IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 53, NO.

1, JANUARY 2005

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A Novel Compact Electromagnetic-Bandgap (EBG) Structure and Its Applications for Microwave Circuits
Li Yang, Student Member, IEEE, Mingyan Fan, Fanglu Chen, Student Member, IEEE, Jingzhao She, and Zhenghe Feng, Associate Member, IEEE

AbstractA novel electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structure in a fork-like shape is investigated. This structure has an extremely compact size. A comparison has been carried out between the new structure and the conventional mushroom-like EBG structure. Simulations and experimental results have veried that the area of the fork-like structure is less than 40% of the latter. The presented structure also provides an additional degree of freedom to adjust the bandgap position, which is applied to design a novel recongurable multiband EBG structure. Several application examples have been demonstrated, including a double-element microstrip antenna array with low mutual coupling, notch-type antenna duplexer, and steerable array with a linearly discrete beamsteering of 20 in steps of 10 at 2.468 GHz. Index TermsBeamsteerer, electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures, microstrip antenna arrays, periodic structures, recongurable structures, surface wave.

I. INTRODUCTION HE electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures are periodical cells composed of metallic or dielectric elements. The major characteristic of EBG structures is to exhibit bandgap feature in the suppression of surface-wave propagation. This feature helps to improve antennas performance such as increasing the antenna gain and reducing back radiation [1]. The bandgap characteristics depend on the material structure such as dimensions, periodicity, and permittivity [2]. Practical applications of early EBG structures have difculties in accommodating their physical sizes. It is inconvenient for them to be integrated with circuits and antennas since the period of an EBG lattice has to be a half-wavelength at the stopband frequency. This situation did not change until a mushroom-like EBG structure was designed by Sievenpiper et al. [3]. Compared to other EBG structures, such as dielectric rods and holes, this structure has a winning feature of compactness [4]. Later on, a novel compact EBG structure in a fork-like shape is rst introduced in [5]. In this paper, we report the developed research on this novel structure and its applications for microwave circuits. The fork-like EBG structure consists of four parts, which are: 1) a ground plane; 2) a dielectric substrate; 3) connecting
Manuscript received April 21, 2004; revised June 30, 2004. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 60271007 and Grant 60390540. L. Yang, F. Chen, J. She, and Z. Feng are with the State Key Laboratory on Microwave and Digital Communications, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (e-mail: yangli02@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn). M. Fan was with the State Key Laboratory on Microwave and Digital Communications, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. He is now with the Beijing Zant Antenna Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing 100084, China. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TMTT.2004.839322

vias; and 4) fork-like metal patches. The slots etched on the patches with stretched strips introduce additional gaps between neighboring patches. These gaps signicantly enlarge capacitance of the equivalent LC circuit and a distinctive improvement of compactness is observed. Another unique feature of this new EBG structure is the realization of tuning the frequency bandgap position without changing the size of the EBG patch unit. The fork-like EBG structure provides an additional degree of freedom to control the bandgap characteristics. By adjusting the depth of the stretched strip embedded in the slot, the coupling of the EBG patch units can be varied and the stopband position can be tuned over a wide range of frequency. This feature can be applied to construct wide-band EBG structures, and a recongurable planar EBG structure is proposed based on the fork-like EBG conguration. Its recongurable ability provides a possibility to cooperate with recongurable multiband antennas. This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the theory and design of the fork-like EBG structure is introduced with its corresponding bandgap features. In addition, a novel recongurable fork-like EBG structure is presented in Section III. An advanced method to improve compactness in EBG design is discussed in Section IV using slots and stretched strips. Three application examples are demonstrated in Section V, followed by conclusions in Section VI. II. FORK-LIKE EBG STRUCTURE The surface impedance of an EBG structure is frequency sensitive since the EBG structure actually forms a distributed LC network with specic resonant frequencies. The electromagnetic properties of the EBG unit cells can be described using lump-circuit elementscapacitors and inductors. In the frequency range where the surface impedance is very high, the equivalent LC circuit acts as a two-dimensional electric lter to block the ow of the surface waves. Diverse forms of EBG structures have been proposed [6]. The mushroom-like EBG structure has a wider stopband and compact nature [7]. The inductor results from the current owing through the vias, and the capacitor due to the gap effect between the adjacent patches [4]. The bandgap of such structure can be predicted as (1) Since the operation mechanism of EBG structure can be explained by an LC lter array, an increase in capacitance or in-

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Fig. 1. (a) Conguration of the fork-like EBG structure. (b) Details of one unit of the fork-like EBG lattice.

Fig. 3. Measured and simulated S 21 of a 5 5 fork-like EBG patch array with 3-mm stretched strip length. (a) Horizontal direction. (b) Vertical direction. The period of the EBG lattice is 4.5 mm.

Fig. 2. Method of suspended microstrip. (a) Sketch of the suspended microstrip structure. (b) Photograph of the fork-like EBG with suspended microstrip.

ductance of the equivalent LC circuit will result in the miniaturization of the EBG unit cell. The schematic of the proposed fork-like EBG structure is shown in Fig. 1(a). Gray parts in this gure represent the metallic periodic structure, which is etched on a dielectric substrate. Each element of this EBG lattice consists of a square metal patch with a slot etched on it and a stretched strip, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The patch is connected to the solid lower ground plane by a metal plated via. Additional capacitance is formed between the neighboring edges of the slot and the stretched strip from an adjacent patch. Increasing the depth of the stretched strip embedded in the slot, more capacitance will be introduced. Thus, the EBG structure works at a lower frequency, which usually needs a larger size of conventional EBG structures. A demonstration 5 5 fork-like EBG patch array has been simulated, fabricated, and measured. The method of moments is applied to design this EBG structure (IE3D Package, Zeland Software, Fremont, CA). The array is built on a 2-mm-thick substrate with the relative permittivity of 2.7. The length of the square patch ( ) is 4 mm. The width of the slot ( ) is 1 mm,

Fig. 4. Measured and simulated S 21 of a 5 5 mushroom-like EBG patch array. The period of the EBG lattice is 7.2 mm.

and the length ( ) is 3 mm. The width of the stretched strip ( ) is 0.5 mm, and the length ( ) is 3 mm. The distance between the adjacent patches ( ) is 0.5 mm. The period of the lattice is mm. The method of suspended microstrip [8] is applied to measure the bandgap characteristics of the fork-like EBG structure, as shown in Fig. 2. The measured EBG material is inserted between the microstrip and ground, forming a sandwich-like structure. The suspended microstrip is soldered with subminiature A (SMA) connectors to measure the -parameters. Compared with the conventional coplanar microstrip method and monopole method, the suspended microstrip is a strongly coupling structure, diminishing the inuence of other parasitic propagation modes, and the bandgap characteristics of the EBG are exhibited more obviously. In fabrication, the distance between the microstrip and the EBG surface is 0.5 mm. The relative permittivity of the supporting material is 2.7.

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TABLE I BANDGAP CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT STRETCHED STRIP LENGTHS

Fig. 5. Comparison of simulated results of three fork-like EBG structures with different stretched strip lengths (1.5, 2.5, and 3 mm).

Fig. 6.

Bandgap feature of a wide-band combinatorial EBG.

The measured and simulated results are shown in Fig. 3. Only is presented for clarity. In the the transmission coefcient horizontal direction, a distinctive stopband is observed with the central frequency of 4.8 GHz. The frequency range with below 20 dB extends from 4.63 to 4.98 GHz. In the vertical direction, the edge where the bandgap starts is 60 MHz lower. However, ripples are found in the stopband. This is mainly because of the multipath reection effect caused by the interdigitated ngers in the vertical direction. Since investigation has revealed that bandgap exhibited in the -plane direction can sufciently suppress the surface-wave propagation [4], the following research is focused on the horizontal direction in which the bandgap is exhibited more obviously. A 5 5 mushroom-like EBG patch array working at the same frequency band has also been designed for comparison. The mushroom-like EBG is fabricated on the same substrate. The patch size is 6.7 mm and the gap between the adjacent patches is 0.5 mm. The period of the mushroom-like EBG lattice is 7.2 mm. The measured and simulated results are shown in Fig. 4. Since the period of the fork-like EBG lattice is 4.5 mm GHz), the area occupied by the fork-like structure is ( less than 40% of the mushroom-like structure. To study the effect of the depth of the stretched strip embedded in the slot, various EBG cases with different stretched strip lengths are simulated. Other parameters such as the gapwidth, substrate permittivity, and patch size are kept the same as in the previous design. Table I lists the method of moments simulated results of different EBG cases. It is observed that when the length of the stretched strip is increased, the frequency bandgap position decreases. For example, Fig. 5 shows the bandgap characteristics in the horizontal direction of three EBG cases with 1.5-, 2.5-, and 3-mm stretched strip lengths, respectively. When the stretched strip is 1.5-mm long, the central frequency of the bandgap is 5.40 GHz. When the length is increased to 2.5 mm, the central frequency of the bandgap is 5.01 GHz. By adjusting the length of the stretched strip, a tunable frequency range of 1.1 GHz is obtained in the simulation. This unique feature

makes the fork-like EBG structure more practical. Without changing the period size, one EBG structure can be used in a series of frequency bandgaps. The tunable characteristic of fork-like EBG lattice can also be applied to design wide-band EBG structures. If the EBG patch array consists of unit cells with various stretched strip lengths, surface waves of different frequencies will be blocked at the corresponding EBG cells. In this way, the stopband will be extremely expanded and the narrow-band nature of slotted patch EBG [9], [10] can be easily overcome. Fig. 6 depicts the bandgap feature of a simple combinatorial EBG structure. The patch array consists of EBG cells with 2.5and 1-mm strip lengths. The surface-wave frequency ranges cormm lattice and the mm responding to the lattice both fall inside the combinatorial EBG bandgap. A stopband has been observed from 4.79 to 5.92 GHz, which is approximately 21% ( 20 dB) bandwidth. More other EBG unit cells with various stretched strip lengths can also be introduced to achieve wider stopband. By applying tunable stretched strips, an ameliorated fork-like EBG patch array working at 4.8 GHz was re-fabricated. In the 5 5 patch array, the stretched strip lengths ( ) of the lefthand-side three columns and the right two ones are 2.7 and 3.2 mm, respectively. Other parameters are kept unchanged for each unit cell. The measured and simulated results are shown below 20 dB exin Fig. 7. The frequency range with tends from 4.61 to 5.22 GHz. Compared with the bandgap of the mushroom-like EBG depicted in Fig. 4, the range and depth of the stopband of the fork-like EBG exceed those of the conventional mushroom-like EBG. We expect that fork-like EBG structure will be an ideal candidate for designing very compact EBG structures. III. RECONFIGURABLE MULTIBAND EBG DESIGN Conventionally, it was required to design EBG structures of different sizes according to their respective desired frequency bandgaps. When the operating frequency is changed, the EBG dimensions have to be redesigned. However, this limits the

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Fig. 7. Measured and simulated S 21 of an ameliorated fork-like EBG patch array. The period of the EBG lattice is 4.5 mm.

Fig. 9. Measured and simulated with all the MEMS switches off.

S 21 of the recongurable EBG patch array

Fig. 10. Measured and simulated S 21 of the recongurable EBG patch array with the upper MEMS switches on. Fig. 8. Conguration of the recongurable multiband EBG structure cooperating with MEMS switches.

application of EBG structures in many cases. For instance, recongurable multiband antennas have received much attention lately due to the emergence of RF microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches. However, conventional EBG structures cannot cooperate with the antennas in this eld without the ability of reconguration. The fork-like EBG conguration provides a possibility to construct a recongurable EBG structure due to its additional degree of freedom to control the bandgap characteristics. The schematic of the proposed recongurable multiband EBG structure is shown in Fig. 8. The stretched strip of the fork-like EBG lattice is divided into several segments. MEMS switches are inserted between the segments. The reconguration is carried out by switching on or off appropriate stretched strip lengths and the tuning of bandgap position is realized. A prototype of the recongurable multiband EBG is fabricated on a 2-mm-thick substrate with the relative permittivity of 2.7. The stretched strip is divided into three segments. The EBG patches have the following dimensions. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. In this study, conductive tape is used to imitate MEMS switches for proof of concept. Fig. 9 shows the measured and simulated results. When all the switches are off, the length of the stretched strips is in the

shortest situation. The bandgap extends from 5.34 to 6.19 GHz with a central frequency of 5.77 GHz. When the upper switch of each EBG lattice is on, the length of the strips are stretched and the bandgap extends from 4.98 to 5.59 GHz with a central frequency of 5.28 GHz, as shown in Fig. 10. The bandgap shifts approximately 490 MHz. When all the switches are on, the EBG will work on an even lower frequency. The working status of the switches can also be varied to achieve wide-band features, as depicted in Section II. IV. SLOTSTRIP EBG DESIGN METHOD The slots and stretched strips used in the design of fork-like EBG structure can be synthesized as a compact EBG design method, which is called the slot-strip EBG design. By applying slots and stretched strips, additional gaps between neighboring EBG patches are introduced. These gaps signicantly enlarge capacitance of the equivalent LC network. A distinctive improvement of EBG size reduction can be observed. The slot-strip EBG design method can be applied to form numerous compact EBG structure congurations. An F-like EBG structure is exemplied in Fig. 11. The array is built on a 2-mmthick substrate with the relative permittivity of 4.6. The EBG patches have the following dimensions. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.. Every four F-like patches form an isotropic conguration.

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Fig. 13. Microstrip antennas separated by the fork-like EBG structure for a low mutual coupling. Four columns EBG patches are used. Fig. 11. Conguration of the F-like EBG structure.

Fig. 12. Simulated S 21 of the F-like EBG and normal mushroom-like EBG lattices with the same period of 4.5 mm.

Fig. 14. Comparison of E -plane mutual coupling using different microstrip antenna structures: without EBG, a metal patch, and the fork-like EBG structure.

The bandgap feature of the F-like EBG structure is depicted in Fig. 12, and it is compared to a normal EBG structure without slots and strips. In the latter case, the stopband extends from 5.42 to 6.04 GHz. When the slots and stretched strips are incorporated, the frequency bandgap position decreases to 3.313.66 GHz. The similar frequency bandgap position can be obtained using a normal mushroom-like EBG structure, which has the same gapwidth, but a larger patch size of 7.2 mm. Thus, a 41.6% size reduction is achieved using this novel design. Another interesting observation of the F-like EBG structure is that a second frequency bandgap is noted without tuning the stretched strip length. In the case of a normal EBG structure, only one bandgap can be observed below 10 GHz. While using the F-like EBG structure, besides the basic frequency band, the frequency band of the higher mode is also reduced. Thus, a second bandgap appears around 6.7 GHz. In the slot-strip EBG design formations, the bandgap position can all be tuned as a common characteristic. V. APPLICATIONS A. Mutual Coupling Reduction The surface wave plays a dominant role in the mutual coupling between the antenna array elements, especially on highpermittivity substrates. Mutual coupling causes the blind angle of a scanning array and brings crosstalk between different received signals. It has been proved that the -plane coupled microstrip antennas exhibit much stronger mutual coupling than the -plane coupled ones due to surface waves [4]. Since the EBG structure has already demonstrated its ability to suppress surface waves, four columns of fork-like EBG patches are inserted between the -plane coupled antennas to reduce the mutual coupling, as shown in Fig. 13.

The thickness of the substrate is 2 mm and the relative permittivity is 9.2. An antenna array working at 5.2 GHz is fabricated on the substrate. The antenna size is 9.4 mm 6 mm and the distance between the centers of the antennas is 44 mm GHz). The fork-like EBG patches have the following ( dimensions. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. The resonant frequency 5.2 GHz falls inside the EBG bandgap so that the surface waves are suppressed. The bandwidth of the EBG structure is approximately 800 MHz, which covers the operational band of the antenna. The simulated mutual coupling results are shown in Fig. 14. Without the EBG structure, the antennas show a strong mutual coupling of 16.9 dB. When the EBG structure is employed, a 6.51-dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved at 5.2 GHz, which proves that the surface wave is suppressed. To further demonstrate the improvement introduced by EBG, a 15.5 mm 38 mm metal patch, which has the same area of the EBG structure, is added to the same location between the array elements. Only 2.02-dB reduction is observed. This comparison demonstrates the capability of the fork-like EBG structure to reduce the mutual coupling. B. Notch-Type Antenna Duplexer Duplexer is a key device in the wireless communication systems working in a duplex manner. It allows the transmitter and receiver, which are operating on different frequencies, to share one common antenna with a minimum interaction and degradation of the different RF signals [11]. Conventionally, notch-type duplexers are congured with several lters in each arm to reject

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Fig. 16. Simulated S -parameters of the duplexer. 35.3-dB minimum isolation in the Rx channel and 36.5-dB minimum isolation in the Tx channel. 1.58-dB maximum insertion loss in the Rx channel and 1.36-dB maximum insertion loss in the Tx channel.

Fig. 15. Conguration of the designed duplexer with the proposed fork-like EBG structure.

unwanted signals. Band elimination lters can depress the coupling between transmitter and receiver, providing ne isolation. Fig. 15 depicts the conguration of notch-type duplexer using fork-like EBG structure. The Rx band extends from 2.667 to 2.747 GHz and the Tx band extends from 2.949 to 3.029 GHz. The duplexer is built on a 0.78-mm-thick substrate with the relative permittivity of 4.4. The fork-like EBG patches have the following dimensions. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. The stretched strip lengths ( ) for the Rx channel and the Tx channel are 9.5 and 6 mm, respectively. Fig. 16, reveals the simulated -parameters of the duplexer. The minimum isolation in the Rx channel is 35.3 dB, and in the Tx channel is 36.5 dB. The maximum insertion loss is 1.58 dB in the Rx channel, and 1.36 dB in the Tx channel. Overall, a good performance is observed. C. Beamsteerer Using Recongurable EBG Structure The technique of creating a recongurable EBG structure is highly preferred for beamsteering purpose because conventional electronic phase shifters are expensive, relatively large, and have power limitations. The reason why EBG structures can be used as phase shifters is that they change the wave propagation constant in its passband in addition to producing a stopband [12]. In the edge where the forbidden band starts, the propagation constant is almost half than the propagation constant of a wave traveling in a transmission line without an EBG [13]. Based on this characteristic, it is possible to tune the bandgap position of the EBG lattice and, consequently, to obtain different values of phases. A two-element microstrip patch antenna array was designed to operate at 2.468 GHz on a 0.78-mmthick substrate with the

Fig. 17.

Steerable antenna array with recongurable EBG structure.

relative permittivity of 4.4. The schematic of the array is shown in Fig. 17. The patch-antenna dimensions are 38 31.2 mm. The element spacing is 62 mm. Two columns of recongurable fork-like EBG were inserted beneath each 50- feedline. The EBG structure was design to produce a bandgap in a slightly higher frequency than the operating frequency of the antenna. This is because the EBG structure is used as a phase shifter and not as a lter. The EBG patches have the following dimensions. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. A MEMS switch is placed at the root of each stretched strip. When the switch is on, the bandgap starts at 2.68 GHz; when the switch is off, no bandgap is observed beneath 4 GHz. The status of the switches determines the different phase values of the two feedlines. If the two switches of the left-hand-side column are on and the ones of the right-hand-side column are off, the distribution simulated phases is named as 1-1-0-0. Fig. 18 shows the

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The radiation patterns are shown in Fig. 20. The main beam power varied less than 0.3 dB over the whole range of beamsteering. The arrays beam peak is directed at 0 in the symmetrical 1-0-1-0 status. The beam can be squinted by the application of recongurable EBG structure. For 1-1-1-0 status, the beam peak is found at 10 . For 1-1-0-0 status, the beam peak is found at 20 . Thus, a linearly discrete beamsteering of 20 in steps of 10 has been achieved at a xed frequency of 2.468 GHz. VI. CONCLUSION
Fig. 18. Simulated phases of transmission lines with various EBG congurations.

In this paper, a novel compact fork-like EBG structure has been investigated. Simulations and experiments have been performed. The results verify that the novel EBG structure has a winning feature of compactness. The period of the EBG latat the desired bandgap frequency. Moreover, tice is only this structure provides an additional degree of freedom to control the bandgap characteristics more easily. This feature can be applied to design a wide-band EBG structure. A recongurable multiband EBG structure is also presented based on the fork-like EBG conguration. Several application examples have been demonstrated. This fork-like structure, with the advantages of compactness and exibility, will nd attractive applications in various areas, such as compact antenna, surface-wave suppression, and antenna array utilities. REFERENCES
[1] R. Coccioli, F. R. Yang, K. P. Ma, and T. Itoh, Aperture-coupled patch antenna on UC-PBG substrate, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 21232130, Nov. 1999. [2] C. Cheype, C. Serier, M. Thevenot, T. Monediere, A. Reineix, and B. Jecko, An electromagnetic bandgap resonator antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 12851290, Sep. 2002. [3] D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. F. J. Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 20592074, Nov. 1999. [4] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Microstrip antennas integrated with electromagnetic band-gap structures: A low mutual coupling design for array applications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 29362946, Oct. 2003. [5] L. Yang, Z. H. Feng, F. L. Chen, and M. Y. Fan, A novel compact electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure and its application in microstrip antenna arrays, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Jun. 2004, pp. 16351638. [6] Y. Rahmat-Samii and H. Mosallaei, Electromagnetic band-gap structures: Classication, characterization and applications, in Proc. IEE ICAP Symp., Apr. 2001, pp. 560564. [7] M. Rahman and M. A. Stuchly, Circularly polarized patch antenna with periodic structure, Proc. IEE, pt. H, vol. 149, no. 3, Jun. 2002. [8] M. Y. Fan, R. Hu, Z. H. Feng, X. X. Zhang, and Q. Hao, Advance in 2D-EBG research, J. Infrared Millim. Waves, vol. 22, no. 2, 2003. [9] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Reection phase characterizations of the EBG ground plane for low prole wire antenna applications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 26912702, Oct. 2003. [10] H. Rong and X. X. Zhang, Study of PBG structure and its application in antennas, Acta Electron. Sin., vol. 31, pp. 17651770, Dec. 2003. [11] Y. Ning, C. Zhining, W. Y. Yi, and Y. W. Chia, A novel two-layer compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and its applications in microwave circuits, Sci. China, vol. 46, pp. 439446, Aug. 2003. [12] L. C. Kretly and A. Tavora, A PBG-photonic band gap-static phase-shifter for steerable antenna array, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., vol. 1, Sep. 2003, pp. 211214. [13] B. Elamaran, I. Chio, L. Chen, and J. Chiao, A beam-steerer using recongurable PBG ground plane, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., vol. 2, Jun. 2000, pp. 835838.

Fig. 19. Return-loss performances of the steerable antenna array with different recongurable EBG congurations.

Fig. 20. Radiation patterns of the steerable antenna array with different recongurable EBG congurations. (1) 1-0-1-0. (2) 1-1-1-0. (3) 1-1-0-0.

of the transmission lines. The phase shift introduced by the recongurable fork-like EBG can be clearly observed. The return-loss performances of the antenna array with EBG structure are shown in Fig. 19. It can be seen that all the EBG distributions are well matched at 2.468 GHz.

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Li Yang (S04) received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2002, and is currently working toward the M.S. degree in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University. His research interests include microstrip antenna and recongurable antenna designs, EBG structures, and microwave circuits.

Jingzhao She was born in Hunan, China, on March 21, 1946. He received the B.S. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1970. Since then, he has been with the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University. His research concerns microwave theory and techniques.

Mingyan Fan was born in Dalian, China, on August 27, 1973. He received the B.S. degree from the Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, in 1996, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Tsinghua University, China, in 1998 and 2004, respectively. He is currently a Chief Technical Ofcer (CTO) with Beijing Zant Antenna Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China. His research interests include small antennas, multimode antennas, EBG antennas, and recongurable antennas for wireless communication terminals. Zhenghe Feng (A01) received the B.S. degree in radio and electronics from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1970. Since 1970, he has been with Tsinghua University, as an Assistant, Lecturer, Associate Professor, and Full Professor. He is currently Chair of the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University. His main research areas include numerical techniques and computational electromagnetics, RF and microwave circuits and antennas, wireless communications, smart antennas, and spatial-temporal signal processing.

Fanglu Chen (S04) was born in Hangzhou, China, in 1979. He received the B.S degree in physics from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2002, and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering at Tsinghua University. His current research interests are antenna design, microwave lter design, and microwave circuits.