Nanotech Development in India April 2010

April 2009
Nanotechnology developments in India – a

status report
Supported by
The International Development Research Centre, Canada
[Part of project: Capability, Governance and Nanotechnology Developments:
a focus on India]
Project Report No. 2006ST21: D5
www.teriin.org The Energy and Resources Institute

© The Energy and Resources Institute 2009
Study team
Manish Anand
Malini Balakrishnan
Vidya Batra
Piyali Das
Ligia Noronha
Shilpanjali Sarma (Co-ordinator)
Nidhi Srivastava
Secretarial assistance
M K Bineesan
Suggested format for citation

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). 2009
Nanotechnology developments in India – a status report
TERI project: Capability, Governance, and Nanotechnology
Developments - a focus on India
New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.
[Project Report No. 2006ST21: D5]
[Please do not cite without permission]
For more information

Ms Shilpanjali Sarma
TERI Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
Darbari Seth Block E-mail shilpas@teri.res.in
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org
India India +91 • Delhi (0) 11
Table of Contents
E x e cu t i v e su mma ry .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. i
Key players and programmes .....................................................................................................i
Addressing development needs through nanotechnology ...................................................... ii
Policy support to nanotechnology R&D ................................................................................... ii
Key emerging challenges.......................................................................................................... iii
A bb r ev ia t io n s ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . v
In tr o d u ct i on ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... .. 1
Nanoscience and technology: an overview .................................................................................... 1
Global context; reasons for developing country engagement ..................................................... 2
Predominant role of the public sector in nanotechnology in India............................................. 4
Aspects governing R&D capacity building in nanoscience and technology.................................7
Structure of the report ................................................................................................................... 9
C H A P T E R 1 N a n o t e ch n olo g y d e v e lop me n t s i n I nd ia ... ..... .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1 1
Key players involved ..................................................................................................................... 11
Government agencies ............................................................................................................... 11
Public sector R&D institutions ................................................................................................ 15
Industry.....................................................................................................................................19
Non-government organizations.............................................................................................. 20
Key government programmes ......................................................................................................21
Department of Science and Technology..................................................................................21
Department of Information Technology ................................................................................ 25
Others....................................................................................................................................... 26
Investments in nano science and technology ............................................................................. 26
C H A P T E R 2 N an o t e ch n o lo g y an d d ev e lo p m en t iss u e s i n In d ia .. ..... ..... ..... ..... 3 1
Nanotechnology and Energy in India ..........................................................................................31
Challenges in the energy sector in India .................................................................................31
How nanotechnology can address these challenges .............................................................. 32
International developments.................................................................................................... 33
Nanotechnology R&D in the energy sector in India .............................................................. 34
Nanotechnology and water in India............................................................................................ 36
Challenges in the water sector in India .................................................................................. 36
How nanotechnology might address these challenges ...........................................................37
Nanotechnology R&D in the water sector in India................................................................ 38
Nanotechnology and agriculture in India....................................................................................41
Challenges in the agriculture sector in India ..........................................................................41
How nanotechnology might address these challenges ...........................................................41
International developments.................................................................................................... 42
Nanotechnology R&D in the agriculture sector in India....................................................... 43
Support for R&D that addresses national priorities and socio-economic development.......... 46
C H A P T E R 3 Po li cy s u p p or t fo r na n o t e ch n o lo g y in In d ia . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 52
Grants for research and technology development ..................................................................... 52
Department of Science and Technology (DST)...................................................................... 52
Department of Biotechnology (DBT) ......................................................................................55
Department of Information Technology (DIT).......................................................................57
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).......................................................... 58
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) .................................................................................... 60
Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) .................................................61
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)......................................................................... 62
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)................................................................. 62
Strengthening human resource and infrastructure ................................................................... 63
International collaborations........................................................................................................ 68
Initiatives and role of State Governments .................................................................................. 69
Karnataka................................................................................................................................. 69
Tamilnadu ................................................................................................................................ 70
Haryana..................................................................................................................................... 71
Key features of policy support ......................................................................................................72
Fundamental research..............................................................................................................72
Support for development of applications................................................................................73
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research ...................................................................76
Multiplicity and overlapping R&D focus.................................................................................77
C H A P T E R 4 Ch a lle ng es an d op p o r tu n it i e s f o r n a n o t e ch no lo g y d ev e lo p m en t .. 8 1
Expanding R&D infrastructure and access to scientific facilities...............................................81
Content of nanotechnology related postgraduate courses and development of a standard
curriculum .................................................................................................................................... 83
Research on potential EHS impacts and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials and nano
applications .................................................................................................................................. 85
Cross disciplinary research, PPPs and technology development .............................................. 88
Possible mechanisms for enabling large interdisciplinary research projects and technology
development ................................................................................................................................. 90
Overlap of R&D focus areas amongst diverse agencies engaged in supporting nanoscience and
technology R&D ........................................................................................................................... 90
Lack of coordination amongst agencies involved in nanoscience and technology................... 92
Possible way forward............................................................................................................... 93
Lack of information flow and building networks ....................................................................... 94
Development of a potential roadmap for nanoscience and technology.................................... 95
O v e r a ll Co n clu s i on s of t h e w o rk . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... 99
Nanotechnology developments and policy support in India ................................................ 99
Challenges and opportunities ................................................................................................ 101
Annexure I ...................................................................................................................................103
Annexure II...................................................................................................................................111
Annexure III ................................................................................................................................120
Annexure IV.................................................................................................................................123
Annexure V ..................................................................................................................................124
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Distribution of existing “Centres of Excellence” across the various categories of R&D
institutes .......................................................................................................................... 17
Table 2.1 R&D in nanotechnology and energy in India.................................................................35
Table 2.2 R&D in nanotechnology and agriculture in India ........................................................ 45
Table 2.3 Distribution of DST sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects across various
sectors .............................................................................................................................47
Table 2.4 Distribution of SERC sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects across various
sectors ............................................................................................................................ 48
Table 2.5 Distribution of DBT sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects across various
sectors ............................................................................................................................ 49
Table 2.6 Distribution of DIT, CSIR, DAE, DRDO, ICMR and MNRE sponsored
nanotechnology related R&D projects across various sectors ..................................... 51
Table 3.1 List of Joint Institute-Industry Projects under the Nano Mission .............................. 54
Table 3.2 Year-wise sanction of projects by DST under NSTI and NSTM ...................................55
Table 3.3 Calls for proposals on nanotechnology by DBT ............................................................57
Table 3.4 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology related work under CSIR ..................................... 60
Table 3.5 List of projects by Department of Atomic Energy.........................................................61
Table 3.6 List of nanotechnology projects that have received financial aid from ICMR ........... 62
Table 3.7 List of post-graduates course in nanoscience and technology facilitated by DST...... 65
Table 3.8 Initiatives undertaken for human resource development and promotion under the
Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI)........................................................... 66
Table 3.9 List of initiatives taken during the NSTI and NSTM to upgrade infrastructure
facilitaties ........................................................................................................................67
Table 3.10 List of 21 technologies that have been transferred to Industry in India by Academic
institutes / R&D Labs ...................................................................................................75
Table 3.11 Nanosciecne and nanotechnology within overall R&D frameworks across
departments/ agencies ................................................................................................. 78
Table 4.1 List of projects supported by various agencies on issues of toxicity, environmental
and health implications of nanomaterials ................................................................... 86
Table 4.2 Depicting National Advisory Committee members for nanoscience and
nanotechnology ............................................................................................................. 96
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Mapping of stakeholders in nanotechnology in India ...................................................12
Figure 1.2 Centre of excellence established in India in nanoscience and technology...................18
Executive summary
The present report is a part of an ongoing study on Capability,
Governance and Nanotechnology developments: a focus on
India. It provides a status overview with respect to key players,
government programmes, nanotechnology and development
issues in India, with special reference to agriculture and water.
An analysis of the policy support given to nanotechnology
development follows along with a discussion on challenges and
opportunities existing for nanotechnology development in
India.
Key players and programmes
Nanotechnology promises to deliver novel products and

processes or enhance the performance of existing ones across
sectors. They include interventions in a range of domains like
water, energy, health, agriculture and environment that could
enable solutions to several development related problems
especially in developing countries. Several industry related
sectors like pharmaceuticals, electronics, automobiles, textile,
chemicals and manufacturing sector, information technology
and communications as well as biotechnology appear poised to
gain from nanotechnology applications. The desire to harness
this potential has prompted global interest in nanotechnologies.
Developing countries in general have been restricted in their
ability to build S&T capability and engage in R&D in the manner
of developed nations.
The emergence of nanotechnology in India has witnessed the

engagement of a diverse set of players, each with their
respective agenda and role. Together they shape the trajectory
of nanotechnology in the national context. Since
nanotechnology in India is a public driven initiative, industry
participation is still at a nascent stage. Therefore, policy
agencies and R&D organisations are the key players in the
national context.
Amongst the government agencies, Department of Science and

Technology (DST) is the nodal department for organising,
coordinating and promoting S&T activities. It is at the helm of
the principal program, the Nanoscience and Technology
Mission (NSTM) established to make India a forerunner
nanoscience and technology. Beside DST, several other agencies
including the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), agencies under
the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology,
Ministry of Family Health and Welfare, Ministry of Defence,
Ministry of New and Revewable Energy are engaged with
T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

ii Nanotechnolgy policy environment and R&D in India
promotion of nanotechnology, especially in terms of R&D

activities. Public sector R&D institutions play an predominant
role in nanotechnology R&D. Research in nanoscience and
nanotechnology is being carried out in various academic and
scientific institutions. Foremost are the, ‘Centers of Excellence
(CoE) for Nanoscience and Technology’ established under the
NSTI by DST.
Besides, there are a few companies in India that are engaged in

research and product development on nanotechnology such as,
Cranes Software International Limited, Monad Nanotech,
Velbionanotech, Innovations Unified Technologies, Qtech
Nanosystems and Naga Nanotech India. Also, leading
companies like Reliance, Tata Group and Mahindra and
Mahindra, to name a few, are also making investments in this
emerging area.
Addressing development needs through nanotechnology

Given the enabling nature of nanotechnology and ability to
develop along with existing technologies, it has the potential to
be utilised as a tool to address key development related
challenges in diverse sectors like energy, water agriculture,
health, environment etc. Enabling energy storage, production
and conversion within renewable energy frameworks has been
cited as the primary area where nanotechnology applications
might aid developing countries. Nanotechnology interventions
might be sought at specific junctures to improve quantity and
quality of water and wastewater treatment systems.
Enhancement of agricultural productivity has been identified as
the second most critical area of application of nanotechnology
for attaining the millennium development goals.
The Government in India has recognized the importance of

research and development in nanotechnology in key areas as
evident from public investments. Other than the development
needs mentioned above, health has been emerging as an
important area, which has been able to attract maximum
attention from researchers, government and the industry.
Policy support to nanotechnology R&D

Policy support from the government for building S&T capacity
for R&D take three, sometimes overlapping routes -
Allocation of funds to nanoscience and technology
development
Establishment of institutions and centres for R&D
Support to fundamental, applied research and technology
development
Strengthening human resources and infrastructure
capacities
Forging international collaborations

iii Nanoatechnology developments in India – a status report
Several government departments and agencies, such as the

DST, DBT, DIT, CSIR, ICMR, DAE, DRDO and MNRE, have
been supporting nanoscience and technology in different
spheres and capacities. These initiatives have been growing not
only at a central level but state levels as well, with states like
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Haryana adopting a very proactive
approach.
Overall, the support provided by the government for

nanoscience and nanotechnology has been characterised by
emphasis on fundamental research, some support for
development of applications, multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary research, scant emphasis on risk related
research of nanotechnology, in certain instances of multiplicity
and overlapping R&D focus.
To realize the actual application potential of nanotechnology

would depend on capability at the national level to engage
successfully in the emerging domains of science and technology.
This project has developed such a conceptual Framework to
assess national capabilities to respond to NT developments.1
In this context, nanotechnology offers certain challenges as well

as opportunities to developing countries like India to engage
successfully in nanotechnology research and harness its benefit
towards economic growth and development.
Key emerging challenges

The study highlights some key challenges facing the country to
optimally enhance the capacity building initiative vis-à-vis
nanotechnology. One of the biggest challenges has been in terms
of the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology per se and the
scope of its applications. These characteristics and the optimism
regarding potential application of nanotechnology in a whole
range of spheres, has to an extent lead to significant overlaps in
the areas for R&D support identified by different agencies. For
instance in health, a strong engagement of agencies like DST,
DBT, and ICMR as well as the involvement of others like CSIR and
even DRDO has been present. This may result in duplicative R&D
efforts and a waste of financial and human resources in this
already cost intensive domain. Other related challenges are in the
form of lack of coordination, information flow, overlapping
mandates and jurisdictions.
An inadequate flow of information between policy makers and the

scientific population as well as amongst policy makers acts as a
barrier in developing real capacity due to inability to leverage
existing capacity, expertise and initiatives. A greater interaction
1 Research Deliverable 7, Ocotober 2008

iv Nanotechnolgy policy environment and R&D in India
between the government and other actors as well as within the

different wings of the government is imperative.
The gap between basic research and application is another

challenge in nanotechnology, like several other technologies.
However, as policy makers begin to stress on product and process,
or rather deliverable oriented R&D and policies that encourage
scientific entrepreneurship, a more conducive environment for
public-private partnerships and technology development is
essential. Being cost and risk intensive, and dependent upon
sophisticated and complex equipment, technical know-how and
capacity, financial constraints often act as an impediment in this
regard.
Although the NSTM outlines the key focus areas for building
capacity in nanotechnology in India there is a need for developing
a detailed time and deliverable bound roadmap for nanoscience
and technology This could involve a SWOT analysis of the R&D
capacity in the nano-domain in India and also address the areas of
strategic interest and if possible even sector specific road maps
including risk assessment, management and mitigations within
the overall nanotechnology development framework. The study
proposes that multi stakeholder engagement that draws
representatives from policy makers, scientists, development
professionals, social scientists, industry and risk professionals
might be sought to formulate such a roadmap.

v Nanoatechnology developments in India – a status report
Abbreviations
CoE Centre of Excellence

CII Confederation of Indian Industries
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
DRDO Defence Research and Development Organization
DAE Department of Atomic Energy
DBT Department of Biotechnology
DIT Department of Information Technology
DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
DST Department of Science and Technology
EHS Environmental, Health and Safety
GOI Government of India
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Reserach
ICT Information and communication technology
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
INUP The Indian Nanoelectronics Users Programme
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
NSTI Nanoscience and Technology Initative
NSTM Nanoscience and Technology Mission
NT Nanotechnology
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
R&D Research and Development

Introduction
Nanoscience and technology: an overview

The desire to harness cutting edge science and technology for
enabling development has prompted global interest in emerging
technologies such as information technology, biotechnology and
of late nanotechnologies.. Nanotechnology aims to harness the
unique properties of things at the nanometer scale (one
billionth of a meter) that are not displayed by their larger
counterparts. Nanoscience generally deals with understanding
the “nano” phenomenon and includes the investigation of the
properties of various nanomaterials, control and maneuvering
of matter at the nano scale. On the other hand nanotechnology
involves using tools and methods for the synthesis, analysis,
manufacture and application of materials, products and systems
that are at the nanometer scale or incorporate facets of the same
dimensions1. However the term “nanotechnology” is by and
large used as a reference for both nanoscience and
nanotechnology especially in the public domain.
Nanotechnology is based on the convergence of several
disciplines ranging from chemistry, material science, physics,
biology and engineering. Cutting across several disciplines
nanoscience and technology lends itself quite naturally to being
merged with other technologies facilitating enhanced scientific
and technological prospects and applications. For that reason
inter and transdisciplinary research is in most cases a
characteristic feature of the R&D undertaken in this field. In
fact several experts have called for the use of the term
“nanotechnologies” instead of “nanotechnology” as the field
does not pertain to a single kind of technology intervention but
encompasses several diverse applications2. The potential of the
convergence of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology,
biotechnology and information technology has created a great
deal of speculation and even conviction about the advantages it
could bestow on mankind.
1 Report on Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and

uncertainties, 2004, The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of
Engineering, http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm
2 Ibid
T E R I Report No. 2006ST21

2 Nanotechnolgy policy environment and R&D in India
Global context; reasons for developing country engagement
Nanotechnology promises to deliver novel products and

processes or enhance the performance of existing ones across
sectors. They include interventions in a range of domains like
water, energy, health, agriculture and environment that could
enable solutions to several development related problems
especially in developing countries1,2. Several industry related
sectors like pharmaceuticals, electronics, automobiles, textile,
chemicals and manufacturing sector, information technology
and communications as well as biotechnology appear poised to
gain from nanotechnology applications. Though shrouded in a
lot of hype, less sanguine forecasts also suggest that this
technology could drive innovations and transformations that
are unlike any that the world has witnessed in the context of
technologies. Markets worth US$ 1 trillion have been forecasted
in 2015 3though this could be subject to the development of
clear markets, reduced costs and large scale manufacturing for
nano applications. Thus it appears that nanotechnology could
impact social development, economies and businesses the world
over. Consequently the lure of using nanotechnology as a tool to
enhance industrial competitiveness and national development
in this globalised world has laid the foundation for a race
amongst several countries to acquire and develop capabilities to
harness this technology. Simultaneously a view that is fast
becoming widespread in the global community is that in context
of research and technology development, developing countries
have the rare opportunity in nanotechnology to “leap frog” in
terms of scientific progress4.
Developing countries in general have been restricted in their

ability to build S&T capability and engage in R&D in the manner
of developed nations. Experts believe that albeit witness to
some good even excellent research, India is to a large extent
several years behind countries like the US, EU and even
developing countries like China5 and some other East Asian
1 Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad DL, Court EB, Martin DK, Daar AS, et al. (2005)
Nanotechnology andthe developing world. PLoS Med 2(4): e97.
2 http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotech-applications.html
3
http://www.nanotechnologydevelopment.com/investment/nanotechnolog
y-1-trillion-market-by-2015.html
4 Rachel Parker, 2008, Leapfrogging Development through
Nanotechnology Investment:Chinese and Indian Science and Technology
Policy Strategies, China-India-US Workshop on Science, Technology and
Innovation Policy
5 India lags behind China in spending on R&D: Kapil Sibal, 12 March,
2008, Times of India,
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_lags_behind_China_in_
spending_on_RD_Kapil_Sibal/rssarticleshow/2857652.cms

countries in the context of R&D and S&T capability1.

Sometimes, areas of prime technological relevance have been
entirely bypassed (e.g. semiconductor revolution)2. Therefore in
order to bolster the nation’s science and technology resource the
policy making establishment appears to want to promote R&D
in cutting edge science that in several areas including
biotechnology, advanced materials and nanotechnology. Since
nanoscience and technology is still emerging, it provides
developing nations an opportunity to not only catch up with
their developed counterparts but also offers the possibility to
develop an advantage in core areas.
Worldwide, public sector research and development in the

nanotechnology sphere is thriving in several developed and well
as developing nations. A growing number of private players are
also either investing in core areas in this field or are cautiously
testing the rapidly changing “nanowaters” with a view to invest
in the future. There is an emerging market for nanoproducts
and applications in the global platform, however the majority of
products in the market (close to 700) are largely tailored to high
end or luxury oriented consumer products such as textiles,
sports goods, cosmetics and home furnishings3. Nonetheless, it
is believed that nanotechnology applications can also provide
solutions that could help solve some of the world’s most
pressing problems especially those faced by developing
countries such as access to clean water, promotion of renewable
energy, increasing agricultural production and efficiency of food
storage and finding solutions to several diseases plaguing
developing country populations. Consequently it has been
proclaimed that nanotechnology might act as a key potential
tool in serving to attain the Millennium Developmental Goals
and solving several problems4.
Anticipating its potential as a tool to effect social and economic

development as well as the opportunity it brings with it to
engage in the forefronts of science and technology has led
several developing countries to lay emphasis on nanoscience
and technology. Public investments and strategic
nanotechnology initiatives have been undertaken in countries
like India, China, Brazil, South Africa and Korea. Other African
1Jaimini Bhagwati, It is technology, stupid, May 29, 2007, Business

Standard, http://www.business-
standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=285917
2 Centre to set up nano-centre at JNCASR, 24th Sept 2006, The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092403440400.ht
m
3 On-line inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products, Project
on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson Center
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/
4 Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad DL, Court EB, Martin DK, Daar AS, et al.
(2005) Nanotechnology andthe developing world. PLoS Med 2(4): e97.

countries like Zambia, Ethiopia and some others also appear to

have initiated some level of engagement with this technology1.
Predominant role of the public sector in nanotechnology in India

In India, the nanoscience and technology undertaking has
primarily been a government led initiative. Promoting
nanotechnology and capacity building initiatives including
investments, establishment of infrastructure and facilitation of
public private partnerships are largely being directed by
national policy making agencies. In most countries around the
world either developing or developed, the initial impetus for
nanotechnology has come from the national governments2, 3, 4.
It has been observed in the context of emerging technologies
that governments have usually lent a large helping hand during
their initial development because it is usually a while before
prospects of commercial feasibility become apparent and
market forces can drive their growth5.
In the case of a developing country like India, the trajectory of

nanotechnology might be largely dependent on government
initiatives and support for several reasons. India views building
capacity in S&T including nanotechnology as a way to improve
its socioeconomic condition, industrial competitiveness and its
position as a key player in this globalized world. This would
oblige the state to play a significant role in developing and
harnessing this technology. Alternatively, national scientific and
technological endeavours are challenging undertakings.
Developing R&D capacity in nanoscience and technology might
however be a rather more complex enterprise due to its complex
scientific and technological dimensions, multidisciplinary
nature, cost intensiveness and an enabling characteristic that
promises to facilitate ubiquitous applications across sectors.
These dimensions amongst others pose important junctures at

which government’s role will be crucial for building capability.
For example nanoscience and technology compels that large
efforts are made at understanding the fundamental aspects in
1 Donald C. Maclurcan, 2005 Nanotechnology and Developing Countries

Part 1: What Possibilities?, AZOjono, Volume 1
2NNI, http://www.nano.gov/html/about/history.html
3 Nanotechnology- Big or small – A question of perspective, Research in
Germany, http://www.research-in-
germany.de/coremedia/generator/dachportal/en/05__Topics_20in_20F
ocus/Nanotechnology/Nanotechnology.html
4 Brazil Nanotechnology Overview Februray 2005 Compiled by:
Swiss Business Hub Brazil,
http://www.osec.ch/internet/osec/de/home/export/publications/reports/
free.-ContentSlot-44753-ItemList-1952-File.File.pdf/branchrep-
nanobrazil_en.pdf
5 http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5531.php

the “nano” context that might bring forth new principles and
tenets. Understanding the science behind the technology is vital
for successfully advancing the realm of nanotechnology. This
makes basic research a prerequisite for indigenous technology
and application development, unless a country decides to
depend on licensing technology from nations (usually developed
countries) that are engaging in basic research leading to
subsequent technology development. In this regard as
frequently observed especially in developing countries, it is the
government that bears the responsibility for initiating, directing
basic research in various fields. Moreover since nanotechnology
involves manipulation at extremely small scales, sophisticated
infrastructure and instrumentation capacities become an
important prerequisite to conduct R&D. Together with this,
application development in nanotechnology necessitates the
training of human resource base in multidisciplinary aspects of
this technology as well as the creation of interdisciplinary
environments for R&D. These actions require heavy investment
and strategic planning at the national level that is usually a
function of the government since it has access to public money
and resources required to build capacity of this nature.
Despite these measures nanotech research in could entail long

gestation periods, risk of technology failure and ensure markets.
Especially in developing countries these risks along with the
high cost research and infrastructure development prevented
significant industry and venture capital (VC) participation in
nanotechnology R&D1. The nanotechnology industry is in its
infancy in India although it appears to be emerging with
companies like Darbur active in nanodrug delivery, Mahindra
and Mahindra looking at nanomaterials for enhancing the
performance of automobiles, Tata chemicals researching nano-
pesticide delivery mechanisms and ICan nano developing paints
and coatings incorporating nanomaterials2. However it is felt by
the Indian S&T establishment in general that the concept of
“directed basic research” undertaken or initiated by industry (in
partnership or not with public entities) in developed nations is
in its infancy in India3. Since the sustenance of private
companies hinges on their ability to generate profits, SMEs
especially cannot be expected in a developing country scenario
to engage in basic research. The government on the other hand
through its R&D governing agencies has the capacity to
1 Vivek Srivastava, 2007, Reaching the critical mass in Indian

nanotechnology industry, Nanotechnology Now, http://www.nanotech-
now.com/columns/?article=069
2 G K Moinudeen, Nanotechnology-Industrial Scenario- India,
Confederation of Indian Industry,
http://www.istpcanada.ca/_files/file.php?fileid=filexSbBkbaKdd&filenam
e=file_India_Moinudeen.pdf
3 Report of the Steering Committee on Science and Technology for
Eleventh Fiver Year Plan (2007-2012), December 2006, Government of
India, Planning Comission

undertake together with applied research its basic equivalent

that focuses on knowledge generation rather than application
development and builds a foundation upon which technologies
can be built. Focus on as well as funding for high risk yet cutting
edge technology development (which in some sense might
describe R&D in nanotechnology) can also be scribed into
national S&T agendas by government agencies since the have
the flexibility to further the cause of science apart from
emphasis on conventional technology development. The
industry on the other hand might be hesitant to invest large
amounts in this direction. Moreover national agencies with
nanotechnology related mandates also have the capacity to be
instrumental in enabling public-private partnerships and
encouraging industry participation which is vital to the process
of technology development in the nano arena. Although this
area has been under-capitalised to a large extent in the India
context, there exist institutional mechanisms to develop greater
industry participation in public funded R&D for technology
development. CSIR’s NIMITLI initiative1 and NRDCs efforts2 in
the area of technology development prime examples.
In the global domain in nanotechnology, the 800 or so products

on market shelves comprise largely of products such as
cosmetics and sunscreens, clothing, personal care products,
sports goods, home and garden care products, electronics and
kitchenware and appliances etc. Most of these products are
geared towards higher end markets and cater to the rich3.
Applications that serve sectors like water and health such as
water filters and diagnostic kits for infectious diseases are in
insignificant numbers in this list. However it is well known that
nanotechnology poses vast opportunity and potential for
catalyzing basic and application oriented research in several
spheres that could aid social development (water, energy,
health, agriculture, environment etc). In developing countries
where it is imperative that science and technology is used to
address development concerns, it is public agencies that will or
could be encouraged to develop nanotechnology with a view on
national priorities. In such a scenario government initiatives
and investments into areas of research that are “non-
commercial” are needed to ensure nanotechnology harnessed to
solve for socially relevant problems. On the other hand the
private sector might focus technology development in
commercial and niche areas. In fact the recently launched
Nanoscience and technology mission (discussed in a section
1 http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/collaborations/NM.pdf
2 http://www.nrdcindia.com/maj-tech.htm
3 On-line inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products, Project
on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson Center
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/

ahead) specifies that one of its aims is to develop applications

that serve sectors like health, water and agriculture. Indeed
public funded projects have been instrumental in developing
nanomaterial based water filters (IIT Chennai, ARCI)1 as well as
diagnostic kits for tuberculosis (CSIO)2 and typhoid (DRDO and
IISc)3. Moreover IIT Bombay that has been developed as a
Centre of Excellence in nanotechnology has developed the iSens
biochip that can allow the early detection of heart attack4. The
Agharkar institute is also developing a therapeutic nano-silver
product that has antimicrobial activity and for which clinical
trials are being considered5. Also at the University of Delhi, the
Department of Chemistry has focused on developing
nanoparticle encapsulation for steroidal drugs delivery for
ocular applications6. This technology is being transferred to the
industry for commercialisation.
For these significant reasons developing countries like India

sees the national S&T policy agencies assuming the prime
responsibility of investing and strategizing the development of
nanoscience and technology. This has necessitated that
ministerial departments involved in shaping the S&T and
related R&D capability of India -the Department of Science and
Technology and others such as the Department of
Biotechnology (both under the S&T ministry) and Department
of information Technology- catalyze and lead the
nanotechnology R&D initiative. Such agencies have therefore
become the nucleus/hub for decision-making and
implementation strategy for nanotechnology development and
management. Therefore it appears that the national S&T
agencies and the approaches they take during the course of
developing nanotechnology will play an instrumental role in the
emergence of this technology in India and its trajectory.
Aspects governing R&D capacity building in nanoscience and technology

Building capacity in a novel, emerging and complex technology
like nanotechnology is a challenging task that the government and
policymaking agencies take upon themselves. India while
performing exceedingly well in certain technology domains, like
1 http://www.indiawaterportal.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/nano.doc
1http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022751082300.
htm
2 CSIO develops nanotechnology for TB diagnosis kit, 2004, The Times of
India, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/401636.cms
3 DRDO typhoid kit in market by mid-year, 2006, The Hindu,
http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/14/stories/2006011419320200.htm
4 Background paper on Nanotechnology – The Science of the future, 2008,
India R&D 2008
5 Jahanara Parveen, Nanobiotech pioneers,
http://biospectrumindia.ciol.com/cgi-bin/printer.asp?id=109589
6Background paper on Nanotechnology – The Science of the future, 2008,
India R&D 2008

space technology for example has also missed out on harnessing

important areas of R&D- semiconductor technology1. Taking into
account its enormous socio-economic potential, the Indian S&T
establishment aims to become a key global player in nanoscience
and nanotechnology. In the race amongst developed and
developing nations to garner nanotechnology’s benefits, it would
mean getting “nanotechnology right the first time” making the role
of R&D policymaking agencies all the more significant.
Every country provides a unique backdrop for the evolution and

development of nanoscience and technology given its S&T
history, local context and priorities. Given that India since its
independence has had to rely on a bottom up approach to
develop capabilities in various technologies, the national S&T
agencies and their policies have played an important role in
shaping the present scenario in this domain. Therefore the path
that nanotechnology charts in India must be seen in the
backdrop of India’s the existing S&T environment not be
visualised in isolation. Developments and approaches that
define nanotechnology’s trajectory in India will draw from
available S&T milieu. For example India has been considered as
having a stronger science rather than an engineering
background2. Therefore while basic research is seen to thrive in
India, application development is an area that has in general
not flourished. The Nehru era that saw the bolstering of Indian
S&T also laid the strong foundation for developing universities
and S&T institutes that form the backbone of the system that
churns record numbers of science and engineering graduates.
On the other hand India has largely lacked the environment that
creates active and efficient public-private participation in R&D
that facilitates speedy technology development and
commercialisation. Additionally it is also largely recognised that
the era of tight fisted R&D budgets is that of the past and the
government has dramatically increased its S&T spending3. Yet
several experts feel that the bureaucratic manner in which fund
allocation has been controlled begs for a creation of a new body
that directs the management and disbursement of monies for
basic research4. Therefore several contradictions mark the Indian
S&T system that has largely been governed by national agencies
designated to oversee the building of R&D capacity in India.
These scenarios that have been determined by the measures and
1 Khandelwal, K. K. (1981), “The electronics industry: aspects and

prospects”, Commerce, 142 (3648), May 16, pp. 10-13.
2 Vivek Srivastava, 2008, Would public research investment create
innovative Indian nanotech companies, http://toostep.com/trends/would-
public-research-investment-create-innovative-ind
3 PM announces setting up of National Institute of Science Education and
Research at Bhubaneshwar, http://pmindia.nic.in/lspeech.asp?id=379
4 R. Ramachandran, 2009 Funds Aplenty, Frontline, Volume 26, Issue 5,
http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2605/stories/20090313260504900.ht
m

policies in national S&T framework will have implications for any

technological endeavour undertaken in the country. Thus the
nanotechnology initiative undertaken by the country must be
viewed in the light of existing frameworks as they will be defined
and guided by developments therein. The national
nanotechnology program must certainly try to leverage core
strengths of the Indian scientific establishment towards building
capacity in R&D in this field. However contemplation of the gaps
and impediments that the S&T system has witnessed in the past
as well as the challenges that nanotechnology poses to building
R&D capacity due to its complex nature might allow novel or
previously under-emphasized approaches to be assumed. In all of
this the role of the role of the national R&D policy agencies and
central and state governments are of prime importance.
The R&D policymaking arena of India is complex with many

agencies contributing to the growth of R&D and its development.
The functions of the national agencies that govern R&D capacity
building in the science and technology usually assume the following
dimensions: investments, promotion of R&D, facilitating technology
development and industry participation establishing infrastructure,
developing skilled human resources, forging national and
international collaborations. Moreover the Indian nanotechnology
landscape has characterised by several rapid developments from
seemingly diverse directions. While policy decisions lead to a gamut
of developments, in general, expansion and progress in the field of
nanoscience and technology might also govern policy decisions.
Both these would in turn bear implications for the national
nanotechnology framework and trajectory.
Structure of the report

This report has four main chapters: Chapter 1 reviews
development in nanotechnology in India. Chapter 2 describes
the nanotechnology and development issues in India where it
attempts to describe the R&D effort being undertaken in
development sectors like energy, water and agriculture in
context of the challenges that India faces within them. The focus
of chapter 3 is on policy support for nanotechnology in India.
Before concluding Chapter 4 deals with the challenges and
opportunities for nanotechnology development from a
capability perspective.
Taken together they provide a broad overview of the

nanotechnology developments, architecture, role of policy
making in this sphere and will help comprehend events and
forces that have led to the emergence nanoscience and
technology in India and are also currently instumental in
shaping it This would also help stakeholders focus on and

understand their implications for fostering R&D in

nanotechnology in the country and building capability for the
same.

C HAPTER 1 Nanotechnology developments in India
Key players involved

Nations try to harness the potential offered by modern science
and technology to its socio-economic needs. In order to realize
this, a wide range of organizations and practices are required.
Science and technology organizations, such as universities,
research institutes and public research and development
organizations constitute an important component of the science
and technology system of a nation. These are the sites where
knowledge with potential for technological innovation is
generated. Further, industries constitute an important arena in
which the knowledge is translated into goods and services. They
also tend to be the institutions whose products are used to fulfill
social needs. It goes without saying that organizations like
government agencies and departments, patent offices, and
funding organizations (both public and private) are equally
important in this regard. The above mentioned organizations
perform critical functions like R&D, the provision of technical
services, and the development of policy.
The emergence of nanotechnology in India has witnessed the

engagement of a diverse set of players, each with their own
agenda and role. Together they shape the trajectory of
nanotechnology in the national context. In what follows, we
provide an overview of the key players involved in the emerging
area of nanotechnology in India. Figure1.1 maps the key players
engaged in nanotechnology in India. Nanotechnology in India is
a public driven initiative. Industry participation has very recently
originated. Nanotechnology R&D barring a few exceptions is
largely being ensued at publically funded universities as well as
research institutes. Therefore policy agencies and R&D
organisations are the key players in the national context.
Government agencies
DST, the nodal department for organising, coordinating and
promoting S&T activities in India is the chief agency engaged in
the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It is at the
helm of the principal program, the Nanoscience and Technology
Mission (NSTM) established to develop India as a key player in
nanoscience and technology. While it will steer this initiative
between the years 2007-2012 it also hosted the flagship program,
the Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI) that was
pioneered in 2001 until 20061.
1 http://nanomission.gov.in/

Knowledge Generation Knowledge Transfer Knowledge Application

bodies bodies bodies
R&D
Industry
Associations (CII,
Universities & colleges Assocham, FICCI)
(~31)
Centre for Technology
Research Institutes Transfer (generic)
• Public (~17)
• Private Product
Development
Specialized Incubators
& S&T Entrepreneur
Centres of Excellence Parks
• Unit of Nanoscience (11) (NT-NCL, Pune)
• Centre for Nanotechnology (7)
• Centre for Computational
Materials Science (1)
Social science,
policy research
(TERI, Nistads..)
Nano Science & Technology in
India Media
Environment,
health and
Safety (EHS)
research Policy makers Regulatory Print Visual
(NIPER) bodies/authorities
MoST (DST, DBT, CSIR)
MoCIT (DIT)
Financial sector Civil Society & Community
Organizations
Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare (ICMR)
Venture Capital
Ministry of Defense (DRDO)
Gene Campaign
Public funds Ministry of New &
(influencing policy,
Renewable Energy
awareness raising)
Ministry of Agriculture
(ICAR) NIMBKAR, Pune
(Tech.dissemination)
Private Funds
Others (DAE)
India Nano (bridge
Ministry of Commerce & between academia
Industry & industry; seed
International Funds funded by IndiaCo )
MoWR
Involved in NT MoFPI Weak linkages

Other those have shown MoEF Emerging linkages
Other that could support NT Ministry of Textiles

Note: Figures in parentheses indicate the
Figure: Mapping of Stakeholders in Nanotechnology in India numbers
Figure 1.1 Mapping of stakeholders in nanotechnology in India

Aside DST, several other agencies with diverse mandates are also
actively engaged in supporting nanotechnology in the national
arena. This follows from nanotechnology’s ability to configure
itself to several disciplines as well as serve multiple sectors. DBT
that is involved in developing and supporting biotechnology in
Inida is keenly supporting research at the junctures if
nanotechnology and the lifesciences1. CSIR, a network of 38
laboratories that engages in scienctific and industrial R&D for
socio-economic benefit has also commissioned R&D in
nanotechnology in diverse areas2. While these three agencies are
under the Ministry of Science and Technology, DIT under the
Ministry of Information and Communication Technology as well
as ICMR under the Ministry of Family Health and Welfare are
also supporting the expansion of nanotechnology in the areas of
electronics3 and health4 respectively. The Ministry of New and
Revewable Energy (MNRE)5 is also supporting nanoscience and
technology in India to utilize its potential in developing
renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and fuel cells etc.
Additionally DRDO6, a network of 50 laboratories under the
Ministry of Defense as well as the Department of Atomic Energy
(DAE)7 that’s placed directly under the Government of India are
also contributing to the expsnsion of nantotechnology in India.
While DST appears to be playing the most significant role in
developing the nations capacity in nanotechnology the other
aforementioned agencies are also instrumental in shaping its
trajectory though their roles might be smaller than the former’s.
Aside these agencies, others like ICAR under the Minstry of
Agriculture as well as the Minstry of Commerce and Industry8, 9,
10, 11 have shown interest in engaging with nanotechnology in
India, though they are not yet actively involved. However both
these agencies might have important roles to play in
nanotechnology domain in the near future. ICAR representatives
have already been involved in developing a strategy for initiating
1 Annual Report, 2006-07 and 2007-08, Department of Biotechnology

2 Annual Report, 2006-2007, Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research
3 Department of Information Technology,
http://www.mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=691
4 Indian Council of Medical Research, List of Extramural Research
Fellowships(RA/ SRF) Sanctioned from April 2007 to March 2009,
http://icmr.nic.in/projects/fellowshipsanc07-09.htm
5 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, http://mnes.nic.in/
7 http://www.dae.gov.in/#
8 http://www.nal.res.in/pages/arupdhayadetprof.htm
9 Strategy for Increasing Exports of Pharmaceutical Products, 2008 Report
of the Task Force, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of
Commerce, Government of India,
http://commerce.nic.in/WhatsNew/Report%20Tas%20Force%20Pharma%
2012th%20Dec%2008.pdf
10 Government to commercialise nanotechnology products, 2004, Financial
Express, http://www.financialexpress.com/news/govt-to-commercialise-
nanotechnology-products/113424/
11 Narayan Kulkarni, 2006, Nanotechnology is the buzzword,
http://biospectrumindia.ciol.com/content/BioBusiness/10604115.asp

nanotechnology based R&D in the field of agriculture1. On the

other hand as industry engagement with nanotechnology
expands in India, an increased participation of Ministry for
Commerce and Industry might be observed.
Other policy agencies that might be interested in nanotechnology

The development of nanotechnology based sector wise
applications like nano-textiles in India might also facilitate the
involvement of other ministries such as the Ministry of Textile.
Further R&D in the areas like water and food processing is
encouraged by either DST or DBT. However other ministries like
the ministry of Water Resorces and the Ministry of Food
Processing Industries that hold these portfolios might also aid in
the development nanotechnology through the wealth of
information and experience that they possess in their niche areas
as well as in creating networks. Additinally as the potential for
utilising nanotechnology to address developmental needs and
help rural masses is realised the Ministry of Rural development
might aid in assessing the feasibility of these technologies in rural
setups aswell as in their diffusion. However at present the
participation of these agencies for nanotechnology development
appears unlikely given the lack of coordination observed amongst
policymakers across various agencies.
On the other hand the pervasiveness of nanotechnology and

uncertainity about its impacts necessitates that environmental
health and safety issues of EHS are addressed. In this context
reseach that informs stakeholders on the toxicological and risk
implications of nanomaterials and applications is crucial. While a
few such studies have been comissioned by DST and DBT (See
Chapter 2), a much larger role in identifying research gaps in this
area as well as in regulating this technology (as described in the
report on ‘Regulatory challenges of nanotechnology in India’
might be undertaken by the Ministry of Environments and
forests. Incidentally the MOEF aids both policy research as well
as applied research in the areas of pollution control and clean
technologies while the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
does have a wing that looks into issues of occupational health.
Additionally in the task of building capacity in the human

resources department that the Ministry of Human Resource
Development might support DST through some initiatives. While
DST focuses on developing human resources and post graduate
and doctorate levels, the former could evolve school curricula to
introduce nanotechnology at probably a higher secondary level as
well as train teachers in this sphere. In fact the Ministry of
Human Resources appears to have financed some nanoscience
1Surinder Sud, A Nano step , 2008, Business Standard

http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=320749

and nanotechnology related projects at IIT, Mumbai in the years

between 1999 and 20031.
Public sector R&D institutions
Public sector R&D institutions play a predominant role in

nanotechnology R&D. Research in nanoscience and
nanotechnology is being carried out in various academic and
scientific institutions. Foremost are the, ‘Centers of Excellence
(CoE) for Nanoscience and Technology’ established under the
NSTI by DST. The CoEs consist of eleven “Units of nanoscience”
that were created to pursue basic research in several broad areas
of nanoscience/ nanoscale systems and technology (Figure 1.2).
Whereas seven “Centers for nanotechnology” were also initiated
that could focus on R&D in niche areas or in specific dimensions
sch as nanoelectronics (IIT Bombay) or nanoscale phenomena in
biological systems and materials (Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research-TIFR) (Figure 1.2 ). The “Centers” seeks to undertake
R&D to develop specific applications in a fixed period of time.
Another “Center for Computational Materials Science” has also
been established2.
On the whole the 19 CoE have been spread across 14 distinct

institutions. Discussion with policy makers has led to the
understanding that these centers of excellence have been set up
primarily at those institutes that either have been engaging in
nanotechnology based R&D prior to their establishment or have
developed the resources to do so. The S.N. Bose National Centre
for Basic Sciences (SN Bose NCBS), Association for the
Cultivation of Science (IACS), the Indian Institute of Science
(IISc), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
((JNCASR) and IIT Kanpur, each host a Unit of Nanoscience as
well as Centre for Nanotechnology. These CoEs as well as the
others at IIT Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi are considered
amongst the leading institutes for nanoscience and technology
research. Altogether the CoEs comprise of autonomous institutes,
universities (central, state, deemed and private) as well as a CSIR
institute.
However autonomous institutes (the IITs, IACS, SN Bose NCBS

and SINP) are the largest represented group in the CoEs followed
by deemed universities (IISc and JNCASR). Amonsgt the othet
universities the University of Pune and Banaras Hindu University
host two CoEs while NCL, the CSIR laboratory hosts one (Table
1.1). Incidently it has been observed that in India that while the
bulk of the R&D is undertaken in and developed at autonomous
research institutes, only 3% of R&D activity is assumed in the
1 http://www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts/industry.html

university system of India1. Autonomous institutes have been

observed to possess the requisite infrastructure, human resources
as well as well oiled funding and international collaboration
mechanisms that enables them to engage in cutting edge
research. However some scientists do feel that R&D in
nanoscience and technology must be promoted at central and
state universities since that allows an opportunity for students
undertaking bachelors and masters programs to engage with this
emerging technology.
With this in mind DST has on the other hand been aiding the
establishment of other centres for nanoscience and technology
related R&D. Infact 3 institutes of nanocience and technology
(INST), one each at Bangalore, Kolkata and Mohali2 are being
considered and in 2008-2009 funds for the latter have been
provided (Nanomission website). The institute at Bangalore will
be established in joint partnership with JNCASR and IISC while
the other two are to be created in partnership with Indian
Institute of Science and Technology (NIIS&T) (to be developed
by the human resources development (HRD) ministry) and the
National institute of Technology3.Together the CoEs and the
INSTs are being developed as specialised centres to address the
complexities of engaging in diverse R&D in the nanoscience and
technology domain.
According to DST Secretary Thirumalachari Ramasami, in order to

elevate the quality of nanoR&D in India a critical mass of 150 working
groups needed would be required4. Therefore the aim is to develop a
conglomeration of “50-60 science and technology units including IITs
and NITs to facilitate the creation of “nano clusters across the
country”. Therefore in order to expand the R&D base for nanoscience
and technology DST has provided support and financial assistance for
setting up in house centres at various research organizations and
universitie5s. They include the following:
Center for Protein Nanoscience at the Anna University,
Tamilnadu in 2006-2007
Between 2007-2008 three centres were aided. The Center for
1 Naushad Forbes, Higher Education, Scientific Research and Industrial

Competitiveness: Reflections on Priorities for India, 2004, Forbes Marshall,
Pune,Science, Technology and Society, Stanford University, Higher
education , 2004
2 Bangalore poised to become nanocity, The Hindu, accessed on 24 May
2008
3 National mission to make India global nano hub, 5 November 2007
http://www.indiaedunews.net/In-
Focus/November_2007/National_mission_to_make_India_global_nano_
hub_2394/
4 Govt to establish three nanotech institute, 3 Nov 2007
http://egovindia.wordpress.com/2007/11/03/govt-to-establish-three-nano-
tech-institutes/
5 List of Projects sanctioned and list of proposals received,
http://nanomission.gov.in/

Nanotechnology at the Hyderabad University, Andhra

Pradesh; Nanofunctional materials Technology Center at IIT,
Chennai, Tamilnadu and also a Centre for Nanotechnology at
Madurai Kamraj University at Madurai, Tamilnadu.
Proposals have also been received for developing a Centre for
Nanomaterials and devices at Cochin University of Science
and Technology as well as establishing a Nanotechnology
Research Facility for Energy Research at Periyar Maniammi
University and a Polymer Nano Materials Research Centre at
the BSA Crescent Engineering College at Chennai. However it
is unclear whether any or all of these are being proposed as
Centres of Excellence or are lone faculties at the respective
host institutes.
Table 1.1 Distribution of existing “Centres of Excellence” across the various categories of
R&D institutes
Central/ State Deemed CSIR Autonomous Private University/
Universities Universities Laboratories Institutes Research Institute
Units 2 2 1 6 -
Centre 0 1 - 5 1
Others - 1 - - -
Aside from DST, the DIT has also supported the establishment of a
Centre of nanoelectronics at IISc Bangalore and IIT Mumbai. An
amount of Rs.99.80 crore will be invested in this center for duration of 5
years. Another DIT supported project- Generic Development of
Nanometrology for Nanotechnology was undertaken at NPL, New Delhi
was also developed that will focus on developing calibration and other
techniques. An amount of Rs.11.308 crore has been allocated for this
purpose for 4 years. It is intended that facilities at these centers would
be available to other researchers and industry as well.
DBT also appears to be interested in developing centres of
excellence in nanobiotechnology. Aside these institutes, others
involved in nanoscience and technology include CSIR labs like
CCMB, NIPER (Chandigarh) as well as universities like the
University of Delhi1.
1Narayan Kulkarni, 2006, Nanotechnology is the buzzword,


Centre of Excellence
(CoE) established in India in the
area of nanoscience and technology
Unit of Nano Science Centre for Nanotechnology Centre for Computational

Materials Science
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
Madras, Chennai (Implants, Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell JNCASR, Bangalore
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Research), Kochi
Science (IACS), Kolkata SN Bose NCBS (NEMS & MEMS / Nano
S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic products), Kolkata
Sciences (SN Bose NCBS), Kolkata
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
(TIFR) (Nanoscale phenomena in
Kanpur, Kanpur
biological systems & materials), Bangalore
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi,
IIT-Bombay, Mumbai (Nanoelectronics,
New Delhi
polymer nanosensors, nanobiotechnology),
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Mumbai Deemed University
(SINP), Kolkata
IISc (Nanodevices, Nanocomposites,
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Nanobiosensors), Bangalore
Scientific Research (JNCASR), Central /
Bangalore IIT, Kanpur, (Printable Electronics, State University
Nanopatterning), Kanpur
Indian Institute of Science (IISc),
Bangalore, Karnataka IACS (Photovoltaics & Sensor Devices), Autonomous R&D
Kolkata Institute
University of Pune, Pune
Private university /
BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Research institute
National Chemical Laboratory CSIR1:labs

Box Issues in
(NCL), Pune agriculture and
Figure 1.2 Centre of excellence established in India in nanoscience and technology
Source: http:/nanomission.gov.in
Since the CoEs as well as the others centres are being created in
locations across India, it might contribute a de-centralised approach to
capacity building in nanotechnology in India. Both Bangalore and
Kolkata that host 5 CoEs and a proposed INST each appear to be
developing in hubs for nanoscience and technology. Since Bangalore is
already a known centre for IT and BT, its focussed involvement in
nanotechnology might enable a confluence amongst these emerging
technologies which in turn might spark innovation and
multidisciplinary R&D. On the other hand aside Bangalore the other
cities in southern India- Chennai, Madurai and Cochin – all of which are
witnessing increasing involvement this technology might enable a larger
hub for nanotechnology development, especially as they are
geographically close to one another (See Annexure V). Incidentally,
states like Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Kerala are amongst the top five

states that churn out the majority of engineering1 graduates and also
individually harbour the most number of engineering institutes in the
country23. This would augur well for the development of applications
and devices in the nanotechnology domain.
Industry
Besides public sector R&D institutions, there are a handful of
companies in India that are engaged in research and product
development on nanotechnology such as, Cranes Software
International Limited, Monad Nanotech, Velbionanotech,
Innovations Unified Technologies, Qtech Nanosystems and Naga
Nanotech India. Also, leading companies like Reliance, Tata
Group and Mahindra and Mahindra are making investments in
this emerging area.
Cranes Software International Limited has research set up for

MEMS and Nanotechnology at India's leading institutions like
the IISc, Bangalore4. Velbionanotech, ranked ASIA's Top 100 Bio
Nanotechnology companies by Red Herring in 2005, is designing
drugs for various diseases such as heart disease, kidney stones,
AIDS, cancer, cosmetic generic products. These drugs are
assembled in nanochips and as nano particles for delivering in
human body5. Monad Nanotech is another company producing
carbon nano materials (CNM) commercially using low cost
production technology developed at IIT Mumbai6. Besides its
involvement in the synthesis of carbon nano material, the
company is also working on their futuristic applications. Monad
Nanotech has been supplying many nano materials to the
research organizations in India. Besides doing research and
development and producing nano materials, Monad Nanotech
has taken up the agency of Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co. Ltd.,
(NTP) China for sales rights in India and Canada. Similarly
Monad has taken the agency of Meijo Nano Carbon, Nagoya,
Japan for world marketing rights for its products excluding
1 TN, AP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala together account for 31% of
population but 69% of engineers whereas UP, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan,

Orissa together account for 43% of population but 14% of engineers
2 In 2004 Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala
accounted for 250, 215, 151, 111 and 73 engineering institutes respectively.
The first four states occupied 1st to 5th positions amongst all Indian states for
the same while Kerala was at 7th position after Uttar Pradesh.
3 Naushad Forbes, Higher Education, Scientific Research and Industrial

Pune,Science, Technology and Society, Stanford University, Higher
education , 2004
4 http:// www.cranessoftware.com
5 http://www.velbionanotech.com/aboutus.html
6 Sundarajan, G and T N Rao (2009). Commercial prospects for
nanomaterials in India. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 89:1
Jan–Mar 2009. Available at,
http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/vol200901/sundar.pdf

Japan. Innovations Unified Technologies conceptualized by a

group of IIT Bombay alumnus, having specialization in
nanotechnology, working on to supply small and bulk quantities
of MWNT/SWNT produced by its pilot plant in three different
grades. Qtech Nanosystems is a "technology incubation
enterprise" focused on making products based on
nanotechnology1. It is engaged in product development and
commercialization for Nanopositioning stages for
nanotechnology and other varied precision applications.
Non-government organizations
There are non-government organizations working to act as bridge
between academia and industry in nanotechnology. The
Nanotechnology Research and Innovation Foundation
(IndiaNano) is one such non-profit organization supported by
academic and industry experts aimed at developing a platform
for real-time strategic collaboration between diverse groups in
order to harness the benefits of progress in advanced
technologies, including nanotechnology2. This initiative is seed
funded by IndiaCo, a private equity investment holding company
that invests in hi-tech companies that can access global markets
and supported by National Chemical Laboratory, Girvan Institute
of Technology and The Centre for Materials for Electronics
Technology.
The IndiaNano has "Innovation Acceleration Network (IAN)

designed to bridge the gap between invention and commercial
reality, by providing pragmatic support for technology
entrepreneurs in the areas of Operations, Intellectual Property
Management, Business development and Technology Transfer so
as to create ventures that could compete in global markets.
In January 2006 the Nanotechnology Research and Innovation
Foundation and the Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum
(RRL-T) have forged a strategic partnership that will allow the
pooling of their respective expertise and thereby facilitate the
commercialization of technologies within RRL to the industries
in India and across the globe.
The Nano Science and Technology Consortium3 is another

organization that works to create a platform conducive for the
growth, promotion and partnering in the field of Nano Science
and Technology taking together industries, academics and
government through consultative, advisory and educative
processes which will provide growth platform for organizations,
academics and governments for harnessing the nano potential at
global level. It is a non-governmental, industry-managed and
1 http://www.qtechnanosystems.com/
2 http://www.indianano.com/background.asp
3 http://www.nstc.in/

promoted organization with a role of facilitator for nano

developmental processes.
Key government programmes

Department of Science and Technology
Early initiatives
While developing capacity in nanotechnology is largely a recent
national undertaking, support for R&D in the nano realm is not
entirely new. As far back in the 6th Five Year plan (1980-1985)
DST launched their program “Intensification of Research in High
Priority Areas” (IRHPAS). This program (which over the years is
said to have had a tremendous impact on the national scientific
establishment in terms of the quality and quantity of work)
appears to have also included support for work in nanomaterials1.
One of the earliest nanotechnology initiatives in the policy-making

arena was in 1997, when DST created a committee under Prof. D
Nagchoudhary that looked into the prospects of this emerging
technology and fund research for 3 years. In fact SERC under the
DST had during this period initiated a program on Nanocrystalline
materials (focusing on the synthesis and properties of
nanomaterials), which once again supported projects on
nanoscience such as those2. This period was characterized by the
initiation of such relatively small nano specific programs that
oversaw and supported nanoscience research. This apart other
general programs that did not have nanoscience as their prime focus
also continued to support this kind of research as long as it fitted
into its scope. For instance the National Programme on Smart
Materials (NPSM), a 5 year programme funded for US$ 15 million
was launched jointly by five Govt Departments-DRDO, CSIR, DOS,
DST and MIT in the year 2000 focused on aerospace and biomedical
spheres. Few of the forty projects dealing with smart materials,
sensors etc in these spheres included research on nano dimensions.
It has been observed that the NPSM acted as “a catalyst and model
for several independent initiatives in micro- and nanotechnology
areas”3.
Program on Nanomaterials: Science & Devices

Around the same time (2000-2001) DST set-up an Expert Group
on "Nanomaterials: Science & Devices" and reached the following
conclusions:
A good scientific base exists in the country in physics and
chemistry of nanomaterials;
1 Department of Science and Technology,

http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar99-2000opportunities.htm
2 Annual Report SERC 200-2001

To sustain the progress of research activities in the area of

nanomaterials, there is a need for nano-scale structural
characterization facilities to be set up in the country;
While open-ended basic research in nanomaterials is very
important (and which has been and is being pursued with the
help of existing mechanisms), it is equally important to
intensify efforts to generate, formulate and support end-to-
end goal-oriented projects by utilising the expertise and
facilities already available in the country;
Considering the existing expertise and the need for
application potential, the chemical route and other cost-
effective routes for preparation of nanomaterials need to be
focused upon. In particular, the following application-
oriented areas should be chosen for intensifying promotional
efforts - (a) nano sized ceramics; (b) nanomaterials in drug-
delivery systems; and (c) nanotechnology for water
purification system.
These recommendations paved the way for the “Nanomaterials:

Science and Devices” program that sought to generate and
support some end-to-end projects leading to tangible processes,
products and technologies in the sphere of nanotechnology.
Special emphasis is being laid on projects aimed at solving
important national problems like pure drinking water, alternative
energy sources, energy conservation, etc. and value addition of
materials. One of the first projects evolved under this program is
on targeted gene delivery using inorganic nanoparticles as non-
viral vectors. This program was to run in parallel with DST's
support to basic research in nanomaterials1.
Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI)

Initiated in 2001, the NSTI has served as the primary vehicle for
India engagement with nanoscience and technology. Though
modestly funded, this program spearheaded capacity building in
this arena at the national level. The NSTI took root when the
Government of India identified the need to initiate a program
that focused on nanoscience and technology in the 10th Five Year
Plan. In this context it was felt that there was a need to evolve a
framework for a “National Initiative on Nanomaterial Science &
Technology”. Thus DST set up a National Expert Committee and
a strategy paper was evolved for supporting on a long-term basis
both basic research and application oriented programs in
nanomaterials2. A panel on nanotechnology was established
under the guidance of Prof CNR Rao, and these helped crystallize
the Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI) (table 1.2).
The focus areas of the NSTI were to
Support R&D projects in nanoscience and technology
1 http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar01-02-sr-serc.htm
2 Ibid

Establish Centers of Excellence and strengthen

characterization facilities
Develop human resources
Instigate and encourage international collaborative programs
Initiate joint Institution Industry Linked projects and
Public Private Partnership activities
Table 1.2 Thrust of the Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI):

Research Areas Focus
Research Areas - Synthesis & Ceramic nanoparticles, Nanotubes, Nanowire
Assembly Nanoporous solids, DNA chip, Nanostructured alloys, etc.
Main focus on chemical methods / routes to synthesize these materials
Characterization Facilities - Less expensive pieces of equipment for routine characterization for individual
Routine & Advanced research workers (e.g. ordinary STM/AFM, Light scattering etc.)
measurements Facilities / equipments for advanced measurements
Few centers to be established with major facilities (eg. Combined AFM-STM-SEM
Instrument, Near Field Microscopy, Optical Tweezer)
Applications Nanolithography & Nanoelectronics
Drugs / Gene targeting, DNA Chips
Nanotubes
Nanostructured high strength materials
Quantum structures
Education To Train Manpower Advanced Schools
International / National symposium
Postdoctoral Fellowships in Nanoscience & Technology
Industry - Linkages with Interaction with Industry
Industry Nanopowder /Nanoparticle production
Nanoelectronics
Surface processing
Drug Delivery
Since the commencement of the NSTI, the S&T landscape

witnessed a slew of developments that have served to build
foundation for the country in the nanoscience and technology
domain. The NSTI was characterised by tremendous support for
nanoscience and technology related research in terms of
financing projects, developing laboratory infrastructure and
international collaborations. Of prime importance was the
decision to develop and establish “Centers of Excellence” in
nanoscience and nanotechnology. To take forward the latter
initiatives like public-private partnerships and joint institute-
industry linked projects were materialized. Several projects of the
kind have been initiated with countries in the EU and Asian
region apart from others like USA and are being pursued. A
detailed account of the initiatives undertaken in the NSTI ambit
is in the section below1.
During the NSTI reign meetings and brain storming sessions

such as the one on nanotechnology initiatives chaired by Dr

Chidambaram, PSA to Govt of India, 2003 and the National

Brainstorming Workshop on Nano Technology Initiatives by the
Ministry of Commerce and Industry1, Establishment of
Nanotechnology at the National Institute for Pharmacology
Research2, 2006 were conducted. In fact during this period, Dr
Kalam, the nations then president and renowned space scientist
assumed the role of promoting nanotechnology at several
national academic and other forums. His pro nanotechnology
oratory and stance coupled with vision for establishing India as a
“nanotechnology hub” has influenced policy makers and
academia to strenuously emphasize on this emerging science and
technology.
Nanoscience and Technology Mission (NSTM)

While NSTI was in progress there was an emergence of the need
of a “mission mode” initiative that would build on NSTI’s
foundation and propel the nation towards strengthening its
nanoscience and technology capability. In fact a meeting between
organized by Dr Kalam with experts in 2004, a proposal to
conceive a national mission on nanoscience and technology with
a larger sum of investment million was discussed. Though clear
objectives were not specified an outcome of the meeting was a
recommendation for the creation of five contemporary national
facilities and mini centers for nanoscience and technology. These
discussions and meetings sowed the seeds of the conception of a
national nano mission along with the encouraging progress
observed during the NSTI period facilitated the conception of the
Nanoscience and Technology Mission around 2006. The NSTM
commenced in 2007 and is planned until 2012. The Nano
Mission Council that is presently chaired by Prof. C.N.R. Rao
(National Research Professor and Honorary President & Linus
Pauling Research Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for
Advanced Research, Bangalore) guides the NSTM. DST was
assigned as the nodal agency for its implementation. The mission
seeks to strengthen national capacity, leverage the progress made
during the tenure of the NSTI and forge ahead in making India a
globally strong player in this emerging field. The aim is to expand
the national support base in terms of research and technology
development, infrastructure, human resource development,
collaborations and public-private partnerships. The mission
together with setting its sights on building capability in
nanotechnology has also articulated the aim of harnessing this
technology’s potential for national development.
It is believed that the NSTM (table 1.3) will handle the activities
previously undertaken by the NSTI, will take forward its
initiatives and instigate new developments to enhance the
2 http://www.icmr.nic.in/annual/2005-06/iop/scien_part.pdf

national nanoscience and technology endeavour. The focus area

and objectives of the NSTM are as follows.
Basic Research Promotion
Infrastructure development for nanoscience and technology
research
Nano applications and technology development programs
Human resource development
International collaborations
Table 1.3 Thrust of National Nanoscience and Technology Mission (NSTM)

Research Areas Focus
Research and Research programs
application Basic and applied research in development sectors such as water, health care,
agriculture, industrial products, textiles
Leveraging of multidisciplinary approach for innovation in nanoscience and technology
Infrastructure Centers for nanoscience and technology and nano-clusters
Sophisticated instrumentation facilities
Technology Promote programs and projects for tech development- products, devices
development Strengthening public-private partnerships, institute and industry linked projects
Promoting nano-entrepreneurship - founding business incubators and developing a
research and industry collaboration hub (RICH)
Human resource Training researchers for interdisciplinary research in nanoscale science, engineering
development and techechnology
Courses for science and engineering graduates to pursue post-graduate education in
nanoscience and nanotechnology
National and international postdoc fellowships, chairs in universities
Collaborations Exploratory visits, Joint projects, workshops and conferences
Access to sophisticated research facilities abroad
Establish joint centres of excellence
International level industry academia partnerships
The NSTI and NSTM are believed to be the primary source

through which DST has supported nanoscience and technology
projects1.
Department of Information Technology

At the Department of Information Technology, the
Nanotechnology Initiative Division was constituted under their
Electronics R&D focus area. This division hosted the launch of
the Nanotechnology Development Program in 2004. The areas of
concern under this program were primarily (i) infrastructure
development in the spheres of in nanoelectronics and
nanometrology and (ii) support for small and medium R&D
projects under the areas of nanomaterials, nanodevices, carbon
nano tubes (CNT), nanosystems, nanometrology2.
2 http://www.mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=691

Others
The other agencies like DBT1, DRDO2, DAE3, CSIR4, ICMR5 and
MNRE do not appear to have developed a specific program for
nanotechnology. Yet these agencies have been encouraging and
providing financial assistance to projects in nanoscience and
technology through their general funding mechanisms. DBT for
example since 2006 has supported such research through various
nanotechnology specific and non specific calls for proposals.
Projects aided have been categorised under the area of
nanoscience and technology as well as other areas (Annexure III).
CSIR has also taken up nano based research since 2003 across its
various laboratories via its network and non-network project
initiatives as well as its NIMITLI scheme. Similarly ICMR (since
2005), DRDO and DAE, have also funded research in this area
amongst the laboratories or institutes that are placed under
them. MNRE has also sustained R&D in this area through pre
existing mechanisms for aiding S&T research6. The year of
initiation of R&D in the area of nanoscience and technology is
unclear for DRDO, DAE and MNRE.
Investments in nano science and technology

The Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) that
functioned from 2001-2006 led by the DST was the largest
initiative on nanotechnology in terms of funding and
implementation. It was launched with an initial budget of Rs.100
crores (approximately US$ 15-20 million). The government in
2006-2007 approved the launch of the Nanoscience and
Technology Mission with a budget of Rs.1000 crore
(approximately US$ 254 million) for a 5-year duration (2007-
2012)7. Aside from funding R&D a large parts of the
nanotechnology budget during the NSTI appears have been spent
on developing the various centres of excellence (CoEs) and
establishing laboratory infrastructure. During the NSTM tenure
it appears that copious amounts are being invested in developing
human resources in this domain.
DIT on the other hand has spent Rs 40 crore in the years 2004-
2005 and 2005-2006 and Rs.32.37 crores in 2006-2007 on its
1 Annual Report, 2006-07 and 2007-08, Department of Biotechnology

http://www.dae.gov.in/#
3 http://www.dae.gov.in/#
4 Annual Report, 2006-2007, Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research
5 Indian Council of Medical Research, List of Extramural Research
6 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, http://mnes.nic.in/
7 Dr Vivek Srivastava, 2007, Workshop on nanotechnology: Current status
and Challenges" - Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
2007http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=083

Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Development program

respectively. While it had estimated expenditure of about Rs.29
crore in the year 2007-2008, the actual expenditure on the
program was reported as Rs.25.6 crore. It has estimated a budget
of Rs.35 crore for the year 2008-20091. A joint centre for
nanoecelectronics at IISc Bangalore and IIT Mumbai was
sanctioned 99.8 crores for 5 years while the development of
nanometrology at NPL was sanctioned around Rs 11 crore. On the
other hand it has also undertaken some nano based research in
some of its other schemes, which have additional funding.2 CSIR
is also considered to have invested approximately Rs 40 crore in
this area.
With regard to the other agencies like DBT, CSIR, ICMR, DAE,
DRDO and MNRE while overall financial outlays for these
organisations were available, information on specific budgets for
nanoscience and technology could not be sought. Therefore the
amounts invested in the nanoscience and technology domain by are
unclear. Most probably their investments would be lesser than DST
that implements the flagship program of nanotechnology in the
country. However a clear picture on the comprehensive investment
in nanotechnology is still awaited. Interestingly prior to the mission
funding it had been articulated by government spokespersons the
government alone might be unable to allocate vast sums of
investments in nanoscience and technology due to issues of
“resource crunch” and the need to concentrate (and distribute funds
across) other priority areas. In fact the need for public-private
partnerships had been espoused as an approach to facilitate pouring
of funds into nano related research and in order to harness it.
Nevertheless a ten fold increase between the amounts dedicated for
nanoscience and nanotechnology research in the NSTI (Rs.100
crore) and NSTM (Rs.1000 crore) has been observed.
Since nanotechnology covers a breadth of disciplines and also is a

cost intensive technology in terms of materials and infrastructure
needed to support research, large initial investments will be
necessitated to build capacity in this arena. The substantial boost in
funding from the NSTI to the NSTM might be primarily attributed
to several reasons the juxtaposition of which has resulted in this
policy decision augment the nanotechnology budget. India has in
the last few years has increasing its S&T budgets3. Mr
Chidambaram, the then Finance Minister of India, has stated that
in 2007-2008 the S&T budget in India has seen a 21% increase
since the previous year4. Moreover given the political and economic
1 DIT Financial outlays 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09

2 DIT Annual reports http://www.mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=879
3 P. Balaram, Budget reflections, 2005, Current Science, 88,5,
http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar102005/673.pdf
4 P. Chidambaram, Hon. Finance Minister, GOI, Budget in Parliament,
28thFeb. 2007 in G D Yadav (University Institute of Chemical Technology),

implications NT, the global patterns of funding in other countries

has been considered by Indian policymakers. Since India desires to
be on par with developed nations in nanotechnology to the extent
possible the large investments in the global arena has resulted in a
spill over effect in India. Simultaneously the upsurge in the Indian
scientific community’s interest in conducting nano R&D as well as
their vocal emphasis on the need to augment budgets culminated
with policy makers rethinking the earlier funding frameworks.
These reasons apart, the S&T establishment was also witness to the
lost opportunity in the domain of semiconductor manufacture1,
which India might have profited from if timely funding was
positioned amongst other aspects to encourage and nurture its
progress. Citing this reason several policymakers have asked for an
increase in nanotechnology budget so as not to lose this opportunity
to harness this technology.2
However though the present investment has ensured that

nanoscience and technology R&D has begun and is being pursued
in several institutes in India there is still a clamour for increasing
investment especially in the areas of R&D support and
infrastructure development. In general India’s S&T budget is
lower than that of several other countries (WP1 report). It has
been pointed out that some companies like those involved in
pharmaceutical related R&D allocate more to their R&D budgets.
Scientists and experts in general have called for more intensive
funding in basic research and strengthening laboratory facilities
as well as for applied research and technology development. It is
perceived that early investment could translate to cutting edge
science, international publications, technological innovations,
patents and product and process development with far reaching
implications for society. The popular view is that it would be
wise to invest sufficiently in nanotechnology at this early stage
even though a majority of these applications may be a few
decades or so in the future, to lay a foundation upon which
nanotechnology related advances might be shaped.3,4
Nevertheless it has been argued by funding agencies that the

funds allocated to nanoscience and technology are more than
sufficient to undertake the breadth and depth of research as
desired by scientists.5 It is interesting to note that in the proposed
2007, Sustainable chemistry and biotechnology activities in India, , Sus

Chem 5th Stakeholder meeting, Brussels
1 Centre to set up nano-centre at JNCASR, 24th Sept 2006, The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092403440400.htm
2 R. Ramachandran, 2006, Preparing for take-off: Indian nanotechnology,
Scidev, http://www.scidev.net/en/features/preparing-for-takeoff-indian-
nanotechnology.html
3 ibid
4 Narayan Kulkarni, 2006, Nanotechnology is the buzzword,
5 Discussions at stakeholder dialogue ‘Nanotechnology and development’,
2007, TERI, New Delhi

budgetary outlay for DST under 11th five year plan the fund
allocation for NSTM amongst the schemes already introduced in
the 10th five year plan is second only after the ‘Drugs and
Pharmaceutical research’ (Rs.1400 crore). Therefore here it
accounted for approximately 36% of the budget allocated for the
schemes introduced in the 10th plan and proposed to be
continued in the 11th five year plan. In the same budget outlay
when the continued funding for the schemes in the 10th plan and
funding for new schemes in the 11th five plan are taken together,
the NSTM is placed third, the new addition in between being the
‘National Campaign for Talent Fostering and Innovation
Building’ (Rs. 1300 crore).1 Then the NSTM accounts for around
19% of the combined budget allocated for schemes in the 10th
plan together with new ones to be introduced in the 11th plan2. It
therefore appears that the nanoscience and technology domain
does hold prominent funding amongst the areas that the DST
would like to pursue strengthening R&D in.
Amongst other agencies like DBT, CSIR, DAE, DRDO, MNRE the
lack of a formal scheme for the nanoscience and technology area
(unlike DST and DIT) as well as the support of nano based
projects under diverse heads in these agencies has probably
prevented separate budgetary allocations for this area in these
organisation at least on paper. It is possible that nanoscience or
technology projects are being funded on a one to one basis or an
adhoc manner based on the credibility of the project under other
R&D areas. On the other hand it is possible that internal or
informal budgets have been conceived for this area in these
individual agencies but are not reflected in the formal documents
for budget outlays due the aforementioned reason. The
investments by agencies other than DST might not be in as large
in magnitude as funding contributed by DST in the NSTM,
nonetheless they are also driving significant developments on the
ground in terms of developing abilities in nanotechnology in their
niche areas.
1 Report of the Steering Committee on Science and Technology for Eleventh

Fiver Year Plan (2007-2012), December 2006, Government of India,
Planning Comission
2 Planning Commission, 2006, The report of the Streeing Committee on
Science and Technology for Eleventh Fiver Year Plan (2007-2012), GoI


C HAPTER 2 Nanotechnology and development issues in
India
Nanotechnology has the potential to be utilised as a tool to
address key development related challenges in diverse sectors
like energy, water agriculture, health, environment etc. This
chapter focuses specifically on three sectors- energy, water and
agriculture. It explores the development related challenges
within each sector in India and describes the R&D being
undertaken in the nano domain that might aid in addressing
them.
Nanotechnology and Energy in India

Challenges in the energy sector in India
India ranks fifth in the world in total energy consumption where
more than 25% of primary energy is met through import 1. The
very high growth trajectories of Indian industries have
accelerated development of energy resources. Though India’s
hydrocarbon resource is seemingly negligible (0.4% of world’s
reserves), it is endowed with abundant renewable energy in the
form of solar, wind, hydel and bioenergy resources. In India, the
due recognition of renewable energy during oil crisis in mid
1970s followed by sustained efforts and major initiatives taken
at the national level resulted in significant growth of renewable
based power installed capacity.
Globally, India ranks 2nd after China in biogas development and

4th in wind energy development2 . Short term goal has been set
by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to achieve a
minimum 10% share or ~ 24000 MW from renewable power
generation by 2012. The current installed capacity is ~13,450.59
MW Power3. Major contributors in power generation are wind
(9521 MW), small hydro (~2220 MW), biomass resources
(1622MW) along with power through distributed generation in
industrial and commercial sectors (222 MW). In addition, India
has 15 lakhs installations of solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems in
form of street lighting systems, solar lanterns, home lighting
and solar powered pumping apart from standalone units. The
installation of biogas plants has reached over 4 millions and
solar water heating systems equivalent to 2.3 million –m2
collector area have been installed4.
1http://cii.in
2Akshay Urja, Vol 2 Issue 1 Sep-Oct 2008, MNRE, India,
http://www.mnes.nic.in
3 Ibid
4 http://www.mnes.nic.in

India is now fourth largest wind power producer in the world

and uses indigenoeously developed technologies. Centre for
Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), a knowledge based R& D
institute, set by MNRE is engaged in testing and licencing the
technologies developed by Indian wind industries like Suzlon
Energy Limited, Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt Ltd, RRB
Energy Ltd., Enercon India Ltd and promote commercialization
of their products in Indian market 1.
Solar energy on the other hand, currently contributes less than

0.1 percent of the total installed renewable energy capacity in
India (2.12 MW). However, with the unveiling of National
Climate Change Action Plan 2008, which will be implemented
through eight missions having solar energy mission as one of
them, the SPV research has taken the centre stage of R&D
initiatives . A roadmap for development of PV technology in the
country is also under preparation which indicates that solar
R&D is going to get a clear direction from the time now on. It is
worthwhile to mention here that, among the renewable sources
though MNRE’s emphasis is equally on both solar and wind, the
wind technology have been developed at a faster rate as being
more cost effective and is already mature. Progress in solar
power on the other hand has been slower due to the higher cost
and the non-fully developed technology. Large initiatives have
been taken both in Govt and public sectors; however the
technology for large scale power generation is not yet fully
developed.
The Solar Energy Centre has been established by Government of

India as a part of MNRE to undertake activities related to
design & development, testing, standardization, training and
information dissemination in the field of Solar Energy. MNRE
has undertaken long term policies in implementing technologies
for distributed power generation through solar as well as
biomass gasifier based power production systems.
How nanotechnology can address these challenges

Enabling energy storage, production and conversion within
renewable energy frameworks has been cited as the primary
area where nanotechnology applications might aid developing
countries. Examples of nanotechnology based interventions
include photovoltaic cells and organic light-emitting devices
based on quantum dots as well as carbon nanotubes in
composite film coatings for solar cells. In the area of hydrogen
fuel nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation and novel hydrogen
storage systems based on carbon nanotubes and other
lightweight nanomaterials have been cites as potential
1 http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in

applications1. Nanotechnology can enable cost effective solar

and fuel cells with higher efficiency. Safe and efficient ways to
store hydrogen as well as improvements in batteries and
supercapacitors could also be made possible using
nanomaterials. Nanomaterials could also facilitate energy
saving through nanomaterials aided efficient lighting (LEDs),
nanocatalysts that improve combustion processes and also
better insulation materials2. Overall nanotechnology
interventions could enable the successful development of
renewable energy solutions and reduce our dependence on
fossil fuels.
International developments
A major area of R&D focus in the nano domain for countries at
the global platform is in the arena of solar photovoltaics. USA,
Europe, Japan and China spear head the research in SPV. In
USA, the PV technology roadmaps were developed well ahead in
2007, whereas, the future roadmaps for Intermediate-Band PV,
Multiple-Exciton-Generation PV and Nano-Architecture PV
have already been drafted 311. In Multiple-Exciton-Generation
PV, the roadmap aimed at developing solar cells based on
inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) – such as spherical
quantum dots (QDs), quantum rods (QRs), or quantum wires
(QWs) – focusing on their potential to improve the single-
junction Photovoltaic (PV) solar cell efficiency drastically from
33.7% to 44.4%4 . The Nano-Architecture roadmap on the other
hand targets to develop solar cells with nanocomponents like
nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocrystals etc. as absorbers or
transporters 5. These technologies are mostly in the early
demonstration stage compared to more matured technologies,
like Si, CdTe, and CIGS 6. A new methodology have been
adopted for targeted materials science and process engineering
research by universities in support of industry-led teams to
facilitate commercialization of new PV systems by 2010 to 2015.
Next Generation PV projects are launched in 2007 as an out
come of US Department of Energy’s (DOE) call for projects on
"Next Generation Photovoltaic Devices and Processes" for
making innovative Photovoltaic cells and/or processes by 2015
7.
1 Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad DL, Court EB, Martin DK, Daar AS, et al. (2005)
Nanotechnology andthe developing world. PLoS Med 2(4): e97.
2Dr. Ulrich Sutter, Dr. Jonathan Loeffler (Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum, Karlsruhe,

Germany), 2006, Nanomaterial Roadmap 2015, Roadmap Report Concerning
the Use of Nanomaterials in the Energy Sector, funded by the European Commission
3 W aldau, A. J., 2008, PV Status Report 2008, EUR 23604EN;

http://europa.eu
4 Ibid
5 Ibid
6 Ibid
7 Ibid

The European Commission’s R&D activities were geared with

multiannual Framework Programmes (FP) started during 1980.
Under the ongoing 7th EC Framework Programme (2007-
2013), focus has been given for developing high efficiency
integrated and intelligent concentrating PV modules and
systems 1. This is targeted towards developing and
demonstrating next generation solar cells using quantum dot
systems, intermediate band materials and InGa. The European
Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-PLAN) released in
November 2007 has brought solar under one of the 6 European
initiatives which will focus on scale demonstration for
Photovoltaics and concentrated solar power in Europe 2.
In the area of wind energy, research on using nanomaterials for

superior and lighter wind turbine blades is also being
undertaken3.
Nanotechnology R&D in the energy sector in India

Much like in other countries, nanotechnology based
interventions in solar energy systems is one of the prominent
areas of focus in India. The aim is to improve the overall SPV
process efficiency, reduce the cost of solar cells and search for
alternate semiconductors in lieu of the soaring shortage of
silicon. The SPV research in India is primarily aimed on
developing new materials, processes, device structures &
modules using multicrystalline silicon, thin films, polymers,
nanoparticles, nano rods, quantum dots etc. Aside SPVs,
reseach in energy storage devices and efficient lighting systems
is also being undertaken.
Premier research institutes have been engaged in different areas
of SPV research with financial supports from MNRE and DST.
The activity areas of the institutes are presented below. Some of
the R&D undertaken in this area is described below (Table 2.1)
At present, various govt. and private companies like CEL, BEL,

BHEL, Moserbaer Photovoltaic, TATA-BP Solar, Maharishi
solar Technology, Signet Solar India and many others are
making advanced multicrystalline and thin film solar cells and
panels using indigenous and imported technologies. Yet it
appears that industry- university interactions in India are not as
strong as in other countries. Therefore, product development
and product commercialization might be under emphasized.
In wind power, the current R&D focus is primarily on

technology upgradation and developing indigenous MW-scale
1 W aldau, A. J, PV Status Report 2008, Joint Research Centre, European

Commission, Report No. EUR 23604 EN-2008, http://europa.eu
2 Ibid
3 http://www.eagle.fi

Wind Electric generators (WEGs), small WEGs suitable for

generating power at very low cut in speeds (~ 2 to 2.5 m/sec).
The importance of R&D on carbon fiber and other new
generation composites has been identified in the 11th National
plan (2007-2012). However research or product development
in wind energy with nano component has yet to be reported in
India 1.
Table 2.1 R&D in nanotechnology and energy in India

Broad Area Focus Location
Development of Poly Crystaline Si &
Nanocrystalline Si thin films NPL-New Delhi, IIT Kanpur
thin film solar cells
Hybrid solar cell with SWNT with Si IACS, Jadavpur, Kolkatta
Hybrid solar cell Hybrid solar cell with Nanostructured
Anna University, Chennai
CdTe
New Semiconductors as substitute Si-PbSe Quantum dots & organic IIT Bombay, IISc Bangalore, NPL,
for silicon in solar cells solar cell University of Delhi
Photoactive glass-fullerene
CGCRI, Kolkatta
New generation material nanocomposites
development for -PV arrays and Dye sensitized nanaocrystalline
solar cells TiO2 thin films, CdS nanorods for PV IACS, Kolkatta
applications
Energy Storage devices CNT based Supercapacitors JNCASR, IISC, Bangalore
Efficient Lighting Systems for LED
Nanocrystalline GaN films Jadavpur University, Kolkatta
Applications
Source: http://www.nplindia.org, http://www.iitk.ac.in, http://www.iacs.res.in,
http://www.annauniv.edu, http://www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts, http://iisc.ernet.in,
http://www.cgcri.res.in, http://www. Jncasr.ac.in, http://www.jadavpur.edu
Overall the larger emphasis being placed on the development

SPVs in India has continued within the R&D domain at the
junctures of nanotechnology and energy. However the
nanointervention in SPV research is still in the development
and early demonstration stage, with basic research being more
predominant. Unlike in developed countries where networking
in solar and nano R&D is visible, in India stronger interaction
between industry and academia is needed to facilitate
commercialization of the indigenous systems developed by
academic and research institutes in India. Since R&D in
developed country appears to be ahead of that in India, effective
international collaborations with groups it might be prudent to
enhance knowledge transfer and avoid duplicative research.
As India is still on the learning curve in terms of
nanotechnology in the SPV and other arenas the scope for
innovation in nano research is vast to address the basic
challenges in India. However a clear strategy for including
nanotechnology in renewable energy technologies and others
needs to be devised.
1 MNRE Annual Report 2008; http://www.mnes.nic.in

Nanotechnology and water in India

Challenges in the water sector in India
Water availability has been a problem as a result of rising
population, rapid urbanization, growing industrialization and
expanding agriculture. The annual per capita availability of
fresh water during first 50 years of independence (1947-1997)
fell from 6000 m3 to 2300 m3 (1). At this rate, the country is
predicted to face an acute water shortage by 2050. Water
scarcity in many parts of the country is largely due to the
uneven availability of water across different regions of India.
Total demand for water is also rapidly increasing. Its use for
irrigation constitutes a major part of the demand followed by its
use for domestic and industrial purposes2. A considerable
portion of this demand is met by groundwater and this has led
to overexploitation of ground water in some areas.
Water quality is a major problem in both ground water and

surface water. Although in their upper reaches most rivers are
of good quality, the middle and lower reaches of almost all
rivers face major degradation.
Some of the key pollutants and their sources are summarized
below.
Microbial contamination (faecal): Such contamination
mainly arises from inadequately treated or untreated sewage. A
lack of sanitation and sewage treatment facilities in mainly rural
and to some extent even in urban setups is the main cause for
this.
Heavy metals: Heavy metal contaminated waste water from
industrial activities such as electroplating, textile dyeing,
tanneries etc reach the surface or ground water sources if it’s
inadequately treated. In addition leaching from solid waste
dumps (e.g. fly ash ponds, sludge from above industries) also
contributes towards heavy metal accumulation.
High salinity: This arises from decreasing groundwater levels
and seawater intrusion. This is also aggravated by agricultural
run offs, which are rich in salts.
Arsenic, fluoride, nitrate in specific locations: These
contaminants enter the groundwater aquifers from their
presence in the sediments of the region. This has been further
aggravated by excessive groundwater withdrawals. There is also
a view that arsenic contamination is from pesticides containing
1 Looking back to think ahead

2Sinha A K. 2003. Sustainability of India’s Water Resources: Challenges &
Perspectives, Sustainable Development International, 4, 129-133.
http://www.sustdev.org/journals/edition.04/download/ed4.pdfs/sdi4_12
9.pdf

lead arsenate and copper arsenite. The extent of contamination

and its spread in increasing in eastern parts of India1.
Micropollutants: these include pesticides, endocrine
disrupting substances, surfactants. These arise from
agricultural run offs and from sewage. With change in lifestyles
and increasing use of personal care products especially in urban
areas, such contamination is increasing.
Altogether the cost of environmental damage is estimated to be
$9.7 billion per year, of which the most vital is the health
impacts of water pollution accounting for 59% of the total value
of degradation2.
How nanotechnology might address these challenges

Water treatment and remediation has been cited as the third
most critical area where nanotechnology applications might aid
developing countries. Some of the interventions include
Nanomembranes for water purification, desalination, and
detoxification
Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants and
pathogens
Nanoporous zeolites, nanoporous polymers, and attapulgite
clays for water purification
Magnetic nanoparticles for water treatment and remediation
TiO2 nanoparticles for the catalytic degradation of water
pollutants3
Nanotechnology interventions might be sought at specific

junctures to allievate the following challenges.
Improve quantity and quality of water and wastewater
treatment systems: The water treatment systems need to
address the removal of contaminants present in the surface and
ground water in order to provide potable drinking water. Many
technologies exist such as candle filter, biosand filter, activated
carbon, UV and chemical based systems4. These have been
found suitable for contaminant removal from water; however,
the performance can be improved and systems made more
efficient by use of nanotechnology.
In the case of wastewater, the sewage treatment facilities need

to be expanded. Based on the requirements and constraints
(land availability, cost etc.) a suitable technology from the
1 Mukherjee A, Sengupta M K, Hossain M A, Ahamed S1 , Das B, Nayak B,

Lodh D, Rahman M M, and Chakraborti D. 2006. Arsenic Contamination
in Groundwater: A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Asian
Scenario, J.Health Popul Nutr, 24(2), 142-163.
2 Brandon, Carter, and Homman K. 1996. The cost of Inaction. Valuing
the Economy-wide Loss of Environmental Degradation in India,
Washington: World Bank.
3 Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad D L, Court E B, Martin D K, Daar A S,
Singer P A. 2005. Nanotechnology and the developing world. PLoS Med,
2(4): e97.
4
http://www.merid.org/nano/waterworkshop/assets/watertechpaper.pdf?

available high end (membrane bio reactor) to low end

(constructed wetlands) can be selected. Nanotechnology has a
role to play in improving the tertiary treatment. Companies
such as Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL), Chennai, GMR
Power Corporation, Chennai, and Hindustan Petroleum
Corporation Limited, Mumbai have set up facilities for
reclaiming and reusing city sewage water after tertiary
treatment1. In case of HPCL, the annual operating cost is nearly
one-sixth the cost of municipal freshwater supplied to
industries in Mumbai. Use of technologies such as adsorption,
nanofiltration, CNT filters etc. the treated water quality can be
improved for reuse.
Desalination is one of the options for generating fresh water.

Since 90s large commercial units, particularly in process
industries in water scarce western and southern India, have
adopted desalination systems to ensure reliable & adequate
water supply. The growth of desalination systems now covers
the entire range of small units to large plants; further, both
thermal & membrane processes are in use2. In several areas, the
groundwater is brackish due to seawater ingression or excessive
groundwater abstraction. Thus, desalination plants for brackish
water treatment have also been installed in several industries
located in such regions. The conventional treatment routes are
reverse osmosis (RO) and distillation. Use of renewable energy,
use of waste heat and new technologies such as membrane
distillation need to be explored further. CNT has also been
identified as suitable for RO and as an alternative to RO. CNT
has the advantages of good strength,stability and high flow rates
3.
Nanotechnology R&D in the water sector in India

Nano silver based products have been introduced in point-
of-use water treatment systems. Two products are known viz.
o Incorporation of nano silver in traditional candle filters
for disinfection4. The coating technology has been
developed at The International Advanced Research
Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials
(ARCI), Hyderabad. ARCI is an autonomous R&D
Centre of Government of India‘s Department of Science
and Technology (DST). About 100 such nanosilver
coated candles have been field tested over an 8 month
period with both pond water and locally treated water.
The technology has been transferred to SBP Aquatech
1 http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/march/india.html
2
http://www.merid.org/nano/waterworkshop/assets/watertechpaper.pdf?
3 ibid
4 http://www.indiawaterportal.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/nano.doc

Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad which will mass produce and

market the candle filters.
o Nano silver based carbon blocks have been employed for
pesticide removal1. The nano-silver activated carbon
block has been developed in collaboration with IIT,
Chennai and is being marketed by Eureka Forbes as part
of its new water purifier, Aquaguard Total Gold Nova.
The treatment scheme includes UV disinfection, along
with adsorption on nano silver based activated carbon
blocks. This water purifier was launched in early 2008
and costs Rs 9,000-10,000.
o Coating on catalyst for microorganism control (IICT,
Hyderabad) the group has developed nano silver coated
alumina catalyst using electrochemical method. These
catalysts were found to be efficient for microorganism
control in water2.
Other nanotechnology interventions being developed are
listed below.
o CNT filters have been prepared and tested successfully
for bacteria removal3. This was a joint research effort by
Banaras Hindu University Varanasi and Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute USA. More recently, CNT based
water filters have also been developed and tested on the
laboratory scale by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC), Mumbai4.
o Nano iron oxide / mixed oxide for arsenic removal (IIT
Kharagpur, Presidency College, Kolkata) In the study by
IIT Kharagpur iron oxide nano particles were
synthesized with using chemical method with an average
size of 45 nm. Under the experimental conditions
studies, maximum adsorption of 96% was obtained5. In
another study nano iron-titanium oxide was used.
Sorption test using a fixed bed column gave water with
arsenic content less than 0.01 mg/L6.
1
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022751082300.h
tm
2Shashikala V, Siva Kumar V, Padmasri A H, David Raju B, Venkata
Mohan S, Nageswara Sarma P and Rama Rao K S. 2007. Advantages of
nano-silver-carbon covered alumina catalyst prepared by electro-chemical
method for drinking water purification, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:
Chemical, 268, 1-2, 95-100.
3 Srivastava A, Srivastava O N, Talapatra S, Vajtai R, Ajayan P M. 2004. Carbon
Nanotube Filters, Nature Materials, 3, 610-614.
4Kar S, Bindal R C, Prabhakar S, Tewari P K, Dasgupta K, Sathiyamoorthy
D. 2008. Potential of carbon nanotubes in water purification: an approach
towards the development of an integrated membrane system,
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination, 3(2), 143–150.
5 De D, Mandal S M, Bhattacharya J, Ram S, Roy S K. 2009. Iron oxide
nanoparticle-assisted arsenic removal from aqueous system, Journal of
Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 44 (2), 155 – 162.
6 Gupta K and Ghosh U C. 2009. Arsenic removal using hydrous
nanostructure iron(III)–titanium(IV) binary mixed oxide from aqueous
solution, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2-3), 884-892.

o Nano catalyst / photo catalysts for water (BITS, Goa;

ARCI, Hyderabad; ARI, Pune) Use of Fe-Ni nano
catalyst was found effective for degradation of orange G
dye in water1. Nano TiO2 photo catalyst have been
studied for removal of chlorophenol2, bisphenol3, metal
ions4, nitrobenzenes5.
Altogether in the water purification sector, international NT

developments are targeted at efficient removal of specific
contaminants, improving efficiency of treatment processes.
Thus, the research agenda is not much different from that of the
developing countries. However, product customization (such as
filtration without having access to electricity) and cost issues
would need to be addressed for bringing forth applications in
developing countries.
While some of the research concerning nanomaterial aided

filters and pollutant removal is still at the laboratory stage, two
known complete systems incorporating nanomaterials (e.g.
ARCI’s nanosilver coated candles and Eureka Forbes activated
carbon blocks with nanosilver) have been developed.
It is interesting to note that the ARCI based filters were field
tested in 40 villages in the vicinity of Hyderabad. Therefore a
clear emphasis on serving the needs of rural masses (the
majority of whom have to grapple with the water quality issues)
appears to have been developed. However it is unclear if this
particular system is being marketed to rural or urban
environments. On the other hand the system developed by
Eureka Forbes appears to have been developed for urban
populations. Nevertheless point-of-use water treatment systems
being developed in India are targeting both urban and rural
markets. In this context, simple systems which do not require
electricity for their operation (e.g. Aquasure from Eureka Forbes
Ltd., Pureit from Hindustan Unilever Ltd. etc) have been
developed for areas where electricity availability is a problem6.
Further, some of these companies are also examining
community based treatment units (e.g. for removal of specific
1 Bokare A D, Chikate R C, Rode C V, Paknikar K M. 2007. Effect of surface
chemistry of Fe-Ni nanoparticles on mechanistic pathways of azo dye

degradation, Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (21), 7437-7443.
2 Venkatachalam N, Palanichamy M and V. Murugesan. 2007. Sol–gel
preparation and characterization of alkaline earth metal doped nano TiO2:
Efficient photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol, Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 273 (1-2), 177-185
3 Venkatachalam N, Palanichamy M, Arabindoo B and Murugesan V. 2007.
Alkaline earth metal doped nanoporous TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic
mineralisation of bisphenol-A, Catalysis Communications, 8 (7), 1088-
1093.
4 Aarthi T and Madras G. 2008. Photocatalytic reduction of metals in
presence of combustion synthesized nano-TiO2, Catalysis Communications, 9 (5), 630-634.
5 Priya M H and Madras G. 2006. Photocatalytic degradation of
nitrobenzenes with combustion synthesized nano-TiO2, Journal of
Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 178 (1), 1-7.
6 http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/retail/200804158757.htm

contaminants like fluoride, arsenic etc.) which are housed in

rural areas. Thus, rural networks either exist or are being
created. Therefore nanotechnology aided interventions might be
a part of these technologies in the future.
Nanotechnology and agriculture in India

Challenges in the agriculture sector in India
Agriculture sector contributes significantly to the national
economy and S&T has played a significant role in increasing
agricultural productivity over the years. An extensive
agricultural research system with a widespread extension
machinery and government policy has enabled the agriculture
sector to respond to the increasing demand for agricultural
produce. However, in recent decades the agricultural scenario
has witnessed several challenges like declining farm
profitability, depletion of natural resources, resurgence of new
pests and diseases, global warming and climate change. With
increasing population there is further pressure on this sector to
meet the growing food demand. In order to address these
issues, there is a need to focus on research, technology
generation and diffusion along with human resources
development. Towards this end the conventional research
approaches need to be supplemented by new S&T interventions
that are cost and time effective.
How nanotechnology might address these challenges

Frontier cutting edge technology like nanotechnology is one
such emerging area in S&T, which holds significant promise for
agriculture .1 Enhancement of agricultural productivity has been
identified as the second most critical area of application of
nanotechnology for attaining the millennium development
goals2. Box2.1 enlists some of the critical issues related to
agriculture in India and the potential nanotechnology solutions
to these issues.
1 Roco, Mihail C. (2003). Broader societal issues of nanotechnology.

Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 5:3-4, August, 181-189.
2 Slamanca-Buentello F, DL Persad, EB Court, DK Martin, AS Daar, and
Peter A. Singer (2005). Nanotechnology and the Developing World. PLoS
Med 2(5): e97. Available at, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020097

Box 2.1: Issues in agriculture and nanotechnology options

1. Lower agricultural input efficiency
• Nanofertilizers for slow release and efficient use of water and fertilizers by plants
• Nanocides – pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles for controlled release, and
nanoemulsions for greater efficiency
• Delivery of nutrients and drugs for livestock and fisheries
2. Unsustainable farm management

• Nanoparticles for soil conservation
• Nanosensors for soil quality and for plant health monitoring, and for precision
agriculture, controlled environment agriculture.
• Nanobrushes and membranes for soil and water purification
• Nanomagnets for removal of soil contaminants
3. Agricultural productivity enhancement

• Genetic improvements of plants and animals
• Delivery of genes and drug molecules to specific sites at cellular levels in plants and
animals
• Nano-array based gene technologies for gene expressions in plants and animals under
stress conditions
4. Vulnerabilities to climate change due to global warming

• Nano based gene technologies in crops bred to withstand heat, salt, submergence or
water logging.
Nanotechnology might also serve the food packaging industry

through use of nanomaterials in food packaging for enhanced
protection of foodstuffs, nano sensors for detection of food
spoilage and nanobarcodes to track identity and quality of
packaged foods.
International developments
The potential of nanotechnology in agriculture can be gauged
from the developments in research that have taken place in the
developed countries. Research in these countries has shown
that nanotechnology can enhance our understanding of biology
of different crops and thus has the potential to advance
agricultural productivity through genetic improvements of
plants.1 2 In addition, nanotechnology has enabled delivery of
genes and drug molecules to specific sites at the cellular level3.
Also, gene expressions under stress conditions using nano-array
based gene technologies has been envisaged upon to overcome
the biotic and abiotic stress conditions in plants.
1 Kuzma, J (2007). Moving forward responsibly: Oversight for the

nanotechnology-biology interface. Journal of Nanoparticle
Research.9:165-182.
2 Scott, NR (2007). Nanoscience in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary
Research Communications.31 (Suppl.) 139-144.
3 Maysinger, Dusica (2007). Nanoparticles and cells: good companions
and doomed partnerships.Org.Biomol.Chem.5:2335-2342.

Genetic engineering of plants, microbes and animals has many

technical limitations and hurdles1, which could be addressed
successfully by nanobiotechnology. By using nanoparticles,
nanofibres and nanocapsules, rather than using viral vectors, to
carry foreign DNA and chemicals into cells, nanobiotechnology
offers a new set of tools for genetic manipulation of plants2.
Nanobiotechnology has been used by researchers at Chiang Mai
University in Thailand to alter the rice colour and develop rice
varieties that can be grown all year long3. Also it has been
reported that nanobiotechnology has been used to genetically
alter golden rice4.
Nanotechnology has also found application potential in making

agricultural systems “smart”5 by early diagnosis of plant health
issues before they become visible. Such nanoscale devices will
act as both a preventive and an early warning system.
Furthermore, such smart devices can be used for targeted and
controlled delivery of agrochemicals. Usage of technological
innovations like encapsulation and controlled release methods
has resulted in increase in pesticide use efficiency thus,
revolutionizing the use of agrochemicals. Some of the world’s
largest agrochemical corporations are engaged in the
development of nano-reformulations of existing chemical
emulsions. For example, Syngenta is using nano emulsions in
its pesticide products. It has also been selling its nano-
formulated “Primo MAXX” plant growth regulator for several
years. This growth regulating product if applied prior to the
onset of stress conditions such as heat, drought or, disease can
help plants to withstand these stresses.
Nanotechnology R&D in the agriculture sector in India

In India, the Government has recognized the importance of
research and development in nanotechnology and accordingly
investments have been made to engage with and harness
benefits from such emerging technologies.
1 Zhang Y, Y Zhang, J Chen, H Zhang, Y Zhang, L Kong, Y Pan, J Liu, and J

Wang (2006). A novel gene delivery system: Chitosan-carbon
nanoparticles. Nanoscience 11(1):1-8.
2 Torney F, B Trewyn , V Lin, and K Wang (2007). Mesoporous silica
nanoparticles deliver DNA andchemicals into plants. Nature Nanotechnol
2:295-300.
3 ETC Group (2004). Down on the Farm.
Available at: http://www.etcgroup.org
4 AzoNano (2003). Nanofibers to be used in drug delivery, gene therapy,
crop engineering and environmental monitoring.
Available at: http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=114
5 Joseph T, Morrison M (2006). Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food.
Nanoforum Report. Available at:
http://www.nanoforum.org/dateien/temp/nanotechnology%20in%20agri
culture%20and%20food.pdf?08122006200524

Experts including this technology’s advocate Dr Kalam have felt

that nanotechnology poses great opportunity to enhance
national agricultural productivity and reduce production costs
in the face of reduced arable land, water, and workforce as well
as increased population and climatic variations1 . Even Mr.
Pawar the minister of Agriculture and food industries in his
inaugural address at ASSOCHAM’s “Fifth Knowledge
Millennium Summit B2B on Bio and Nanotechnology”
expounded on certain bio-nanotechnology interventions that
could help alleviate the problem of food security2.
A sub-group set up by the Planning Commission headed by
ICAR director-general has stated in its report that
nanotechnology such as, nano-sensors and nano-based smart
delivery systems could help ensure efficient utilization of
natural resources like water, nutrients and chemicals in
agriculture. Nano-barcodes and nano-processing could also
help monitor the quality of agricultural produce.
The report has called for the creation of a National Institute of

Nanotechnology in Agriculture (NINA) under National
Agricultural Research System. Further, the vast infrastructure
of universities and research institutes in agriculture in India
could be spruced up to engage with nanotechnology. Also,
creation of nanotechnology centres in these organizations
drawing expertise from different areas of agriculture could
provide a platform to the scientific community to explore this
technology better. Since, nanotechnology is interdisciplinary in
nature and possesses application potential in several areas of
agriculture, its successful usage would require a greater degree
of interaction and collaboration among the disciplines and
actors. In this regard, the sub-group has proposed for the
establishment of a national consortium on nanotechnology
R&D. The consortium would include, besides the proposed
NINA, several other institutes active in nanotechnology R&D
(IIT, IISc, NPL, BHU, agricultural universities, Jamia Hamdard
University, and apex scientific and research bodies).
Many of the challenges currently being faced by the agriculture

sector in India could be addressed through this technology.
Given the wide range of applications of nanotechnology in
agriculture, research in nanotechnology would require a focus
on increasing agricultural productivity, product quality and
resource use efficiencies that reduce on farm costs, raise the
value of production, and increase farm incomes and;
1http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=15766
2Bionanotechnology will help India’s food security: Pawar,
http://www.indiaprwire.com/businessnews/20070919/24555.htm,
accessed 3rd June 2008

conservation of the natural resource base1. In comparison to the

developed world, where nanotechnology applications in
agriculture are progressing at a faster rate, there is a need for
developing countries to build research capability in the area and
invest in nanotechnology research. This is because agriculture
in developing countries like India is mostly practiced under
tropical conditions and thus the technologies have to be either
developed indigenously or it has to be adapted to the changed
conditions. Developing indigenous R&D capability would also
give competitive advantage to the developing countries, as there
is opportunity to patent products originating from a particular
geographical area.
Research and development in nanotechnology in agriculture has
begun however seems to be progressing at a slower pace than in
sectors like health. Table2.2 highlights some of the research that
has been supported by agencies like DST and DBT and is being
undertaken at publicly funded institutes.
Table 2.2 R&D in nanotechnology and agriculture in India

Area of Reserach Locations
Process For The Proteinassisted Nano 1. Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West
Composite Synthesis Of Silica-Humic Bengal,
Acidbt Toxins-Copper (Si-Ha-Bt-Cu) As 2. Central Fuel Research Institute, Jharkhand
Bioencapsulated Pesticides
Potential role of nanoparticles in plant University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Pathogen detection at early Stage and
waste management
Nano ZnO for smart packaging 1. Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology
(formerly regional research laboratory,
Bhubaneshwar)
2. Indian Institute of ChemicalTechnology,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Preparation, Characterization Of Madurai Kamraj University, Madurai
Nanoshells And Their Use To Enhance
Plant Growth
Development Of Controlled Release Deptt. Of Chemistry, Delhi University
Nanoparticulate Formulations For
Pesticides And Insecticides
Entomotoxic Nanoparticle Development: Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
Insecticidal Efficacy And Biosafety Studies
Metabolomics And Machine Learning Tools
Silver Nanoparticles - Potential applications Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore
in Sericulture
Potential use of Nanoparticles for DNA Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College
Vaccine in fish model to control becterial Melvisharam
and viral diseases Department of Inorganic Chemistry
School of Chemical Sciences, University of
Madras
1Sastry, R. Kalpana, N.H. Rao, R Cahoon, T Tucker (2007). Can

Nanotechnology Provide The Innovations for a Second Green Revolution
in Indian Agriculture? NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees
Conference, Dec 3-6, 2007. Available at,
http://www.nseresearch.org/2007/overviews/Sastry_speaker.doc

Source: http:/nanomission.gov.in,
http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68
Some international collaboration have also been initiated to

take such R&D forward. For example, nano-formulated
herbicide designed to attack the seed coating of weeds, destroy
soil seed banks and prevent weed germination, have been
developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (India) and
Technologico de Monterry (Mexico)1.
Concerns have been raised about rushing for technologies and

not addressing the regulatory issues pertaining to such
emergent technology. For technology to contribute to socially
responsible development of the sector there is a need for a clear
policy on genetic transformation and regulatory and incentive
structure for this emerging field.
In this regard, to avoid future litigation related problems’

arising out of developments in nanotechnology and for
responsible development of nanotechnology in Indian
agriculture, M.S. Swaminathan, a former head of the National
Commission of Farmers in India, has called for the development
of a national regulatory commission on nanotechnology2.
Support for R&D that addresses national priorities and socio-

economic development
The NSTI which was the nation’s first formal program on

nanoscience and technology concentrated on building a critical
mass of research and infrastructure in this area in the country.
However during this period President Kalam who was
instrumental in publicising the benefits of nanotechnology also
advocated the need for researchers to utilise nanotechnology’s
potential to serve the nations needs. Some significant areas
where he saw potential for developing nanotechnology
applications in context of the country’s needs are nanotube-
based solar power cells, diagnostic kits and drug delivery
systems for cancer and HIV/AIDS. This notion has been taken
forward in the NSTM that was commissioned in 2007. The
mission will apart from focusing on fundamental research also
concentrate on developing applications that address national
1 Raj, Michael (2006). Project to develop nano herbicides. TheHindu.com

21 August 2006. Available at:
http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/21/stories/2006082108960100.htm,
accessed 10 July 2008
2 Sreelata, M (2008). India looks to nanotechnology to boost agriculture.
SciDev Net 16 May 2008, Available at:
http://www.scidev.net/en/news/india-looks-to-nanotechnology-to-boost-
agriculture.html, accessed 15 July 2008.

priorities in areas like safe drinking water, materials

development, sensors development, drug delivery, etc.1
DST
A tentative analysis of the projects undertaken through the
NSTI and NSTM reveals that some projects are oriented
towards applied research and application development in the
areas of health, agriculture, energy, environment etc (Table
2.3). While support for projects in the area of biotechnology and
health has been seen since 2002, support for those in the other
areas like energy, agriculture and environment and even toxicity
has increased since 2006-2007 about the time when the
mission was conceived. While there appears to be no support
for a specific project in the area of water, some of the projects
under the subhead environment involve use of nanomaterials to
clean up pollutants in water as well as treat effluent. However a
general survey of the nanotechnology projects undertaken in the
broad area of water (See section on Nanotechnology and Water
in India) reveals that research on nanomaterials in traditional
and urban water purification systems has been undertaken in
India in institutes like IIT, Chennai2 and ARCI, Hyderabad. It is
unclear if funding for these projects has come from
NSTI/NSTM or another funding mechanism of DST that is not
under the formal nanotechnology banner. It appears that
application oriented projects undertaken by DST are also
addressed to other sectors like electronics, textiles, as well as
other industrial processess. However the analysis of the DST
projects presented here is preliminary and needs to be validated
by experts from nanotechnology and the various fields that have
been addressed here.
Table 2.3 Distribution of DST sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects

across various sectors
Year
Agriculture
(Total no. of Health Energy Water Environment Toxicity
& Nutrition
projects)
2002-03 (22)
2003-04 (35) 1
2004-05 (19) 3
2005-06 (12) 1
2006-07 (18) 1 1 2
2007-2008 (45) 1 4 2 1
2008-2009 (26) 1 2 1
1 R. Ramachandran, 2006, Preparing for take-off: Indian nanotechnology,

Scidev, http://www.scidev.net/en/features/preparing-for-takeoff-indian-
nanotechnology.html
2 Two proposals in the area of water were placed before DST for funding in
2008. The first proposal from IIT Chennai focused on nanomaterial based
water purifiers while the other aimed at investigating the use of magnetic
nanomaterials for water and waste water treatment.

In the health sphere the projects supported have been in the

broad areas of drug delivery (3), tissue engineering (2), gene
therapy and nanotechnology methods for clinical oncology. In
the sphere of agriculture research that looks at applications of
nanomaterials in sericulture as well as in fisheries e.g.
developing a DNA vaccine for fish to control diseases has been
encouraged. Under energy, some of the projects for which funds
have been sanctioned include development of nanotubes for
thermoelectric applications, photocatalysts for hydrogen
generation as well as nano processing of semiconductor
nanotubes for photovoltaics and synthesis of nanomaterials for
solid fuel cells. Research that has focused on developing
nanotechnology based applications for the environment and
which have been supported by DST include nanomaterials to
remove toxins from water and air , investigations on the
potential for nano TiO2 to photodegrade organic pollutants,
nanomaterials to detect water contaminants as well as
biosequestration of heavy metals leading to nanomaterial
synthesis together with effluent decontamination (2). Studies
sustained under toxicity banner include research on the fate of
nanomaterials in biological systems as well as toxicity
assessments of ferric pyrophosphate nanoparticles.1
Amongst the approximately 103 projects aided by SERC (Table

2.4) aside from the NSTI and NSTM around 23 projects have
implications for areas like health, environment, toxicity and
energy. Research in these domains includes basic science as well
as engineering sciences.
Table 2.4 Distribution of SERC sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects

Year
(Total no. of Health Energy Environment Toxicity
projects)
2004-05 2
2005-06 2
2006-07 4 3 1
2007-08) 3 2 4 2
Source: http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ser-serc.htm
Research in health has included developing nanocrystalline

composites/ biodegradable nanopolymer composites either for
drug design and biomedical applications (2), nanocrystalline
materials for bone replacement and drug delivery or drug
delivery, nanoparticle mediated delivery to cancer cell lines ,
development of nanostructured materisla for vascular grafts,
nanocomposite materisla for tissue engineering as well as
generation of nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions for
1List of Projects sanctioned and list of proposals received,

http://nanomission.gov.in/

pharmaceutical applications. In the domain of environment

nanomaterial aided sensing devices or sensors (2),
nanomaterial incorporating capacitors for zero emission
vehicles, nanoparticle aided clean up of soils, iron nanoparticles
for arsenic bioremediation, nanocatalysts for environmental
purification, development of smart materials for environmental
applications. On the other hand in the energy domain projects
that have focused on development of nanomaterials for dye
sensitized solar cells, research on nanomaterial aided dye
sensitized solar cells (2), Development and characterisation of
nanomaterials for fuel cells and other nanomaterial related
investigations (3) and thin film solar cells based on
nanomaterials have been aided. Additionally toxicological
studies on carbon nanotubes using cell lines and animal models
have also been supported.1
DBT
On the other hand a preliminary analysis of the projects
supported by DBT in 2006-07 and 2007-08 (table 2.5) reveals
that applied research in the areas of water health, agriculture
and food processing, environment as well as toxicity has been
undertaken. Major areas of emphasis are health followed by
agriculture. Incidentally research in the area of water,
specifically the development of nanofilters for water purification
has also been aided.
Table 2.5 Distribution of DBT sponsored nanotechnology related R&D projects

Year Agriculture
(Total no. of Health Water & Food Environment Toxicity
projects) product
2006-07 (20) 11 1 4 1
2007-2008
(24) 15 2 1 2
Source: http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68
Amongst research in health sphere several projects concern

themselves with the delivery of drugs or bioactive molecules
(approximately 10-12 projects) which might help treat diseases
like cancer, retinoblastoma etc. Some also investigate the use of
nanomaterials in diagnostic applications (4) especially for
cancer and tuberculosis diagnosis. Others have focused on
development of nanomaterials for tissue engineering (3), some
specifically targeting bone and hepatic tissues. Research
supported also includes development of nanomaterials for
biomedical applications, faster wound healing, treatment of
malaria and other therapeutic applications. Some other projects
supported include investigations on the cellular interaction of
1Lists of projects sanctioned, SERC http://dst.gov.in/scientific-

programme/ser-serc.htm

nanoparticles that has implications for gene expression, drug

delivery and diagnosis as well as research on gold nanoparticles
for their use in the latter applications.
In the agriculture domain research in the areas of synthesis of

nanocomposites and nanoparticulate formulations for pesticide
applications as well as use of nanomaterials for plant pathogen
detection and plant growth have been assisted. Investigations
on nano zinc oxide particles for their role in smart packaging
have also been aided. In the area of environment a study on
linking enzymes onto carbon nanotubes for the degradation of
pollutants has been sponsored together with the development of
green nanocomposites from renewable resources. Alternatively
projects supported in the area of nanomaterial toxicity have
included toxicological studies of nanomaterials used in medical
applications as well as investigations on the eco-toxicity of
engineered nanoparticles on marine organisms.1
Others
Amongst the other R&D agencies, all the research supported by
ICMR is in the health domain as its mandate is to support
biomedical research in India. On the other hand CSIR2 also
appears to have aided health based nanotechnology research
together with DRDO to a smaller extent.3 DAE and DIT4 also
have funded some research that may have implications for the
development of nanotechnology related health applications.
Additionally DAE has also assisted research in that could play a
role developing applications in the spheres of energy and
environment.5 MNRE has also been supporting in the fields of
renewable energy6 (table 2.6).
1 List of projects approved, DBT

2 http://www.csir.res.in/
4 Lists of ongoing projects, DIT,
5 DAE, http://www.dae.gov.in/#
6 MNRE, http://mnes.nic.in/

Table 2.6 Distribution of DIT, CSIR, DAE, DRDO, ICMR and MNRE sponsored
nanotechnology related R&D projects across various sectors
Agency Area Examples of research supported
DIT Health Alignment and characterisation of nanotubes for drug delivery
Synthesis of nanocrystal silica from rice husk and its use in biomedical
applications
Nano-sized hydrographite powder for bone grafting
CSIR Health
Nanotechnology based tuberculosis diagnostic kit that is portable,
inexpensive and efficient to use
Nanomaterials and nanodevices in health and disease
Synthesis of nanomaterials that provides the possibility for developing
Health
drug delivery systems
DAE Energy
Hydrogen storage materials
Environment
Nanoparticle based filters for radioactive waste processing
DRDO Health Nanosensor based typhoid diagnostic kit
Nanomaterial based drug delivery and drug therapy for Alzheimer’s
ICMR1 Health disease, leishmaniasis, to improve delivery of anti-viral drugs and oral
delivery of drugs like immunosuppressants
MNRE Energy Nannomaterials in photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel and chemical fuel cells
Source: Complied from various sources
Overall it appears that amongst the national priority areas for

development (energy, water, health agriculture, and
environment) nanotechnology’s potential is mainly being
exploited for developing applications in the health domain. This
is followed by emphasis on the development of applications in
the area of agriculture and environment. Applications in energy
and water are gaining importance gradually. Aside from
projects focusing on development of applications, the NSTM
and DBT have also begun to support research that focuses on
the toxicological aspects of nanomaterials. This is a fairly recent
development not witnessed in the initial years of
nanotechnology evolution in India. Lately a few nanobased
products have emerged in India especially in the area of health
and water. It is anticipated that the emphasis on application
oriented R&D will also lead to several of new products in the
near future in the Indian scenario. This together with the vocal
debate on the risks nanotechnologies might pose to society has
probably inclined funding agencies to build support for research
that centres on assessing the potential hazards of
nanotechnology based applications.
1Indian Council of Medical Research, List of Extramural Research


C HAPTER 3 Policy support for nanotechnology in India
The primary role of policy-making agencies in building S&T

capacity for R&D can be observed through the following lenses:
Funds allocated to nanoscience and technology development
Establishment of institutions and centres for R&D
Support to fundamental, applied research and technology
development
Setting up of a base for developing skilled human resources
Building infrastructure capacities
Forging international collaborations in the area and
Initiatives undertaken by state governments
Of the abovementioned routes, the first two have been discussed

in chapter 1. This chapter expands on the policy support
provided for promotion and development of nanotechnology in
India through the other three channels. Since policy measures
and support are being taken at various levels and departments
within the government, the following discussion provides an
overview of the policy actions taken across departments and
ministries both at the Central and state levels.
Grants for research and technology development

Various government departments and agencies, such as the DST,
DBT, DIT, CSIR, ICMR, DAE, DRDO and MNRE, have been
supporting nanoscience and technology in different spheres and
capacities. (See table 3.11) This section details the support that has
been provided to basic and applied research as well as technology
development in nanoscience and technology. Following is an
overview of the nature and scope of policy support offered by each
of the key government department and agency in this regard by way
of sponsoring research projects.
Department of Science and Technology (DST)

As seen in Chapter 1, DST has been at fore in promoting
nanotechnology R&D through the NSTI and NSTM, set up with
the objective of forging an environment for scientific research in
nanoscience and nanotechnology. As the depatment’s mandate
covers diverse areas, their attention has been on rapidly
initiating and expanding the R&D base for nanotechnology.
NSTM and NSTI have to a large extent facilitated research that
enhances the understanding of the fundamental aspects of the
phenomenon at the nanoscale. A large majority of the 130 odd
projects undertaken in the NSTI have focused on basic research.
Projects on synthesis and assembly, characterization and
manipulation as well as study of the properties of nano
materials have formed a large part of the DST’s effort. In this
context a range of materials have been investigated through

DST funding, including nanoparticles, nano tubes and wires,

nanoporous solids, nanostructured alloys, quantum dots,
nanocomposites, thin films, and functional nanomaterials etc.
Significant research has taken place on materials like
semiconductor crystals and their optical properties. New routes
for synthesis of “industrially important” nanocrystals like CdS,
AlN, GaN and InN and their utilisation also have been carried
out under the NSTI. Nanoscience research that could help drive
the development of applications in areas like electronics, energy
as well as biology, health and pharmaceuticals has also been
initiated.
During the NSTI the predominant support for fundamental

research is believed to have contributed to significant advances
in the domain. For example IISc’s observation that electrical
signals are generated during the flow of various liquids and
gases in single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles has
important implications for sensor development, and have been
approached by an international company for taking on
technology development in this area.1, 2 Results in another
project, focusing on micro fluidic devices might also have
significant implications for application development in the
areas of biotechnology, pharmaceutical industry, drug delivery,
intelligent pneumatic systems, information technology etc.
Focus on developing industrially relevant products and

processes in the arena of nanotechnology has spurred the
creation of public-private linkages amongst institutions and
industries. These activities aim to harness the expertise and
experience possessed by academic institutions in nanoscience
and technology and links their knowledge base to the
commercial drive of industry to develop applications. Six
institution-industry projects have been developed under the
nano mission with some financial support from the industry as
well (Table 3.1). While exact figures are not known three such
projects worth 40 crores have been initiated3.
1 R Ramchandran, 2003, A surprise from Banglore, Frontline, Volume 20 -

Issue 03,
http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~asood/A%20surprise%20from%20Ban
galore.htm
2 Discussion at Bangalore Nano 2008
3 http://nanomission.gov.in/, list of projects sanctioned in the
Nanomission

Table 3.1 List of Joint Institute-Industry Projects under the Nano Mission
SL Project Industry
1. Nano Functional Materials Centre, IIT Madras Murugappa Chettiar & Orchid Pharma
2. Nano Technology Centre,Univ. of Hyderabad Dr. Reddy's Labs
3. Centre for Interactive & Smart Textiles,IIT Delhi ARCI, Hyderabad & Textile Industry
Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, NIPER,
4. Pharma industry
Chandigarh
5. Rubber Nanocomposites, MG University, Kottayam Apollo Tyres
6. Nanophosphor Application Centre, Univ. of Allahabad Nanotech Corp., USA
Source: http://nanomission.gov.in/
Within the NSTM, while support to basic research has received

attention, parallel emphasis has been laid on the development
of products and devices and application oriented projects. In
fact two advisory groups, Nano Science Advisory Group (NSAG)
and Nano Applications and Technology Advisory Group
(NATAG) have been created for both these aspects individually.
Large emphasis has been placed on developing applications like
DNA chips, drug delivery systems, miniaturized diagnostic kits,
etc in the health domain. Support for R&D to develop nano
filters that can be utilised for water treatment and identifying
nanomaterials for cleaning up of contaminated environments
has also been granted. Some projects in the area of agriculture
as well as energy systems such as photovoltaics and
supercapacitors coatings have also been sanctioned. Other focus
areas have been textile applications, displays, sensors data
storage and computing. Development of nanomaterials that
could play an important role across industry processes like
coatings and high strength materials have also been sponsored.
Incidentally a few studies that look at the toxicity of specific
nanomaterials have also been aided. To boost application
oriented development of the technology, the mission seeks to
establish “Nano Applications and Technological Development
Centers” and “Nanotechnology Business Incubators”. There
have also been some references to the creation of Research and
Industry Collaboration Hubs (RICH) to enable rapid
development of applications and their commercialisation.
In general close to 200 projects have been undertaken in the

NSTI and NSTM since 2002. (Annexure I). After a decline in the
number of projects after two years of the NSTI & NSTM, the
number has gone up again with 2007-2008 accounting for 25%
of the total number of projects sanctioned. (Table 3.2)1

Table 3.2 Year-wise sanction of projects by DST under NSTI and NSTM
Year Total no. of project sanctioned
2002-2003 22
2003-2004 35
2004-2005 19
2005-2006 12
2006-2007 18
2007-2008 45
2008-2009 (upto 5th Dec. 2008) 26
Total project sanctioned 177
Aside from NSTI and NSTM, SERC (Science and Engineering

Research Council) toohave aided projects on nanoscience and
technology Support for these projects has been through its
general R&D schemes for basic science and engineering science
as well as through projects sanctioned under fast track for
young scientists. Once again emphasis is on developing and
characterising a variety of nanomaterials, especially those that
have application in chemical or manufacturing industries. Some
research has also been undertaken in the areas of health,
energy, environment and even toxicity studies. For a complete
list of SERC projects, see Annexure II.1
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

Department of Biotechnology is another key department under
the Ministry of Science and Technology. Although, the
department was set up primarily for the development of modern
biology and biotechnology in India, it has been active in other
technologies like nanotechnology as well. DBT held
consultations for roadmap on nanotechnology and its
application in medicine and diagnostics2 as early as August
2004. In the same year, a call for proposals in the domain of
medical biotechnology and health care featured
nanobiotechnology as a focus area. In 2006, Pawan Kumar
Bansal, Minister of State for Finance had announcedthat the
government would develop a nano-biotechnology policy3.
Eventhough such a policy has not been formulated as yet, it
reflects the policy approach to harness the tremendous potential
nanotechnology and biotechnology holds for sectors such as
agriculture and horticulture as well as energy, water etc. This
approach has however been adequately illustrated in the calls
for proposal issued by the DBT. Since 2006 the department has
issued four calls for proposals relating to nanotechnology in the
1 http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ser-serc.htm
2 http://pgimer.nic.in/annrep38part2.pdf
3 Nano-biotech policy soon; ECONOMY BUREAU, Posted online:
Thursday, March 30, 2006 at 0047 hours IST
http://www.techbizindia.com/newsletters/030406/pharma_biotech.htm

fields of agriculture, including nutrition and mitigating soil

pollution, biology, nanobiotechnology, drug delivery systems
and medicine for both fundamental research and technology
development. Besides, even the calls ongeneral areas appear to
be inclined to support nanoscience and technology research.
There has been a focus on developing industrial products in
public or private domains and create public-private
partnerships for drug and biomolecule delivery. Another central
area of these calls has been to develop an understanding of the
ways in which nanomaterials and nanoscale systems interact
with cells and tissues for insights into aspects relating to their
functions and toxicity. Studies focusing on toxicological aspects
of potential bio-nano materials and products being developed in
these areas are being encouraged. The most recent call focuses
on nano-agriculture and nanomedicine. DBT has been
promoting research in other areas like the use of nanomaterials
in biotechnology processes, such as, sequencing and
introduction of DNA, applications for water treatment, defence
and aid for relief. (Table 3.3).
Like DST, DBT has supported several research projects across

sectors and applications. In the year 2007-2008, 42 sanctioned
projects were reported to be in the areas such as drug delivery
and diagnostics, cancer therapy, water purification,
environmental management, pesticide delivery, amongst
others1. (See Annex III) DBT has designated different thematic
areas under their R&D programme focussing on areas like
research in modern biology, biodiversity conservation and
environment, medical biotechnology, biotechnology of
biofertizers, microbial and industrial biotechnology. Presently
research support has been granted for projects that are engaged
in researching nanomaterial use for drug delivery2 and cancer
therapy3 nanobiotechnology for therapeutics.4.
Under the DBT calls, interdisciplinary research is highlighted as

an essential requirement for approval of projects. Interdisciplinary
aspects R&D proposals across disciplines like cellular and
molecular biology, physics, chemistry, engineering, material
sciences have been stressed upon.
1 Annual reports DBT 2006-07, 2007-08,

2 http://www.sankaranethralaya.org/re_nano.htm.
3 http://www.annauniv.edu/ctdt/contents/technology/biotech.html
4 Research at the Center for Research in Nanotechnology & Science
(CRNTS) at IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur, Punjab University, Peryyar
Maniammai University, Tamilnadu, National Institute of Immunology,
New Delhi and the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research (NIPER)

Table 3.3 Calls for proposals on nanotechnology by DBT

Year Call for proposals by DBT related to nanoscience and Implied areas of interest/ Specified focus areas
technology
2006 Call for concept paper for nanotechnology application Nanosensors development to detect contaminants & pathogens; nanomembranes
in agriculture for controlled pesticide release; decontamination of food processing equipment;
remediation of polluted water for irrigation use.
2007 Call for proposals on knowledge based nanoscience Tissue and bone regeneration, wound healing, drug and drug delivery,
and nanotechnology for application in biology therapeutics, nanomaterials to study cell processes, biomimetic membranes,
diagnostics, biosensors, biochips to detect pathogenic organisms and diseases,
protein based nanoparticles, nanomaterial applications in food industry, light
weight food packaging material etc.
Toxicological studies of materials developed.
2008 Call for pre-proposal on nanobiotechnology / Nano drug delivery, encapsul;ation of drugs in nanoparticulate forms to improve
nanoparticle-mediated drug / biomolecule delivery their shelf life , bioavailability and half life of drugs; manipulation of
and their toxicological studies: in public, private and nanoparticulate forms to develop novel functions.
public-private partnerships towards development of Nanotoxicology- biokinetic, epidemiological and toxicological studies; toxicological
industrial products; study of their basic mechanism of studies of commercialized and novel nanomaterials based drug and biomolecule
action and conduct toxicological studies. delivery systems.
2009 4th call for pre proposals in the areas of nanomedicine Medicine
and nanoagriculture Disease biology and detection, diagnostics, sensors, implants and prosthetics,
biomarkers; nanomaterials and devices for therapeutics, drug delivery, tissue
repair and regeneration; tissue engineering, medical devices, gene delivery,
techniques for DNA sequencing.
Development of techniques to characterize properties of nanostructured
assemblies and materials for advancing biomedical technologies.
Agriculture
Sensor applications for water, fertilisers and pesticide use; nanopesticides;
nanomaterials for introducing DNA and chemicals to cells; nanomaterials to
increase production, shelf-life and nutritional value of food; nanotechnology
applications for animal breeding, disease treatment, drug delivery and
pathogen detection.
Source: Compiled from various sources
Department of Information Technology (DIT)

The Department of Information Technology, under the Ministry of
Communication and Information Technology, was set up with the
agenda of making India a front-runner in the age of information
revolution. Realising the potential of nanotechnology in
information and communication technology, the DIT launched a
Nanotechnology Development Program in 2004 and had made an
investment of 126 crore and sanctioned 18 projects by 2007.
(Annexure IV). Beside the capacity building programmes under
taken by the department, there has been some significant support
to research projects as well. These have been in the area of
development of nanometrology (NPL New Delhi), synthesis and
characteristics of various nanomaterials (IIT Delhi and C-MET
Pune), nanomaterials for electronic applications like packaging
and opteoelectronics (C-MET, Pune; IIT Roorkee), nanoelectronic
devices (CEERI Pilani), optical and energy applications (C-MET

Pune), spintronics (IIT Kanpur). Other projects in the area of

sensors like the synthesis of specific nanomaterials for sensor for
vacuum and low pressure applications (Jadavpur University) as
well as gas sensing applications (IIT, Kharagpur) also have been
aided by the DIT. Investigations of nanomaterial to sense chemical
and biological species (Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi),
characterisation of nanodevices (VNIT, Nagpur), alignment and
characterisation of carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery are
other significant research projects being carried out under the
aegis of DIT. Three patent applications have also resulted out of
the DIT sponsored R&D.1
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Under the DSIR, CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research) was set up as an autonomous body in 1942 to provide
scientific, industrial R&D that maximises the economic,
environmental and societal benefits for India. A premier body
for supporting research, CSIR does not have a specific
programme on annotechnology but been supporting projects in
the broad area of nanoscience and technology. In general
several projects supported by CSIR pertain to the development
or synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials, their
characterisation, study of their properties and investigations for
their use in industrial applications. In between 2003-2007 the
main domains under which this research was sustained include
chemical science and technology and material sciences (Table
3.4). In the materials domain major accomplishments by
various labs under the knowledge based products/technology
development category include lipid nanoparticle
immobilisation, carbon nanotubes using the dc arc discharge
technique, nanocrystalline polymers with a variety of dopings
for fabrication of fast response polymer based solid states and
sensing devices. Technologies developed for commercialisation
include interventions such as nanocrystalline ferromagnetic
alloys, nano sized hydrographite powder for bone grafting.
Technologies under development include nanocrystalline ferro
magnetic alloys, biomimetic synthesis of nano sized
hydrographite powder for bone grafting etc.2
In addition, some research has been funded in the spheres of

energy and ecology and environment. R&D in the former area
consists of the development of nanomaterials for
desulfurization of coal and for carbon-di-oxide sequestration. In
the sphere of environment focus areas include development of
nanomaterials and nanosensors for detecting various gases,
acids as well as gas moisture in minute amounts. CSIR has in
the past undertaken tremendous work in the health domain and
1 DIT http://www.mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=691
2 CSIR http://www.csir.res.in/

has been instrumental in the development of drugs and

pharmaceuticals. This has led to its interest in nanotechnology
R&D in medicine and health. Recently under the 11th five year
plan, a network project on nanomaterials and nanodevices in
health and disease with CCMB as the nodal lab has been
initiated. Rs 40 crore has been budgeted for this.1 CSIO, one of
the constituent CSIR laboratories has in fact developed an
inexpensive, easy to use, portable tuberculosis diagnostic kit
based on nanotechnology which was undergoing clinical trials2,
3.
Altogether CSIR labs have claimed proficiency in developing a

variety of nanomaterials such nanocrystalline materials,
polymeric nanoparticles, nanoparticle technology under the
domains of biology and biotechnology, wear resistant
nanocomposite coatings, nanocomposite films, nano ceramic
powders and nano catalysts. Other potential areas for interest
include environmental nanotechnology, nanomembranes for
water treatment and nano-electronics.4
Aside the projects undertaken within its constituent

laboratories, a few projects related to nanotechnology have also
been facilitated under the NMITLI scheme. This scheme seeks
to develop efficient public-private ventures for developing large
scale projects of national importance or industrial significance.
The nanotechnology based projects include:
Stimuli sensitive polymeric nano-particle based advanced

drug delivery systems for cancer, diabetes and anti-
bacterials; However it appears that this project has since
then been closed.
Nano-material catalysts and associated process technology
for alkylation/ acylation/nitration of well identified
industrial chemicals, pre-reforming of hydro-carbons and
sulphur removal (<50 ppm) from petroleum fuels;
Nano-material coatings and advanced composites for
tribological applications in automotive industry;5
Therefore nanotechnology research undertaken in these

projects has a very high scope of being developed into
industrially relevant technologies due to industry participation
in the R&D process. Even aside from the NMITLI venture,
collaborations between CSIR labs and industry appear to have
1 Annual reports CSIR, 2006-07

2 ThePress Trust of India, 2003, "In The News - TB News".
http://www.stoptb.org/material/news/press/pti_030416.htm.
3 TheTimes of India, 2004, "CSIO Develops Nanotechnology for TB
DiagnosticKit".
http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/401636.cms.
4 CSIR, http://www.csir.res.in/
5 http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/collaborations/NM.pdf

been undertaken. RRL Bhopal has tied up with HEG ltd,

Madhya Pradesh to work on new materials including
conducting basic research on nanomaterials.
CSIR holds several prominent publications and patents in the
area of nanoscience and technology. In the Indian context
appears to hold the highest number of international patents in
S&T as well as in the sphere of nanotechnology. For example
five US patents mainly in the area of the synthesis of
nanoparticles and nanomaterials were granted to CSIR labs like
CLRI, IICT, NCL, NML, and NEIST.1
Table 3.4 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology related work under CSIR

Year Chemical sciences Material sciences
2003-2004 Synthesis of nanotubes, materials to enhance Synthesis inorganic nanoparticles,
efficiency of supercapacitors, nanomaterials for
catalysis
2004-2005 Synthesis and characterisation of a variety of Synthesis of nanomaterials like gold films and nano-
nanomaterials, nanomaterials for catalysis and alumina powder, ZnS:Mn nanoparticles
novel polymeric materials and in developing NMITLI projects- development of nanomaterials,
green processes in the for organics; synthesis of nanocatalysts, nanocomposites
nanomaterials from biological sources
2005-2006 nanomaterials for catalysis and novel polymeric Development and characterisation of a variety of
materials, wear resistant nanofiltration nanomaterials, methods to produce nanomaterials in
membranes commercial scales at NPL (esp since applications are
seeing a tremendous increase)
2006-2007 Compute shapes of nanocrystals using X-ray Nanomaterial containing thin films for smart windows,
diffusion, synthesis and study of the properties of gold nanopartic;les for increasing enzyme activity for
barium titanate nanoparticles,, synthesis of biosensor applications, methods for synthesising
nanocrystal silica from rice husk and its use in nanowires, nanoparticles and nanoclusters.
biomedical applications like tumor detection;
nanomaterials for catalysis and novel polymeric
materials and in developing green processes in
the for organics
Source: Annual reports, CSIR
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

The vision of DAE with respect to nanoscience and technology is
to understand the behaviour of nanomaterials and cultivate
methods for their fabrication and characterisation and then use
this knowledge to create devices. Given the mandate of DAE,
applications in its area of interest span lasers, radiation detectors,
nanoscale motors and drug delivery systems. DAE supported
basic research in chemical sciences and engineering sciences,
including materials and surface engineering are listed in Table
3.5. Special mention has been made on the need to conduct
coordinated research in the areas of semiconductor and metal
quantum dots, magnetic quantum structures, interface and
1 CSIR, http://www.csir.res.in/

surface physics and chemistry. The need to facilitate links

between basic and applied research and engineering sciences to
address some challenging areas like nano-composites, sensor
development has also been emphasised. DAE has planned an
advance technology development program that it claims will form
the backbone of product development in technologies like MEMS
and nanotechnology. The technologies that will be developed
include ultra precision machining techniques and finishing
techniques. The department is also interested in sensor
development for the variety of programs under its domain and
one of the focus areas is development of sensors based on nano-
crystalline, nanowire and micro-cantilevers.1
Table 3.5 List of projects by Department of Atomic Energy

Chemical Science Engineering Sciences including Material Science and
Surface Engineering
Synthesis of nano-ceramics, nano-ionics, molecular hydrogen storage materials (carbon nano-tubes, metal
engineering of materials or control of structure at hydrides etc.);
molecular level, self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules
that offers scope for producing, biocompatible materials,
super-lattice of nano-materials and drug delivery
systems.
New characterization tools for nanomaterials and nano-structuring, laser technology for developing
nanodevices. Development of an intense slow positron advanced materials.
pulsed beam using an electron linac to facilitate study of
unexplored areas in positron chemistry.
Synthesis of oxides, bi-metallics, nano-structured Nanocomposites for coatings, nanomaterial coatings to
catalysts in micro and meso-porous hosts. prevent corrosion to increase efficiency of reactors
Understanding the processes at atomic and molecular
level to help design better catalysts.
Imprinted inorganic ion exchangers or filters in the form
of nano-particles with improved efficiencies for
application in radioactive waste reprocessing
Source: http://www.dae.gov.in/
Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO)

The mission of DRDO is to establish world-class science and
technology base to equip the country’s defence services with
internationally competitive systems and solutions. To this
effect, DRDO has supported and also engaged with research
itself in the areas of nanomaterials2, nanotubes and device
development. Defence Materials and Stores Research and
Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur under the
DRDO has set up a nano material development/ carbon
nanotube manufacturing facility3,1 DRDE. One of the labs under
1 http://www.dae.gov.in/
2 http://tiet.ac.in/home.php?main=research_ongoing_project
3
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2415/stories/20070810512012000.ht
m; http://www.newspostindia.com/report-44019

DRDO has, based on a nanosensor developed at IISC Bangalore,

developed a typhoid diagnostic kit that is 30 times more
sensitive than earlier prototypes. Future plans of DRDO with
national and international collaborations include establishing a
laboratory focused on nanomaterial based medical devices2 and
nanomaterial use in battery and defence applications.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

ICMR an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare is engaged in R&D that seeks to address health
needs of the nation. Projects primarily dealing with research on
nanomaterial use for drug delivery in areas of tuberculosis
(AIIMS)3, retinoblastoma (Sankara Nethralaya and ILS,
Bhubaneshwar)4 and other ophthalmic uses19 have been
funded by the ICMR (Table 3.6). Studies are also being
conducted on the toxicological and chemotherapeutic aspects of
these nanoparticles5
Table 3.6 List of nanotechnology projects that have received financial aid from
ICMR
Project Institute / Location
Oral delivery of cyclosporin g, an immunosuppressive Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy 2005-2008

peptide by entrapment as Liposomes and nanoparticles Bangalore
Nano particle delivery of bioactive constituents and drug Central Food Technological
2007-2010
by supercritical fluid system Research Institute Mysore
Solid lipid nanoparticles as surrogate carrier for bioactive Jamia Hamdard University) New
2005-2008
agents Delhi
Nanoparticle mediated drug therapy to the brain for the J.S.S.College of Pharmacy 2006-2009
management of Alzheimers disease Ootacamund
Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with engineered Dr.Hari Singh Gour 2006-2009

nanoparticulate carrier containing amphotericin B Vishwavidyalaya Sagar
Design development and evaluation of nanoparticulate
M.S.University of Baroda 2006-2007
drug delivery system of antiviral drugs for improve- ment
Vadodara
of oral bioavailability
Source: http://www.icmr.nic.in/projects/projectsanc2002-2007march.htm
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
1
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2415/stories/20070810512012000.ht
m; http://www.newspostindia.com/report-44019
2
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/06/03/stories/200606030
0040700.htm
3 http://www.sankaranethralaya.org/re_nano.htm
4 http://www.icmr.nic.in/projects/projectsanc2002-2007march.htm
5
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784116?ordinalpos=1&itool=Ent
rezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryP
anel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom
=pubmed

One of the major activitiesof MNRE under the 11th five year plan
is to support R&D that dwells on novel materials for solar cells
within which thin film modules incorporating nanomaterials
like carbon nanotubes and quantum dots will be aided. The goal
is to enable efficiencies of 5-10% at the laboratory level. A
project on developing nanocomposites copper oxide based thin
film solar cells has been supported at IIT Delhi while another on
nano thin film solar cells is ongoing at Jadavpur University. In
the area of hydrogen storage, emphasis has been laid on
developing materials like carbon nanotubes and nanofibres
focussing on graphitic nanofibres. A project that is centred on
nano and metastable magnesium based alloys for hydrogen
storage has been supported alongside research that aims to
develop semiconductor nanomaterials for use in hydrogen
generation. Research that focuses on theoretical investigations
on the likely favourable factors of carbon nanotubes for
application in hydrogen adsorption has also been aided. Other
areas such as fuel cells, development of nanomaterials like
metal nanostructures, biomass gasification are also being
encouraged by MNRE.1
Strengthening human resource and infrastructure

A skilled workforce and a robust state of art institutional
support are vital to a knowledge intensive field like nanoscience
and technology. Recognizing the direct correlation between
skilled personnel and the expansion in R&D and applications of
nanotechnology, policy makers have prioritised developing
qualified workforce and infrastructure development across the
country through various programmes and initatives.
Although support to research projects indirectly builds capacity

of researchers, there have been specific programmes directed
towards building human resource base for nanotechnology in
India. A large part of this initiative comes from the DST. It has
assumed primary responsibility to foster the development
human resource in nanoscience and technology through the
NSTI and NSTMAccording to DST secretary India would house
a large population of young scientific talent in the world by
2020. Thus the aim of the mission is, according to him, to
leverage our existing “sound education system” and find
approaches to “expand capacity to churn out human resources
required for development and growth of the nanosector on lines
of other sectors in the knowledge era”. Apart from leveraging
the potential of a large population and young workforce, it seeks
to harness the and low cost R&D advantage to entice global
1 http://mnes.nic.in/

firms and investment and make India the “global destination for
nano research1 ”
Human resource development is one of the main objectives of

the NSTM, towards which the mission seeks to provide
exposure to both students and researchers in the diverse fields
that partake in nanotechnology and prepare them to work
across disciplines, which is the hallmark of a technology like
nanotechnology.
Therefore DST has issued notices inviting universities and

research institutes to initiate postgraduate courses (M.Sc. or
M.Tech.) in nanoscience and technology. It proposed 5 year
financial assistance to institutions that possess adequate
infrastructure and can train students in multidisciplinary
disciplines that is necessitated for teaching in nanoscience and
technology. Since 2007 funds have been granted to several
academic institutions to undertake postgraduate courses and
provide education in the area of nanoscience and technology.
The aim is to build a pool of skilled personnel across the
spectrum of post graduates, doctoral students as well as
scientists that is essential to sustain the growth of
nanotechnology in India.
In the last 3 years these courses have been proliferating at

various institutes across different regions of India. A look at the
postgraduate courses facilitated by DST (table 3.7)2 reveals that
there is greater interest in M.tech. courses in comparison to
M.Sc. courses. In general MSc courses train students for
undertaking research as a profession in either basic or applied
disciplines. M.tech. courses on the other hand courses that are
configured towards engineering disciplines and help develop a
workforce empowered to take on and technology development
in the chosen field. The predominance of M.tech. courses over
M.Sc. courses suggests that policy makers might be trying to
orient human resources development in the nano sphere
predominantly towards engineering and application
development avenues. This might enable development of a
workforce ripe for engaging with nanotechnology in the
industry domain. At present industry participation in this field
is in its infancy in India. Moreover start-ups and SMEs are in a
severe minority amongst those industrial organisations
engaging with nanotechnology in India. Therefore the evolution
of M.tech courses might help fill this gap and instigate
development of products and devices, an area that NSTM has
emphasized, at a more rapid pace than previously.
1 National mission to make India global nano hub, 11th May 2007,
accessed 24th May 2008
http://www.indiaprwire.com/businessnews/20071105/25368.htm
2 http://nanomission.gov.in/, List of projects sanctioned

In other spheres, training programs including those at set ups

like the INUP have built capacity of researchers in the
nanotechnology domain. In fact some of DSTs general training
schemes for scientists such as ‘The Foundation Training
Program’ as well as the ‘Advanced Techno- Management
Program for Scientists and Technologists (Middle Level)’also
cover nanotechnology.
Table 3.7 List of post-graduates course in nanoscience and technology facilitated

by DST
PG Teaching Programmes - Nano Science
Year University and location
and Technology M.Sc./ M.Tech
Anna University, Chennai - Annual Intake of 15
2 Year M.Tech. course
Students
2007- Indraprastha University, New Delhi - Annual Intake of
2008 (3) 15 Students
Jadavpur University, Kolkata - Annual Intake of 18
Students
2 Year M.Sc. course Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - Annual intake
of 15 students
2 Year M.Tech. course SASTRA University, Thanjavur - Annual intake of 20
students
2008-
2 Year M.Tech. course Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &
2009 (9)
Technology, Hisar - Annual intake of 20 students
3 Year Integrated M.Tech. course University of Delhi
3 Year Integrated M.Tech. course Vellor Institute of Technology University, Vellore
M.Tech. course Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Osmania University, Hyderabad
2 Year M.Sc. course on Nano Physics
M.Tech. course on Nano Medical
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi
Science
Several other initiatives undertaken within the NSTI are listed

in table 3.8.1
Other departments like DBT and CSIR have also extended

support for developing human resources in their niche areas,for
example DBT has awarded overseas fellowships to scientists for
training in nanoscience and technology2,3; conferences and
workshops on nanoscience and technology through ICMR4 and
CSIR support; ICMR Fellowship has been awarded for training
in nanotechnology and drug delivery.5. MNRE is planning to
establish research centres that might focus on key
nanotechnology and its application in energy sector.
1 ibid
2 http://www.sankaranethralaya.org/pdf/Pathology%20website.pdf
3 http://dbtindia.nic.in/research/overseas2007-08.pdf
4 http://icmr.nic.in/annual/2005-06/hqds/seminar.pdf
5 Fellowship at at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
www.sankaranethralaya.org/re_path.htm

Given that nanotechnology is an enabling technology and draws

from several disciplines, the research community is spread out
across areas of expertise, disciplines, institutes and centres.
Nano Mission is maintaining a database or directory that lists
the expertise in nanoscience and technology in India. This
would enhance information flows amongst the R&D community
and help build networks for cross-disciplinary collaborations.
Table 3.8 Initiatives undertaken for human resource development and promotion
under the Nanoscience and Technology Initiative (NSTI)
Initiative Intent Examples
Fellowships and To encourage and provide BOYSCAST fellowships granted to young nano-scientists
Awards opportunities for scientists to work for a duration of 3-12 months
on frontier technologies; train at
Two National Nano awards instituted to be given to
international institutes; intensify
outstanding scientists in this field.
research in their host institutes,
and create expertise at the Ramanna Fellowship
national S&T laboratories.
Post-Doctoral Fellowships granted to nano scientists; anchored by
Fellowships Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific
Research, Bangalore.
Advanced to train researchers and Nanomaterials Preparation, Characterization and

schools generating the opportunity for Manipulation; IISc and JNCASR; Bangalore
them to develop hands on
Science of Size Reduction, different routes of preparation,
experience on sophisticated
characterization of nano-materials and applications; S.N.
techniques, instruments and
Bose National Center for Basic Sciences; Kolkata
methods.
Nanoscience and Nanobiology, Bangalore February 2007
Organising and Networking, information exchange Three international conferences on various aspects of
supporting amongst national and nanoscience and technology in 2003, 2006 and 2008.
Conference, international scientists; to keep
2 National Review and Coordination meetings in 2005 and
workshops abreast of latest developments in
2007 to take stock of the R&D in India and evolve future
the field identify mutual topics of
directions
interest and develop collaborative
programs
Post-Graduate To develop skilled researchers Grant eligible to public institutions that possess the
Teaching who can work in interdisciplinary necessary teaching and lab infrastructure.
Programs environments
(M.Sc./M.Tech.)
NSTI and NSTM have identified the need to establish facilities

for characterisation of nanomaterials and serving other
analytical needs. To enable researchers access to sophisticated
equipment centres for sophisticated analytical instrument
facilities or SAIFs have been set up across India. These centres

are located at major research hubs and at institutions capable of

hosting such facilities, where researchers from all parts of India
can avail scientific equipment on a payment basis. In the
context of nanotechnology the establishment of a chain of such
facilities that house instruments like AFM, TEM, Scanning
tunnelling microscopy (STM) as well as Optical Tweezer, Nano
indentoretc and can be used on a shared basis has been
considered. It appears that all the CoEs also harbour the
equipment needed to engage with nano research (See chapter 1)
Specific institutes have been provided financial support to up
grade their analytical facilities and tailor them to the specific
needs of nanotechnology (Table 3.9).1 Apart from these, support
for facilities at established CoEs like IISc and JNCASR,
institutes like Bangalore University, University of Madras as
well as the Inter University Acceleator Center at New Delhi have
also been provided with grants for this purpose. Additionally
research on developing novel tools for construction of
nanomaterials has also been supported at IIT Mumbai.
The DIT has initiated development of joint nano-electronics

centres at IISc Bangalore and IIT Mumbai to combine strengths
of these two institutes. It was felt that this approach would drive
interdisciplinary research in the context of developing
nanomaterials for electronic applications as well as technology
development by the way of nanodevices etc. Another key step
taken by DIT towards strengthening research capacity is the
Indian Nanoelectronics User Program to enable researchers
outside these two premier institutes to avail the infrastructure
available for nanoelectronics R&D at these centres. The
programme aims at creatinga common platform for an
exchange of ideas and expertise for advances in this field.2
Table 3.9 List of initiatives taken during the NSTI and NSTM to upgrade
infrastructure facilitaties
Year Financial support for analytical facilities
2003-2004 Design of New and Novel Nanoconstruction Tools – IIT, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Construction of an optical tweezer for nanometer scale rhelogy – Bangalore University, Karnataka
Up gradation of existing UHV chamber preparation and investigation of the properties of nanostructured
materials. - University of Madras, Tamilnadu
Development of state-of-the-art analytical electron Microscopy facility capable of high-resolution imaging
and analysis in the nanoscale as an Institute facility - Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka
2007-2008 Clean room infrastructure for National nanofabrication Centre- Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka
National Facility on Ultra High resolution aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope -
International Centre for materials Research, JNCASR, Karnataka
2008-2009 Augmentation of computing resources for simulation and data analysis - Inter University Accelerator
Centre, New Delhi
1 http://nanomission.gov.in/, List of projects sanctioned

2 http://www.inup-iitb.org/workshop.html

International collaborations
International collaboration is another objective of the Nano
Mission. Under the mission, it is envisaged in the form of
scientists’ visits, joint workshops, conferences, joint research
projects, access to research facilities abroad, joint centres of
excellence. The period under the NSTI witnessed several
initiatives under the sphere of international collaborations.
Several bilateral collaborations emerged in nanoscience and
technology, as it was a part of nearly all the S&T agreements
between India and other countries. Initiatives for joint R&D
have figured prominently with Indian institutes engaging in
projects of similar kind in the US, EU, Japan, Taiwan and
Russia. These have largely focused on carbon nanotubes,
functional nanocomposites etc. Several joint meetings and
workshops/conferences have also been held. Other initiatives
include Science and Technology Initiatives with Indian
diaspora-Scientists and Technologists of Indian Origin Abroad
(STIOs) for encouraging networking between Indian scientists
and scientists and technologists of Indian origin that are based
abroad1. Under the NSTM, developing joint R&D, projects,
scientific visits and conferences are being planned. Mechanisms
for accessing sophisticated research facilities and forging
academia-industry partnerships’ at an international level are
also are being developed.
The Euro-India Net is a forum set up under the FP6 between EU

and India to encourage collaborations between scientists from
the two regions in the area of nanotechnology. The forum seeks
to examine and understand the policies and mechanisms
through which innovation and R&D is being developed in
nanotechnology in India and the EU. Insights drawn will be
used to strengthen ties between the two regions in nanosciences
and nanotechnology within the domains of research, industry
and governments.2
The science and technology departments of Brazil, South Africa

and India have embarked on a tri-lateral initiative to developed
collaborative programs in several common area of interest
nanotechnology being one of them. Focus areas are sensors and
nanodevices, nanostructured organic and inorganic hybrid solar
cells and nanotechnology based drug delivery systems as well as
1 Nanoelectronics & nanodevices theme recognized at Session on “Creating

Technology Corridors with STIOs” at 2nd Pravasi Bhartiya Divas (PBD)
held in New Delhi during January 2003.

mechanisms to strengthen human resource development in the

nano-domain.1
The international science and technology directorate (ISAD) of

the CSIR that aims to strengthen cooperation between CSIR and
international institutions has facilitated workshops and
collaborative projects with international partners like South
Africa, France, South Korea, China, Japan in the area of
nanoscience and technology.2 A joint Indo France Symposium
on Nanotechnology held in 2006 enabled discussions on basic
nanoscience research such as synthesis, characterization etc as
well as applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine,
agriculture, environment, textiles and other industry
applications.
Other international collaborations for nanotechnology where

the government has played an active role include, Indo-US S&T
Forum, Indo-US High Technology Cooperation Group (HTCG),
Indo-German Committee on Science & Technology, Program of
Cooperation in Science and Technology; Indo-French
Laboratory for Solid State Chemistry (IFLaSC). A memorandum
of understanding also has been signed between India and
UNESCO to establish a Regional Centre for Education and
Training in Biotechnology, where one of the focus areas is on
nano-biotechnology.3,4
Initiatives and role of State Governments

Beside the central departments under various ministries of the
government of India, state governments such as those in
Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh have taken a keen
interest in nurturing nanoscience and technology in their states.
Karnataka
Karnataka is leveraging its existing reputation as a biotech hub,
it’s S&T resources , e.g. nationally recognized research institutes
IISC and JNCASR, advanced scientific infrastructure as well as
human resource to become the national nanotechnology hub.5
Karnantaka government has been very active in this regard and
setting up a favourable environment for advancing nanotech
research. Recently, Veeco Instruments an international supplier
1 http://www.nano-ibsa.com/
2 http://www.csir.res.in/
3 http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar07-08/int-st-cop.htm
5 Bangalore now to emerge as India's nano-technology hub, Accessed on
24th May 2008
http://indiaedunews.net/Karnataka/Bangalore_now_to_emerge_as_Indi
a's_nano-technology_hub_2777/

of instruments has ventured into Bangalore and partnering with

JNCASR in its endeavour1.
The thrust for nanotechnology in karnataka can be attributed to
the fact that Dr CNR Rao, chairman of science advisory council
to the prime minister and the president of JNCASR pursued his
scientific endeavor at Bangalore . His role as the chairperson of
Nano Mission Council and support to this technology has
inspired the home state to grant budgetary support to “explore
priority areas of nano-scientific research and technology”. A
vision group on nanotechnology under Dr Rao has been created
in Karnataka. The state has been aggressively promoting itself
as India’s destination for nanotechnology R&D as well as
industry base with M.N. Vidyashankar, Secretary, Department
of IT, Biotechnology and Science and Technology, Karnataka
stating at Bangalore Nano 2007 conference that Bangalore,
“which accounts for a significant proportion of research in
nanotechnology in the country, is poised to become “Nano city,”
He further acknowledged the Rs. 100 crore support to be
provided by the central government for establishing the
aforementioned nanotechnology related institute in Bangalore
for which considerable amount of land has been allocated under
Dr Rao’s guidance.2
Bangalore Nano an international conference organized by the

state government along with DST was mooted as the “ideal
forum for researchers and industrialists to interact and explore
possibilities of applications of nano-technology in electronics,
bio-pharmaceuticals and engineering.” It saw the participation
of 500 delegates and expected participation from countries like
Japan, Australia and Germany. In fact the EU that partnered
the event is interested in joining hands with India on nano R&D
projects and has even been known to set aside US $15 million
for this purpose. To attract investments that can spearhead
translation of innovative R&D into commercial or industrial
prospects, the conference organized a “Research-Industry
Collaboration Hub” (RICH) that sought to act as a platform for
collaborations between scientists and industry as well as
investors and venture capitalists.3
Tamilnadu
Tamilnadu state government had set up a task force on
nanotechnology in 2002 itself to investigate the potential of this
technology and evaluate approaches to “reap its benefits”4. Few
1 Veeco-India Nanotechnology Laboratory http://www.jncasr.ac.in/veeco/

2 The Hindu, 2007, Bangalore poised to become ‘nano city’,
3 http://www.bangalorenano.in/
4 Govt sets up nanotechnology task force, Sept 2002, accessed 26 May
2008
http://www.tn.gov.in/pressclippings/archives/pc2002/hindu20092002/
hindu20092002.htm

institutes such as IIT Anna University and “Centre of Life

sciences” at Bharathiar University have been provided with
seed money to facilitate nanotechnology R&D1 while others like
IIT Chennai are already engaging in nano research. In an effort
to promote Tamilnadu as a hub for research in health related
nanotechnologies, state officials in 2007 were reviewing options
for a nanotechnology policy2. Further the government is
developing a Rs 100 crore scheme involving technical transfer
from the University of Arkansas3. In order to set up
nanotechnology parks in TN, the government has roped in
Taiwan’s Hsinchu Science Park officials for proposal
development and plans to attract public private investment
towards it. IIT Chennai and Anna University have been
approached to help develop the “park’s ecosystem” that will
house R&D, engineering and management institutes as well as
companies, product manufacturers, investor, legal and
administrative infrastructure4. The Tamilnadu Technology
Development and Promotional Centre had sponsored a CII
organized nanotechnology conclave in March 2008 aimed at
showcasing the country’s strengths in nanotechnology to
international nanotech players5.
Haryana
In 2005-2006 the Haryana state government’s initiatives had
led Sabir Bhatiya (of the hotmail fame) to shortlist Haryana as
one of the venues for launching his project of developing a
Nanocity that seeks to serve as a innovation hub housing R&D
set-ups, companies and institutes and universities. The aim is
to, in Mr Bhatiya’s words, is to recreate the Sillicon Valley in
Haryana so that the country can take advantage of the
opportunities the knowledge economy (that emerging
technologies including nanotechnology) is facilitating. The
project is planned to have public-private partnerships and set to
attract an initial investment of US$ 2 billion. Partnering with
the country’s premier institutes, the vision is to develop cutting
edge R&D in the areas of nanotechnology, biosciences, software
products and materials6.
Like the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Haryana
government has announced the creation of a nanotechnology
1 Nanotechnology centre for Anna Varsity

http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041213100600.htm
2 Tamilnadu prepares to be Indian nanotechnology hub
http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=2&id=186580&usrs
ess=1
3 Tamilnadu prepares to be Indian nanotechnology hub
http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=2&id=186580&usrs
ess=1
4 Tamilnadu plans nanotech park
http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/07tn.htm
5 http://www.tntdpc.com/nanotechnology/conclave.php
6 Mr Hotmail plans $2 bn Nano City in Haryana;Komal Amit Gera /
Chandigarh April 5, 2006
http://www.techbizindia.com/newsletters/100406/nanotechnology.htm

park in its state. Another state of southern India, Andhra

Pradesh has also proposed a nanotechnology park facility with a
government investment of Rs. 35 crore1.
Key features of policy support

Since building capacity within the R&D domain is instrumental
for building a firm base in emerging technologies, the S&T
policy making institutions of the nation have been at the centre
of shaping the trajectory of nanoscience and technology in
India. The role of government in promoting nanotechnology
R&D has been spearheaded by DST, through its NSTI and Nano
mission. Over the last few years, other departments and
agencies of government such as DBT, DIT, CSIR, ICMR, DRDO
and DAE, have been proactive in developing nanotechnology
capacity in their respective areas. Even at sub-national level,
there is a growing interest in directing government investments
and actions towards promoting nanotechnology. The policy
scenario for nanotechnology R&D is characterised by certain
key features discussed hereunder.
Fundamental research
Research in the fundamental aspects of nanoscience is emerging
as one of India’s strengths in the nanoscience and technology
domain. A strong foundation for basic research that was
developed under the NSTI is being expanded in the NSTM.
Routes for the synthesis of various nanomaterials, their
characterisation as well as investigations into the properties
have been a major focus probably due to India’s strength in the
chemical and material sciences. Another reason for this focus
on fundamental research is that Nanotechnology necessitates
the understanding of the novel principles, structure and
properties of nanoscale materials, systems, processes that are
only beginning to be discovered. A wide breadth of materials
has been covered making the magnitude of basic research been
undertaken in this sphere large.
At the moment basic research on the global arena is flourishing

and new dimensions are being added on a daily basis to this
rapidly expanding field. For this reason and since a grounded
understanding on the fundamentals is considered vital to
successfully manipulate nanoscale systems and develop
applications and products, India needs to engage with basic
research in nanoscience. On the other hand cutting edge
fundamental research also begets the opportunity to pioneer
new and exciting discoveries that provide the advantage of
1http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Andhra-to-bear-subsidy-on-
Nanotech-Park/121767/

possessing information and methodology that leads to unique

innovations that break new ground in the field. Further risk
related research on toxicity and behavior of nanomaterials
could evolve only from a sound understanding of the
fundamental nature of these materials. However, as of now,
very little research on risk related aspects of nano science and
technology are being delved into.
Restrictions on technology transfer from developed countries in

the past has created a tradition of self reliance and bottom up
approach to technology development in which fundamental
research has played an extremely important part. Fundamental
research has been the stronghold of Indian S&T. It is widely
believed that India could use its strength in fundamental
research to catch up with S&T in other countries. In the context
of nanotechnology India’s developing competence in
nanoscience research has provided it with a springboard to
leapfrog its way in the global arena in terms of scientific
development. Support to basic research.
Support for development of applications

In a stakeholder dialogue organised by TERI to discuss the
developments of nanotechnology in India, Dr P. Asthana, a high
ranking policy maker with the NSTI and now NSTM revealed
that the research being conducted in India at that time was
largely basic research in nanoscience rather than
nanotechnology. Indeed during the NSTI the predominant
emphasis was on developing basic research. However In 2007
the formulation of the NSTM witnessed the inclusion of
application and technology development as an important
objective in its mandate. This it appears was based on the
desire to develop technological innovations and processes for
industry that would strengthen India’s economy as well as
create applications and products for driving development in
sectors like health, energy, water, environment etc. This
dimension of scocio-economic growth through S&T has been
forcefully emphasized in the recent years in the Indian scenario.
This has lead most of the agencies like DST and DBT to stress
on product or process development through R&D funding, aside
of also aiding research in fundamental science. While this might
have had a spill over effect in the nanoscience and technology
arena, pressures from the advancement in the application
development in the international arena might have also forced
policy makers to highlight technology development in this
emerging technology. It may have also been felt that a critical
mass of basic research and infrastructure had been put in place
to launch the development of nano-based products. Aside this
engagement of industry with nanotechnology in the early years
was quite negligible and is still emerging. Venture capital

mechanisms are nearly non existent. This made taking research

forward to technology development in this arena sluggish. In
fact for example Dr Ajay Sood’s importantresearch that had
implications for sensor development was taken up by an
international company rather than an Indian one.1,2
Nevertheless a handful of public private partnerships were
initiated and Centres for Nanotechnology have been established
during this period. The areas of interest in the latter are
nanoproducts, nanoelectronics, sensors and biosensors and
photovoltaics.
However in the present NSTM aside from emphasis on

application oriented projects and PPPs several other initiatives
like the creation of NATAG that advices technology
development related projects, establishment of technology
development centres and business incubators etc have been
defined. Therefore one hopes that application development in
the nano-domain might be looked at holistically. Moreover the
CSIR’s flagship program NMITLI, India’s largest public-private
partnership scheme also has a few nanoprojects under its
umbrella and is an initiative by the government to get industry
on board with public funded R&D. R&D for developing
technological innovations also appears to be catching on
amongst individual scientists who although on a smaller basis
are interested in undertaking application oriented R&D and are
approaching agencies for the same. On the ground as well
Indian conferences (Bangalore Nano, ICON SAT) that were
either tailored to laboratory related research now routinely
feature industry participation, space for entrepreneurs and
sessions on the potential for commercialisation of research.
The situation also appears to be changing on the industry front

with greater industry participation in this arena. Some
multinationals like like Tata Chemicals, Mahindra and
Mahindra engaging with nanotechnology. Others like Darbur
and Biocon have developed nano technology based drug
delivery products. In fact due to the country’s traditional
strength in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, nanotechnology
research in the health and lifesciences domain appears to be of
most interest to both researchers and industry. Out of the six
PPPs developed in the NSTI (Table 3.1) are health related.
Other research developed or being developed at public funded
institutes and aided by DST, DBT, CSIR and ICMR includes
drug delivery systems, development of diagnostic kits for
tuberculosis and typhoid, bandages for healing burns etc. These
1 R Ramchandran, 2003, A surprise from Banglore, Frontline, Volume 20 -

Issue 03,
http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~asood/A%20surprise%20from%20Ban
galore.htm
2 Discussion at Bangalore Nano 2008

reasons might permit the spheres of nanobiotechnology and

nanomedicine to develop into key areas for application
development. Additional R&D that might interest industry and
is being taken up at public funded institutes includes those
related to chemical or manufacturing industry as well as other
areas like water filtration, development of photovoltaics,
electronics, sensors and even textiles which might be aided by
DST, MNRE, DIT etc. Institutes like the IITs and CSIR
laboratories that are known to be storehouses for technology
development have also undertaken nanotechnology projects.
NMITLI’s projects concern development of nanocatalysts for
industry as well as nanocoatings for the automotive industry. In
fact in some case it does appear that researchers and industry
might be coming together to undertake technology development
on their own rather than through the intervention of policy-
making agencies. The list of nano technologies developed in the
public domain and transferred to industry was prepared by
National Foundation of Indian Engineers in a study on the R&D
undertaken by Indian academia and R&D laboratories1 (Table
3.10). Though its is unclear as to which institutes have hosted
this R&D and how they have been funded it gives a picture of
the nature of nanotechnologies being pursued by public funded
institutes that might be of interest to the industry. The study
also highlighted the fact that 67 patents have been granted to
the academic and R&D institutes in India and abroad.
Table 3.10 List of 21 technologies that have been transferred to Industry in India
by Academic institutes / R&D Labs
S. No. Name of the Technology
1. Multilayered coating for cuttings tools
2. Sensor technology
3. Hydro gels
4. Nano silver loading on ceramic water filter candles
5. Textile treatment
6. Application of Nano-fluid & Nano-ceramics
7. Production of Nano-sized stabilized ZrO2 & nano-sized white pigments
8. Magnetic particle for bio-separation
9. Classified X-ray diffraction spectro equipment, Electro analytical
equipment, Electrochemical Sensors and Ion
10. Selective electrodes
11. Nanofibers and plasma assisted nanofinishing
12. Biosynthesis of gold nanotriangles
13. Pesticide removal from drinking water using metal nanovarification
14. Synthesis of nanosized hydroxyapatite powder
15. Pt/CNT electro catalysts
16. Polyurethane clay nanocomposites band coated textiles
17. Synthesis of photoactive titania composition
1study on Status of nanotechnology in Indian Industry & Academia /R&D

Labs, 2008, National Foundation of Indian Engineers, supported by DST

18. Ultra and nano filtration ceramic membranes for safe drinking water
19. Nano Rare Earth Phosphates for strategic applications
20. Anti-scratch coatings on plastic ophthalmic lenses
21. Nano structured materials/coatings
Source: study on Status of nanotechnology in Indian Industry & Academia
/R&D Labs, 2008, National Foundation of Indian Engineers, supported by
DST
Generally, in either basic or applied research or even technology

development in the nanodomain it appears that several diverse
areas of R&D are being supported even though certain specific
interest areas have emerged. This approach might have
probably been undertaken so as to not close the door on any
particular research avenue since this technology has emerged in
full force relatively recently. In fact building R&D capacity is
being done in many areas or rather in nanoscience and
technology as a whole rather than in certain strategic areas
(Rachel Parker, 2008)1. Some experts have noted that a critical
mass of R&D must be developed first and that if strategic areas
of R&D support were prematurely defined it would exclude
several research areas and groups (Sastry 2008 in Rachel
Parker, 2008)2. It would also exclude several significant areas of
R&D that might seem insignificant at present but might reap
rich dividens in the future especially as R&D in nanoscience and
technology is constantly evolving.
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research

Research at the union of disciplines like life sciences, medicine,
physics, chemistry, material sciences and engineering sciences
are the cornerstone of nanoscience and technology.
Development of products, devices and applications would
necessitate research across a variety of disciplines that are
linked together for the common goal of technology
development. Several areas like water purification technology,
nutrition and health care technologies, energy, textiles,
electronics, advanced manufacturing and advanced materials
would necessitate cross disciplinary research in the context of
S&T.
Nanomission, under its objective of basic research promotion,

has specifically emphasised on support for multidisciplinary
research as well as for groups of researchers that would like to
undertake interdisciplinary research. DBT has also underscored
the need for proposals to be interdisciplinary in nature and a
1Rachel Parker, 2008, Leapfrogging Development through

Nanotechnology Investment:Chinese and Indian Science and Technology
Policy Strategies, China-India-US Workshop on Science, Technology and
Innovation Policy University of California, Santa Barbara
2 Ibid

look at the research supported by DST, DBT and DIT in the

nanotechnology domain in the last few years does suggest a
beginning of multidisciplinary research and interdisciplinary
research.1 For example the network project on nanomaterials
and nanodevices in health and disease headed by CCMB
involves 18 other CSIR laboratories that possess varying
competencies. 2
In specific cases it also appears that under the NSTM identical

projects have been supported in two distinct research
establishments under two different principal investigators.
The stress on interdisciplinary research has been seen in DBT

supported research as well. While research undertaken
simultaneously in different institutes might culminate in some
multi or interdisciplinary research, this area in S&T still
represents a challenge to the research and policy making
community in India since it has not been engaged with
traditionally.
Multiplicity and overlapping R&D focus

A look at the focus areas of the various agencies as well as the
support provided by them to nanoscience and technology
projects reveals that often in the context of R&D they have
mutual or overlapping areas of interest. These instances include
research that dwells on the synthesis and characterisation of
nanomaterials, understanding their properties and behaviour as
well as R&D across several areas of application like health,
energy, development of sensors etc.
DST has funded research in the broad area of the development

of nanomaterials, including projects on semiconductor
nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, nanomaterials for electronic,
magnetic and sensor applications, and bionanomaterials. Even
DAE has shown interest in semiconductor nanomaterials and
DRDO in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. DIT supports R&D
on nanomaterials with electronic applications while
development of bionanomaterials is the key area for DBT. Thus
similar work is being focussed upon by different agencies. CSIR
through its basic research aimed at developing nanomaterials
for industrial application might also aid projects in related
1 http://nanomission.gov.in/,
http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68,
2 It was proposed that a center for nanotechnology would be established at
CCMB in association with BITS, Pilani and Indian Institute of Chemical
Technology (IICT) to facilitate “the interaction of scientists of various
disciplines of biology, physics and chemistry, from both the research
institutions to work on the post human genome project and other
challenging areas” . [CCMB To Invest Rs 28 Crore In Nanotech Centre,
2004, Financial express http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ccmb-to-
invest-rs-28-crore-in-nanotech-centre/34602/]

areas. Also several projects sanctioned by DST in the area of

nanomaterial development have generic titles and there is a
great possibility that these may be similar or close to the work
being undertaken or promoted by other agencies.
Even in terms of application-oriented research, there is some

level of overlapping in the sectors identified by different
agencies. While DST appears to be involved in aiding R&D the
diverse spheres of health, agriculture, environment and toxicity,
these very areas are key to DBT’s R&D support). In fact the area
of health has attracted engagement of DST, DBT, ICMR as well
as CSIR and DRDO to a smaller extent. Support to research on
nanomaterial aided drug delivery, for example has been a prime
focus of the DST, DBT and ICMR while research on
nanomaterial related research on tissue engineering has been
aided by both DST and DBT. In addition to these agencies CSIR
has also sanctioned a project on nanomaterials and devices in
health across its laboratories.
In the sphere of energy MNRE is involved in and plans to

increase its support for nanoscience and technology based R&D
in areas like development of nanomaterials for photovoltaics,
hydrogen energy and fuel cells. These are areas quite similar to
DSTs research funding in energy. Both DST and DBT appear
interested in developing water filters by incorporating
nanomaterials. DBT’s research support on plant biotechnology
and animal biotechnology agriculture, biopesticides, genetics,
protein engineering, which coincide with some of DST’s focus
areas. Similarly, other applications like sensors interest DST as
well as DIT and DAE. The introduction of ICAR, that plays a
significant role in supporting R&D in the field of agriculture, as
a potential stakeholder in nanotechnology might exacerbate the
support to research interests similar to DBTs focus area of
agricultural science.
Table 3.11 Nanosciecne and nanotechnology within overall R&D frameworks

across departments/ agencies
Agency Areas of R&D interest and support Areas of R&D interest and support in nanoscience and
technology
DST/ SERC Organize, coordinate, promote ST Synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials.
activities, Development of nanomaterials for chemical and

Funds R&D in several areas- life manufacturing industries

sciences including biotechnology, Basic, applied research and application development in
environmental sciences, chemical and areas of health, agriculture, environment, energy
material sciences, physical sciences, (photovoltaics and hrdogen fuel), electronics, textiles,
engineering sciences Toxicity studies of nanomaterials
DIT IT and various branches of electronics, Development of nanomaterials and nanodevices like
development of materials and sensors for electronics
components, applications of electronics
in various sectors
DBT Biotechnology related research in the Application in biology, health, medicine, agriculture,
areas of agriculture, plant, animal and nutrition, environment.
marine sciences, biodiversity and Drug delivery, biochip, diagnostics, therapeutics, tissue
environment science, product and engineering, food packaging, sensors, food packaging
process development, food and nutrition, material
genetics, infectious disease biology, Toxicity studies of developed nanomaterial applications
medical sciences, immunology
diagnostics and vaccines as well as basic
research in modern biology
CSIR Scientific, industrial R&D for socio- R&D in chemical and material sciences Synthesis of a
economic and environmental benefits.” variety of nanomaterials, nanocatalysts etc for future
Aerospace, construction, electronics, industrial applications
chemical technology, biology, health, R&D in health related applications- nanomaterials,
energy, environment. devices, diagnostic kits
DRDO R&D for defense applications, material Development of nanomaterials like CNTs, typhoid
science, electronics, life sciences- diagnostic kit, sensors, nm based medical devices
agriculture, food processing and
diagnostics
ICMR Biomedical science- communicable and R&D in health related applications mainly drug delivery-
non-communicable diseases, nutrition, tuberculosis, eye diseases, Studies on toxicological and
environmental and occupational health chemotherapeutic properties of nanomaterials
Basic research in biochemistry and
genomics etc
DAE R&D for nuclear and radiation R&D in chemical and material sciences as well as
technology, including fields like water, engineering sciences.
health, agriculture, industry. Synthesis of specific nanomaterials like nanoceramics,
nanocomposites, nanocatalysts and coatings
MNRE R&D in the areas of solar, wind, biomass Development of nanomaterials for solar photovoltaics,
energy, fuel cells, hydrogen fuel etc hydrogen storage and chemical fuel cells.
Development of thin film solar cells using nanomaterials
Source: Compiled from various sources
Different agencies across Ministries have been known to

support research in similar areas due to coinciding interests and
lack of interaction. For example DST and SERC through their
projects in basic and engineering sciences have supported
research in a variety of life sciences including molecular biology,
genetics, biochemistry, protein research, environment and
biotechnology as well as in the fields of water, energy,
electronics etc. On its part DBT aside from areas like
Even in medical biotechnology, e.g., developing drug delivery
systems, vaccines, biotechnological approach for treating
communicable and non communicable diseases.
Whereas ICMR has a much larger mandate of enabling the
development of public health efforts in India some of these
areas under DBT’s medicine biotechnology domain might

coincide with ICMR’s mandate and areas of interest and R&D

funding efforts. In fact some of the technologies being
developed in ICMR institutes have incorporated dimensions
from biotechnology that is considered DBT’s domain.
Additionally CSIR has a stronghold in development of
pharmaceuticals and drugs. Even DRDO supports research in
life sciences to generate basic and applied knowledge in core
areas such as biological and biomedical sciences, physiology,
bioengineering, specialized high altitude agriculture, food
science & technology etc.
Therefore in general coinciding areas of interest amongst

diverse agencies like DAE, DRDO, DIT AND DBT has led to
duplicity of efforts to promote R&D in areas that are very
similar in the nanoscience and technology arena. However a
glimpse at the R&D mandates of the agencies funding R&D in
the nano-domain suggest that this overlap of areas of interest is
not peculiar to nanotechnology but is intrinsic to the overall
Indian S&T as seen in Table 3.11.1
1 http://nanomission.gov.in/,
http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68,
http://www.mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=691, http://dst.gov.in/,
http://icmr.nic.in/, http://www.drdo.org/, http://www.csir.res.in/,
http://mnes.nic.in/

C HAPTER 4 Challenges and opportunities for nanotechnology
development
To realize the actual application potential of nanotechnology would
depend on capability at the national level to engage successfully in the
emerging domains of science and technology. From Research
Deliverable 7 (Conceptual Framework to assess national capabilities
to respond to NT developments), we observed that developing
capabilities in emerging technologies would require: a) skills of both
scientific and non-scientific kind, b) a greater degree of linkages
between various actors from academia, industry, policy makers would
be necessary for successful market deployment of such technologies,
c) the interdisciplinary approaches in nanotechnology would demand
a different R&D strategy as well as reorientation of science and
technology activities in universities, research institutes, funding
agencies and industry with a conducive institutional setting
facilitating interactive learning would be essential to respond to and
develop nanotechnology, e) devising adaptive and responsive
governance structures that can suitably regulate applications of
nanotechnology in society, and e) a flexible, dynamic policy
environment that has the ability to create the conditions required for
both knowledge generation and its effective utilization would form an
important dimension guiding the process of development of
capabilities.
In the above context, nanotechnology offers certain challenges as well

as opportunities to developing countries like India to engage
successfully in nanotechnology research and harness its benefit
towards economic growth and development. In the following section,
we examine the various challenges and opportunities for
nanotechnology development in India
Expanding R&D infrastructure and access to scientific facilities
Though the theoretical basis for the existence of nanomaterials and

nanoscale systems had been explained and developed since the late
1950s, the practical understanding and manipulation of these tiny
particles was established only with the advent of superior instruments
and analytical capabilities. This paved the way for a better grasp of
nanomaterials and their properties as well as an understanding on the
ways in which these materials might be exploited for beneficial
applications. Therefore high-end instrumentation and related
infrastructure are pre-requisites for developing capacity in
nanoscience and technology. These tools are expensive, complex and
require additional facilities in terms of ultra temperature controlled
ultra-clean spaces that are once again difficult to develop or maintain.
However in the Indian scenario due to resource constraints it has not

been possible to provide sophisticated facilities to all institutes hosting

R&D in this area. It is quite common that smaller research set ups
though interested in nanoscience and technology might lack
equipment necessary for work in this domain. At times even larger
institutes that might possess adequate S&T infrastructure otherwise
might not possess extremely high end equipment like atomic force
microscopy and even advanced versions of transmission electron
microscopy might be housed only in a few locations in India.
Additionally since such equipment is usually not indigenously
manufactured in India and procuring, assembling and maintaining
them even at institutes that have the resources to procure them is time
consuming and difficult.
India in general has been found wanting in area of access to

sophisticated scientific equipment and infrastructure. Except for
selected research institutions, others have lacked the presence of full
fledged cutting edge laboratories due to cost issues. On their part
policy makers are definitely enabling mechanisms to facilitate
establishment of sophisticated and central R&D facilities for
nanotechnology research where access to facilities is accompanied by
depositing a fee. Some institutes have also been provided with support
to enhance their laboratory facilities for this purpose. The INUP
facility at Bangalore that allows scientists from all over India to access
facilities is a significant initiative.
Yet some issues remain in the context of the present reach of these
facilities. Most of the CoEs that harbour equipment needed for
nanotechnology research are established at metros and in a few cases
in the larger cities. Therefore several time researchers from institutes
in smaller cities have voiced their problem of having to travel long
distances to access SAIF like facilities or use equipment available at
bigger institutes. Also since these facilities are few in number long
delays in processing coupled with bureaucratic problems lead to
overall delays in research undertaken in this area even amongst those
institutes that do not themselves possess these facilities but are within
the area of these common facilities. Since these equipments are
usually procured from international locations and are extremely
complex maintenance problems have been observed including some of
the equipment lying unused. These issues would need to be addressed
for the progress of nanoscience and technology in the country and
more importantly for quality research to be undertaken. In the race to
publish and patent nanotechnology R&D and innovations as well as
secure a standing in the global nanotechnology community lack access
to sophisticated infrastructure assumes a significant bottleneck that
must be addresses.In this context another issue that would need to be
addressed is the short supply of qualified and trained personnel to run
and maintain sophisticated equipment that is required in the
nanotechnology domain.

Content of nanotechnology related postgraduate courses and

development of a standard curriculum
A significant issue associated in the context of postgraduate courses in

nanoscience and technology is the development of course content.
UGC has formulated model curriculum for subjects like physics,
chemistry, zoology etc at postgraduate levels. The Curriculum for
biotechnology has also been developed by DBT to ensure a uniform
standard for course content. Further both organisations undertake
periodic revision of the syllabus to make it up-to-date with the latest
developments and also to bring closer the theoretical dimensions and
practical training. However there does not appear to be a model
curriculum or guidelines for the content of the M.Sc. or M.Tech.
courses in the nano-domain. This is a major gap in the context of the
human resource development in nanoscience and technology in India
and must be addressed in the near future as the policy decision to aid
and encourage nanotechnology courses has seen the mushrooming of
several such courses in India. Especially since these courses are likely
to be multidisciplinary, guidelines must be prescribed for the
minimum standards that need to be maintained in context of the
breadth and depth of subjects taught as part of the syllabus across
various institutes. Wide spread consultations with experts must be
conducted while formulating a model curriculum for nanoscience and
technology. Moreover institutes proposing to undertake courses in
nanoscience and technology must be examined for their ability to
impart quality education in a multidisciplinary and emerging science
like nanotechnology before they commence with the course. Here it is
vital that the faculty that takes up the mantle of teaching nanoscience
and technology must be equipped at imparting knowledge about
nanoscale systems and dimensions as well as developing amongst
students an understanding of the junctures at which traditional
disciplines merge to give rise to the interdisciplinary nature of
nanoscience and technology. It has been suggested by faculty at
various universities that refresher courses or workshops oriented
towards nanoscience and nanotechnology might furnish them with the
skills needed to assume such interdisciplinary courses and impart
quality education to students in this area.
While post graduate teaching programs on nanoscience and

technology evolve in various institutes, it is unclear if the content will
lay emphasis on particular discipline/few disciplines or if all the
various dimensions of nanoscience and technology will be addressed
through them. It is the belief of some experts that while courses with
broad content would expose students to a range of subjects from
physics to biology in the context of nanoscale systems they might not
be able to address the depth at which these disciplines are studied in
traditional courses. They argue that grounding in the either a basic or
engineering science is vital for research in nanoscience and technology
unlike the “jack of all trades” approach that might be administered in
nanotechnology courses. Due to this concern has been shown for the

professional prospects of students that graduate from these courses

that are an amalgam of various scientific disciplines but not
constructed to explore them in their entirety. Alternatively, in defence
of the existing system, a strong foundation in a conventional discipline
might be formed at the graduate level through B.Sc. or B.Tech. courses
after which an M.Tech or M.Sc. course in nanoscience and technology
might be undertaken to develop the eye and expertise of nanoscale
systems and also to move across disciplines to develop applications.
The nanoscale dimension rather than embodying a discrete discipline

emerges from traditional disciplines like physics, chemistry etc and
therefore is in reality an extension of either of the traditional sciences.
Moreover application development in nanotechnology will not occur
in isolation but will necessitate the merging of nanoscale systems with
other technologies like photovoltaics, electronics, textiles and
pharmaceuticals that give rise to enhanced products or those with
novel functions. In this sense nanotechnology might be used as a tool
to expand the boundaries of these traditional disciplines. Yet the
unique characteristics at the nanoscale (size, properties) and the
novelty it brings to S&T in terms of techniques used to address and
understand the nanodimensions stretches the boundaries of
traditional disciplines to adopt new approaches to scientific thinking
as well as research and technology development. The convergence of
various disciplines at the nanoscale proffers novel avenues for R&D.
Therefore a balance must be created between tailoring courses that
expose students to the various multidisciplinary dimensions of
nanoscience and technology as well as develop within students a
strong foundation in a particular discipline either in basic sciences
(physics, biology, material science) or engineering disciplines
(electronics, energy systems etc). Incidentally two institutes appear to
have developed individual nanotechnology courses focused on steams
such as physics and medicine (Table 3.7 ). Such approaches to
developing post graduate courses might help in merging the two
dimensions- emphasis on a core subject area with interdisciplinarity
that is characteristic of nanoscience and technology. On the other
hand postgraduate courses in conventional or established disciplines
of either basic, applied or engineering sciences might include those
dimensions of nanoscience and technology that pertains to their niche
areas. For example DBT is revising its guidelines for its biotechnology
curriculum to include nanoscience and technology dimension to
address the nano-biotechnology facet.
Further with regards to the development of human resources in

another emerging technology such as biotechnology it has been
observed that students with biotechnology degrees have not been
readily absorbed by the industry. On the part of the industry it was
perceived students were not trained in a manner that serves their
needs. Therefore since nanotechnology can lead to applications of
great significance it might be noteworthy to consider involving the
perspectives of industry while framing the syllabus for nanoscience

and technology courses. One semester from the course could be

devoted to practical training in R&D laboratories or industry.
Research on potential EHS impacts and toxicological aspects of

nanomaterials and nano applications
Nanomaterials by virtue of their size, and other physical and chemical
properties that govern them (such as increased surface area and
quantum effects) display novel and unusual properties not observed in
their larger counter parts. Also there are several routes through which
nanomaterials might be exposed to humans and the environment
from their journey from cradle to grave. Production, transport, storage
and disposal of nanomaterials or products might all form routes of
exposure. Therefore that nanomaterials and products might give rise
to environmental Health and Safety Risks as is becoming increasingly
clear from research emerging from other countries mostly developed
nations.
Almost all of these projects supported by the agencies engaged in

nanotechnology have comprised of R&D for scientific developments
and inquiry as well as technological advances in the nanodomain.
Several products that contain nanomaterials ranging from electronic
appliances, textiles and chemicals (paints, coatings) to cosmetics and
pharma related products are entering the Indian market. R&D
supported by the government will also enable several more nano
applications, products, devices and processes in society In India nearly
240 research projects have been supported by DST through the NSTI
and NSTM and DBT together. Other agencies have also given
considerable research support to R&D in this area. SERC has
approximately supported around 100 projects as well. Yet only a
handful of projects have been supported to test the toxicity of
nanomaterials or products1 (Table 4.1). Therefore the gap between
research that supports nanoscience and technology research and
studies on their environmental and health effects is acutely visible.
1 http// nanomission.gov.in, http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68

Table 4.1 List of projects supported by various agencies on issues of toxicity, environmental and
health implications of nanomaterials
Agency / Year Title Locations

DST Fate of nanomaterials in biological systems Industrial Toxicology Research
2007-08 Centre, Lucknow
DST Ferric pyrophosphate nanoparticles: Feasibility, St. John's Research Institute
2008-09 bioavailability and toxicity assessments Sarjapur Road, Bangalore
Studies on the characterization and toxicological Centre for Environment, Instt., of
SERC effects of engineered carbon nanoparticles in Science & Technology,
2007-08 human cell lines and animal models Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad
Studies On Ecotoxicology Of Engineered Sathyabama University, Chennai
DBT Nanoparticles In
2007-08 Selected Marine Organisms
Toxicological Studies Of Newly Developed Indian Institute Of Chemical
Nanomaterials Of Medical Importance Using In Technology, Hyderabad
Vivo And In Vitro Model Systems
Source: http://nanomission.gov.in/, http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ser-
serc.htm, http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=68
The initiative to engage with studies of this nature has been a fairly
recent one and was probably ignored during the NSTI due to emphasis
on developing competence in this field and resource constrains. At the
time technology and application development as well as industry
engagement with nanotechnology was also much less. However since
the NSTM in 2007 development of applications in nanotechnology has
taken a front seat so has the involvement of industry been larger. This
might have prompted the decision to undertake toxicity related
research in this domain. In 2008 DBT had also released a call for
proposals on the development of nanobiotechnology, nanoparticle
mediated drug and biomolecule delivery and their toxicological
studies. Another in 2007 that dealt with developing nano related
applications in biology included support for toxicological studies.
Amongst the other objectives of the calls which were to conduct R&D
in nanoscience or technology in specific areas, one of them was to
conduct toxicological studies on materials developed including
commercialised and novel nanomaterial based delivery systems.
In the backdrop of the minimal engagement of developing countries
towards technology related EHS issues, these schemes that have come
within 6 years of India’s nanotechnology initiative amongst tight
budgets and pressures to develop technical capacity in this area is
commendable. However the nature and scale at which studies in the
realm of EHS impacts that have been undertaken leaves much to be
desired especially when compared to the serious EHS implications
nanotechnology might have and the rapid pace at which both public
driven and industry led nanotechnology is progressing within the
country.

Nanomaterials and nanotechnology based health related applications

as observed is a fast growing sphere in India with both government
and industry support. Several such products including drug delivery
systems, drugs, antimicrobial sprays, gels and bandages are either
being developed or are in the market. Studies that test the toxicity of
these products are urgently required. On the other hand the
mechanism of conducting rigorous clinical trials for these products
might ensure that EHS issues are addressed. Other products like
nanotextiles and water purifiers in the market must also be subjected
to tests to ensure these materials do not leach out of their embedded
systems and enter the environment upon which they might be exposed
to humans and the ecosystem in general. Development of application
in agriculture including nano-encapsulated pesticides etc as well as for
environmental applications would also introduce similar set of risks.
Apart from these issues several laboratories and a few industrial set
ups are producing nanomaterials or nanoproducts (textiles for
example). Production of nanomaterials might also lead to by product
formation that might be toxic themselves. This scenario lends itself to
not only occupational health and safety issues as well as disposal of
waste and by products. Therefore overall several kinds of studies
might be required in the EHS domain rather than merely generating
toxicity data on nanomaterials or products which in itself is a
challenge due to their large numbers as well as diverse nature. Studies
that look into routes of exposure, exposure limits, developing
equipment that can detect nanomaterials in various environments,
ocuupational hazards and safety, Life Cycle Analysis will all be
necessitated. A vital task would be to decide on strategies to encourage
this kind of research in the country, resolve focus areas and integrate
risk research in existing and future nanotechnology research
especially in the applied side. In the context of toxicity studies either
scientists developing nanmaterials or products, including industry
that hopes to commercialize these products will need to undertake
such studies for which greater funding to the former must be
provided. Or else research groups that specialize in undertaking these
studies might be linked to R&D teams so that EHS impacts of
developed materials or applications are studied simultaneously. A few
Centers that focus on various aspects of the aforementioned risk
research might need to be established.
Risk related research that includes several aspects like hazard

identification, risk assessment, analysis, management are rudimentary
or non-existent in India. However nanotechnology applications are
permeating into society especially due to the broad spectrum of
sectors it can serve, therefore encouraging and supporting EHS
studies together with developing strategies to undertake them in a
planned and systematic fashion together with other R&D endeavours
will pose a huge challenge to the policy makers in the country
including R&D agencies. Until now DST and DBT seem to have
supported R&D in this sphere, however as mentioned earlier both
MoEF and the MoHFW might associate with them to develop a

planned initiative. However this will be necessitated to develop

nanoscience and technology responsibly in India and prevent a
backlash in the future.
Cross disciplinary research, PPPs and technology development

The desire to utilize nanotechnology as a tool to facilitate
socioeconomic development necessitates the development of products
and applications and their commercialisation. This not only demands
emphasis on basic, applied research, but also on technology
development, efforts towards commercialisation and developing inter-
linkages and partnerships amongst the actors in these various
domains. Since nanoscience might feed into several existing
technologies it also necessitates interdisciplinary research. India has
however known to have fallen short on several of these fronts. For
example engagement of Indian industry in the R&D arena was a mere
30% in the past years compared to some other countries like Korea
and Taiwan where it is more than 60%1.
India has been known to traditionally favour basic and theoretical

sciences over technology development. It has been argued that while
basic sciences is India’s forte, we lack quality expertise in engineering
as well as product development and also lack efficient mechanisms
that enable the transfer of research and knowledge from the lab to
market2. Also translational research- that research that has the
capacity to be taken from the laboratory to industry is lacking
probably due to the traditional emphasis on publications in the Indian
S&T system rather than application development. Additionally the
environment for public-private partnerships and industry
participation in public funded research is also perceived as being
under developed when compared to other developed countries. These
gaps intrinsic to the Indian S&T system have also seen to ail the
nanotechnology domain especially in its early years. Aside from these
gaps, technology development in the nano domain brings along with
its own unique challenges of being cost intensive with long gestation
periods as well as in several cases having to be merged with
engineering, applications or devices in other domains. Added to this is
the fact that barring a few instances SMEs and startups are non –
existant in the nanotechnology scenario and venture capital is virtually
non-existent. Therefore India is much behind other developed and
developing countries like China and Korea in this sphere. Thus though
encouraging signs of product development, industry participation and
PPPs in nanoscience and technology appear to dot the nanotechnology
landscape, technology development, for all of the above reasons will
1Naushad Forbes, Higher Education, Scientific Research and Industrial

Pune,Science, Technology and Society, Stanford University, Higher education ,
2004
2 Dr Vivek Srivastava, Would public research investment create innovative Indian
nanotech companies, http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=193

assume significant challenges in the Indian context. As India

completes nearly a decade of full fledged engagement with
nanoscience and technology a vital need to energise the capacity
building processes that enable rapid and efficient application
development by devising strategies that engage all relevant
stakeholders from the conception of the research.
However there are signs that India might be on the path of building
capacity in this area. Though the strength of Indian engineering
expertise is debated the number of students studying engineering has
also doubled from 6% in 1995-1996 to 11.2% in 2003-2004. Whereas
the official figures for engineering graduate vary (one study has while
quoting an approximate number of 350,000 per year while other
studies have cited numbers ranging from to 450,000 engineering
graduates in the year 2005-06 as well as 1 million graduates in the
year 2006) it is expected that by 2015 there will be 1.4 million
engineering graduates in India.1 These together with the graduates
from recently initiated M.Tech. courses in nanotechnology could help
initiate and enhance application oriented R&D in the nano domain as
well as in the national S&T scenario. In order to close the gap between
basic and applied research the steering committee on S&T have in
their recent report advocated undertaking directed basic research that
might flow from national interest and social needs or industrial
relevance. While small and individual projects will be taken up, stress
has been laid on developing large multicentric projects as well as
institutionalising partnerships between public funded research and
industry. Since knowledge generation is the only deliverable that is
required, it is believed that university based research might well be
comfortable in undertaking directed basic research. This approach
might be used in the nanoscience and technology context to guide the
practitioners of basic research towards applied research and evolve
application oriented projects.
Recently the government also announced new policy measures to

encourage the “development and commercialisation of inventions and
innovations”.2 They include allowing researchers working in public
academic and research institutions to also hold equity in spin off
companies and enterprises and also facilitating mobility of researchers
between academic institutions and industry. The former initiative
would enable new avenues for the translation of innovative lab
research into commercial applications and technology that was
previously undertaken by private companies that are usually risk
averse. This new initiative would encourage scientific
entrepreneurship and allow scientists with promising research in the
nano domain as well as the expertise to create startups and aim for
application development. As nanotechnology is a cost intensive
endeavour, scientists could leverage the facilities, infrastructure and
1 Kirsten Bound, 2007, The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the new geography of science,
India: The uneven innovator
2 http://dst.gov.in/

manpower already developed at their centres to undertake technology

development ventures in nanotechnology. On the other hand the
exchange of personnel amongst academic institutions and industry
will help the transfer of expertise and skills to bring forth new ideas
and knowledge for application development in this area. The
understanding of the concerns and perspectives on both sides would
enable successful PPPs and technology development both of which are
proving to be a major challenge in the nanotechnology arena.
Possible mechanisms for enabling large interdisciplinary research

projects and technology development
Since nanotechnology might be utilised to develop applications in
sectors like health, water, energy, agriculture etc interdisciplinary
research that leads to application and technology development will be
crucial. President Kalam had also recommended the creation of
"dynamic task force" to identify national priority areas that
nanotechnology can address and develop goal related projects centred
around these issues. The nanomission could therefore draw insights
from successful technology development programs undertaken in the
Indian scenario. One such program is the CSIR NMITLI program
which aims at indigenous technology development that serves national
or industry interests. It focuses also to develop large projects with
multiple components at utilising the best resources and expertise from
research institutes as well as industry in managing each component.
Projects span areas like pharmaceuticals, agriculture, biotechnology,
chemicals, materials, energy etc. In the six years of existence 42
projects involving 222 public sector partners and 65 private partners
have been initiated. The stringent mechanism that identifies and
selects target research areas as well as potential research partners and
also evaluates R&D progress has resulted in successful ventures for
application development. Other significant features of this program
include the proactive efforts made by policymakers towards research
area identification and team building, wide spread consultation to
develop research ideas and technology and patent mapping. While a
few nanotechnology projects have been undertaken in the NMITLI
scheme, in general the approach developed within this program may
be used as a template to enable technology development and
commercialisation in the nanotechnology domain especially as it
relates to addressing development related challenges in the Indian
context.
Overlap of R&D focus areas amongst diverse agencies engaged in

supporting nanoscience and technology R&D
Scientists have acknowledged that a degree of overlap exists in the

context of support for R&D amongst various funding agencies. It has
been suggested that this occurs because these agencies especially

those that are situated in different ministries (e.g. DBT, ICMR, DRDO)
appear to be functioning independently. This scenario it appears has
spilled over into the nanoscience and technology arena as well and
might lead to a problem unless it is addressed effectively. In fact it was
observed that projects that were sanctioned via NSTI/ NSTM as well
as SERC both falling under the umbrella of DST had once again
similar R&D themes like health, energy.
While some experts believe that jurisdiction overlaps in the R&D
context has not posed a major problem1 or led to any significant waste
of resources several others have felt that this overlap in R&D
jurisdictions has hampered Indian S&T to an extent. In fact
recognising this issue as an intrinsic problem and to avoid “carbon
copy” research an initiative has been undertaken by DBT to develop a
database that incorporates information on projects that it has
sanctioned which it is hoped will be available to all agencies. It is
unclear if this database also contains lists of projects supported by
other agencies. In another example in an effort to develop focus in
R&D funding it was felt that DRDO needed to focus on ‘core and
critical areas’ of R&D as it has been engaging in research across
several areas ranging from ‘missiles, radars and electronic warfare
programmes to even juices, mosquito repellents and titanium dental
implants’2.
In the context of nanotechnology common areas of interest amongst

funding agencies might allow for unrestricted and assorted
nanoscience and technology R&D dimensions to be addressed across
the spectrum of areas. Yet however it might lead to various pitfalls.
Support to duplicative research, a major consequence that might arise
from such a situation might lead to a strain on the already constrained
financial resources of the nanotechnology budget if not the Indian
S&T budget, especially since building capacity in nanoscience and
technology is cost intensive. This would also lead to a waste of human
resource efforts as similar research undertaken by different scientists
would be supported. Since R&D involving development of
nanomaterials as well as health and energy in this area is witnessing
multiple agency engagement duplication of R&D in these areas poses a
real threat to scientific resources. Multiple agency engagement with
R&D in a particular area might also contribute to an ambiguity in
identifying an agency to take on responsibility for developing and
implementing sector specific strategy in nanotechnology as well as an
uncertainty amongst researchers as to which agency to approach for
funding specific projects.
1 Experts here argue that each agency has a different “approach” to supporting
research in what might be similar areas of R&D. While DST funds research in life
sciences it does so at a smaller scale while DBT’s approach has been to develop
large networked projects with specific scientific deliverables. The latter also
focuses on developing applications for industries and commercialisation of
technologies. ICMR on the other hand supports R&D that is of greater significance
for public health which might make the basis for its research slightly different
from DBT’s. DRDO on the other hand might concentrate on defense related R&D.
2 Rajat Pandit, 2006 DRDO muddles through 439 projects, Times of India

Lack of coordination amongst agencies involved in nanoscience and

technology
Since R&D in nanoscience and technology is a platform technology
and therefore might interest diverse agencies there is a need for
coordination amongst them. Since this technology is characterized by
interdisciplinarity especially at applied research and application
development stages, where nanotechnology might converge with other
technology and engineering disciplines, coordination might be
necessitated at a level that is higher than what traditional S&T
endeavors dictate.
However support to nanoscience and technology R&D in similar areas

like health by diverse agencies suggests that there is a lack of
information flow amongst the players involved in R&D policy-making
in this area. The fact that nano projects, even those in similar areas are
sanctioned separately through SERC’s basic and engineering sciences
R&D support schemes as well as NSTI and NSTM, though the latter is
hosted by SERC, both housed under the DST umbrella indicates a lack
of coordination. Even if similar areas were being addressed by these
individual schemes it is unclear why two disparate mechanisms are
needed to fund nanoscience and technology research within the same
agency. Especially since the nanotechnology scenario is otherwise
witnessing the involvement of multiple agencies in similar R&D areas,
the lack of coordination amongst them might exacerbate dangers of
duplicative research previously described to much higher levels.
Once again the lack of coordination observed in the nanotechnology

arena is not peculiar to it but is innate to the Indian S&T processes.
DST in fact in its mandate lists “Co-ordination of areas of Science &
Technology in which a number of Institutions & Departments have
interests and capabilities” as one of its objectives. Yet several experts
believe that coordination amongst agencies across different areas of
R&D is lacking to a large extent. Dr Bhan, secretary DBT has
commented that “If the different departments worked together, they
could avoid duplication and save enormous resources” and also that,
1
"Right now all agencies work subcritically." Indeed the R&D in the
health sector, that forms one of the most promising areas of
nanotechnology as well as the area that sees most inter departmental
involvement has been recognised as having been plagued with a lack
of coordination. It is acknowledged that since ICMR, DBT, DST, CSIR
all fund health research one of the area of immediate attention for the
Ministry of Health was to develop a mechanism to avoid duplication
and overlapping and bring about transparency in research work’. To
address such issues, in the area of health A National Health Research
System has been proposed that will involve all R&D agencies across
1 T. V. Padma, 2005, Rivalry and red tape, Outlook Nature 436, 490-491

ministries and sectors to ensure coordination ‘to avoid duplication,

fragmentation, redundancy and gaps in knowledge’1.In fact a
department of Health has been conceptualised to overcome these
issues and take R&D in health forward efficiently. The inclusion of
health based nanoscience and technology research within this purview
would prevent the support for duplicated or wasted research efforts
across the many agencies involved. Yet how the issue of coordination
amongst agencies involved in other areas of nanoscience and
technology research like agriculture or energy might be addressed
remains unclear. Aside the issue of avoiding support to duplicative
research due to lack of coordination, its absence between agencies
might result in various research dimensions that are ideally suited for
interdisciplinary R&D being funded independently and therefore
undertaken in silos defeating NSTM’s aim of fostering an
interdisciplinary environment in the nano domain. The Indian
nanoscience and technology scenario must guard against these perils
during the course of the development of this technology. However
since the lack of coordination is a problem that is larger in its scale,
comprising the entire S&T system, solutions might lie in addressing it
from a larger and holistic perspective rather in just the context of
nanoscience and technology. On the other hand the nanomission that
commenced in 2007 claims to have “been structured in a fashion so as
to achieve synergy between the national research efforts of various
agencies in Nano Science and Technology and launch new
programmes in a concerted fashion”. As the mission runs its course
until 2012 it remains to be seen how this challenge is addressed in the
context of nanotechnology
Possible way forward

The most obvious solution that would appear to address the above
mentioned challenges would be the creation of a Department of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology so to speak like the Department of
Biotechnology or the proposed Department of Health. Yet this might
not prove to be the best approach at present since setting up a new
agency necessitates enormous expenditure which for now might be
better suited if spent in building R&D capacities by way of project and
infrastructure support. Also large scale engagement nanotechnology
in India is a relatively new phenomenon unlike the research in health
and so setting up a new department for that purpose might be
premature. Also it might still propagate the same problems as before if
it functions independently of other departments.
Therefore at present it might be more pertinent to form a selected few

groups or committees within the NSTM that might cater to R&D in
respective sectors like health, agriculture, energy, water as well as
significant basic science research like development of nanomaterials
etc. They might include general scientists together with nanoscientists
1Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Healthcare: Five

Year plan (2007-2012) Report on Health Systems Research, Biomedical Research
& Development and Regulation of Drugs & Therapeutics

that work in these broad areas as well as policymakers from various

departments or ministries that hold portfolios defined by these
themes. Recommendations for appropriate R&D support and other
capacity building measures could be recommended by these different
groups and circulated amongst them all before being forwarded to the
Nanoscience Advisory Group and Nano Applications and Technology
Advisory Group and later the Nanomission Council (NMC) that
already exist under the NSTM. Prospects for interdisciplinary research
might be recognized by enabling mechanisms for discussions across
and amongst these different groups. A holistic approach to R&D
development will also necessitate information flow between the NSAG
and the NATAG as well as between them and the NMC. Such a system
already exists in DBT which has 23 task forces that address a variety of
areas in biotechnology for example agriculture, animal, medical
biotechnology, basic research in modern biotechnology including one
on interdisciplinary research etc. In fact task forces for areas like
human resource development, establishing infrastructure and CoEs as
well as for areas like biotechnology for either rural populations or
women also exist. Scientists have acknowleged that these task forces
have enabled focused attention and support to be given in the specific
areas they are tailored for. The experience of this process at DBT
might inform the NSTM on developing capacity in nanotechnology.
Lack of information flow and building networks
During the NSTI tenure several scientists voiced their concern on the
lack of information flow from the policy making agencies especially
the DST that held the reigns for nanotechnology in India.1 The level of
investments, the number of projects and more significantly the nature
and location of the projects supported were oft lamented. The
methods that enable project support from funding agencies were also
largely unclear. This lack of transparency made networking,
information exchange and development of joint projects amongst
scientists difficult since it was not known who was engaging in what
R&D in nanotechnology. However recent initiatives undertaken by
DST and other agencies might help in addressing this issue. Since the
past year a website on the Nanomission that briefly cites its objectives
as well as that of the previous NSTI. It also lists the centres of
excellence and a few public private partnerships undertaken as well as
some initiatives for human resource development. The website also
lists recent initiatives like conferences funded by the mission as well as
details related to project support. It also reveals the formats for
developing proposals for projects under the mission as well as
guidelines for project implementation. More significantly nano
projects sanctioned under the NSTI and NSTM together with their
host institute and principal investigators has been made public. DBT,
1Lack of information flow a major hurdle for nanotechnology, 2005, Business

Line, http://www.blonnet.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120502230200.htm

DIT and ICMR have also made available the either all projects funded
by them in this area for those funded in specific years. On the other
hand specific lists of those sanctioned by, CSIR, DAE, DRDO have not
been clearly stated although references to area of interest and some
projects might be gleaned from the annual reports of these agencies.
MNRE has refered to a few ongoing nanotechnology projects in its
areas of R&D on its website but it is unclear if this represents a
complete list of the same. On the other hand SERC has not explicitly
made aware that nanoscience and technology projects might be
supported under its basic science and engineering R&D support
schemes though the list of its projects that highlight this information
is on the public domain.
To develop links between experts additionally a database where people

engaging in nanoscience and technology research can register
themselves has also been initiated although it comprises of only 17
registered experts. A formal mechanism to link the various institutes
and experts engaging in nanoscience and technology is yet to be
devised. This is seen as essential to foster an interdisciplinary climate
in the nation particularly in this area.
Development of a potential roadmap for nanoscience and technology

Nano related R&D has since its jumpstart in 2001 come quite a long
way in India. As observed several initiatives are underway and are in
the pipeline. Also many areas have been supported by diverse agencies
in the R&D context. Therefore at this juncture it would be a sound
option to develop a road map for nanoscience and technology in India
for some years into the future that delineates the actions that might be
undertaken, sets time bound goals as well as potential deliverables. A
road map might provide direction and focus to the rapid pace of
initiatives and developments that seem to dot the Indian
nanotechnology landscape and several more that will be undertaken.
One of the studies that might be undertaken in the context of the
Indian nano related R&D is to survey in which area we have developed
expertise in as well as any areas that we have engaged in to some
extent but might want to develop competence in for various reasons. A
survey of the R&D at the international scenario might also be
undertaken to locate any more new areas of potential research that
might be significant in the Indian context or addresses any of our
socio-economic needs. Although some amounts might also be set aside
for general R&D if needed. If core areas of R&D interest that have
been identified include broad sectors like energy, water, health and
agriculture etc, sectoral road maps might also be evolved for each as
has been done in some other countries. A technology foresight
mechanism might be utilised identification of R&D priorities. Through
this exercise apart from surveying research interests, a stock of all the
institutions, infrastructure, facilities and human resources as well as
collaborations developed since the year 2000 might be undertaken to

get a detailed understanding of what has been accomplished and what

gaps remain. These surveys together might allow us to develop more
coherently the core areas that we might want to emphasize while
building R&D capacity and prevent diffuse efforts and fragmentation
of resources. Added to this several experts – policymakers from
various agencies, scientists, industry that has been engaging in
nanotechnology might be approached for opinions on several of the
issues. Developing a roadmap might also provide an opportunity to
help address the issue of developing coordination amongst all the
agencies involved in the nanotechnology R&D policy-making scenario.
A preliminary survey on the status of nanotechnology in India R&D in
Indian has been conducted by the National Foundation of Indian
Engineers and supported by MoST through the National Science and
Technology Management information system (NSTMIS).1 Information
from this might be utilised to devlop a larger road map that takes into
consideration more dimensions.
An initial broad framework with guidelines on issues to be addressed

might help develop a more detailed strategy.
A national advisory committee had been previously set up to guide
R&D in the nanoscience and nanotechnology domain. They have for
example deliberated at the national review and coordination meeting
on nanoscience and nanotechnology. Committee members are listed
in Table 4.2.2 It reveals that apart from scientists including CNR Rao,
policy makers from selected R&D agencies like DST, DRDO are
involved DAE and CSIR are represented by scientists from
laboratories or centres within these organisations, have been included.
Industry has just one representative.
Table 4.2 Depicting National Advisory Committee members for nanoscience and
nanotechnology
Members of National Advisory Committee for NT
Prof. C.N.R. Rao, JNCASR, Bangalore (Chairman)
Prof. P. Rama Rao, ARCI, Hyderabad
Dr. T. Ramasami,, Secretary, DST, New Delhi
Dr. G. Sundararajan, ARCI, Hyderabad
Dr. Rao V. Aiyagari, DST, New Delhi
Prof. D. Chakravorty, IACS, Kolkata
Dr. G.V. Shivashankar, NCBS, Bangalore
Prof. M.K. Sanyal, SINP, Kolkata
Prof. A.K. Sood, IISc, Bangalore
Prof. A. R. Raychaudhuri, S.N. Bose Centre, Kolkata
Dr. B.M. Arora, TIFR, Mumbai
Dr. Baldev Raj, IGCAR, Kalpakkam
Dr. D. Banerjee, DRDO, New Delhi
Prof. G.K. Mehta, Inter-University Accelerator Centre,
1 study on Status of nanotechnology in Indina Industry & Academia /R&D Labs,

2008, National Foundation of Indian Engineers, supported by DST
2 http://nanomission.gov.in/AbstractBook_NSNT-07.pdf

New Delhi
Dr. K.N. Ganesh, NCL, Pune
Prof. B.N. Dev, IACS, Kolkata
Dr. S.K. Kaura, Samtel Color Ltd., New Delhi
Dr. Praveer Asthana, DST, New Delhi
Source: http://nanomission.gov.in/AbstractBook_NSNT-07.pdf
However as several other agencies are involved in nanoscience and

technology at present in India, it might help if representatives from
DBT, DIT, MNRE and ICMR and industry are represented as well to
ensure diverse perspectives and research interests are taken on board.
This would also ensure better coordination and avoid research support
overlaps.
Some attempts have been made by individual researchers for example

Dr Maitra to develop national roadmaps. However it would be of
national interest to develop such a roadmap taking into consideration
views and perspectives of different stakeholders- researchers from the
scientific and social sciences community, industry, policy makers from
diverse agencies engaged in nanotechnology, development
professionals that might help identify priority areas that
nanotechnology might address, risk related professionsls and civil
society etc.
Multistakeholder engagement with S&T issues and decisions in India

is rare and usually the prerogative of the policy and scientific research
community. The nanotechnology trajectory in India has also largely
been shaped by policymakers. However in the nanoscience and
technology context there is much to gain from engaging multiple
stakeholders. For example since nanotechnology is cost intensive
development professionals might help identify priority areas that
nanotechnology might address, risk professionals might help develop
strategies for risk management etc. Policymakers from other agencies
like the Planning Commission and Ministry of Commerce as well as
industry associations like CII and FICCI who are also leading industry
engagement in nanotechnology in India might also be involved. This
approach would help identify and explore the benefits, challenges and
risks this technology poses to India and strategize to channel its
potential in a sustainable manner, for national benefit. On the other
hand India while developing its national strategy might also draw
from existing strategies of developed countries’. However caution
must prevail on this front and in the use of this approach as contexts,
priorities and needs of a developing and diverse country like ours
could be very different to other developed or even developing country
counterparts especially in areas as mentioned above.


Overall Conclusions of the work
The present study on aimed towards understanding how

nanotechnology R&D related capacity is being built in India
together and how its trajectory is being shaped arrives at the
following conclusions. The conclusions have been divided into
two parts – first, key observations with respect to
nanotechnology developments in India and the role of policy
support therein; second, key challenges and opportunities that
exist for development of nanotechnology in India.
Nanotechnology developments and policy support in India

At present development in nanotechnology in India is at a
formative stage and intense effort would be needed on the part of
research organisations and industry to successfully engage with
such technologies. In this regard, major funding for
nanotechnology R&D is being provided by government agencies.
Although private sector is exploring the opportunities in
nanotechnology, its expenditure is very small as yet.
DST is the main driver for nanotechnology development in India,

although several other agencies like DBT and DIT play a strong
role. It has played a clear role in undertaking flagship programs,
major investments, establishing CoEs and enhancing laboratory
facilities, developing human resources and forging international
collaborations. It has also tried to develop links between public
funded research and the industry. DST has been providing the
requisite support to nanotechnology R&D through its NSTI and
the Nano Mission.
Beside DST, several others like CSIR, ICMR, DAE, DRDO, MNRE
and Planning Commission are also involved in enabling the
expansion of this technology in India although mainly through
smaller roles. These agencies have made smaller investments and
have largely participated through support to R&D in their niche
areas and building associated infrastructure and human resources.
There are yet other government agencies, which although not
engaged with nanotechnology R&D at present, have a clear scope
for enhancing this capacity, are ICAR, Ministry of Commerce,
Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Food Processing
Industries. MoEF can play a key role in filling the gap in nano risk
studies by encouraging toxicity related studies.
While engagement of diverse agencies suggests many avenues

might be pursued holistically challenges that have emerged from
this include the overlapping activities and a lack of coordination
amongst agencies both of which are intrinsic to the Indian S&T

system. In fact engagement of some of the agencies might

complicate the state’s agenda for nanotechnology R&D due to
multiplicity and duplicity.
The rapid and growing interest in nanotechnology has been a

global phenomenon and country level programmes have been
initiated in several countries. India’s NSTI also coincided with
these developments in other countries, significantly the US.
However, in terms of investment in nanotechnology, India lags
behind developed and some other countries like China. Despite
a mission mode and public investments for nanotechnology,
scientists have cautioned that more investments are needed to
engage in cutting edge research, build state of the art
infrastructure, and develop applications.
In the Indian scenario, a larger emphasis has been on

strengthening R&D in fundamental science, India’s traditional
strength. However, technology development is also receiving
policy focus and institutional support from the government now.
Thus, the main areas of R&D are development of nanomaterials,
synthesis, routes, characterization and investigation into their
properties is a major focus area. Basic and applied research for
the chemical and manufacturing industry is also being
promoted. R&D support for applications with relevance for
development needs in areas such as health, energy, agriculture
and environment is also being provided. Of these, health
applications have received maximum attention both from the
government and industry.
Developing human resources has been highlighted as a key

objective in the programmes initiated and undertaken. While
initiatives like fellowships and trainings were facilitated for the
same in the NSTI, the NSTM has been characterized by the
evolution of postgraduate courses, with a focus on both
nanoscience and technology development.
Several Centres of excellence have been established to develop

either nanoscience research or to take on the development of
applications in various spheres. It however appears that more of
these CoEs are based at autonomous research institutes rather
than universities, thus creating concerns about the latter’s
capacity and role in leading the nanotechnology R&D. Regionally,
Bangalore and Kolkata appear to be developing into hubs for
nanoscience and technology R&D with six centres (developed and
proposed).
Southern part of India, which is already a hub for biotechnology

and information technology, might facilitate the convergence of
these technologies and leverage its position in emerging as a
Nano-hub. A few state governments have also been involved in

the recent years in facilitating capacity building in this domain.

Karnataka, Haryana and Tamil nadu have taken the lead with
either the development of proposed nanotechnology parks or
supporting major visibility enhancers like international
conferences etc.
Challenges and opportunities

The study has also identified some challenges, that if addressed
and opportunities if used, might enhance the capacity building
initiative.
One of the biggest challenges in harnessing the potential of

nanotechnology and building associated R&D capacity, has been
in terms of the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology per se
and the scope of its applications. Given that the technology
draws from several disciplines and is applied in conjunction
with other technologies, interdisciplinary research is central to
nano science and technology R&D. These characteristics and the
optimism regarding potential application of nanotechnology in a
whole range of spheres, has to an extent lead to significant
overlaps in the areas for R&D support offered/identified by
different agencies. For instance, in health, a strong engagement
of agencies like DST, DBT, and ICMR as well as the involvement
of others like CSIR and even DRDO has been present.
Overlapping R&D support might lead to duplicative R&D efforts

and a waste of financial and human resources in this already cost
intensive domain. The consequent multiplicity of institutions
raises other concerns like lack of coordination, information flow,
overlapping mandates and jurisdictions. Lack of coordination
amongst the various agencies involved in building capacity could
hamper the expansion of interdisciplinary research as work will be
undertaken in silos due to lack of information flow.
An inadequate flow of information between policy makers and the

scientific population as well as amongst policy makers acts as a
barrier in developing real capacity due to inability to leverage
upon existing capacity, expertise and initiatives. Although setting
up of nano mission has to an extent met this challenge, but this
information access is limited to DST initiatives. Information
about activities and plans of many other agencies with respect to
fostering nanotechnology is still not readily accessible.
Gap between basic research and application is a challenge in

nanotechnology, like several other technologies. Traditional
leanings towards basic science research and lack of industry
participation in public R&D along with weak mechanisms to
facilitate PPPs have obstructed technology development in India.
Since nanotechnology is cost and risk intensive and might be
characterized by long R&D incubation periods, industry

participation is small. However as policy makers begin to stress on

product and process or rather deliverable oriented R&D and
policies that encourage scientific entrepreneurship, a more
conducive environment for public-private partnerships and
technology development.
An overview of the nanotechnology research focus in India reveals

that research with respect to risks associated with nanotechnology
has been lacking. Nanotechnology applications might have the
potential to pose diverse EHS risks to consumers and the public.
While a few toxicological studies have been supported by various
agencies the rate of R&D and the development of applications
especially in the area of health and others like water filters and
textiles warrants that larger initiatives are made on this front.
Being cost and risk intensive, the area of nanotechnology is a

difficult terrain to enter not only for application or
commercialisation but also research and development.
Sophisticated and complex equipment, technical know-how and
capacity are essentials for R&D in the nano-domain. Therefore,
financial constraints often act as an impediment in this regard.
Although centre of excellence have been set up and infrastructure
support has been provided, these have been restricted to a few
large cities and therefore inaccessible to the rest of the universities
or institutes for facilitating the efficient growth in R&D capacity.
The development of an overall strategy or a time and deliverable

bound roadmap for nanoscience and technology needs to be
addressed. This could cover a SWOT analysis of the R&D capacity
in the nano-domain in India and also address the areas of strategic
interest and if possible even road maps for nano R&D in those
particular sectors. The roadmap could also integrate risk studies
including risk assessment, management and mitigations well as
understanding avenues of exposure to nano materials within the
overall nanotechnology development framework. As a critical R&D
mass has been developed in the country this approach might avoid
a strain on resources.
The study proposes that multi stakeholder engagement that

includes representatives from not only policy makers and
scientists but also development professionals, social scientists,
industry and risk professionals might be sought to formulate
such a roadmap. This could be done through greater interaction
between state and the industry as well as within the
government.

Annexure I
Projects Sanctioned 2008-2009 (upto 5th December, 2008)
S. No. Title PI & Add

1 PG Teaching Programmes (M.Sc. - Duration 2 Years) in Nano Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar-143005
Science and Technology with an annual intake of 15 students
2 PG Teaching Programmes (M.Tech. - Duration 2 Years) in Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials
Nano Science and Technology with an annual intake of 20 SASTRA University Thanjavur
students
3 Augmentation of computing resources for simulation and data Inter University Accelerator Centre
analysis at the inter university accelerator centre New Delhi
4 Nanostructuring by erergentic ion beams Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi
5 Ferric pyrophosphate nanoparticles: Feasibility, bioavailability Molecular Medicine and Clinical Proteomics
and toxicity assessments St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore
6 Novel strategies to use nanotechnology methods in cellular & Calcutta University Kolkata-700019
clinical oncology
7 PG Teaching Programmes (M.Tech. - Duration 2 Years) in Deptt.of Bio & Nano Technology
Nano Science and Technology with an annual intake of 20 Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
students Hisar-125001
8 PG Teaching Programme (Integrated M.Tech-Duration 3 Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of

Years) in Nano Science and Technology at University of Delhi Delhi
9 Ramanna Fellowship School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad

10 Development of bulk nano-crystalline materials: Nanoparticle IIT Madras
synthesis and consolication
11 PG Teaching Programme (Integrated M.Tech-Duration 3 School of Electrical Sciences, Vellor Institute of
Years) in Nano Science and Technology at VIT Technology University
University,Vellor
12 PG Teaching Programmes (M.Sc. Nano Physics-Duration 2 Osmania University, Hyderabad
Years) in Nano Science and Technology
13 Preparation of Silicon Sheets by Capillary Action Shaping Panjabi University, Patiala
Technique (CAST) for Solar Cell Applications
14 Preparation of Silicon Sheets by Capillary Action Shaping Guru Govind Singh University, Delhi
Technique (CAST) for Solar Cell Applications
15 Potential use of Nanoparticles for DNA Vaccine in fish model to C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam-632509
control becterial and viral diseases
16 Potential use of Nanoparticles for DNA Vaccine in fish model to School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras
control becterial and viral deseases
17 P.G. Teaching Programmes(M.Tech. Nano Medical Science) at Amrita Centre for Nanosciences,Amrita Vishwa
Nano Science and Technology At Amrita Institute of Medical Vidyapeetham, Kerala
Sciences
18 Detection of Latent Fingerprints by Nanoparticles-size SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi
Compositions
19 Photoinduced reactions between Nanosized Quantum Dots of Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur
CdTe and porphyrins/rins/Metallo-Porphyrins Tiruchirapalli

20 Theoretical Investigations of Photophysics and Photo Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and
Chemistry of DNA using metal nano particles Bioinformatics IIIT, Gachibowli, Hyderabad
21 Theoretical Investigations of Photophysics and Photo Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore
Chemistry of DNA using metal nano particles
22 Synthesis and Applications of Nanoparaticles in Ionic Liquids Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University
Kolhpur
23 P.G. Teaching Programmes(M.Tech. Nano Technology) in Z.H. College of Engineering & Technology
Nano Science and Technology at Z.H. College of Engineering Aligarh Muslim University
& Technology, Aligarh Muslim University,
24 Institute of Nano Science & Technology(INST) Mohali Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Chandigarh
25 Measurement of Optical Non-Linerarities in Wide Bandgap II-IV Delhi University South Campus
Semiconductor Quantum Dots Suitable for All-Optical
Switching Devices
26 Effect of Interface Morphology and Spatial Distribution of Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science
Nanoparticles on Optical and Thermal Properties of Polymer Bangalore
Nanocomposites
Projects Sanctioned 2007-2008
Sl. No. Title PI & Add

1. Development of nanomaterial enhanced high performance coated textiles Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi
New Delhi
2. Inorganic Organic hybrid nanocomposite coatings for Nano Technological Central Glass & Ceramic Research
applications Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata
3. Rare earth doped nanocrystalline spinel ferrites: Promising materials for Burdwan University, Golapbag
magneto-optical storage media Burdwan
4. Physical principles relevant to nanoscale devices and biological motors in The Institute of Mathematical Sciences
the Brownian regime Chennai
5. Development and Characterization of Semiconducting Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur
nanotubes/nanorods for thermoelectric applications Kharagpur
6. Synthesis, Contact less conductivity magnetic and Electron Magentic Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Resonance investigations of nano-manganites (mainly charge ordered)
7. New nanoporous materials for selective gas adsorption and separation Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
processes
8. Effective functionalization of carbon nanotubes using Madras University, Guindy Campus
amphiphilic/hydrophilic dendrimers and phase transfer catalysts Chennai
9. Development of nano metal oxides incorporated refractories for refractory KS Rangasamy College of Technology
applications Tiruchengode
10. Design of nanometal/metal oxide/composite oxide promoted nanoporous Regional Research Laboratory
meterials for catalytic applications Bhubneswar
11. Size dependent physical properties of ferromagentic and ferroelectric National chemical Laboratory, Pune
nanoparticles
12. Layered hydroxides as candidate precursors for nanoparticulate oxide Central College Bangalore University
materials Bangalore
13. Magnetic nanopacticulates for controlled and targeted drug delivery Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay
Powai
14. Development of nano dispersed Polycrylates for optical applications Shriram Instt. Of Indl. Res., New Delhi
15. Synthesis of magnetic and semi conductor oxide nanomaterials from St. Joseph's College, Bangalore

hydroxide precursores and layered solid nanoparticle nanocomposites

16. Establishment of a Centre for Nano Technology Hyderabad University, Hyderabad
17. Establishment of a Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology-Madras
(NFMTC) Chennai
18. Development and characterisation of nanocomposite mullite: A study Jadavpur University, Kolkata
19. Mechanical properties at the nano-scale Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore -
20. Novel nanoscale materials: generation , characterization and device Centre for Nanotechnology
applications Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati
21. Microscopic investigation of luminescence and mechanical properties of Bengal Engineering & Science University
nanostructured porous silicon Shibpur, Howrah
22. Developing comprehensive bottom-up strategies for functional Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
nanostructures
23. Nanostructured self-assembled polymer blend systems from epody Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam,
resin/block copolymer systems for super toughness Kerala.
24. Development of solar light driven nanostructured ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst Centre for Materials for Electronics
for hydrogen generation Technology (C-MET), Pune
25. Establishing Centre for Nanotechnology(Nanoparticles, Nanosensors and Madurai Kamaraj Univesity, Madurai -
Nanodrug delivery) at Madurai Kamaraj University
26. Physics and applications of nanocrystalline maerials and semiconductor Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
quantum devices Mumbai
27. Research programme on Smart and Innovative Textiles (SMITA) Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi
28. Biosequestration and bio-impregnation of heavy metals leading to Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra
nanomaterials synthesis and decontamination of industrial effluent
29. Biosequestration and bio-impregnation of heavy metals leading to National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
nanomaterials synthesis and decontamination of industrial effluent
30. Pd bi-metal nanoparticle and multilayer structures for improved Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi
hydrogenation in rare earth switchable mirrors
31. Preparation and Characterization of SiO2 and TiO2 hollow nanospheres in National Institute of Technology
reverse microemulsion system Rourkela
32. Fate of nanomaterials in biological systems Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
Lucknow
33. Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous materials Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar –
470003
34. Field effect Transistors based on epitaxial multicomponent oxide Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur
heterostructures
35. Synthesis and characterisation of nano-crystalline co-doped Ceria, CeO2 Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -
based solid electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells (ITSOFC)
36. Technology CAD of nano-MOSFETs in Hybrid Orientation Technology IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur
37. Studies in micro and nanorheology of soft materials Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi
Campus, Bangalore
38. Semiconductor quantum dots for optical storage applications Delhi University, New Delhi
39. Cleanroom infrastructure for National Nanofabrication Centre at the Indian Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Institute of Science, Bangalore
40. PG Teaching Programmes (M.Tech 2 Years) in Nano Science and Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
Technology at Anna University, Chennai (With Annual Intake of 15 Anna University, Chennai
Students)
41. PG Teaching Programmes (M.Tech 2 Years) in Nano Science and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
Technology at GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi (With Annual University, New Delhi

Intake of 15 Students)
42. PG Teaching Programmes (M.Tech 2 Years) in Nano Science and Materials Science and Technology
Technology at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, (With Annual Intake of 18 Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Students)
43. National Facility on Ultra High Resolution Aberration-Corrected Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced
Transmission Electron Microscope at International Centre for Materials Scientific Research, Bangalore
Research, JNCASR, Bangalore
44. Electro nanoprocessing of semiconductor nanotube arrays for high Amrita Centre for Nanosciences
efficiency photovoltaics Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi
45. Development of electrically conducting polyaniline nano-materials via self- Indian Institute of Science Education &
assembly approach and their application in sensors and opto-electronics Research, Pune
Projects Sanctioned - 2006-07
Sl No. Title PI & Add

1. Nanophosphors for flat panel displays and quantum well structures Cochin University of Science &
grown by pulsed laser deposition technique Technology, Kochi
2. Centre for Protein Nanoscience Anna University, Chennai
3. Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubnes using mesoporous Anna University, Guindy Campus
MCM-41 molecular sieves - its application for memory devices in Chennai
supercomputer
4. Synthesis of Semiconductor nanoparticles for harnessing magnetic and Tezpur University, Napaam
optical properties Tezpur
5. Mechanosynthesis and mechanical thermal synthesis of in-situ IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur
Aluminium based nanocomposites and their characterization
6. Designing and generation of novel efficient biotags and drug-carriers Allahabad University, Allahabad
(nano gold, Fe2O3 and doped Y2O3) via Sol-Gel Process (with and
without reverse micelles)
7. Silver Nanoparticles - Potential applications in Sericulture Thiruvalluvar University, Fort Campus
Vellore
8. Decay dynamics of nanomaterials for nanophotonic and biophonotic IACS, Jadavpur, Kolkata
applications
9. Magnetic Nanoparticle: thin Film (functional) Hybrid Systems National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
10. Nanophosphor-Tagged-Nanogold Immunoglobulin Conjugates in Allahabad University, Allahabad
molecular characterization of Lysosomal Transport Vesicles - A
Proteomics based study & Detection of herbicides and heavy metals -
contaminants in polluted waters : Construction of a PSII based bio
11. Development of nanostructured transducers for amperometric and IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur
microgravimetric sensing applications
12. Tissue Engineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology
SASTRA, Vallam, Thanjavur
13. Preparation and characterization of nanosized TiO2 and studies on its Birla Institute of Technology & Science
photodegradation capability of model organic pollutants Zuarinagar
14. Functional nanomaterials of n-conjugated molecules Regional Research Laboratory
Trivandrum
15. A Study on nanostructured metal oxides preparation, characterization Dayalbagh Educational Institute
and the effects of swift heavy ion irradiation for possible applications in Agra
photoelectrochemical splitting of water

16. Star-burst, linear and cross-linked macromolecule-metal nanoparticle IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur

hybrids as efficient recyclable catalysts
17. Functional organic and bionanomaterials: Synthesis, characterization National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
and evaluation
18. Decoding the hydrogen-bonding networks in stimuli-responsive Poly-N- National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
Acrylamids
Sl. Title PI & Address

No.
19. Oxide based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for magnetic memory University of Delhi, New Delhi
and sensor applications
20. Nanolithography in color and design of microfluidic devices. Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
21. Growth of nanoparticles of wide band gap semiconductors (CdS/CdSSe) Centre for Materials for Electronics
in glass matrices for optical filters and study of physics of quantum Technology, Pune
confinement for photonic applications.
22. Modular synthesis of cryptand based nanostructures. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
23. Upconverting nanophospors for photonic applications. Central Glass & Ceramic Research
Institute, Kolkata
24. Magnetic, optical and electronic properties of semiconducting Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
nanoparticles doped with magnetic impurities.
25. Studies on effect of mineral nanofillers on the mechanical and processing North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
properties of polymers and their industrial applications.
26. Synthesis of nanostructured magnetic materials for different applications. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
27. Design of New and Novel Nanoconstruction Tools. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
28. Nanostructuring of hard and soft films via pattern transfer. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
29. Carbon nanotubes based sensors. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
30. Nano M/CeO2 and M/TiO (M = Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Pd etc.) for Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
catalysis applications.
31. Electronic transport in molecular nano-systems. JN Centre for Advanced Scientific
Research, Bangalore
32. Development of Nano-wires and Nano-structural thin flims of Boron for Osmania University, Hyderabad
potential applictions.
33. Studies on nanomaterials and devices. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
34. Upgradation of exsiting UHV chamber preparation and investigation of the University of Madras, Chennai
properties of nanostructured materials.
35. Nano Science and Technology : A Transdisciplinary approach. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
36. Preparation and characterization of metallic and semiconducting nanowire. Bidhannagar College, Kolkata
37. Size-selective electrodeposition of metal, metal oxide and conducting Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
polymer nanoparticles and their Nanocomposites for Technological
applications.
38. Fabrication of pure metal and alloy films as interconnects for Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
nanoelectronics and nano-electrodes by e-beam lithography and study of
their stability towards electro, thermal and stress migration.
39. Development of nanophosphors for industrial applications. National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
40. Development of state-of-the-art analytical electron Microscopy facility Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
capable of high-resolution imaging and analysis in the nanoscale as an

Institute facility at the Indian Institute of Science.

41. Metal-oxide core-shell nanostructures for removal of toxins from water and Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
atmosphere.
42. Synthesis, characterization and applications of nanosized oxide materials. Bangalore University, Bangalore
43. Development of nanofluidic channels and nanowires using biomolecular University of Agricultural Sciences,
self-assembly. Bangalore
44. Development and properties of polymer based nanocomposites. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
45. Synthesis and characterization of Ni-P electroless composite coatings with Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
nanosized particles.
46. Thermal and electrical conduction in nano-fluids. Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
47. Tailoring of room temperature Excitonic Luminescence in Mgx Zn1-x Indian Association for the Cultivation of
O/SiO2 nanocomposites and fabrication of electroluminescent devices. Science, Kolkata
48. Investigation of the dissolution kinetics of some nano sized metal University of Delhi, Delhi
catalysts.
49. Construction of an optical tweezer for nanometer scale rhelogy. Bangalore University, Bangalore
50. Nano Sized semi conducting oxide powders, films and catalysts by gas University of Delhi, Delhi
phase codensation for gas sensor applications.
51. Excess protons electrons and metal atoms in hydrogen bondedd Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
nanoclusters: Studies of structural dynamical and electronic aspects
through ab-initio molecular dynamics.
52. Optical and electronic studies of photoactive molecules capped on metal Regional Research Laboratory,
nanoparticles and their molecularly bridged arrays on surfaces. Thiruvananthapuram
53. Development of device-grade nanomaterials using ion beams. University of Mumbai, Mumbai
Sl. Title PI & Address

No.
54. Synthesis of Nano-sized Metastable oxide solid solutions and studies IIT, Kharagpur
of their properties.
55. Investigations of the properties and phenomena exhibited by JNU Cen. for Adv. Scientific Res.,
Nanomaterials: nanofabrication, lithography and related aspects. Bangalore
56. Combinational DNA chips coupled with nanoparticle probe for University of Delhi, Delhi
scanometric detection.
57. Metal nanocluster doped coloured coatings on glasses and plastics Central Glass and Ceramic Res. Instt.,
using Sol-Gel Techniques. Kolkata
58. Investigation of complex metal based nanosized using the reverse IIT, New Delhi
micellar, polymeric precursor and hydrothermal routes.
59. Optical and Morphological investigations of nanoparticles using Univ. of Poona, Pune
scanning near field Optical Microscopy(SNOM).
60. Indian instt.of Science Nano science and Technology initiative. IISC, Bangalore
61. DNA-Gold/Silver composite Nanoparticles: Design, Assembly and NCL, Pune
Functionalisation.
62. Nanoparticles, nanowires and nanofilms: Synthesis, characterization, IIT, Kanpur
self assembly and patterning.
63. Self-assembly of dendritic nanoreactors on electrode surfaces - The Cen. Electrochemical Res. instt.,
case of electrocatalysis. Karaikudi
64. Magnetic and electrical properties of nanostructured and Univ. of Madras, Chennai

nanocomposite magnetic materials.

65. Application of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles in Madurai Kamraj University, Madurai
photoelectrochemistry and catalysis.
66. Investigating the influence of micro/nano structures of the dispersed BHU, Varanasi
crystalline phase in glasses on their mechanical behaviour.
67. A new approach for the development of nanocrystalline apinel ferrite Vidyasagar University, Midnapore
68. Synthesis and characterization of iron/nickel based nanomaterials IIT Roorkee
using gas reduction and coating techniques.
69. Single molecule and interfacial processes in nanobiology. Anna University, Chennai
70. Structural electronic and gas-sensing properties of SnO2 Ag IIT New Delhi
composite nanoparticle thin films.
71. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology-processes, characterization and IIT Chennai
applications.
72. Lithium nanoferrites by chemical method. lT Instt.of P.G. Teaching and Res.
Ratnagiri
73. Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites involving a IACS Kolkata
disordered medium.
74. Development and tailoring of properties of Al based amorphous alloys National metallurgical Laboratory
through evolution of nanophases. Jamshedpur
75. Development of nanocrystalling materials of different processing IIT Kharagpur
routes.
NO. of Institution : 8
Projects Sanctioned 2005-06
SL. Title PI & Add

No
76. Investigation of Electronic and Phonon Properties of Nasnostructured Materials Physics Laboratory, Barkatullah
Materials University, Bhopal
77. Biomimetic route to hybrid nano-Composite scaffold for tissue National Metallurgical Laboratory,
engineering Jamshedpur
78. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, characterization and Applications Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
79. Carbon nano-tube based materials for electrochemical devices Central Electrochemical Research
Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi
80. Probing nanometer scale dynamics of chromatin fluidity using single National Centre for Biological Sciences
molecule force & fluorescence microscopy/spectroscopy TIFR, Bangalore
81. Nanostructural materials synthesized by hydrothermal and Bangalore University, Central College
combustion/microwave routes and their applications Campus, Bangalore
82. Engineering nanoscale materials and their application in IIT-Guwahati, North Guwahati
nanotechnology Guwahati
83. Synthesis and characterization of transition metal doped BaTiO3 Visva Bharati, Santiniketan
nanoparticles
84. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials for IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur
functional (magnetic, sensor, opto-electronic and chemical) and
structural (hard coating and heterostructure) applications
85. Design and development of super hard graded nanocomposite IIT-Roorkee, Roorkee
coatings for industrial applications & Functional nanocomposite
ceramic coatings: Fabrication, characterization & applications

86. Investigation of the synthesis and characterization of functional/multi- Alagappa University, Karaikudi
component nanostructued
(nanotube/nanorod/nanoribbon/nanocables) polyaniline based
materials
87. Semiconductor Nanostructures Anna University, Chennai

Annexure II
Projects Sanctioned during 2007-2008 (Duration : 3 years)
File No. & Date Title PI & Address
List of Basic Sciences Projects Sanctioned during 2007-2008 (Duration : 3 years)
SR/S0/BB-66/2006 Studies on the characterization and Dr. V. Himabindu
04.05.2007 toxicological effects of engineered Centre for Environment, Instt., of Science &
carbon nanoparticles in human cell Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
lines and animal models University, Hyderabad-500072
SR/S0/BB-66/2006 Studies on the characterization and Dr. D.R. Krishnamoorthy
04.05.2007 toxicological effects of engineered University College of Pharmeceutical Sciences,
carbon nanoparticles in human cell Kakatiya University, Warangal-506009
lines and animal models
SR/S2/CMP-49/2004 Laser induced photoluminescence Dr. H.S. Bhatti
10.04.2007 and morphological studies of Deptt. Of Physics, Punjab University
nanophosphors Patiala-147002
SR/S2/CMP-34/2006 Physics and modeling of silicon Prof. P.K. Basu
20.04.2007 nanophysics devices Deptt. Of Radio Physics & Electronics
Calcutta University, Kolkata-700009
SR/S2/CMP-50/2006 Soft electrochemical processing of Dr. S.H. Pawar
28.06.2007 MnAs based nanocomposites for Deptt. Of Physics, Shivaji University
near room temperature magnetic Kolhapur-416004
refrigeration
SR/S2/CMP-43/2006 Preparation and characterization of Dr. Pabitra Chakrabarti
27.07.2007 soft magentic nanocomposite Deptt. Of Physics, Burdwan University
materials Burdwan-713104
SR/S2/CMP-77/2006 A study on nano granular magentic Dr. P.C. Srivastava
27.07.2007 phase embedded in semiconductor Deptt. Of Physics, Banaras Hindu University
for spintronics Varanasi-221005
SR/S2/CMP-46/2003 Mossbauer studies of nano- Dr. Saurabh Giri
19.09.2007 strructured materials Deptt. Of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for
the Cultivation of Science
Kolkata-700032
SR/S2/CMP-66/2006 Development of nano crystalline Dr. N. Meenakshisundaram
27.09.2007 hydroxyapatite-polymer composite Centre for Nano Science and Technology &
for drug design and biomedical Biotechnology
applications Synthesis of doped KS Rangasamy College of Technology
CulnO2 thin films for bipolar Tiruchengode-637209
conductivity applications
SR/S2/CMP-74/2006 Nano-Material hydroxyapatite as a Dr. R.S. Khairnar
27.09.2007 CO gas sensor Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,
Nanded-431606
SR/S2/CMP-04/2006 Study of Ferrite nanoparticles Dr. Kalyan Mandal
10.10.2007 Deptt. Of Condensed Matter Physics
SN Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
Kolkata-700098
SR/S2/CMP-62/2006 Hybrid capacitor with nano-materials Dr. M. Siluvai Michael
18.10.2007 for zero-emission vehicles Deptt. Of Chemistry
SSN College of Engineering


SSN Nagar-603110
SR/S2/CMP-59/2006 Production of nano structured Dr. A. Chitharanjan Hegde
22.10.2007 multilayer coating for industrial Deptt. Of Chemistry
applications National Institute of Technology
Mangalore-575025
SR/S2/CMP-54/2006 Electronically tunable properties of Dr. Bansal Chandrahas
26.10.2007 nanocluster assembled films School of Physics, Hyderabad University
Hyderabad-500046
SR/S2/CMP-02/2007 GaN-nanowires to 'flat' microcrystals Dr. Srinivasan Raghavan
15.01.2008 for direct dservice fabrication by the Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of
Vapor-Liquid Solid (VLS) growth Science, Bangalore-560012
route
SR/S2/CMP-20/2007 Development of humidity and gas Dr. MVN Ambika Prasad
23.01.2008 sensors using conducting polymer Deptt. Of Materials Science, Gulbarga University
Nan composites Gulbarga-585106
SR/S2/CMP- 25/2007 Surface Control of nanoscale Dr. Surya Kant Tripathi
30.01.2008 materials through clean synthesis Deptt. Of Physics, Panjab University
and characterization Chandigarh-160014
SR/S0/HS-05/2005 Investigations on the synthesis of Dr. S. Narayan Kalkura
24.04.2007 Nanocrystalline Calcium Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University
Phosphates to prepare bone and Chennai-600025
dental replacement materials and
drug delivery systems
SR/S2/LOP-10/2006 Linear & nonlinear optical properties Dr. K. Chandrasekharan
01.05.2007 of nano-size metal colloids in Deptt. Of Science & Humanities, National Institute
polymers of Technology, Calicut-673601
SR/S1/PC-23/2006 Spin Glass-like ordering and Prof. N.S. Gajbhiye
27.04.2007 exchange bias interactions in Deptt. Of chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-
magnetic nanoparticles synthesized Kanpur, Kanpur-208016
by chemical routes
SR/S1/PC-33/2006 Novel approach towards the Dr. BSR Reddy
01.02.2008 synthesis of nano-membranes for Industrial Chemical Laboratory
the separation of gases: Structure Central Leather Reseach Institute
property relationships in Chennai-600020
organisiloxane based polyurethanes
and imides
List of Engineering Science Projects Sanctioned during year 2007-08
SR/S3/ME/13/2005- Development of thermosetting Dr. Niranjan Karak
SERC Engg polymer/clay nanocomposites Deptt. Of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University,
09.04.2007 Tezpur-784028
SR/S3/MERC/93/2006 Electro Kinetic Removal of Toxic Dr. R.P. Tiwari
11.04.2007 Contaminants from Soils Using Deptt. Of Civil Engg.
Reactive Nano-Particle Motilal Nehru National Instt. Of Technology
Allahabad-211004
SR/S3/ME/22/2006 Studies on the synthesis and phase Dr. Theertham Balaji
19.04.2007 transformation of FE Pt Cenre for Materials for Electronics Technology
nanoparticles for data storage Hyderabad-500051
applications


SR/S3/ME/040/2006- Development of Iron-based Dr. S. Kumaran
SERC Engg Multicomponent & Nanodispersed Deptt. Of Metallurgical & Materials Engg.
18.05.2007 Bulk Metallic Glasses through National Institute of Technology
Mechanical Alloying for Industrial Tiruchirapalli-620015
Applications
SR/S3/ME/046/2006 Multi Scale modeling to study the Dr. Baidurya Bhattacharya
20.06.2007 role of atomic scale defects in CNT Deptt. Of Civil Engg., Indian Institute of Technology-
based nanocomposites Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302
SR/S3/ME/049/2006- Dispersion of nano-particle colloidal
Dr. Bimal P. Singh
SERC Engg suspensions for shaping processes Colloids & Materials Chemistry Group
17.07.2007 Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-
751003
SR/S3/ME/024/2006 Development and analysis of Prof. S.N. Maiti
24.07.2007 supertough polyamide-6/singlewall Centre for Polymer Science & Engineering
carbon nanotube nanocomposites Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi
New Delhi-110016
SR/S3/CE/049/2007 General Strategies for Nanoparticles Dr. Rajdip Bandopadhyaya
05.02.2008 of Controlled Size, Shape and Deptt. Of Chemical Engineering
composition: Magnetite as a Case Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay
Study for MRI Applications Mumbai-400076
List of Projects Sanctioned under Fast Track for Young Scientist Scheme for the year 2007-2008
SR/FTP/CS- Microemulsion synthesis of Metal Dr. Tokeer Ahmad
120/2006 (mainly Au and Ag) nanoparticles Deptt. Of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science,
23.05.2007 and their nanosized oxides Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025
SR/FTP/CS- Nanocomposite polymer Dr.(Mrs.) Sutapa Ghosh
144/2006 electrolytes for dye sensitized Inorganic & Physica, Chemistry Div., Indian Institute
18.07.2007 solar cells of Chemical Technology
Hyderabad-500007
SR/FTP/CS- Preparation of carbon Dr. Mitali Saha
110/2006 nanofibres by polymer blend Deptt. Of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-
17.07.2007 techniques Kanpur, Kanpur-208016
SR/FTP/CS- Preparation and photocatalytic Dr. Mohammad Qamar
124/2006 activity of titanate nanotubes Deptt. Of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-
17.07.2007 and nanofibres by hydrothermal Delhi
process New Delhi-110016
SR/FT/L-78/2006 Nanoparticle mediated targeted Dr. Utpal Bora
siRNA delivery to cancer cell Deptt. Of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
lines Technology-Guwahati, North Guwahati-781039
SR/FT/L-99/2006 Investigation of exploitation of Dr.(Ms.) Anjana K Vala, Deptt. Of Bioinformatics,
19.07.2007 facultative marine fungi and Bhavnagar University
iron nanoparticle for arsenic Bhavnagar-364002
bioremediation
SR/FTP/ETA- 16/2007 Design and synthesis of Dr. Biswajit Chowdhury
01.08.2007 mesoporous titanosilicate Central Glass & Ceramic, Research Institute
supported gold nano particle useful Kolkata-700032
for mil oxidation reaction
SR/FTP/PS- 52/2006 SHG active self-assembled Dr. Pritam Mukhopadhyay
08.08.2007 Nano-architectures School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru


University New Delhi-110067
SR/FTP/CS- 28/2007 Low temperature water-gas Dr. Rajaram Bal
12.09.2007 shift reaction over Cunanoclusters Characterization Laboratory, Catalyssis Conversion
supported on ZnO/Al2O3 for Process Division Indian Institute of Petroleum
practical fuel cell application Dehradun-248005
SR/FTP/CS- 10/2007 Amphiphilic dendrimer Dr. E. Murugan
20.09.2007 templates for encapsulation of Deptt. Of Physical Chemistry Madras University
mono/bimetallic nanoparticles Chennai-600025
catalyst to carry out
industrial/pharmaceutically
valuable biophase organic
reaction
SR/FTP/CS- 130/2006 Synthesis of polymer.clay Dr. Sarat Kumar Swain
20.09.2007 nanocompositeds by emulsifier Deptt. Of Chemistry, North Orissa University
free emulsion technique: Baripada-757003
superabsorbency and biodegradable
study
SR/FTP/PS- 31/2006 Study of Physical Behaviour of Dr. Sudipta Bandopadhyay
20.09.2007 ZnO as a host of Semiconducting Deptt. Of Physics, Calcutta University
Nano Material Kolkata-700009
SR/FTP/CS- 57/2006 Physico-chemical studies of Dr.(Mrs.) Nupur Bahadur
24.09.2007 metal and metal oxide nanoparticle Materials Characaterization
Division, National Physical Laboratory
New Delhi-110012
SR/FTP/ETA- 31/2007 Development of microplasma Mr. A. Chandra Bose
18.10.2007 spraying technique for the Deptt. Of Physics, National Institute of
preparations of nanomaterials Technology Tiruchirapalli-620015
for gas sensors applications
SR/FTP/CS-50/2007 Development of TiO2 Dr. Sunil Dutta Sharma
21.01.2008 nanocatalyst for environemntal Liquid Crystal and Self, Assembled Monolayer
purification Section, National Physical Laboratory
New Delhi-110012
Projects Sanctioned during 2006-07

Scheme: Research & Development Support (SERC)
Programme: Science & Engineering Research Council (Basic Sciences) & Research Fellowships
File No. Date Title PI & Address
SR/S1/PC-35/2005 Studies of Nano-composites electroccatalyst Prof. I. Basumallick
26.04.2006 for ethanol oxidation reaction Deptt. Of Chemistry, Visva Bharati
Santiniketan - 731235
SR/S1/PC-26/2005 Development of Biocompatible Nanopolymer Dr. L.A. Pothen
10.05.2006 composites using lignocellulosic fibres obtained by Deptt. Of Chemistry, Bishop Moore
steam explosion for biomedical application College Kallumala, Mavelikkara - 690110
SR/S2/CMP- Synthesis, characterization and applications of Dr. N.K. Verma
02/2005 Chalcogenide nano/Microstructures School of Physics & Materials
26.05.2006 Science Thapar Institute of Engineering
& Technology Deemed University Patiala


- 147004
SR/S1/PC-25/2005 Synthesis of Bulk and Nano structuresd Dr. Indrajit Mukhopadhyay
06.06.2006 mangnesium oxide using natural brine/bitten as Salt & Marine Chemical Discipline
precursor: Characterization and comparative Central Salt & Marine Chemical
studies on surface morphology and chemical Research Institute Gijubhai Badheka
reactivity Marg Bhavnagar - 364002
SR/S2/CMP- Developemnt of Tetragonal Ge-Nanocrystal by Dr. Arabinda Nayak
53/2003 Ionized Cluster beam deposition Technique: A New Deptt. Of Physics, Presidency College
24.08.2006 Light Emitting Maerials for future Optoelectronics Kolkata - 700073
SR/S4/ES-171/2005 Monsson Intensification and Neogene-Quaternary Dr. Rajeev Patnaik
11.08.2006 Sivalik Biodiversity CAS in Geology, Punjab University
Chandigarh - 160014
SR/S1/PC-16/2005 Carbo nanotube modified electrodes for enhanced Dr. P. Manisankar
26.09.2006 voltammetric sensing of organic pollutants Deptt. Of Industrial Chemistry
Alagappa University, Karaikudi - 630003
SR/S1/PC-09/2005 Investigation on mesoporous and nanostructured Dr. I.S. Mulla
26.09.2006 ceramic oxides for gas sensors Physical Chemistry Division
National Chemical Laboratory
Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba
Pune - 411008
SR/S1/OC-24/2006 Light harvesting and related phenomena Dr. Sunny Kuriakose
26.10.2006 in nanoparticle-Dispersed dendritic macromolecules Deptt. Of Chemistry, St. Thomas College
containing photoresponsive groups Arunapuram Palai - 686574
SR/S1/PC-28/2006 Desighning of transition metal complexes as Prof. Lal Bahadur
14.03.2007 efficient photosensitizers for nanocrystalline dye- Deptt. Of Chemistry, Faculty of
sensitized (AnO/TiO2) solar cells Science Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi - 221005
SR/S1/PC-11/2006 Development of organic-inorganic hybrid Dr. S. Ananda Kumar
nano-coatings for high performance applications Deptt. Of Chemistry, Anna University
Chennai - 600025
Programme: Science & Engineering Research Council (Engineering Sciences)
SR/S3/ME/12/2005- Development of Lead free Nano Ferroelectric and Prof. B.S. Murthy
SERC-Engg. Dielectric Materials by Mechanically activated IIT-Madras, Chennai - 600036
25.04.2006 Synthesis
SR/S3/CE/10/2006 Phase Equilibria & Interfacial Properties of Fluids & Dr. Jayant K. Singh
08.05.2006 their Mictures in Nanoporous Materuials Deptt. Of Chemical Engg.
IIT-Kanpur Kanpur - 208016
SR/S3/CE/09/2006 Mechanism of formation & control of size and Dr. Rajdip Bandopadhyaya
22.05.2006 morphology of nanoparticles in liquid phase Deptt. Of Chemical Engg.
IIT-Kanpur Kanpur - 208016
SR/S3/ME/26/2004- Green Nanocomposites from renewable resources: Dr. Vandana Singh
SERC-Engg Bipolymer silica hybrid materials Allahabad University, Allahabad -
23.08.2006 211002
SR/S3/ME/26/2004- Green Nanocomposites from renewable resources: Dr. Rashmi Sanghi
SERC-Engg Bipolymer silica hybrid materials IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur - 208016
23.08.2006
SR/S3/ME/29/2005- Electrical characterization of nanocomposites for Dr. Nandini Gupta
SERC Engg use as novel dielectrics Deptt. Of Electrical Engg.


15.09.2006 IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur - 208016
SR/S3/RFME/01/20 Ramanna Fellowship on Detailed Investigation into Dr. Ashish Garg
06- Ferroelectric Nanoceramics & Thin Films of Deptt. Of Materials & Metallurgical Engg.
SERC Engg Lathanide doped Bismuth Titanate for Device IIT-Kanpur Kanpur - 208016
09.10.2006 Applications
SR/S3/ME/024/2005 Nano structured LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Dr. Manoj Raama Varma
17.01.2007 Ceramic) composite tapes for modern high speed Regional Research Laboratory
communication integrated circuits Thiruvananthapuram – 695019
List of Project sanctioned under Fast Track for young Scientist 2006-2007
SR/FTP/ETA Compact modeling and simulation of silicon nano Dr. Santanu Mahapatra
-05/2006 wire transistors Centre for Electronics Design
18.04.2006 & Technology IISc Bangalore-560012
SR/FTP//PS- Development of a UHV Flancing angle Deposition Dr. J.P. Singh
41/2005 for Growth of Nanostructure and In-Situ Studies of Deptt. Of Physics IIT-Delhi
04.05.2006 Electrical, Magnetic and electromechanical New Delhi-110016
Properties
SR/FTP/CS- Synthesis of organic and inorganic nanocomposites Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari
84/2005 for sensor applications National Physical Laboratory New Delhi-
07.06.2006 110012
SR/FT/L- 94/2005 Studies on Marine Microorganisms for Synthesis of Dr. Meenal Kawshik
15.06.2006 Nanoparticles Biological Sciences Group Birla Institute
of Technology & Science
Goa-403726
SR/FT/L- 92/2005 Development of novel biodegradable Dr. S. Swaminathan
22.06.2006 nanostructured vascular grafts Centre for Nanotechnology &
Advance Biomaterials, School
of Chemical & Biotechnology
SASTRA Thanjavur-613402
SR/FTP/CS- Study of electronic structure and dynamics of Dr. Hirdyesh Mishra
71/2005 photo-induced excited state proton, electron Molecular Biophysics Unit
16.10.2006 and energy transfer in hyderogen bonded IISc Bangalore-560012
molecules of interest in organized assemblies
and nano-structured materials
SR/FTP/PS- Study of the mechanisms involved in enhancement Dr. Nirmalaya Karar
51/2005 of electroluminescene properties of inorganic Electronic Materials Division National
25.10.2006 nanophosphors Physical Laboratory New Delhi-110012
SR/FTP/PS- Development and Characterization of Nano- Dr. N. Mani
72/2005 Electrode Materials for Novel Complex Hybride Fuel Deptt. Of Physics Anna University
10.11.2006 Cell Chennai-600025
SR/FTP/ETA - Nano porous hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for Dr. M. Ashok
27/2006 tissue engineering applications Deptt. Of Physics National Institute of
30.11.2006 Technology
SR/FTP/ETA - Novel Strategy of ultrasonic cavitation for the Dr. M. Sivakumar
23/2006 generation of nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions Deptt. Of Pharmeceutical
01.12.2006 in pharmaceuticals preparations Engineering & Technology, School of
Engineering & Technology
Bharathidasan University Tiruchirapalli-
620024


SR/FTP/PS- Development and characterization of Dr. R. Kannan
64/2005 Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membrane for Deptt. Of Applied Science and
12.12.2006 Fuel Cell Applications Humanities, Madras Instt. Of Technology
Anna University
Chennai-600044
SR/FTP/PS- Development of bulk thin film and nanostructured Dr. N. Rama
16/2006 perovskite and oxide based materials for Deptt. Of Physcis and Materials Science
12.12.2006 thermochromic applications Research Centre
IIT-Madras Chennai-600036
SR/FTP/ES- Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a Dr. MJ. Mahesh
02/2006 new group of Technological important fine Deptt. Of Studies in Geology, Mysore
14.12.2006 Nano size Phosphate materials University Mysore-570006
SR/FTP/SC- Enhancement of the sensitivity of peptide nanotube Dr. N. Sandhyarani
28/2006 based biosensors using gold nanoparticle Deptt. Of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi
15.02.2007 Centre for Biotechnology
Thiruvananthapuram-695014
SR/FTP/CS- Chitosan templated novel nanocomposite silica Dr. Rashmi Sanghi
89/2006 biomaterials IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur-208016
05.03.2007
SR/FTP/CS- Physico-chemical studies of metal and metal oxide Dr.(Mrs.) Nupur Bahadur
57/2006 Nanoparticles Materials Characterization
09.03.2007 Division National Physical Laboratory
New Delhi-110012

Programme: Science & Engineering Research Council (Basic Sciences)
SR/S1/PC-31/2004 Design of nanosized Ceria based multicomponent Dr. B.M. Reddy
12.04.2005 oxides for catalytic applications Inorganic & Physical Chemistry
Div. Indian Institute of Chemical
Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka
Hyderabad - 500007
SR/S1/PC-08 Size and shape controlled mono and bimetallic Dr. Tarasankar Pal
13.04.2005 (core-shell and alloyed) nanoparticles synthesis Deptt. Of Chemistry IIT-Kharagpur
for sensing organic and important biomolecules in Kharagpur – 721302
different organized media
SR/S2/HEP- 11/2004 Plasma Behaviour at Nanodimensions Prof. V.K. Tripathi
29.08.2005 Deptt. Of Physics, IIT-Delhi
Hauz Khas New Delhi - 110016
SR/S1/IC-27/2004 Nanomaterial sensors for selectors anion and Prof. M. Kandaswamy
19.01.2006 cation recognition of environmental relevance Deptt. Of Inorganic Chemistry
Madras University, Guindy Campus
Chennai – 600025
SR/S2/CMP- 42/2004 EXAFS Study of Ruthenocuprates and Nano- Dr. P.R. Sarode
23.03.2006 Sized Ceria Based Catalysts Deptt. Of Physics, Goa University,
Taleigo Plateau - 403206
SR/S3/CE/039/2005- Development of Smart Nano Materials for Dr. S.R. Wate
SERC-Engg Environment for Applications Deptt. Of Environmental Impact &
28.10.2005 Risk Assessment Division, National
Environmental, Engineering


Research Institute, Nagpur 440 030
SR/S3/CE/37/2005 Design and Development of a Process for Nano- Dr. U.V. Bhandarkar
17.02.2006 Engineered Particles Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg.
IIT-BombayPowai, Mumbai - 400076
SR/S3/CE/60/2005 Patterned and Ordered Metal Nanoparticle Arrays- Dr. S. Venugopal
17.02.2006 Templates for Functional Nanoscale Architectures Deptt. Of Chemical Engg., IISc
Bangalore – 560012
List of projects sanctioned under fast track for young scientists for the year 2005-06
SR/FTP/ETA -14/2004 Development of polymer ceramic nanocomposite Dr. S. Sankara Narayanan
03.05.2005 solid electrolytes for electronic applications Potty Centre for Materials for
Electronics Technology (CMET)
Thrissur-680771
SR/FTP/CS- 67/2001 Natural Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Dr. Abi Santoshi Aprem
06.07.2005 Preparation, characterization and Technical Hindustan Latex Limited
Properties Thiruvananthapuram-695012
SR/FTP/CS- 44/2005 Synthesis and Studies of Nanoparticles of Metal Dr. Narendra Singh
18.08.2005 Phoshides for application in Electronics Centre for Materials for Electronics
Technology (CMET) Pune-411008
SR/FTP/PS- 22/2004 Preparation of Nanocrystallites/Rare Earth Dr. Gijo Bose
16.08.2005 Doped Sol-Gel Silica Glasses for Display School of Pure & Applied
Applications Physics Mahatma Gandhi University
Kottayam-686560
SR/FTP/PS- 32/2004 Development of Nanocrystalline (Co, Fe)=Mn- Dr. A. Perumal
22.08.2005 Zr-B Alloys with enhanced Soft Magnetic Deptt. Of Physics, Indian Institute of
Properties Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-
781039
SR/FTP/CS-27/2005 A novel cost effective process for making Nano- Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin
02.09.2005 Materials useful for catalysis and application in Environmental Chemistry
making electrode Group Regional Research
Laboratory
Bhopal-462206
SR/FTP/CS-28/2005 Regenerative Dye-sensitized Dr. Panjak Srivastava
07.09.2005 Photoelectriochemical Solar Cells based on Deptt. Of Chemistry, Instt. Of
Nanocrystalline Wide Band-gap Semiconductor Engg. & Technology, Chhatrapati
Thin films Electrodes Shahu Ji Maharaj University
Kanpur-208024
SR/FTP/PS-12/2004 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Dr. Bapurao Mayappa Bandgar
08.09.2005 Aqueous Foams Nanoscience Group, Physical
Chemistry Div., National Chemical
Laboratory Pune-411008
SR/FTP/ETA-29/2005 Production and Purification of magnetic Dr. Aditya Mittal
25.11.2005 nanoparticles from bacterial cultures Deptt. Of Biochemical Engg.
& Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology-New Delhi
New Delhi-110016


Programme: Science & Engineering Research Council (Basic Sciences)
SR/S9/Z-31/2004 Development of a web network of Dr. Murali Sastry
14.10.2004 Nanoscience & Technology groups Materials Chemistry Division,
in National Chemical Laboratory
India Pune - 411008
SR/S2/CMP-41/2003 Thin Film Solar Cells based on dye Dr. G.D. Sharma
09.11.2004 sensitized nano-porous Ti02 and Deptt. Of Physics, JNV University
Polymers Jodhpur – 342005
SR/S2/CMP- 52/2003 Investigation of TiO2 and ZnOgratzel
Prof. S. Ramaswamy
12.01.2005 Type dye sensitized Nanoporous Deptt. Of Nuclear Physics,
solar cells Madras University, Chennai -
600025
SR/S2/CMP-40/2003 Polymer nanocomposites; Dr. Rani Joseph
23.03.2005 reinforcement and conductivity in Deptt. Of Polymer Sciences &
natural rubber through carbon Rubber Technology, Cochin
nanotubes University of Science and
Technology, Cochin - 682022
SR/S3/CE/62/2003 Development of fibres based on Dr. C. Ramesh
07.07.2004 Nylon-clay Nano Composit and National Chemical Laboratory
Studying the Structure and Pune - 411008
Properties of those fibres

Annexure III
List of DBT approved projects in the area of nanoscience and technology 2006
-2007
SL Project Title Invigilators
NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN BIOLOGY
1. Nanofilters For Water Purification SRM Institute Of Science & Technology, Tamilnadu,
Nanoparticle - Aided Delivery Of Bioactive Institute Of Genomics And Integrative Biology Delhi, Delhi
2. Molecules ( Delivery Of Molecules Of
Pharmaceutical Interest)
Targetted Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Institute Of Chemical Technology, Univ. Of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
System Of Doxorubicin For Hepatic
3.
Cancer Using Asialoglycoprotein Receptor
Mediated Approach
Process For The Proteinassisted Nano Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal,
Composite Synthesis Of Silica-Humic Acidbt Central Fuel Research Institute, Jharkhand,
4.
Toxins-Copper (Si-Ha-Bt-Cu) As
Bioencapsulated Pesticides
Immunomagentic separation Based SMT U.B. Bhagat Science College, Gujarat
5. nanotechnological Feats for detection of
Aflatoxin
Potential role of nanoparticles in plant University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
6. Pathogen detection at early Stage and waste
management
Nano ZnO for smart packaging Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly regional research laboratory,
7. Bhubaneshwar), Bhubanasewar, Orissa,
Indian Institute of ChemicalTechnology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
BASIC RESEARCH IN MODERN BIOLOGY
Application Of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Institute Of Chemical Technology, University Of Mumbai, Mumbai, MAHARASHTRA
8. Technology In The Production Of Lectin
Mediated Colon Targeting Micro/Nano-Particles
Investigations On Immobilized Enzyme Nano National Institute Of Interdisciplinary Science And Technology (Regional Research
9.
Particles (Encp) For Novel Catalytic Applications Laboratory (CSIR), Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala,
Synthesis Of Biodegradable Nanocarriers For Indian Institute Of Technology, Guwahati, Assam,
10.
Targeted Drug Delivery
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT
Sustainable Green Nanocomposites From Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
11.
Renewable Resources
BIOTECHNOLOGY OF BIOFERTILISERS
Preparation, Characterization Of Nanoshells Madurai Kamraj University, , Madurai, Tamilnadu,
12.
And Their Use To Enhance Plant Growth
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Development And Validation Of A Simple Test National Institute Of Immunology, New Delhi
Using Gold Nanoparticles/Quantum Dots And National Institute Of Immunology, New Delhi
13.
Latex Beads For DNA Based Diagnosis Of M.
Tuberculosis
Development Of Nanoparticular System For All India Institute Of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
14. Selective Receptor Specific Macrophage Indian Institute Of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi
Targeting All India Institute Of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Development Of Novel Carbon Indian Institute Of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
15.
Nanotube(Cnt)Reinforced Hydroxyapatite(Hap)

Polyether Ether Ketone (Peek)Nanocomposites

for Biomedical Applications
Efficacy Of Epcam Conjugated Drug Loaded Indian Institute Of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu
16. Biodegradable Nanoparticles For Drug Therapy Institute Of Life Sciences, Bhubanasewar, Orissa
In Retinoblastoma Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu
Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds For Hepatic Indian Institute Of Technology, Guwahati, Assam
17. Tissue Engineering National Centre For Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra
Indian Institute Of Technology, Guwahati, Assam
RAPID – GENERAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Processing, Compatibilization And Targeting Of Women's Christian College, Kochi, Kerala
18. Semiconductor Nanocrystals For Cancer
Diagnostics
Dynamic Light Scattering Studies Of INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI
19.
Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Targeted Therapy And Drug Resistance In MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA, West Bengal
20. Multiple Myeloma: A Nanotechnology Based
Approach
DBT2007-2008
BPPD-MICROBIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Development And Evaluation Of Nanoparticular Delivery System Institute Of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra
For Peptide Drugs
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY – BIOENGINEERING
2. Development Of Biocomaptible Polymeric Nonwoven Nano- National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra
Fibers Using Electrospinning For Efficient And Faster Wound
Healing
NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN BIOLOGY
3. Design And Characterization Of Nano-Crystalline Solid National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, Chandigarh,
Dispersions
4. Protein Engineering Of Selfassembly Systems For Applications ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, TAMILNADU
In Nanoscience And Nanotechnology MADURAI KAMRAJ UNIVERSITY, MADURAI, TAMILNADU
TUBERCULOSIS RESEARCH CENTRE, CHENNAI, TAMILNADU
5. Synthesis And Application Of Biopolymer / Biodegradable Indian Institute Of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Polymer Nanocomposites As Multifunctional Materials
6. Fabrication Of Structured Nanobiomaterials Webs And National Metallurgical Laboratory, Bihar
Writings Through Biomimetism With Emphasis On Self Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology, Andhra Pradesh
Mineralizing Architectures For Tissue Engineering
7. Studies On Ecotoxicology Of Engineered Nanoparticles In Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamilnadu
Selected Marine Organisms
8. Biological Synthesis Of Sophorolipids Using Yeast, Their National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra
Application As An Antimicrobial Agent, And Their Usage As
Capping And Reducing Agents For The Synthesis Of Metal
Nanoparticles
9. Development Of Controlled Release Nanoparticulate Deptt. Of Chemistry, Delhi University, Dept. Of Chemistry, University Of Delhi
Formulations For Pesticides And Insecticides
10. Entomotoxic Nanoparticle Development: Insecticidal Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal,
Efficacy And Biosafety Studies Metabolomics And
Machine Learning Tools
11. Potential Of Nano Particle Encapsulated Sirna In Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Treatment Of Cancer
12. Combination Products Of Polymer – Ceramic Nanocomposites Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute For Medical Science & Technology,
With Cells And Growth Factors For Bone Tissue Engineering Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Applications

13. Nanotherapeutics With Lipidic Nanoparticles For The Institute Of Chemical Technology, University Of Mumbai, Mumbai,
Treatment Of Malaria Maharashtra,
Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai,
Maharashtra
14. Development Of Folate - Conjugated Gadolinium Loyola College, Chennai, Tamilnadu
Metallodendrimers As Contrast Agents For Mri And Dendrimer –
Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles As Optical Probes Toward
Cancer Diagnosis And Therapy
15. Bioconjugation Of Nanomaterials And Their Applications In University Of Kerala, India 695581
Cancer Therapy Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute For Medical Science & Technology,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,
16. Drug Delivery And Drug Targeting Using Therapeutic Patel Pharmaceutical Education And Research Development, Gujarat
Nanoparticles
17. Peptide Conjugated Hyperbranched / Dendritic Polymer Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Nanocarriers For Targeted Multi Phased Drug Delivery
18. Design And Development Of Nanoparticulate Targeted Drug Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
Delivery Systems
19. Cellular Interaction Of Nanoparticles; Effect On Epigenetics And Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka
Thereby Its Role In Gene Expression: Implications From Drug
Delivery To Diagnosis
20. Gold Nanoparticles In Drug Delivery And Diagnostics University Of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, Deptt. Of Biochemistry,
University Of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Institute Of Haematology And Transfusion Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal
21. Nanoscale Materials With Therapeutic Implications Indian Institute Of Technology, Guwahati, Assam
22. Conjugation Of Engineered Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Onto University Of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra
Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes For Bioelectrochemical Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Degradation Of Pesticides And Other Pollutants
23. Development Of Biodegradable Dual Porous Polymer Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Nanocomposite Scaffolds
24. Toxicological Studies Of Newly Developed Nanomaterials Of Indian Institute Of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Medical Importance Using In Vivo And In Vitro Model Systems

Annexure IV
List of Ongoing projects at Department of Information Technology (DIT)
SL No On going Projects Place
1. Synthesis of Nano Particles of Noble and Transition Metals for Application C-MET, Pune
in Electronic Packaging and Optoelectronics
2. Large-scale Generation of Nanosized Metals / Metal oxides/ Metal C-MET, Pune
nitrides in a Transferred Arc Plasma Reactor
3. Development of Nanocrystalline Silicon MEMS Pressure Sensor for Jadavpur University,
Vacuum and low pressure applications Calcutta
4. Development of Technology for quantum structures & their applications in CEERI Pilani
futuristic silicon based nanoelectronic devices
5. Investigation of alignment & Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes for CSIO, Chandigarh
targeted drug delivery
6. Generic Development of nanometrology for nanotechnology NPL, New Delhi
7. Nanoelectronics Centres- Joint Project IIT Bombay & IISc
Bangalore
8. Synthesis of nanocrystalline Sno2 powder and preparation of
nanostructured Sno2 thin films for gas sensing by ultrasonic spray
pyrolysis technique
9. Synthesis of Aligned Nanotubes of Carbon and related materials and IIT, Delhi
study of their Electron Emission Characteristics
10. Modeling and Simulation of Nanoscale MOSFETs at Room Temperature Panjab University,
(RT) and of Classical MOSFETs at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature (LNT) Chandigarh
11. Nano-sized SiC based quantum structures on Si by Spin-on techniques IIT, Kanpur
12. Q-semiconductor-glass-nanocomposites for optical and energy (using C-MET, Pune
solar light) application
13. Raman & Photoluminescence Investigation of Nanostructured Porous Jamia Millia Islamia,
silicon for sensing the presence of Chemical and Biological Species New Delhi
14. Characterization and Simulation of Nanodevices VNIT, Nagpur
15. Oxide Based Functional Thin Film Nanostructures for Spintronics and IIT, Kanpur
quantum Informatics
16. Novel Nano-structured Ceramics for Gas Sensing Applications IIT, Kharagpur
17. Synthesis & Characterization of Functional Nanostructures for MEMS & IIT Roorkee
Optoelectronic Applications
18. The Indian Nanoelectronics Users Programme(INUP) - Joint Project IIT Bombay & IISc
Bangalore
List of completed projects at Department of Information Technology (DIT)

SL No Completed projects Place
1. Fabrication of new photolithography-less vertical organic thin film IIT Kanpur
transistors (OTFT)
2. Investigations and Development of Nano Silver Oxide for Optical IIT Madras
Memories
3. Development of Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetectors in wavelength IIT Kharagpur
range 8-14 m using Si/SiGe Nanotechnology

Annexure V
Mohali Kanpur
Proposed institute for UNIT - IIT Kanpur
NT CENTRE - IIT Kanpur
Varanasi
UNIT - BHU
Delhi
UNIT - IIT New Delhi
Kolkata
UNIT - IACS
UNIT - SNBNCBS
UNIT - SINP
CENTRE - IACS
CENTRE - SNBNCBS
Proposed institute for NT
Mumbai
CENTRE - IIT Bombay
Pune Hyderabad
UNIT - NCL, Pune University of
UNIT - University of Pune Hyderabad
Bangalore Chennai
UNIT - JNCASR UNIT - IIT Chennai
UNIT - IISc CENTRE - IIT Chennai
CENTRE - TIFR Anna University, Chennai
CENTRE - IISc Madurai
CENTRE for Madurai University
COMPUTATIONAL MATERIAL
SCIENCE - JNCASR
Proposed institute for NT Cochin
CENTRE - Amrita Institute
of Medical Science
UNIT CENTRE Centre for computational Proposed Institutes Other Centres established
(CoE) (CoE) material science (CoE) For Nanotechnology at various Institution
Source: http://www.indempan.org/image/india-map.jpg

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Nanotechnology developments in India – a

Project Report No. 2006ST21: D5

www.teriin.org The Energy and Resources Institute

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Key players and programmes

Nanotechnology promises to deliver novel products and

The emergence of nanotechnology in India has witnessed the

Amongst the government agencies, Department of Science and

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

promotion of nanotechnology, especially in terms of R&D

Besides, there are a few companies in India that are engaged in

Addressing development needs through nanotechnology

The Government in India has recognized the importance of

Policy support to nanotechnology R&D

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

Several government departments and agencies, such as the

Overall, the support provided by the government for

To realize the actual application potential of nanotechnology

In this context, nanotechnology offers certain challenges as well

Key emerging challenges

An inadequate flow of information between policy makers and the

1 Research Deliverable 7, Ocotober 2008

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

between the government and other actors as well as within the

The gap between basic research and application is another

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

CoE Centre of Excellence

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

Nanoscience and technology: an overview

1 Report on Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21

Global context; reasons for developing country engagement

Nanotechnology promises to deliver novel products and

Developing countries in general have been restricted in their

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

countries in the context of R&D and S&T capability1.

Worldwide, public sector research and development in the

Anticipating its potential as a tool to effect social and economic

1Jaimini Bhagwati, It is technology, stupid, May 29, 2007, Business

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

countries like Zambia, Ethiopia and some others also appear to

Predominant role of the public sector in nanotechnology in India

In the case of a developing country like India, the trajectory of

These dimensions amongst others pose important junctures at

1 Donald C. Maclurcan, 2005 Nanotechnology and Developing Countries

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

Despite these measures nanotech research in could entail long

1 Vivek Srivastava, 2007, Reaching the critical mass in Indian

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

undertake together with applied research its basic equivalent

In the global domain in nanotechnology, the 800 or so products

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

ahead) specifies that one of its aims is to develop applications

For these significant reasons developing countries like India

Aspects governing R&D capacity building in nanoscience and technology

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5

space technology for example has also missed out on harnessing

Every country provides a unique backdrop for the evolution and

1 Khandelwal, K. K. (1981), “The electronics industry: aspects and

T E R I Report No. 2006ST21: D5