Heat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations

Chapter One Sections 1.1 and 1.2

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature difference.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation, vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature of matter.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and Heat Transfer
Quantity Thermal Energy+ Meaning Energy associated with microscopic behavior of matter A means of indirectly assessing the amount of thermal energy stored in matter Symbol Units

Uu or

J or J/kg

Temperature

K or C

Heat Transfer

Thermal energy transport due to temperature gradients Amount of thermal energy transferred over a time interval t 0 Thermal energy transfer per unit time

Heat

J
W
W/m
2

Heat Rate

q
q

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface area

+Thermal u U m Thermalenergy energyof per system unit mass of syste

Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or electrons. Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and random motion for fluid flow over a surface. Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as electromagnetic waves (or photons).

Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material medium. Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates

Conduction: General (vector) form of Fouriers Law:

qkT
Heat flux W/m 2 Thermal conductivity W/mK Temperature gradient C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:
TT x 21 dxL qkk dT

TT x 12 L qk
(1.2)

qqA
xx

Heat rate (W):

Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates

Convection Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newtons law of cooling:

s

qhTT
(1.3a)

C(W/m 2 : h ) et K n onvection heat transfer coeffici

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates

Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation emission from the surface and may also involve the absorption of the T if T. surroundings Gradiation incident from s (irradiation, ), as well as convection Energy outflow due to emission: EET b 4 s
Emissive 2 W r : /m powe 1 ace0 vity :Surf emissi
(1.5)

:Emissive power of a(theperfect emitr blackbody E b te )

: Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.6710 W/mK
-824

Energy absorption due to irradiation: GG

abs
abs (W/m) 2 ent Absorbedradiation :incid G

(1.6)

vity : absorpti ce Surfa 01 Irradiation : G 2 W/m

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

T sur Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large surroundings of uniform temperature,
sursur 4 GGT

If surface dings net : qETGTT lux , the radiation isfrom due to the heatf exchange with the surroun
radsur 44 bss

(1.7)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Alternatively,
2ss radsur Radiation sursur r :W/m K r h qhTT s 2TTTT coefficient heat transfe

(1.8)

(1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

qqqhTThTT
srs convradsur

(1.10)

Process Identification

Problem 1.87(a): Process identification for single-and double-pane windows

Schematic:

q rad,1 q cond,1 q conv ,s q s rad, q cond,2 q conv,2 q rad,2 q s q

conv,1

Convection from room air to inner surface of first pane Net radiation exchange between room walls and inner surface of first pane Conduction through first pane Convection across airspace between panes Net radiation exchange between outer surface of first pane and inner surface of second pane (across airspace) Conduction through a second pane Convection from outer surface of single (or second) pane to ambient air Net radiation exchange between outer surface of single (or second) pane and surroundings such as the ground Incident solar radiation during day; fraction transmitted to room is smaller for double pane

Problem: Electronic Cooling

Problem 1.40: Power dissipation from chips operating at a surface temperature of 85C and in an enclosure whose walls and air are at 25C for (a) free convection and (b) forced convection.
Schematic:

Assumptions: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Radiation exchange between a small surface and a large enclosure, (3) Negligible heat transfer from sides of chip or from back of chip by conduction through the substrate. Analysis:

Pqq

elecconvrad

hATTATT
ss sur 44

2-42 AL 0.015m2.2510m

(a) q If heat transfer is= by natural0.158W convection, 0.065W = elec rad -42-824444 conv 25/4-42 5/45/4 0.602.2510m5.6710W/mK358298K= 0.158W0.065W s P CATT 4.2W/mK2.2510m60K= 0.223W

(b) If heat transfer is by forced convection, qhATT 3.375W0.065W3.44W 250W/mK2.2510m60K3.375W P s elec conv 24-42