TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

BATUAN DAN MEKANIKA BATUAN - 1

Suseno Kramadibrata Made Astawa Rai Ridho K Wattimena Laboratorium Geomeknika FIKTM - ITB

Pendahuluan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan Over the last decade there has been an unprecedented increase in the development of civil and mining works, both for surface and underground in Indonesia. The civil work that concerns to the geomechanics engineers have been mostly associated with tunnelling development. Most of the open pit mining development has been related to the exploitation of low to medium grade gold, coal deposits, and to some extents to the expansion of a nickel mine and limestone quarries for cement factories. On the other hand, underground mining development apparently has been attributed to the expansion of the existing underground coal mines and development of two underground gold mines. It is clear that the geomechanics engineers, who are responsible of designing and implementing the proposed mining method should take account economic considerations as well as safety awareness. Moreover, design of large rock excavations must rely on many geomechanics parameters, which are often determined on laboratory as well as insitu tests. Obviously, the data obtained from laboratory tests are frequently based on relatively small size samples. The insitu tests to determine the direction and magnitude of insitu stress are very rare to be carried out, as they are very expensive. Although insitu underground monitoring has been practiced at a number of mines, roof collapse, wall and floor deformation and support failure still take place. This may relate to inability of the geomechanics engineers to fully understand the behaviour of the real rock mass condition. And this is due a limited information could be obtained, either from laboratory tests, insitu tests or field observation. Problems identified in the open pit mines have apparently been linked to, slope stability of working bench and outside dump, low bearing capacity and rock breaking efficiency. On the other hand, problems encountered in the underground mines may be as follows; determination of input parameters for analysis of an underground opening stability, insitu stress determination, and selection of rock excavation method. This paper therefore describes the parameters controlling the stability of open pit and underground mines. These may be elaborated as follows; the overall geology of Indonesia, tropical weather, the typical slope and underground opening failures, behaviour of geological materials, laboratory test procedures and case studies associated with the geomechanics problems in Indonesian mining are given.

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Magmatic Belts in Indonesia

Distribution of Metallic, Non-metallic Minerals and Coal in Indonesia

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Keunikan Geologi Umum Indonesia

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan There are three interesting geology phenomena of Indonesia. First, about 80 - 90% of Indonesian land is covered by quarter sediment namely, alluvial, clastic, and pyroclastic sediments resulted from volcano activities, as well as trass alluvial, and soils resulted from rock weathering. Second, the rock formation in Indonesia is very young, and third there are many tectonic activities taking place in Indonesia. The young rock formation apparently should have not been well compacted, and this particular rock formation has a very wide range rock types. This rock type is seemingly not quite dense, and as a results the porosity is relatively higher than that of old rock formation. About 13% - 17% of the active volcanoes in the world are located in the Indonesian archipelago and there are 3 volcanoes magmatic belts, stretching from Sumatra to Irian Jaya. As far as the rock type is concerned, sedimentary rock and rock formation formed from volcanic activities are dominant in Indonesia. Regarding the tectonic activities, it should be borne in mind that there are three tectonic plates i.e., Eurasia - Australia - Indian Pacific Ocean, intersect each other in Indonesia. Thus, it is not unusual if strong and many tectonic activities take place in Indonesia. As a matter of fact, about one tenth of earth - quakes in the world happens in Indonesia. The earth - quakes normally cause tension zones that ultimately create unstable zones.

General Geology Of Indonesia

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

80 - 90% Indonesian land is covered by quarter sediment & the rock formation is very young There are many tectonic activities occurring in Indonesia The young rock formation have not been well compacted, & has a very wide range rock types; not quite dense, high porosity 13% - 17% of the active volcanoes in the world are located in Indonesian archipelago 3 volcano magmatic belts: stretching from Sumatra to West Papua & mineral belts also relatively occupying the same magmatic belts High rainfall 3000 - 4000 mm & mostly in Sumatra, Kalimantan & Java A combination of high rainfall, ambient temperature & intensity of ultraviolet rays over a year period causes chemical weathering occur frequently, & this turns hard rock formation into so-called soft rock Rapid mining development coupled with soft rock behaviour lead to Geomechanical or rock engineering problems

Iklim & Cuaca

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Indonesian archipelago is located within the Equator and between Asia and Australia continents and surrounded by Pacific and Indian oceans. As a result of this unique condition Indonesia has a very high rainfall rate. This happens mostly in the areas of Sumatra, Kalimantan, west Java, and the average annual rainfall rate being 3000 - 4000 mm. Beside the high rainfall rate, it can be noted as well that the ambient temperature and intensity of ultraviolet ray over a year period are relatively high. These facts of course cause a great contribution toward the weathering process, particularly the chemical weathering. Hence, it is not surprising when rock changing takes place frequently. This weathering process would therefore turn hard rock formation into so called soft rock formation. Laterite and monmorilonite clay is the typical materials resulted from weathering process. And, monmorilonite clay is the most interesting one, because once it gets wet it will expand very quickly and consequently influence the deformation behaviour.

Definisi Batuan
Menurut Geologiwan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Batuan adalah susunan mineral dan bahan organis yang bersatu membentuk kulit bumi. 2. Batuan adalah semua material yang membentuk kulit bumi yang dibagi atas :
Batuan yang terkonsolidasi (consolidated rock). Batuan yang tidak terkonsolidasi (unconsolidated rock).

Klasifikasi Geologi Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Batuan Beku (igneous rocks) Batuan Sedimen (sedimentary rocks) Batuan Malihan atau metamorf (metamorphic rocks)

Proses Pembentukan Berbagai Jenis Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Proses pembentukan batuan beku

Proses pembentukan batuan metamorphic

Proses pembentukan batuan sediment

Berbagai Jenis Batuan Penting Dalam Rekayasa Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Basalt

Gneiss

Gneiss

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Pengaruh Geologi Batuan Terhadap Rekayasa Batuan-1

Out of the three generic categories of rocks, metamorphic rocks exhibit highest degree of anisotropy [1]. Segregation of constituent minerals, in response to high pressure and temperature gradients, is associated with tectonic evolution and development of layers of contrasting mineralogical assemblages. Rocks flow and recrystallize under new tectonic stresses to form weak foliation planes. Such planes of weakness (i.e. schistosity) affect the strength and deformational behaviors of rocks with orientation to the applied stresses. Irrespective of the size of the engineering projects, either dealing with inherent intact rock anisotropy from an exploratory borehole or induced rock anisotropy due to in situ fracturing [1], where stability of large rock mass is concerned, evaluation of intact rock anisotropy in terms of strength and modulus is inevitable.

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Pengaruh Geologi Batuan Terhadap Rekayasa Batuan-2

Prediction of the anisotropic responses of strength and deformation of rocks involves study of specimens at different orientation angles, (the angle between the major principal stress direction and the foliation plane). Anisotropy, which is characteristic of metamorphic rocks such as schists, is due to a process of metamorphic differentiation. Preferred orientation of minerals like mica and chlorite in response to tectonic stresses makes schistose rocks foliated. As a result their engineering properties vary with the direction of loading.

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Jenis Struktur Batuan

Definisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Teknik Sipil - Geoteknik

1. Istilah batuan hanya untuk formasi yang keras dan padat dari kulit bumi. 2. Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang keras dan koheren atau yang telah terkonsolidasi dan tidak dapat digali dengan cara biasa, misalnya dengan cangkul dan belincong.

Definisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Talobre

Menurut Talobre, orang yang pertama kali memperkenalkan Mekanika Batuan di Perancis pada tahun 1948, batuan adalah material yang membentuk kulit bumi termasuk fluida yang berada didalamnya (seperti air, minyak dan lain-lain).

Definisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut ASTM

Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang terdiri dari mineral padat (solid) berupa massa yang berukuran besar ataupun berupa fragmenfragmen.

Definisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Umum

Batuan adalah campuran dari satu atau lebih mineral yang berbeda, tidak mempunyai komposisi kimia tetap. Batuan tidak sama dengan tanah. Tanah dikenal sebagai material yang mobile, rapuh dan letaknya dekat dengan permukaan bumi

Komposisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Mineral SiO2 AI2O CaO MgO

% 59,8 14,9 4,9 3,7

Mineral Fe Na2O K2O Fe2O3 H2O

% 3,39 3,25 2,98 2,69 2,02

Batuan terdiri dari batuan padat baik berupa kristal maupun yang tidak mempunyai bentuk tertentu dan bagian kosong seperti pori-pori, fissure, crack, joint, dll.

Definisi Soft Rock

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan There are many terms used to describe materials being considered as soft rock (Johnston, 1991, Fairhurst, 1993 and Vutukuri & Katsuyama, 1994). However, the following term rocks which are susceptible to physical and chemical weathering resulting in such effects as deterioration in strength, slaking, squeezing and swelling may be appropriate. Unlike the hard rock properties, which are mainly controlled by discontinuities, a considerably close relationship is observed between the properties, determined for rock and those determined for rock masses. Accordingly, the behaviour of the ground composed of such soft rock and weak rock largely depends upon the physical and mechanical properties of rock elements. Hence, it is not unusual that rock-engineering problems involving soft rocks have traditionally been solved by extrapolating from the historically separate technologies of either soil mechanics or rock mechanics. For example, when soft rock have been encountered in an open pit or an underground mines, it has usually been a specialist of rock mechanics who has sought a solution. Consequently, the technology applied has usually involved the empirical hard rock approached. This approach has been much concerned with the defects within the rock mass rather than the rock material it self. As mentioned earlier, the descriptor soft would appear to be far more appropriate as it applies to the intact rock material. The intact rock material is supposedly independent of any discontinuities that may or may not influence its engineering behaviour. The most well known intact rock classification scheme frequently used by geomechanics engineers is the one from the ISRM (Brown, 1981).

Definisi Soft Rock

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan Considering the intact rock classification, it is therefore of importance to set up a guideline to define the range of soft rock in term of strength. The Rock Mass Classifications proposed by Bieniawski (1973) and Barton et al (1974) implied that intact rock that is considered as very weak corresponds to the unconfined compressive strength (UCS = sc) of less than 25 MPa and the RQD is less than 25% respectively. Furthermore, Francis (1994) claims that weak rock is associated with the UCS (sc), Youngs Modulus (E) and Poissons Ratio (n) of < 5 MPa, < 1.5 GPa and > 0.25 respectively. According to Johnston (1991) and Vutukuri and Katsuyama (1994) the UCS of soft rocks is in the range of 0.25 25 MPa and less than 20 MPa respectively. Thus, it can be said if any intact rock processing the UCS of less than 25 MPa can be regarded as soft rocks. The behaviour of Ombilin claystone and Tennessee marble (Kramadibrata, 1999 and Wawersik & Fairhurst, 1970) during triaxial tests is illustrated in Figure 6. The results of claystone, for low confining pressure, demonstrate a typical of overconsolidated behaviour with relatively brittle stress strain curves and well defined failure planes as well as degree of dilatancy. As the confining pressure is increased, it turns to normally consolidate and ductility becomes apparent, ultimately failure is characterised by bulging. There is ample evidence in the rock mechanics literatures to show that the same characteristic is repeated with hard rocks as shown in Figure 6 for Tennessee marble. This indicates that a transition from brittle to ductile behaviour becomes apparent, as confining is increased. Again, the strength characteristics of, soft rocks and hard rocks are similar, yet the different is the order of the stress level, within which the brittle ductile transition takes place.

Soft Rocks
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Soft rocks are rocks that have failed under their in situ stresses. Soft rocks are what they are because of where they are. Soft rocks are what they are relative to where they are. Generally, soft rocks may be described as geomaterials with properties between soils and rocks.

Physical characteristics of Soft Rocks

S.D. Glaser, D.M. Doolin / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 37 (2000) 683698

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Physical characteristic

Associated problems

Low ratios of strength to applied Failure through intact portion stress Naturally occurring fractures Volume changes Creep sensitive Sliding on weak interface Change in effective stresses by swelling or slaking Squeezing may occur

Categories of Soft Rocks

S.D. Glaser, D.M. Doolin / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 37 (2000) 683698

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Nature of weakness

Cause Structurally weak Evaporites Organics Tectonics Fault zones Weathering/chemical reaction

Example rocks Shale, mudstone, sandstone, diatomite, marl, chalk NaCl KCl, gypsum Coal, lignite Melange Clays and gouge Marls, saprolite

Naturally Weak

Chemically or mechanically altered

Kurva Tegangan Regangan Ombilin claystone & Tennessee marble

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan (Kramadibrata, 1999; Wawersik & Fairhurst, 1970).

50 Claystone - PTBA Ombilin Dev iatoric Stres s (MPa) 40 15 MPa 10 MPa 30 20 5 MPa 10 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Axial strain (%)

300

48.3 MPa

Axial stress (MPa)

200 27.6 MPa

100 6.9 MPa 0 0 0.2 0.4 Axial strain (%)

13.8 MPa

0 0.6

Efek Skala UCS Hard Rocks & Soft Rocks

(Kramadibrata and Jones, 1993; Marsland, 1971). TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
5 LONDON CLAY Strength measured in laboratory Strength estimated from insitu tests 4

5 LONDON CLAY Strength measured in laboratory Strength estimated from insitu tests
0 1 2 3 Diameter of specimens Spacing of fissures 4 5

0 0 1 2 3 Diameter of specimens Spacing of fissures 4 5

Development Of Engineering Geomechanics In Indonesia

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Up to date: 20 Mining Schools & > 50 School of Civil Engineering Of 20 Mining Schools 15 undergraduate levels & the rest is three year mining degree & < 5 mining departments teach well rock mechanics The DME Institut Teknologi Bandung ITB has been the benchmark of the mining education in Indonesia ever since. The rock mechanics has been taught at the DME since mid 60s The development of rock mechanics had not been noteworthy until large U/G power houses & tunnelling in the Hydro Electric Projects were built in Indonesia (1982 in Saguling, West Java) Since then the U/G constructions & development of U/G coal & gold mine as well as the expansion & new development of open pit coal mine, gold mine, copper mine & nickel mine have significant contributions to the geomechanics development in Indonesia

Field Surveys & Studies in Open Pit & U/G Mines

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

U/G monitoring: convergence & magnesonic probe extensometer at hydro electric power projects, U/G Ombilin coal mine & U/G Pongkor gold mine Insitu deformability: pressure meter & plate loading tests at civil projects Rock mass & geological structure mapping: quarries, open pit copper & coal mines & U/G gold & coal mines Slope stability monitoring: prisms, counter weight balance, magnesonic probe extensometer at Muara Tiga Besar open pit coal mine Rock blasting performance: fragmentation (Kuz Ram method), ground vibration monitoring based on scaled distance at a number of civil projects, surface mines & quarries Cuttability, diggability & excavatability: tunnel boring machine for tunnelling at hydro electric project in Singkarak, raise boring ventilation shaft in U/G Pongkor gold mine, road header for driving at U/G Ombilin coal mine, & Bucket Wheel Excavator, ripping and shovel at a number of open pit coal mines

Research Development at The Geomechanics Laboratory DME ITB

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

DME ITB possesses the most well equipped geomechanics laboratory & teaching resources in Indonesia The geomechanics research is mostly associated with final year students, Doctoral research projects & commercial Main areas of research: rock mechanics related, rock blasting, rock cutting and safety related to the instability of open pit & U/G excavations Interesting phenomena to be studied: soft rock engineering, time dependent behaviour and the role of scale effect on the extrapolation of laboratory test result into rock mass condition

Blok Diagram Model Mekanika Batuan & Rekayasa Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
X.-T. Feng, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 41 (2004) 255273

Definisi Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Talobre
1. Mekanika batuan - teknik & juga sains yg tujuannya mempelajari behaviour batuan di tempat asalnya agar dapat mengendalikan pekerjaan yang dibuat pada batuan tsb seperti penggalian dibawah tanah dan lain-lainnya. 2. Mekanika Batuan merupakan gabungan dari:
Teori + pengalaman + pekerjaan/pengujian di laboratorium + pengujian insitu.

3. Mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi yg didefinisikan oleh Talobre sebagai sains deskriptif yg mengidentifikasi batuan & mempelajari sejarah batuan. 4. Mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi terapan - banyak mengemukakan problem yg paling sering dihadapi oleh para geologiawan di proyek bendungan, terowongan. Dengan mencari analogi-analogi, terutama dari proyek-proyek yang sudah dikerjakan dapat menyelesaikan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi pada proyek yang sedang dikerjakan. Meskipun penyelesaian ini masih secara empiris dan kualitatif.

Definisi Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Coates (Canada)

1. Mekanika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari gaya atau tekanan pada sebuah benda - percepatan, kecepatan, perpindahan. 2. Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari gaya terhadap batuan Efek utama Geologiwan - perubahan bentuk. Efek utama Geofisika aspek dinamis dari perubahan volume & bentuk gelombang seismik. 3. Bagi para insinyur, mekanika batuan adalah : Analisis dari beban atau gaya yang dikenakan pada batuan. Analisis dari dampak dalam yang dinyatakan dalam tegangan (stress), regangan (strain) atau enersi yang disimpan, Analisis akibat dari dampak dalam tersebut, yaitu rekahan (fracture), aliran atau deformasi dari batuan.

Definisi Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

US National Committee On Rock Mechanics (1984)

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari perilaku (behaviour) batuan baik secara teoritis maupun terapan, merupakan cabang dari ilmu mekanika yang berkenaan dengan sikap batuan terhadap medan-medan gaya pada lingkungannya.

Definisi Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Budavari

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mekanika perpindahan padatan untuk menentukan distribusi gaya-gaya dalam dan deformasi akibat gaya luar pada suatu benda padat. Hampir semua mekanika perpindahan benda padat didasarkan atas teori kontinum. Konsep kontinum adalah fiksi matematik yang tergantung pada struktur molekul material yang digantikan oleh suatu bidang kontinum yang perilaku matematiknya identik denga media aslinya. Material ekivalennya dianggap homogen, mempunyai sifat-sifat mekanik yang sama pada semua titik. Penyederhanaannya adalah bahwa semua sifat mekaniknya sama ke semua arah pada suatu titik di dalam suatu batuan

Definisi Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Hudson & Harrison

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari reaksi batuan yang apabila padanya dikenai suatu gangguan. Dalam hal material alam, ilmu ini berlaku untuk masalah deformasi suatu struktur geologi, seperti bagaimana lipatan, patahan, dan rekahan berkembang begitu tegangan terjadi pada batuan selama proses geologi. Beberapa tipe rekayasa yang melibatkan mekanika batuan adalah pekerjaan sipil, tambang dan perminyakan. Topik utama mekanika batuan adalah batuan utuh, struktur batuan, tegangan, aliran air, dan rekayasa, yang ditulis secara diagonal dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah pada Gambar berikut Garis ini sering disebut sebagai diagonal utama. Semua kotak lainnya menunjukkan interaksi antara satu dengan lainnya.

Matriks interaksi mekanika batuan & rekayasa batuan yang menunjukkan subyeksubyek utama & interaksinya (Hudson dan Harrison, 1990).

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Sifat Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Heterogen Jenis mineral pembentuk batuan yang berbeda. Ukuran dan bentuk partikel/butir berbeda di dalam batuan. Ukuran, bentuk dan penyebaran void berbeda di dalam batuan. 2. Diskontinu Massa batuan di alam tidak kontinu (diskontinu) karena adanya bidang-bidang lemah (crack, joint, fault, fissure) dimana kekerapan, perluasan dan orientasi dari bidang-bidang lemah tersebut tidak kontinu. 3. Anisotrop Karena sifat batuan heterogen, diskontinu, anisotrope maka untuk dapat menghitung secara matematis misalnya sebuah lubang bukaan yang disekitarnya terdiri dari batuan B1, B2, B3, diasumsikan batuan ekivalen B sebagai pengganti batuan B1, B2, B3, yang mempunyai sifat homogen, kontinu dan isotrope

Asumsi batuan ekivalen untuk mempermudah perhitungan di dalam mekanika batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

B1

B2

B3

B1 Ekivalen

Homogeneous Rock
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

fine-grained homogeneous rock - basalt containing minerals undetectable by the naked eye. claystone - fine-grained rock consisting of ...

Beberapa Ciri Dari Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Dalam ukuran besar, solid & massa batuan yang kuat/keras, maka batuan dapat dianggap kontinu. Karena keadaan alamiah & lingkungan geologi, batuan diskontinu karena adanya kekar, fissure, schistosity, crack, cavities dan diskontinuitas lainnya. Untuk kondisi tertentu, dapat dikatakan bahwa mekanika batuan adalah mekanika diskontinu atau mekanika dari struktur batuan. Secara mekanika, batuan adalah sistem multiple body Analisis mekanika tanah dilakukan pada bidang, sedang analisis mekanika batuan dilakukan pada bidang dan ruang. Mekanika batuan dikembangkan secara terpisah dari meknaika tanah, tetapi ada beberapa yang tumpang tindih. Mekanika batuan banyak menggunakan:
teori elastisitas plastisitas dan mempelajari batuan, sistem struktur batuan secara eksperimen

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

a) single-body sound rock system

Mono-system rock

b) Fissured, multiple-body rock system

c) Very fissured poly-body rock system

Multiple body rock system

d) Articulate rock system

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Tambang Dangkal

Kuari

Tunnel

Lubang bukaan besar

Tambang Dalam

Bendungan

Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-1

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Theoretical questions on fractured media, possibly reflecting that engineers do not feel comfortable with the level of theoretical understanding, even though engineers design in fractured materials as a matter of course. Questions posed included: Are data collected for theories that intact actual rock mass behavior, or is sampling biased by theory? Can the discontinuity system of a rock mass be detected, mapped, and parsimoniously represented? Can scale-dependent properties of a rock mass be measured and incorporate into models? Can behavior of fractured media be predicted at an acceptable level? What is the best way to represent rock mass for fluid flow and transport modeling (uncoupled or coupled)? Is the present understanding of coupled phenomena adequate?

Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-2

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Rock engineering problems in the open pit and underground mines are not much different. However, the open pit mines are more concerned with slope stability, whereas deformation behaviour of back, wall and floor of underground openings is one of the important geomechanical properties to be understood. In general, the instability or failure that occur both in open pit and underground mines obviously involves two major mechanisms, including failures controlled by geological structures and failures independent of geological structure The following rock engineering or geomechanical problems and resolutions occurring in the open pit and underground mines are explained. These are gathered from a number of mine sites that would have been relevant to be exposed. According to one of the regulations from the Department of Mines of Indonesia, a study of slope stability analysis must be conducted prior to the bench development with height is greater than 15 m, and these regulations are enforced with the intention of reaching a high safety standard. The regulations have been employed since 1995. A key factor in the successful development of the open pits should have been the overall wall slope angles that would hitherto have been considered at best optimistic and worst rarely achievable.

Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-3

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Bagaimana reaksi dari batuan ketika diambil untuk dipergunakan ? 2. Berapa dan bagaimana besarnya daya dukung (bearing capacity) dari batuan dipermukaan dan pada berbagai kedalaman untuk menerima berbagai beban ? 3. Bagaimana kekuatan geser batuan ? 4. Bagaimana sikap batuan di bawah beban dinamis ? 5. Bagaimana pengaruh gempa pada sistem fondasi di dalam batuan? 6. Bagaimana nilai modulus elastisitas dan Poissons ratio dari batuan ? 7. Bagaimana pengaruh dari bidang-bidang lemah (kekar, bidang perlapisan, schistosity, retakan, rongga dan diskontinuitas lainnya) pada batuan terhadap kekuatannya ? 8. Metode pengujian laboratorium apa saja yang paling mendekati kenyataan untuk mengetahui kekutan fondasi atau sifat batuan dalam mendukung massa batuan ? 9. Bagaimana memperhitungkan kekar dan sesar dalam perencanaan pekerjaan di dalam batuan ?

Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-4

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Bagaimana menanggulangi deformasi yang diakibatkan oleh perbedaan yang bersifat perlahan-lahan (creep) pada batuan. 2. Hukum apa saja yang menyangkut aliran plastik (plastik flow) dari batuan ? batuan ? 3. Bagaimana pengaruh anisotrope terhadap distribusi tegangan dalam

4. Bagaimana korelasi dari hasil-hasil pengujian kekuatan batuan yang telah dilakukan di lapangan dan di laboratorium dalam menyiapkan percontoh batuan ? 5. Bagaimana metode pengujian yang akan dilaksanakan yang sesuai dengan kondisi lapangan terhadap sifat-sifat batuannya. 6. Bagaimana mekanisme keruntuhan/kehancuran dari batuan (failure of rock)? 7. Dapatkah keadaan tegangan di dalam massa batuan dihitung secara tepat, atau bahkan dapat diukur ? 8. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyangkut perencanaan kemiringan lereng dari suatu massa batuan ? 9. Apakah roof bolting pada atap sebuah lubang bukaan di bawah tanah sudah aman sehingga lubang tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai instalasi yang permanen ?

Ruang Lingkup Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Menyelenggarakan penyelidikan yang bersifat teknik pada batuan. 2. Mengembangkan cara pengambilan percontoh batuan secara rasionil dan metode identifikasi serta klasifikasi batuan. 3. Mengembangkan peralatan uji batuan yang baik dan metode standar pengujian untuk kuat tekan serta kuat geser batuan. 4. Mengumpulkan dan mengklasifikasikan informasi batuan dan sifat-sifat fisiknya dalam dasar ilmu mekanika batuan, teknik fondasi dan teknik bangunan air. 5. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil pengujian yang dilakukan pada batuan, dapat dipelajari sifat fisik, sifat mekanik (statik dan dinamik), elastisitas, plastisitas, perilaku batuan, dan bentuk kerusakan (failure) di bawah beban statik dan dinamik dari batuan tersebut. 6. Mempelajari sifat batuan di bawah kondisi thermal dan sistem keairan (water regimen). 7. Menyangkut struktur statik dan dinamik dari batuan. 8. Mengembangkan metode pengukuran di lapangan (in-situ) dari sifat deformasi statik dan dinamik batuan serta tegangan sisa di dalam batuan di bawah kondisi lingkungan yang bermacam-macam seperti pelapukan, leaching, seismik dan tektonik. 9. Menyelenggarakan penelitian terhadap mekanisme kerusakan/kehancuran batuan.

Ruang Lingkup Mekanika Batuan

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Mengorganisir penelitian tentang perkuatan batuan dan pengukuran tegangan in-situ. 2. Mengganti dengan metode ilmiah dari perencanaan teknik pada batuan yang banyak menggunakan media empiris sebelumnya, sehingga turut memberikan konstribusi terhadap kemajuan disiplin ilmu mekanika batuan. 3. Merangsang dan menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan tentang batuan dan mekanika batuan. 4. Mempergunakan mekanika batuan untuk memecahkan persolan-persoalan teknik secara praktis. 5. Mempelajari sikap massa batuan asli dibawah kondisi beban dan kondisi lingkungannya 6. Menyangkut struktur statik batuan dan kestabilan batuan sangat penting ditinjau dari sudut keamanan (safety) dan ekonomi. 7. Mempelajari stabilitas struktur rekayasa yang material utamanya adalah batuan. 8. Mempelajari proses pengurangan ukuran batuan dengan menggunakan gaya-gaya luar seperti pemboran, peledakan, pemotongan dan pengasahan. 9. Mempelajari pengaruh gaya-gaya pada batuan dan yang utama adalah berkaitan dengan fenomena yang mempengaruhi pendugaan rekahan dan deformasi. 10. Mempelajari beban atau gaya yang bekerja pada batuan, analisis dari efek dalam, maksudnya tegangan dan regangan, energi dalam, dan akhirnya analisis dari gaya-gaya dalam seperti rekahan, aliran, atau deformasi batuan.

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan