Baseband or synthesizer hopping The choice between baseband HP and synthesizer HP depends on the available hardw are.

Some properties of the synthesizer and baseband hopping are summarized belo w: Number of TXs: In a synthesizer HP, the required number of TXs can be less than the number of frequencies In a baseband hopping system, a dedicated TX is needed for each frequency. Combiner type: For the synthesizer hopping system, a hybrid combiner is required. Baseband hopping can also be specified if hybrid combiners are used. If a filte r combiner is used then only baseband hopping can be specified. Hybrid combiners have a greater power loss than filter combiners. The minimum c hannel separation in a hybrid combiner is 400 kHz, while the minimum channel sep aration in a filter combiner is 600 kHz (900 MHz band) and 1200 kHz (1800 MHz ba nd). Faulty TX: In a synthesizer hp system, a fault on a TX will affect up to eight BPCs assign ed to that TX. In a baseband hopping system, a fault on a TX will affect every BPC that uses t he frequency that the faulty TX was transmitting on. A lost transceiver, include d in a frequency hopping sequence, is isolated and hopping is restored without t he faulty transceiver, but the transceiver will not automatically be included in the hopping sequence after a recovery Type of Frequency Hopping Base Band Hopping (BBH) The TCUs transmit always the same frequency Number of frequencies for hopping = Number of carriers The TCUs always transmit a fixed frequency. The call hops" over the TCUs, maintaining the same timeslot, on a per burst basi s. In reception the call is always processed by the same TCU (the one where the ca ll started). The number of frequencies to hop over is limited by the number of TCUs equipped in the cell. The BCCH carrier can hop in timeslots 1 to 7 (without power control/DTX). Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SFH) The TCUs change (retune) the frequency every burst. Number of frequencies for hopping > Number of carriers TCUs can hop over a range of 64 different frequencies The TCUs are able to retune to a new frequency each burst. The call always stays in the same TCU. One TCU can hop up to over 64 different frequencies. Wide-band combining devices (hybrids) are required in the base station (Cavity Combiners can not be used with SFH). The BCCH frequency can be included in the hopping sequence, but in practice, BC CH carrier never hops, and carries traffic on timeslots 1 to 7. Hopping Sequences Cyclic Hopping- Frequencies used in fixed rotation. f1,f2,f3,f1,f2,f3 Random Hopping-Frequencies are used in pseudo random sequence. For eg.f2,f4,f1, f3,f4,f2,f3,f4

 Base band Hopping: In BB hopping each transceiver within a base station operate s on fixed frequencies. In this speech signal generated at DRCC is switched betw een the RFU s of the transceiver before transmission. Each frame of eight timeslot s is input to different RFU & so to a different frequency. Synthesized Freq Hopping: Each transceiver retunes to a different frequency bef ore transmitting a frame. The o/p of each baseband processing section is always connected to the same RFU. In this each transceiver is set to a different freque ncy before transmitting a burst following a defined hopping sequence Implementation of Random Syn FH Sequence Generation Each call has its time slots transmitted in sequence across a set of defined fr equencies.this sequence is derived from specified in GSM 05.02. The input parame ters to this algorithm are: HSN: (Hopping Sequence No.) Value can be from 0 to 63. Value 0 defines cyclic h opping; all other values generate a random sequence. MAIO: (Mobile Allocation Index Offset) Defines the starting frequency the trans mission will start within the hopping sequence. The value can be 0 to N-1 where N is the No. of allocated frequencies. No. of allocated hopping frequencies.