The Translation Shift Approach

M. Febryanto 0807999

Introduction
The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes to ards the end of the !9"0s and early !9#0s ith the or$ of %inay& 'arbelnet and (atford& and the concept of translation shift hich e)amines the linguistic changes that ta$e place in the translation bet een the ST and TT *Munday p.""+.,

Introduction
According to %enuti -Translation theories that pri.ilege e/ui.alence must ine.itably come to terms ith the e)istence of 0shifts1 bet een the foreign and translated te)ts2 *p.!38+.

%inay and 'arbelnet1s Model

(ompare the differences bet een 4nglish and French and identify t o translation techni/ues that some hat resemble the literal and free methods

%inay and 'arbelnet1s Model

Translation strategies5 'irect *literal+ translation discusses three possible strategies5 !+ 6iteral translation or ord7for7 ord hich %inay and 'arbelnet describe as being common bet een languages of the same family and culture. 8+ (al/ue& here the S6 e)pression is literally transferred to the T6 and often become fully integrated into T6& although sometimes ith some semantic changes. 9+ :orro ing ; the S6 ord is transferred directly into the T6.

%inay and 'arbelnet1s Model

<bli/ue *free+ translation co.ers four strategies5 !+ Transposition ; interchange of parts of speech that don1t effect the meaning& 8+ Modulation ; this changes the semantic and point of .ie of S6. For e)ample5 it isn1t e)pensi.e = it1s cheap. 9+ 4/ui.alence ; same meaning con.eyed by a different e)pression& hich is most useful for pro.erbs and idioms. 3+ Adaptation ; cultural references may need to be altered to become rele.ant.

%inay and 'arbelnet1s Model

T o other important features arise from the or$ of %inay and 'arbelnet.,The first of these is the idea of -ser.itude2& hich refers to the compulsory changes from ST to TT> and -option2& hich refers to the personal choices the translator ma$es& such as the modulation e)ample abo.e.,<ption is an important element in translation because it allo s for possible sub?ecti.e interpretation of the te)t& especially literary te)ts *Munday pp. "97#0+.

(atford and Translation Shift

!+ Shift of le.el& here a grammatical concept may be con.eyed by a le)eme *the French future tense endings are represented in 4nglish by the au)iliary .erb 0 ill1+. 8+ (ategory shifts& of hich there are four types ; structural shifts *in French the definite article is almost al ays used in con?unction ith the noun+> class shifts *a shift from one part of speech to another+> unit or ran$ *longer sentences are bro$en into smaller sentences for ease of translation+> intra7system shift *such as count nouns+.

%an 6eu.en7@ art

'e.eloped a more comple) theory& using different terminology& based on their or$.,Aer idea is that the final translation is the end result of numerous shifts a ay from the ST& and that the cumulati.e effect of minor changes ill alter the end product.,

%an 6eu.en7@ art

Models for translation shifts5 (omparati.e ; here a comparison of the shifts ithin a sense unit or transeme *phrase& clause& sentence+ bet een ST and TT is made.,She then conducts a .ery detailed analysis of the -architranseme2 or the core meaning of the ord& and ho this meaning can be transferred to the T6.,She proposes a model of shift based on micro7le.el semantic transfer.

%an 6eu.en7@ art

There are three main categories in comparati.e model5 Modulation ; one of the transemes tallies ith the architranseme but the other differs either semantically or stylistically. Modification ; both transemes sho some form of dis?unction *semantically& stylistically& syntactically& pragmatically& or some combination of these+. Mutation ; it is impossible to establish an architranseme either because of addition& deletion or 0some radical change in meaning1 in the TT.

%an 6eu.en7@ art

'escripti.e ; situated in the linguistic fields of stylistics and pragmatics deals ith hat the author is trying to say& and hy and ho this can be transferred to the TT.,It deals ith differences bet een the source and target cultures and ser.es as a model on a macro le.el for literary. ,