Philippine History History from Greek - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation is the study of the past,

ast, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events.. Scholars who write about history are called historians. History The history of the world is the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By "prehistory", historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. By studying painting, drawings, carvings, and other artifacts, some information can be recovered even in the absence of a written record. History is the record of the past Traditional View: a record of the human past from the time written records began to appear. Modern View: is the reconstruction of the past based on written records, oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions. Importance of History Bridging the gap between the present and the past Explaining causes of things and events Projecting the future Interpreting conditions of a given space and time Promoting nationalism and patriotism

Early Philippines Theories concerning the peopling of the Philippines Mythological and Legendary Ancestors of the Filipinos sprang from a soil like wild plants. The early Filipinos were created by the sun who was said to be their father. They were produced from certain base metals by the magic of alchemists. Men were made from clays Lalake and Babae from a Bamboo nodule Scientific Theories The Land Bridge Theory Waves of Migration Theory Filipinos are results of a long process of evolution

Spanish Occupation 1565-1898 Spanish empire Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese national who was on a mission for Spanish king Charles I (also Holy Roman emperor as Charles V) to establish a westward route to the Moluccas, also known as the Spice Islands. In 1521 Magellans expedition made the first recorded European contact with the Philippine Islands. Magellan believed there was a passage to the west through or around South America. Such a passage would be of great value to the Spanish, who wanted a share in the lucrative trade in spices from the Moluccas. Portugal controlled the eastward route to the East Indies, around Africas Cape of Good Hope, and would not allow Spanish ships to pass Named the Pacific Ocean . Moluccas located south of the Philippines in present-day Indonesia, these islands were prized for their spices in the trade rivalry between Spain and Portugal, the foremost maritime powers of the time. Portugal rival of Spain in the

Age of Exploration Treaty of Tordesillas To avoid conflicts over the right of conquest, Portugal and Spain agree to divide the unexplored world into two separate spheres. Portugal claims territories to the east of the line, including Brazil, and Spain claims everything to the west Portugal rival of Spain in the Age of Exploration Treaty of Tordesillas To avoid conflicts over the right of conquest, Portugal and Spain agree to divide the unexplored world into two separate spheres. Portugal claims territories to the east of the line, including Brazil, and Spain claims everything to the west Cape Verde Islands the point of division Spanish expedition On the Philippine island of Zugbo (now Cebu), Magellan secured the baptism of the local chieftain, Humabon, Magellan supported Humabon in waging a battle against a rival chieftain, Lapulapu of Mactan. Lapulapus warriors, in defending their island, killed Magellan. Lapulapu is remembered as a national hero for successfully resisting the first European invasion of the Philippines. Spanish expedition Other expeditions followed as Spain sought to establish trade routes across the Pacific from its new colonies in the Americas. Ruy Lpez de Villalobos, the commander of an expedition that sailed from New Spain (now Mexico) in 1542, claimed the islands for Spain and named them Islas Filipinas, in honor of Charles Is son and heir Philip, who reigned as Philip II of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Spanish settlement and rule Spanish colonial government The first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines was established on Cebu in 1565 by Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, a Spanish expedition commander. This settlement, at present-day Cebu City, became the capital of the new Spanish colony, with Legazpi as its first governor. In 1571 Spanish forces defeated the Muslim ruler Rajah Soliman, who controlled an area of Luzon that contained an ideal harbor for Spanish trade. There Legazpi named Manila as the new capital of the Spanish colony. Within a few years Spanish authority extended over much of Luzon and the central Visayan Islands. Spanish colonial government As a by-product of this conquest, Spain discovered the best route back to New Spain was via the Japan Current (or Kuroshio Current), which took sailing ships north past Japan and then south along the American coasts. This new route compelled the newly emergent power in Japan, the Tokugawa dynasty, to close Japan to outside contact for 250 years. Spanish colonial government The Philippines was Spains only colony in Asia. It was ruled as a gobernacin, a territory administered by a governor, and was officially subordinate to the Spanish viceroy of New Spain. Spanish colonial government Spain initially had three principal objectives in colonizing the islands: 1. to secure a share of the spice trade in the Moluccas, 2. to provide a base from which to convert Asians to Christianity, and 3. to convert the people of the Philippine Islands. Spanish colonial government Spain never realized the first two objectives and only partially succeeded in the third. Most of the lowland population was rapidly converted to Christianity, while the upland tribes were only nominally converted. The Muslims of southern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago were never baptized and actively resisted Spanish rule for more than 300 years. Religious Order various Roman Catholic religious orders were in charge of the conversion of the population to Christianity: Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits Role of religion In accordance with the terms of the patronato real, or royal patronage of the Catholic Church, the government assumed the financial burden of evangelization, paying a stipend to each missionary and subsidizing missionary work. It acquired in return the privilege of nominating the occupants of all important ecclesiastical posts and regularly assigned to friars, or parish priests, civil as well as religious functions.

Over time, the religious orders also gained large areas of land through donations from the Spanish colonial elite (the principala, or principal ones), and many indigenous parishioners worked for the friars as tenant farmers. Manila Galleons and Spanish Trade Although Spain did not capture a share of the profitable Moluccas spice trade, it did use the Philippines as a base for trade between Asia and the Americas and as a way to challenge the Portuguese maritime monopoly. Manila played an important role as a port for the Manila galleons, huge Spanish trading ships that voyaged between Manila and Acapulco, on the west coast of New Spain. The galleons sailed from Manila with Chinese goods, mainly silk textiles and porcelain, and returned from Acapulco with silver bullion and minted coins, which purchased more Chinese goods. Manila Galleons and Spanish Trade The galleon trade was a government monopoly that had exclusive trading rights with the Philippines, and no direct trade with Spain was allowed. The colonial treasury of the Philippines received a subsidy, consisting mainly of customs duties paid at Acapulco, that was the colonys main source of income. The galleon trade presented new opportunities for Chinese merchants, who formed an economically important community in Manila by the 1590s. They outnumbered the Spanish and were subject to residence restrictions and periodic deportations. British OCCUPATION In 1762, when Spain became involved in the Seven Years War on the side of France against Great Britain, the British East India Company captured Manila. The treaty that ended the war restored Manila to Spain in 1764. The British occupation, although brief, exposed the resentment of Spanish authority and discrimination felt by local peoples, especially the Chinese, some of whom openly supported the British. Trade liberalization After Spanish rule was restored, the colonial government implemented a series of reforms to promote the economic development of the islands through commercial agriculture and household industries. The establishment of a state monopoly of the cultivation, manufacture, and sale of tobacco in 1782 enabled the colonial government to balance its budget and send substantial subsidies to Spain. The galleon trade, already much diminished, ended in 1815. Trade was opened to the world, and the links to Latin America weakened rapidly after Spains colonies there won independence. Open Trade and the New Filipino Elite In the 19th century the Industrial Revolution transformed the world. Modern methods of production and transportation, notably sugar mills and steamships, opened the Philippines for economic development. British, French, Dutch, and North American traders began to demand Philippine agricultural products, including sugar, cigars, and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar became the leading export crop. In 1834 Spain lifted restrictions on trade between foreign nations and the Philippines. Chinese conversion Chinese merchants in Manila helped to finance and shape the new export opportunities, often acting as intermediaries between foreign traders and local producers. In 1839 the colonial government issued a decree granting Chinese freedom of occupation and residence. Many Chinese emigrated to the Philippines after the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) in China. Aware of the political and social advantages enjoyed by Roman Catholics in the colony, many Chinese converted to Catholicism and married Filipina women. Chinese conversion Chinese convert who married Filipinas produced offsprings, called mestizos (a Spanish term for racially mixed people), were readily accepted by society. Through the acquisition of land, they became an economically privileged class in the new cash-crop economy. These mestizos formed the major component of a new Filipino elite of planters, merchants, and civil servants. Filipino Resistance to Colonial Rule In 1863 the colonial government introduced a system of free primary-school education. Institutions of higher learning remained limited, however, and only a few admitted non-Spaniards. The new Filipino elite became known as ilustrados (Spanish for the enlightened ones) because they could afford higher education. Some ilustrados studied abroad in Spain. By the second half of the 19th century the ilustrados had begun to agitate for reforms in both the civil and ecclesiastical establishments. In Spain the revolution of 1868 had produced a democratic constitution that provided for equality and civil and political rights. In the Philippines the ilustrados asked that these rights be extended to Filipinos. Filipino priests also agitated for reforms. They wanted the church to follow official Vatican policy, which dictated that religious orders would relinquish control to indigenous diocesan priests in places that had been successfully converted to Christianity. The Spanish friars in the Philippines held considerable power, forming what was called a friarocracy. They conducted many functions of government on the local level, controlled education at all levels, and were the largest landholders. They resented that their influence was being questioned by Filipino priests, and their response was increasingly racist. They successfully resisted the local movement to replace them. In 1872 the colonial government arrested hundreds of ilustrados and priests after an uprising by workers at the military fort of Cavite. Three Filipino priests were convicted of organizing the uprising and executed. This crackdown by the colonial authorities intensified the nationalist character of the reform movement.

Filipino liberals who were sent into exile in Europe and ilustrados attending European universities formed the Propaganda Movement, using publications such as La Solidaridad (Solidarity) to call for social and political reform. The Filipino intellectuals Graciano Lpez Jaena, M. H. del Pilar, and Jos Rizal were the foremost leaders of the movement. Rizals novels Noli Me Tangere (1886; Touch Me Not, translated 1961) and El Filibusterismo (1891; The Subversive, translated 1962) exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the colonial regime. The Liga Filipina, and Dr. Rizal Large numbers of Filipinos were now working, if not for independence, at least for the expulsion of the friars; and while this feeling should have been met by a statesmanlike and liberal policy of reform, the government constantly resorted to measures of repression, which little by little changed the movement for reformation into revolution. The Liga Filipina, and Dr. Rizal In 1887 the Liga Filipina, was formed by a number of the younger Filipino patriots, chief among whom was Dr. Jos Rizal y Mercado. Rizal, by his gifts, his noble character, and his sad fate, has gained a supreme place in the hearts of Filipinos and in the history of the Islands. He was born in 1861 at Calamba, on Laguna de Bay, and even as a child he was affected with sadness at the memory of the events of 1872 and with the backward and unhappy condition of his countrymen. He was educated by the Jesuits at the Ateneo Municipal in Manila, and his family having means, he was enabled to study in Spain, where he took a degree in medicine, and later to travel and study in France, England, and Germany. The Liga Filipina, and Dr. Rizal It was in this latter country that he produced his first novel, Noli Me Tangere. He had been a contributor to the Filipino paper published in Spain, La Solidaridad, and, to further bring the conditions and needs of his country to more public notice, he wrote this novel [282]dealing with Taglog life as represented at his old home on Laguna de Bay and in the city of Manila. Later he published a sequel, El Filibusterismo, in which even more courageously and significantly are set forth his ideas for reform. Dr. Rizal His work made him many enemies, and on his return to Manila he found himself in danger and was obliged to leave. He returned again in 1893, and was immediately arrested and sentenced to deportation to Dapitan, Mindanao. Here he remained quietly in the practice of his profession for some years. Katipunan Revolutionaries Katipunan established in 1892 to reflect ideals that were both egalitarian and nationalist Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (The Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People). During its eight-year history, the group propagated nationalist ideals and formed an underground network that launched the Philippine revolution. Starting with 300 members recruited secretly in the poorer districts of Manila, the society spread to surrounding provinces and by 1896 had an estimated 30,000 followers. Meanwhile the ideas which had been agitated by the wealthy and educated Filipinos had worked their way down to the poor and humble classes. They were now shared by the peasant and the fisherman. Especially in those provinces where the religious orders owned estates and took as rental a portion of the tenants crop, there was growing hatred and hostility to the friars. The Liga Filipina had been composed of cultivated and moderate men, who while pressing for reform were not inclined to radical extremes, nor to obtain their ends by violent means. By the time Rizal returned to Manila in 1892, it was apparent that Spain, itself in the throes of domestic unrest, was unwilling to undertake substantial colonial reforms. Considered a threat to the colonial regime, Rizal was arrested shortly after his return and sent into exile on Mindanao. Soon after Rizals exile, Andrs Bonifacio, a self-educated man of the urban working class, organized a secret society called Katipunan, short for Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (The Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People). The Katipunan, which advocated revolution rather than reform, gained a popular base of support, with membership concentrated among urban and rural workers. Spanish officials discovered, through an informant parish priest, the existence of the Katipunan in August 1896. Bonifacio, realizing the Katipunan could no longer hide its activity, proclaimed the beginning of the revolution. Katipunan members first attacked Spanish military installations, and then the insurrection spread throughout the provinces of central Luzon. Rizal was arrested and convicted by a military tribunal on fabricated charges of involvement with the Katipunan. His execution by a firing squad on December 30 merely served to spread the revolt to the entire country. Rizal, as a martyr, became the ultimate symbol of Filipino nationalism. Rebellion of 1896 A general attack and slaughter of the Spaniards was planned for the 20th of August, 1896. The plot was discovered by the priest of Binondo, Padre Gil, who learned of the movement through the wife of one of the conspirators, and within a few hours the government had seized several hundred persons who were supposed to be implicated. The arrests included many rich and prominent Filipinos, and at the end of some weeks the Spanish prisons contained over five thousand suspects. Over one thousand of these were almost immediately exiled to far-distant Spanish prisonsFernando Po, on the west coast of Africa, and the fortress of Ceuta, on the Mediterranean.

Rebellion of 1896 Meanwhile the Katipunan was organizing its forces for struggle. On the 26th of August, one thousand insurgents attacked Caloocan, and four days later a pitched battle was fought at San Juan del Monte. In this last fight the insurgents suffered great loss, their leader, Valenzuela, was captured and, with three companions, shot on the Campo de Bagumbayan. The rising continued, however, and the provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija were soon in full rebellion. The center of revolt, however, proved to be Cavite, This province was almost immediately cleared of Spaniards, except the long neck of land containing the town of Cavite and protected by the fleet. Here the insurgents received some organization under a young man, who had been prominent in the KatipunanEmilio Aguinaldo. Rebellion of 1896 The governor-general, Blanco, a humane man, who afterwards for a short time commanded in Cuba, was recalled, and General Polavieja replaced him. The Spanish army at the beginning of the revolt had consisted of but fifteen hundred troops, but so serious was the revolt regarded [284]that Spain, although straining every energy at the moment to end the rebellion in Cuba, strengthened the forces in the Philippines, until Polavieja had an army of twenty-eight thousand Spaniards assisted by several loyal Filipino regiments. With this army a fierce campaign in Cavite province was conducted, which after fifty-two days hard fighting ended in the defeat of the insurgents and the scattering of their forces. Meanwhile the Katipunan was organizing its forces for struggle. On the 26th of August, one thousand insurgents attacked Caloocan, and four days later a pitched battle was fought at San Juan del Monte. In this last fight the insurgents suffered great loss, their leader, Valenzuela, was captured and, with three companions, shot on the Campo de Bagumbayan. The rising continued, however, and the provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija were soon in full rebellion. The center of revolt, however, proved to be Cavite, This province was almost immediately cleared of Spaniards, except the long neck of land containing the town of Cavite and protected by the fleet. Here the insurgents received some organization under a young man, who had been prominent in the KatipunanEmilio Aguinaldo. Leadership of the Katipunan passed from Bonifacio to its most successful general, Emilio Aguinaldo, a former schoolteacher. A year of fighting between Katipunan forces, which used guerrilla tactics, and government troops ended in a negotiated truce, the Pact of Biac-na-bat, in 1897. In accordance with the pact, Aguinaldo and his staff went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong, while the Spanish authorities promised reforms within three years. Katipunan: a history The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society that was aimed primarily to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated at Ilaya, Tondo when Filipino writer Jos Rizal was sentenced to exile to Dapitan on July 7, 1882. The founders are: Andrs Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Initially, Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution. Katipunan The word "katipunan ( literally means association) came from the root word "tipon", an indigenous Tagalog word, meaning: "society" or "gather together". Its official revolutionary name is ataa -taa an a a an - a an an atipunan n nak n Bayan English: Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation Spanish: Suprema y venerable asociacin de los hijos del pueblo. Influence of the Propaganda Movement The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, successor organizations of La Liga Filipina, founded by Jos Rizal, as part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. Objectives of the Katipuneros To develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero. To unite Filipinos into one solid nation. To win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution). To establish a republic after independence. Katipuneros strongly believed that these goals/aims can be achieved only through armed or bloody revolution. The Katipunan Government Kataas-taasang Sanggunian(Supreme Council) Sanguniang Bayan (Provincial Council Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council) Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council Initial Members of the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio Teodoro Plata Ladislao Diwa Deodato Arellano Valentine Diaz Jose Dizon Andres Bonifacio The Supremo and the Great Plebian Founder and Supreme Leader of the Katipunan He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines, considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President, but officially he is not recognized as such Emilio Jacinto The Brain of the Katipunan He was the editor of the Katipunan newspaper Ang Kalayaan He used Pingkian as his pen name Teodoro Gonzales Bathala Member of the Supreme Council Tomas Remigio Toremige Member of the Supreme Council Jose Turiano Santiago Tik Tik Secretary of the Supreme Council Pio Valenzuela Dimas Ayaran. Fiscal of the Supreme Council Ladislao Diwa Baliti Guillermo Masangkay Alakdan. Member of the Supreme Council (1894). KKK signature of Guillermo Masangkay. Zjz[baybayin k]dzll = Alakdan. Kinds of Membership and their password KATIPON Anak ng Bayan KAWAL Gomburza BAYANI Rizal Administration There were 3 levels of the organization and a council called, Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council). 1. Katipon (Associate) These were the first degree members who wore a black hood with a triangle of white ribbon having the letters . Ll. B., corresponding to the roman A. . B., meaning Anak ng Bayan (Son of the People) which served also as their password or secret code. Administration 2. Kawal (soldier) They were the second degree members who wore a green hood with a triangle having white lines and the letters . LL. B. at the three angles of the triangle, and also wore a green ribbon with a medal with the letter (ka) in Baybayin script above a depiction of a crossed sword and flag. Their password was Gomburza taken from the name of the 3 martyrs: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora. Administration 3. Bayani (Hero or Patriot) Bayani were third degree members. They wore a red mask and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope. The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with three Ks arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle within a triangle, and with the letters . Ll. B. below and their password was Rizal. A member meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and, as he passed the other member, he closed the hands to bring the right index finger and thumb together. A Katipon member can be promoted as a Kawal by recruiting new members to the organization. A Kawal can advance as a Bayani if he will be elected as an officer. Membership It wasnt that easy to join as a member of the Katipunan. Those people who attempted to join the organization knew the other members of the Katipunan thats why they knew that the organization existed. And they also used the triangle system or sistemang tatsulok to remain the secrecy of the group.

If a person wished to join the Katipunan, he will definitely undergo the initiation. The person will be blindfolded until they arrived to a dark room where the initiation takes place. Then, they will be asked 3 questions which the answer should be favorable to the Katipuneros. Triangle System was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership of the Katipunan by means of sistemang patatsulok or triangle system. He formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa. Each of them re-instituted Katipunan thoughts into another two new converts. The founder of the triangle knew the other two members, but the latter did not know each other. On December 1892 the system was abolished after proving it to be clumsy and complicated. A new system of initiation, modelled after the Masonic rites was then adopted. Initiation Any person who wished to join the Katipunan was subjected to certain initiation rites, resembling those of Masonic rites, to test his courage, patriotism, and loyalty. New recruits underwent the initiation rite three at a time so that no member knew more than two other members of the society. The neophyte was first blindfolded and then led into a dimly lighted room with black curtains where his folded cloth was removed from his eyes. An admonition, in Tagalog, was posted at the entrance to the room: Kung may laks at tapang, kaw'y makatutuloy! If you have strength and valor, you can proceed! Kung ang pag-uusisa ang nagdal sa iy dito'y umurong ka. If what has brought you here is only curiositygo away! un i ka a un n pu i i n i n a a a an i i u u n ka kai an an an pintuan n a -kapan a i an at a a an a an atipunan n nak n a a in i u uk an nan a i a iy. If you cannot control your passions, retire. Never shall the doors of the Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the People be opened to you. Initiation Question #1: Ano ang kalagayan ng bansa noong sinaunang panahon? Answer: Bago dumating ang mga Espanyol, matiwasay ang pamumuhay ng mga mamamayan, maayos ang kalakalan at may sapat na yaman at ari-arian na tangan ang bawat isa. Question #2: Ano naman ang kalagayan nito ngayon? Answer: (Kailangang isagot dito ang di mabilang na pang-aabuso at di makatarungang pamamahala ng mga Espanyol sa Pilipinas.) Question #3: Ano ang magiging kalagayan nito sa hinaharap? Answer: (Kailangang isagot dito na isang maliwanag na kinabukasan ang naghihintay sa mamamayan kung silay magsasasama-sama at magtutulungan upang tuldukan na ang kasamaan ng Espanya.) Initiation After passing the first step of the initiation, the neophyte will now go through the second step which is a lecture given by the master of ceremonies, called Mabalasig/Mabalasik (terrible brother), informing the recruit member to withdraw if he lacks the courage and if the newbie will still pursue he will now then go to the 3rd step of the initiation where he will be asked to do some ordeals such as making him shoot a supposedly a revolver at a person, or forcing him to jump a supposedly hot flame. After passing the ordeal, is the last step of the initiation which is the pacto de sangre or blood compact in which the neophyte signed the oath with blood taken from his arm. He was then accepted as a fullpledged member, with a symbolic name by which he was known within Katipunan circles. Discovery On July 5, 1896, Manul Sityar, a Spanish lieutenant of the guardia civl stationed at Pasig, sent a letter to Governor-General Ramn Blanco y Erenas, informing the secret organization that was formed and recruiting other members to join the organization by signing an agreement with their own blood and collecting some money. Discovery Teodoro Patio revealed the secrets of the society to his sister, Honoria Patio, an inmate nun at the Mandaluyong Orphanage just for the reason of misunderstanding about the wages between him and his co-worker on the printing press, Apolonio de la Cruz. Both of them were members of the Katipunan and at the same time workers for Diario de Manila. Discovery Honoria was very upset when she found out about the secret organization. She was crying when Sor Teresa de Jesus (mother portress of the Orphanage)and she told everything to her. Sor Teresa called Teodoro Patio and advised him to tell everything he knew about the Katipunan through confession to Father Mariano Gl. After hearing his confessions, Father Mariano Gl immedaitely went to the Diario de Manila and saw the evidence like the receipts, documents of the membership, and daggers.

 ILUSTRADOS and the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Ilustrados Spanish for "erudite," "learned," or "enlightened ones constituted the Filipino educated class middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The Ilustrado class was composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial linesIndios, Insulares, and mestizos, among othersand sought reform through a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power under Spanish tutelage. The Propaganda Movement was a cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino expatriates in Europe. Composed of the Filipino elite called "ilustrados", exiled liberals and students attending Europe's universities gravitated to the movement. La Solidaridad, a bi-weekly Spanish language broadsheet, became the platform for intelligent discourse on economic, cultural, political, and social conditions of the country. The organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines and labored to bring about: Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; Secularization of Philippine parishes; Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; Creation of a public school system independent of the friars; Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government); Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; Recognition of human rights Propagandists: Jos Alejandrino Anastacio Carpio Graciano Lpez Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad Marcelo H. del Pilar - the editor and co-publisher of the La Solidaridad and wrote under the name "Plaridel" Eduardo de Lete Antonio Luna - wrote for La Solidaridad under the name "Taga-Ilog" Juan Luna - painter and sculptor Miguel Moran Propagandists: Jose Maria Panganiban - wrote for La Solidaridad under the name "Jomapa" Pedro Paterno - served as prime minister of the first Philippine Republic Mariano Ponce - wrote for La Solidaridad under the name "Tikbalang" Antonio Maria Regidor Isabelo delos Reyes Jos P. Rizal - author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, wrote for La Solidaridad under the name "Laon Laan"