M athematical I nequalities & A pplications

Preprint

REVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

L INGLING Z HANG , T OMOYOSHI O HWADA

AND

M UNEO C H O

(Communicated by M. S. Moslehian) Abstract. We show that if x1 , , xn are vectors in a normed linear space (X , ) and s1 , , sn belong to the interval [0, ) , then
n n

fn (s1 , , sn ) =

j =1

sjxj

s jxj
j =1

1. Introduction The generalized triangle inequality, namely

n n

PR

where (X , ) is a normed linear space over the real or complex eld K and x j , j {1, 2, , n} are vectors in X plays a fundamental role in establishing various analytic and geometric properties of such spaces. This inequality has been studied by several authors (see e.g. [2, 9, 15]). We are interested to know under which conditions the generalized triangle inequality on X is reversed, i.e., inequalities of the following type
n n

with C 0 , which we call (additive) reverse of the triangle inequality. Kato, Saito and Tamura [8] proved the following reverse of the triangle inequality.
Mathematics subject classication (2010): 46B20, 46B99, 26D15. Keywords and phrases: triangle inequality, inner product space, strictly convex Banach space.
c , Zagreb Paper MIA-3163

EP R
xj
xj ,
j =1 j =1

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

IN
+C 1

is a non-negative valued continuous function such that fn (s1 , , sn ) fn (t1 , , tn ) for all s1 , , sn and t1 , , tn in [0, ) with s j t j (1 j n) . By using it, we prove several versions of reverse triangle inequality in inner product spaces and discuss equality attainedness of norm inequalities in strictly convex Banach spaces.

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

T HEOREM 1.1. ([8, Theorem 1]) Let (X , ) be a Banach space, and x j X \ {0}, j {1, , n} . Then
n n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j .

(1.1)

Moreover they proved equality attainedness of (1.1) in a strictly convex Banach space. T HEOREM 1.2. ([8, Theorem 3]) Let (X , ) be a strictly convex Banach space, and x j X \{0}, j {1, , n} . Let x j0 = min1 j n x j and x j1 = max1 j n x j . Then the equality
n n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

holds if and only if either xi = x j or x j0 xj c for all j J1 and = xj x j0

n

c is a complement of J = { j {1, , n} : x = x where J1 j j1 } in {1, , n} . 1

T HEOREM 1.3. [3, Theorem 7] Let (H , , ) be an inner product space over the real or complex number eld K and e, x j H , j {1, , n} with e = 1 . If k j 0, j {1, , n} , are such that x j Re e, x j
n

then the following inequality holds

PR

EP R
n n

After that, several authors improved and generalized these inequalities (cf. [5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14]). On the other hand, Dragomir [3] established the reverse of triangle inequality in real or complex inner product spaces as follows.

k j , for each j {1, , n},

j =1

xj

xj
j =1 n

IN
j =1 j =1

xj =

xj

k j.
j =1

T
x j0 , x j0 (1.2)

(for all i, j {1, , n})

The equality holds in (1.2) if and only if

n

j =1

xj

kj
j =1 n

and
n n

xj =
j =1

j =1

x j k j e.
j =1

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

Ansari and Moslehian modied the above result in [1], and related results can also be found in [4, 7]. The aim of this paper is to discuss equality attainedness of norm inequalities in a strictly convex Banach space. Moreover, we investigate the relation between the inequalities (1.1) and (1.2) in inner product spaces by using a continuous monotone function. 2. Equality attainedness in strictly convex Banach spaces Let (X , ) be a normed linear space over the real or complex number eld K , and x j X , j {1, 2, , n} . Throughout this paper, for each x j X , j {1, , n} , denote by fn a function on n j =1 [0, ) as
n n n

fn (t1 , , tn ) =

j =1

t jx j

t jx j
j =1

(t1 , , tn ) [0, ) .
j =1

| fn (t1 , , tn ) fn (s1 , , sn )|
n n

EP R
n

Proof. For any (s1 , , sn ), (t1 , , tn ) n j =1 [0, ) , applying the triangle inequality, we have

= =

j =1

t jx j

t jx j

j =1

j =1

t jx j s jx j
j =1

PR

j =1 n

(t j s j )
tj sj

xj

+
n

t jx j
j =1 j =1 n j =1

xj + xj + xj .

j =1

t jx j s jx j
j =1

j =1 n

tj sj

(t j s j )x j

2 tj sj
j =1

IN
n

T HEOREM 2.1. Let (X , ) be a normed linear space, and x1 , , xn X . Then fn is a non-negative valued continuous function on n j =1 [0, ) such that f n (s1 , , sn ) [ 0 , ) with (s1 , , sn ) (t1 , , tn ) . fn (t1 , , tn ) for all (s1 , , sn ), (t1 , , tn ) n j =1

j =1

s jx j

t jx j
n j =1

j =1

s jx j

T
s jx j
j =1 n

For (s1 , , sn ), (t1 , , tn ) n j =1 [0, ) , denote (s1 , , sn ) all j {1, , n} .

(t1 , , tn ) if s j

t j for

s jx j
j =1

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

Thus fn is continuous. Next we assume that (s1 , , sn ) t j s j 0 , we have

n n

(t1 , , tn ) . Since, for each j {1, , n} ,

n j =1

t jx j
j =1

j =1 n

(t j s j )x j + s j x j
n

j =1 n

(t j s j )x j +
(t j s j )x j +

s jx j
j =1 n

j =1 n

s jx j
j =1 n

= = =

j =1 n

(t j s j ) x j +
n j =1 n

s jx j
j =1 n

tj
j =1 n

xj sj xj +

s jx j
j =1 n

j =1

t jx j s jx j +
j =1

s jx j
j =1

Therefore the inequality fn (s1 , , sn )

fn (t1 , , tn ) holds. This completes the proof.

min1

Thus, applying Theorem 2.1, we have fn min1

j n

xj

x1

EP R
j n

This is a generalization of [8, Theorem 1]. Indeed if x j = 0 for all j {1, , n} , then we see that xj xj 1 max1
j n

xj

,,

min1

j n

xj

xn

fn (1, , 1) max1

IN
xj
j n

( j {1, , n}).

T
. xj ,, max1
j n

fn

xj

Since

PR

x1

xn

fn (1, , 1) = min1
j n

j =1

xj =

xj
j =1 n

, xj xj

fn

min1

j n

xj

x1

,,

xj

xn

j =1 n

1 j n

min x j

and fn max1
j n

xj

x1

,,

max1

j n

xj

xn

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

we obtain [8, Theorem 1]. Next, we discuss when the equality fn (s1 , , sn ) = fn (t1 , , tn ) holds in Theorem 2.1 in a strictly convex Banach space. To do it, we need the following lemma. L EMMA 2.2. [8, Lemma 1] Let (X , ) be a strictly convex Banach space. For each x j X \ {0}, j {1, 2, , n} , the following assertions are equivalent:
n n

(i)

jx j
j =1 n

j
j =1 n

x j with any positive numbers 1 , , n ; x j with some positive numbers 1 , , n ;

(ii) (iii)

jx j
j =1

j
j =1

xj xi = xi xj

(i, j {1, , n}) .

holds; (ii) either J = or

n n

and
n n

sjx j =
j =1

t jx j
j =1

EP R
j =1 j =1 j =1 n

s jx j

t jx j

IN
n

T HEOREM 2.3. Let (X , ) be a strictly convex Banach space and (s1 , , sn ) and (t1 , , tn ) n t j for all j {1, , n} . Put J = { j j =1 [0, ) satisfy s j {1, , n} : s j < t j } . Then the following assertions are equivalent: (i) the equality fn (s1 , , sn ) = fn (t1 , , tn ) (2.1)

t jx j

(2.2)

(t j s j )x j
j =1

xi for some i J ; and xi

(2.3)

(iii) either J = or

and

PR

xj xi = xi xj
n j =1

for all i, j J xi xi

(2.4)

sjx j = sjx j

j =1

for some i J.

(2.5)

Proof. (i) (ii) We may assume that J = . If (2.1) holds, then it is clear that (2.2) is valid and we need only to prove (2.3). If n j =1 s j x j = 0 , then, by (2.1) and (2.2), we have
n n n

0=

s jx j
j =1

t jx j
j =1

(t j s j )x j
j =1

6 and
n

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

s jx j = 0 =
j =1

t jx j
j =1

(t j s j )x j
j =1

xi xi

(i J ).

Next, we consider the case n j =1 s j x j = 0 . As in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we see that
n n n j =1

t jx j
j =1

(t j s j )x j + s j x j
j J n

(t j s j )x j +
j J

s jx j
j =1 n

j J n

(t j s j )x j + (t j s j )x j +
n

s jx j
j =1

= =

j =1 n

s jx j
j =1

j =1

t jx j s jx j +
j =1

IN
s jx j
.
j =1 n

T
(2.6)

(t j s j )x j + s j x j
j J j =1

EP R
n

Hence if (2.1) holds, then we have

j J

(t j s j )x j +

sjx j
j =1

Applying Lemma 2.2, we see that, for each i J ,

Therefore, by (2.1), we have, for each i J ,

n n j =1 n

PR
j =1

n (ti si )xi xi j =1 s j x j = = . n (ti si )xi xi j =1 s j x j

sjx j = sjx j
=
j =1

xi xi
n j =1

t j x j (t j s j )x j

xi . xi

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

(ii) (i) It is clear that if J = , then (2.1) holds. Thus we assume that J = . In this case, if (2.2) and (2.3) hold, then we have
n n n

s jx j
j =1

=
n

t jx j
j =1

(t j s j )x j
j =1 n

xi xi

= =

t jx j
j =1 n

(t j s j )x j
j =1 n j =1 n j =1

t jx j
j =1

t jx j + s jx j

j J

j J

Hence, if n j =1 s j x j = 0 , then
n n

j =1

EP R
j =1 n j =1

t jx j

(t j s j )x j + s j x j
=

j J n

(t j s j )x j

j =1

(t j s j )x j =
n

Thus we have (2.1). On the other hand, if n j =1 s j x j = 0 , then, by (2.4) and (2.5), we see that, for each i, j J , n (t j s j )x j xj j =1 si xi = . = n x ( t j s j )x j j j=1 si xi Applying Lemma 2.2, we have
n n

PR
j J

j =1

t jx j s jx j +
j =1

(t j s j )x j + s j x j
j =1

j J

IN
n

(t j s j )x j

(t j s j )x j .

j J n

(t j s j )x j
n j =1

j =1

t jx j s jx j
n

s jx j

j =1

(t j s j )x j +

T
.

By Lemma 2.2, we have

and the equality (2.1) holds. (iii) (i) Assume that (2.4) and (2.5) hold. Then, by (2.4), we see that, for each i, j J , (t j s j )x j (ti si )xi = . (ti si )xi (t j s j )x j

sjx j
j =1

8 and
n

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

t jx j
j =1

j =1

t jx j s jx j +
j =1

s jx j
j =1

(i) (iii) If (2.1) holds, then all the equalities in (2.6) hold. Thus, by Lemma 2.2, we have (2.4) and (2.5). This completes the proof. Recall that, by Theorem 2.1, if (t1 , , tn ) belongs to n j =1 [1, ) , then fn (1, , 1) fn (t1 , , tn ),

that is, we have the reverse triangle inequality as follows:

n n n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

j =1

t jx j

t jx j
j =1

holds; (ii) either I = or

n n

and
n j =1

xj =

EP R
j =1 j =1 j =1 n n

xj

t jx j

t jx j

j =1

(t j 1)x j
j =1

and (iii) either I = or

and

PR
n j =1

xj xi = xi xj
n j =1

for all i, j I

xj = xj

xi xi

In Corollary 2.4, if we put tj = max1

j n

xj

xj

then we can obtain Theorem 1.2 [8, Theorem 3].

IN
n

C OROLLARY 2.4. Let (X , ) be a strictly convex Banach space and (t1 , , tn ) n j =1 [1, ) . Put I = { j {1, , n} : 1 < t j } . Then the following assertions are equivalent: (i) the equality fn (1, , 1) = fn (t1 , , tn )

t jx j
xi xi

for some i I .

( j {1, , n}),

T
for some i I ;

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

C OROLLARY 2.5. (cf. [8, Theorem 3]) Let (X , ) be a strictly convex Banach space and x1 , , xn belong to X \ {0} . If we put I = { j {1, , n} : x j < max1 j n x j } , then the following assertions are equivalent: (i) the equality
n n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

holds; (ii) either I = ( equivalently xi = x j for all i, j {1, , n}) or

n n

j =1

xj

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

and
n n

xj =
j =1

j =1

xj xj

n 1 j n

max x j + x j
j =1

and (iii) either I = or xj xi = xj xi

and

Throughout this section, let (H , , ) be an inner product space over K . Note that all results in 2 are valid for (H , , ) . The following result makes it possible to connect Kato, Saito and Tamuras inequality to Dragomirs one. L EMMA 3.1. Let x j H \ {0}, j {1, , n} and (s1 , , sn ) n j =1 [0, ) . For each i {1, , n} ,
n t

PR
i

EP R
n n

for all i, j I

xj = xj
j =1

j =1

xi xi

3. Inequalities in inner product spaces

lim fn (s1 , , t , , sn ) =

j =1

s j x j Re

IN
for some i I . xi , s jx j xi .

T
xi xi

for some i I ;

10

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

Proof. Take t > 0 and put, for i {1, , n} , Xi = j=i s j x j . Then we see that
n

fn (s1 , , t , , sn ) =
i n

j =i j =i n

s j x j + txi

s j x j + txi
j =i

= s j x j + ( txi Xi + txi ) = s jx j +
j =i

( txi Xi + txi ) ( txi + Xi + txi ) txi + Xi + txi 2Re xi , Xi + xi + Re xi , Xi xi

1 2 t Xi 1 t Xi + xi

= s jx j
j =i

s j x j
j =i

(as t ).

Thus
t

lim fn (s1 , , t , , sn ) = s j x j
i j =i

Re xi , Xi xi xi , Xi xi

= s j x j Re
j =i

EP R
j =i

= s j x j Re

= s j x j Re
j =i n

j =1 n

s j x j Re

j =1

s j x j Re

T HEOREM 3.2. Let x j H \ {0}, j {1, , n} and (s1 , , sn ) n j =1 [1, ) . Then, for each i {1, , n} ,
n n n

PR

xj

xj

j =1

j =1

j =1

s j x j Re

IN
xi , xi
n

xi , (Xi + si xi ) si xi xi

s jx j
j =1 n

xi , xi

s jx j
j =1

xi , s jx j xi

xi , sjx j xi

T
si xi . . (3.1) (3.2)

The equality holds in (3.1) if and only if

n n

j =1

xj

j =1

s j x j Re

xi , sjx j xi

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

11

and

n j =1

xj =
j =1

Re

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi

xi . xi

(3.3)

Proof. Since 1

s j ( j {1, , n} ), by Theorem 2.1, we have fn (s1 , , sn )

t

fn (1, , 1)

lim fn (s1 , , t , , sn ).
i

Thus, by Lemma 3.1, we deduce the desired inequality (3.1). Assume that (3.2) and (3.3) hold. Since
n

j =1 n

Re

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi Re xi , s j x j (s j 1) x j xi xi , s jx j s jx j xi s j x j Re

= = =

j =1 n

j =1 n

x j + Re
n

j =1

0, we have
n n

j =1

PR
fn (1, , 1)

and the equality in (3.1) holds. Conversely, if the equality holds in (3.1), then it is clear that (3.2) is valid and we need only to prove (3.3). Since fn has monotonicity property, we see that
t

EP R
Re
j =1 n

xj =
=

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi

Re

j =1 n

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi
n

j =1

xj

j =1

s j x j Re

lim fn (1, , t , , 1)
i

IN
xi , s jx j xi
t i

xj

j =1

xi , s jx j xi

lim fn (s1 , , t , , sn ).

T
xi xi (3.4) (3.5) . (3.6)

If the equality holds in (3.1), then both equalities in (3.4) hold, that is,
n n n

j =1

xj

xj =
j =1

j =1 n

x j Re s j x j Re

xi , xj xi xi , sjx j xi

j =1

12

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

By the equality in (3.5), we obtain

n n

xj
j =1

Re
j =1

xi , xj xi

= Re

xi , xi

xj
j =1

(3.7)

We note that in Schwarzs type inequality Re u, v u v (u, v H ) the case of equality holds iff there exists a 0 such that u = v . Consequently, the equality holds in (3.7) iff there exists a 0 such that
n

xj =
j =1

xi . xi

Hence, by (3.7), we have

xi xi

xj
j =1

= Re

xi , xi

xj
j =1

and on the other hand, by (3.6), we get Re xi , xi

xj
j =1

= = =

j =1 n

xj Re Re

j =1

s j x j Re

j =1 n

j =1

Therefore we have
n

EP R
n

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi

IN
xi . xi kij ,

xi , sjx j sj x j + x j xi

xj =
j =1

Re

j =1

xi , s j x j (s j 1)x j xi

This completes the proof.

PR

Note that Theorem 3.2 is a generalization of [3, Theorem 7]. Indeed, we may state that if, for each xed i {1, , n} , kij 0, j {1, , n} , satises the condition s j x j Re xi , s jx j xi

then the following inequality holds;

n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1 n

kij .
j =1

T
xi , s jx j xi . (3.8)

The equality holds in (3.8) if and only if

n

j =1

xj

kij
j =1

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

13

and
n n

xj =
j =1

j =1

x j kij
j =1

xi . xi

As a corollary, we obtain the following result similar to [3, Theorem 7]. C OROLLARY 3.3. Let x j H \{0}, j {1, , n} . If, for each xed i {1, , n} , 0, j {1, , n} , are such that x j Re then
n n n

kij

xi ,xj xi

kij ,

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

j =1 n

x j Re

xi ,xj xi

kij .
j =1

(3.9)

All equalities in (3.9) hold if and only if

j =1

xj

kij
j =1 n

and
n j =1 n j =1

xj =
that fn and max1

x j kij
j =1

EP R
xj ,, max1
j n

We are interested in the relation between Theorem 1.1 and Corollary 3.3. Recall xj
n

j n

IN
xi . xi = n

x1

xn

j =1

lim fn (1, , t , , 1) =
i

j =1

x j Re

xi ,xj xi

Therefore, it might seem to be impossible to do it. Indeed, we have the following

1 1 E XAMPLE 3.4. Let X = R2 . If we take x1 = 2 (cos , sin ) , x2 = 2 (0, 1) , 1 x3 = (1, 0) , then x1 = x2 = 2 < 1 = x3 . Put

PR
g( ) = f3 g( ) =

x3 x3 x3 , , x1 x2 x3

lim f3 (t , 1, 1).
t

Then we see that 3 1 + cos + sin 2 2 3 + 2(cos + sin ).

T
xj xj
1 j n

max x j

14 In the case of =
4

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

, we have g 3 1 1 = + + 3+2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 = ( 2 + 1) 1 > 0. 2 2 x3 x3 x3 , , x1 x2 x3

3 4

Hence we get f3 > lim f3 (t , 1, 1).

t

On the other hand, in the case of = g 3 4 =

, we have

3 1 1 + 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 = 3 < 0. 2 2 2

Thus we get f3 x3 x3 x3 , , x1 x2 x3
t

< lim f3 (t , 1, 1).

It is possible to compare this with Theorem 1.1 and Corollary 1.3 in the special case.

EP R
1 j n n n

T HEOREM 3.5. Let x1 , , xn H \ {0} and

I = i {1, , n} : xi < max x j

Then (i) if I = , for each i {1, , n} , the following holds

n

PR
n

j =1

xj

xj

j =1

j =1

x j Re

(ii) if I = {i0 } for some i0 {1, , n} , then the following inequalities hold
n n

j =1

xj

xj
j =1

n
n

j =1

x j Re

IN
.

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j ;

xi ,xj xi

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j .

xi0 ,xj xi0

R EVERSES OF THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN INNER PRODUCT SPACES

15

Proof. (ii) Since xi = x j (i, j I ) , we see that f n 1, , 1, xn , 1, , 1 = f n xi0 = and

t

xn xn , , x1 xn
n

n
n

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

lim fn (1, , 1, t , 1, , , 1) =
i0

j =1

x j Re

xi0 ,xj xi0

Thus we have
n

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j = fn 1, , 1,
t n

xn , 1, , 1 xi0
i0

lim fn (1, , 1, t , 1, , , 1)

= This completes the proof.

j =1

x j Re

C OROLLARY 3.6. Let x1 , x2 H \ {0} with x1 inequalities hold x1 + x2 x1 + x2 2

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x1 + x2 Re
n

Finally, as an analogue of Theorem 1.1, we may state the following result as well: T HEOREM 3.7. Let (H , , ) be an inner product space, and x j H \ {0}, j {1, , n} . Then, for each xed i {1, , n} ,

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xj

xj

j =1

j =1

n Re

xi , xi

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x2 x1 + x1 x2 x2
n

j =1

xj xj

T
. x2 . Then the following x1 , x1 + x2 . x1
1 j n

xi0 ,xj xi0

max x j .

(3.10)

The equality holds in (3.10) if and only if

n

xj

j =1

n Re

xi , xi

j =1 n

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

and
n n

xj =
j =1

j =1

x j n Re

xi , xi

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

max x j

xi . xi

16

Z. L INGLIN , T. O HWADA AND M. C H O

max x

j 1 j n ( j {1, , n}) , then s j Proof. If we put s j = xj Thus, by Theorem 2.1 and Lemma 3.1, we have

1 ( j {1, , n}) .

fn (1, , 1) = = = =

t n

lim fn (s1 , , t , , sn )
i

j =1 n

s j x j Re max1
j n

xi , s jx j xi xj x j Re xi max1 j n x j , xj xi xj

j =1 n

xj 1 Re

j =1

xj xi , xi xj xi , xi
n

1 j n

max x j max x j .

n Re

j =1

xj xj

1 j n

[1] A. H. A NSARI AND M. S. M OSLEHIAN, More on reverse triangle inequality in inner products spaces, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. (2005), no. 18, 28832893. [2] F. D ADIPOUR , M. S. M OSLEHIAN , J. M. R ASSIAS AND S.-E. TAKAHASI , Characterization of a generalized triangle inequality in normed spaces, Nonlinear Anal. 75 no. 2 (2012), 735741. [3] S. S. D RAGOMIR, Reverses of the triangle inequality in inner product spaces, Aust. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1 no. 2 (2004), 114. [4] S. S. D RAGOMIR, Reverses of the triangle inequality in Banach spaces, JIPAM. J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math. 6(5) (2005), Art. 129, pp. 46. [5] M. F UJII , M. K ATO , K.-S. S AITO AND T. TAMURA, Sharp mean triangle inequality, Math. Inequal. Appl. 13 (2010), 743752. [6] C.-Y. H SU , S.-Y. S HAW AND H.-J. W ONG, Renements of generalized triangle inequalities, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 344 (2008), 1731. [7] M. K HOSRAVI , H. M AHYAR AND M. S. M OSLEHIAN, Reverse triangle inequality in Hilbert C modules, JIPAM. J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math. 10 no. 4 (2009), Article 110, 11 pp. [8] M. K ATO , K.-S. S AITO AND T. TAMURA, Sharp triangle Inequality and its reverse in Banach spaces, Math. Inequal. Appl. 10 no. 2 (2007), 451460. [9] L. M ALIGRANDA, Some remarks on the triangle inequality for norms, Banach J. Math. Anal. 2 no. 2 (2008), 3141. [10] M. S. M ARTIROSYAN AND S. V. S AMARCHYAN, Inversion of the triangle inequality in Rn , 38 (2003), no. 4, 6572. [11] K. M INENO , Y. N AKAMURA AND T. O HWADA, Characterization of the intermediate values of the triangle inequality, to appear in Math. Ineq. Appl. [12] K. M INENO , Y. N AKAMURA , S. N AKAMURA , C. TAMIYA AND T. O HWADA, Characterization of the intermediate values of the triangle inequality II, in preparation.

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REFERENCES

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Acknowledgement. The authors wish to thank the referee for his/her comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The rst author was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China (61074048). The second and the third author were supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research(C), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22540184) and (20540192), respectively.

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[13] K.-I. M ITANI , K.-S. S AITO , M. K ATO AND T. TAMURA, On sharp triangle Inequalities in Banach spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 10 no. 2 (2007), 451460. [14] K.-I. M ITANI , K.-S. S AITO, On sharp triangle Inequalities in Banach spaces II, J. Inequal. Appl. (2010), Art. ID 323609, 17 pp. [15] S. S AITOH, Generalizations of the triangle inequality, JIPAM. J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math. 4 (2003), no. 3, Article 62, 5 pp.

(Received May 17, 2012)

Lingling Zhang Department of Mathematics Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan, 030024 P. R. China e-mail: zllww@126.com Tomoyoshi Ohwada Faculty of Education Shizuoka University Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan e-mail: etoowad@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp Muneo Ch o Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science Kanagawa University Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan

e-mail: chiyom01@kanagawa-u.ac.jp

Mathematical Inequalities & Applications

www.ele-math.com mia@ele-math.com

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