 9ogia 3rvind Dumar >. !e#t %oo" of 25EA! 3.2. Maheshwari 3bhai Mansingh 2. Mu"unda D.%. Aaja ,. ;. Modern ?h sics Fundamentals of $h sics (?h.=.) M. (ubraman am (M.(c. ?h.=.) E %rij Lal (M. (c.)