Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Inequalities and Applications

Volume 2010, Article ID 323609, 17 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/323609
Research Article
On Sharp Triangle Inequalities in Banach Spaces II
Ken-Ichi Mitani
1
and Kichi-Suke Saito
2
1
Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering,
Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki 945-1195, Japan
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
Correspondence should be addressed to Kichi-Suke Saito, saito@math.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp
Received 4 November 2009; Accepted 2 March 2010
Academic Editor: Vy Khoi Le
Copyright q 2010 K.-I. Mitani and K.-S. Saito. This is an open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Sharp triangle inequality and its reverse in Banach spaces were recently showed by Mitani et
al. 2007. In this paper, we present equality attainedness for these inequalities in strictly convex
Banach spaces.
1. Introduction
In recent years, the triangle inequality and its reverse inequality have been treated in 15
see also 6, 7.Kato et al. 8 presented the following sharp triangle inequality and its reverse
inequality with n elements in a Banach space X.
Theorem 1.1 see 8. For all nonzero elements x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
in a Banach space X,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
min
1jn
_
_
x
j
_
_

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
max
1jn
_
_
x
j
_
_
.
1.1
These inequalities are useful to treat geometrical structure of Banach spaces, such as uniform
non-
n
1
-ness see 8. Moreover,Hsu et al. 9 presented these inequalities for strongly
integrable functions with values in a Banach space.
2 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Mitani et al. 10 showed the following inequalities which are sharper than Inequality
1.1 in Theorem 1.1.
Theorem 1.2 see 10. For all nonzero elements x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
in a Banach space X with x
1

x
2
x
n
, n 2,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
x
j

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_
1.2

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk

_
_
x
nk1
_
_
_
, 1.3
where x
0
x
n1
0.
In this paper we rst present a simpler proof of Theorem 1.2. To do this we consider
the case x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
, as follows.
Theorem 1.3. For all nonzero elements x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
in a Banach space X with x
1
> x
2
> >
x
n
, n 2,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_
1.4

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk

_
_
x
nk1
_
_
_
, 1.5
where x
0
x
n1
0.
From this result we can easily obtain Theorem 1.2.
Moreover we consider equality attainedness for sharp triangle inequality and its
reverse inequality in strictly convex Banach spaces. Namely, we characterize equality
attainedness of Inequalities 1.4 and 1.5 in Theorem 1.3.
2. Simple Proofs of Theorems 1.2 and 1.3
Proof of Theorem 1.3. According to Theorem 1.1 Inequalities 1.4 and 1.5 hold for the case
n 2 cf. 3. Therefore let n 3. We rst prove 1.4 by the induction. Assume that 1.4
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 3
holds true for all n 1 elements in X. Let x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
be any n elements in X with x
1
>
x
2
> > x
n
> 0. Let
u
j

__
_
x
j
_
_
x
n

_ x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
,
2.1
for all positive numbers j with 1 j n. Then
n

j1
x
j
x
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n1

j1
u
j 2.2
and u
1
> u
2
> > u
n1
> 0. By assumption,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
_
_
u
j
_
_

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
u
j
_
_
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
k
u
k1
2.3
holds, where u
n
0. Since u
k
u
k1
x
k
x
k1
, from 2.2 and 2.3,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
_
_
u
j
_
_

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
u
j
_
_
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
k
u
k1

x
n

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
__
_
x
j
_
_
x
n

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

2.4
and hence 1.4. Thus 1.4 holds true for all nite elements in X.
Next we show Inequality 1.5. Let
v
j

_
x
1

_
_
x
nj1
_
_
_ x
nj1
_
_
x
nj1
_
_
, 1 j n 1.
2.5
4 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Then
n

j1
x
j
x
1

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n1

j1
v
j 2.6
and v
1
> > v
n1
> 0. Applying Inequality 1.4 to v
1
, . . . , v
n1
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
_
_
v
j
_
_

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
v
j
_
_
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v
k
v
k1

x
1

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
_
x
1

_
_
x
nj1
_
_
_

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
nj1
_
_
x
nj1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk1
x
nk

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk1
x
nk
,
2.7
where v
n
0. Thus we obtain 1.5. This completes the proof.
Proof of Theorem 1.2. Let x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
be any nonzero elements in X with x
1
x
n
.
For all positive numbers m with m > n let
x
k,m

_
1
k
m
_
x
k
, k 1, 2, . . . , n. 2.8
Then x
1,m
> x
2,m
> > x
n,m
> 0. Applying Theorem 1.3 to x
1,m
, . . . , x
n,m
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j,m
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j,m
_
_
x
j,m
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k,m
x
k1,m

j1
_
_
x
j,m
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j,m
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j,m
_
_
x
j,m
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk,m

_
_
x
nk1,m
_
_
_
,
2.9
where x
0,m
x
n1,m
0 for all positive numbers m with m > n. As m , we have
Inequalities 1.4 and 1.5.
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 5
3. Equality Attainedness in a Strictly Convex Banach Space
In this section we consider equality attainedness for sharp triangle inequality and its reverse
inequality in a strictly convex Banach space. Kato et al. in 8 showed the following.
Theorem 3.1 see 8. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
nonzero elements
in X. Let x
j
0
min{x
j
: 1 j n} and x
j
1
max{x
j
: 1 j n}. Let J
0
{j : x
j

x
j
0
, 1 j n}. Then
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
min
1jn
x
k

n

j1
x
k
3.1
if and only if either
a x
1
x
2
x
n

or
b x
j
/x
j
x
j
1
/x
j
1
for all j J
c
0
and

n
j1
x
j
/x
j

n
j1
x
j
/x
j
x
j
1
/x
j
1
.
Theorem 3.2 see 8. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
nonzero elements
in X. Let x
j
0
min{x
j
: 1 j n} and x
j
1
max{x
j
: 1 j n}. Let J
1
{j : x
j

x
j
1
, 1 j n}. Then
n

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
max
1jn
_
_
x
j
_
_
3.2
if and only if either
a x
1
x
2
x
n

or
b x
j
/x
j
x
j
0
/x
j
0
for all j J
c
1
and

n
j1
x
j

n
j1
x
j
x
j
0
/x
j
0
.
We present equality attainedness for 1.4 and 1.5 in Theorem 1.2. The following
lemma given in 8 is quite powerful.
Lemma 3.3 see 8. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space. Let x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
be nonzero elements
in X. Then the following are equivalent.
i

n
j1

j
x
j

n
j1

j
x
j
holds for any positive numbers
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
.
ii

n
j1

j
x
j

n
j1

j
x
j
holds for some positive numbers
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
.
iii x
1
/x
1
x
2
/x
2
x
n
/x
n
.
Theorem 3.4. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x, y nonzero elements in X with x >
y. Then
_
_
x y
_
_

_
2
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
y
_
_
x
_
_
y
_
_
3.3
if and only if there exists a real number with 0 < < 1 satisfying y x.
6 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Proof. Assume that 3.3 is true. By Theorem 3.1, the equality 3.3 is equivalent to Equality
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
x
. 3.4
Put

__
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
__
_
y
_
_
x
. 3.5
Then y x. Since x > y, we obtain 0 < || < 1. Conversely, if y x where 0 < || < 1,
then
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

_
1

||
_
x
x
. 3.6
By 1 /|| 0, we have 3.4. Thus we get 3.3.
Next we consider the case n 3.
Theorem 3.5. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x, y, z nonzero elements in X with x >
y > z. Then
_
_
x y z
_
_

_
3
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
z
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
y
_
_
z
_
x
_
_
y
_
_
z
3.7
if and only if there exist , with 0 < < < 1 satisfying one of the following conditions:
a y x, z x,
b y x, z x.
Proof. Assume that 3.7 is true. Put
u x z
x
x
, v
__
_
y
_
_
z
_ y
_
_
y
_
_
.
3.8
Then u > v > 0 and
x y z z
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
u v. 3.9
Note that u v
/
0. As in the proof of Theorem 1.2 given in 10, we have 3.7 if and only if
we have the equalities
_
_
_
_
_
z
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
u v
_
_
_
_
_
z
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
u v, 3.10
u v u v
_
2
_
_
_
_
u
u

v
v
_
_
_
_
_
v. 3.11
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 7
By Theorem 3.4, Equality 3.11 implies that
v u 3.12
for some with 0 < < 1. By 3.8 we have
y x 3.13
for some 0 < < 1. On the other hand, by Lemma 3.3, Equality 3.10 implies
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
u v
u v
. 3.14
Hence, by using 3.8, 3.12, and 3.13 we have z x for some real number . Since x >
y > z > 0, we have 0 < || < < 1. We consider the following two cases
Case 1. y x.
Equality 3.14 implies
x
x

x
x

x
_
_
x
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

x
x

x
_
_
x
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x x 2
_
_

_
_
x
_
_
x x 2
_
_

_
_
x
_
_
. 3.15
Hence we have
2

_
_

_
_

_
_
_
_
_
2

_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2
_
_

_
_
_
_
1 2
_
_

_
_
_
_
. 3.16
By 2 /|| 0 and 1 2|| 1 || || 0, Equality 3.16 is valid for all real
numbers with
/
0.
Case 2. y x.
Equality 3.14 implies
x
x

x
x

x
_
_
x
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

x
x

x
_
_
x
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x x
x x
. 3.17
So we have

_
_

_
_

_
_
_
_
_

_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
|1 |

_
_
_
_
_

_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
. 3.18
Hence > 0. Thus holds.
8 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Conversely, assume that there exist , with 0 < < < 1 satisfying one of the
conditions a and b. Then it is clear that 3.7 holds. Thus we obtain .
Moreover we consider general cases. For each m with 1 m n, we put I
m

{1, 2, . . . , m}. For
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
and 1 m n, we dene
I

m
{k I
m
:
k
> 0},
I

m
{k I
m
:
k
< 0}.
3.19
For a nite set A, the cardinal number of A is denoted by |A|.
Lemma 3.6. Let |
1
| > |
2
| > > |
n
| > 0. If |I

m
| |I

m
| for all m with 1 m n, then
n

j1

j
> 0.
3.20
Proof. Let
I

n
{m
1
, m
2
, . . . , m

}
_
I

_
,
I

n
{n
1
, n
2
, . . . , n
k
}
_
I

n
k

_
,
3.21
where m
1
< m
2
< < m

and n
1
< n
2
< < n
k
. By the assumption, we have > k. We rst
show m
j
< n
j
for all j with 1 j k. It is clear that m
1
< n
1
. Assume that m
i
< n
i
for all i with
1 i j. We will show m
j1
< n
j1
. Suppose that m
j1
> n
j1
. By m
j
< n
j
< n
j1
< m
j1
, we
have
I

n
j1
I

m
j

_
m
1
, m
2
, . . . , m
j
_
,
I

n
j1

_
n
1
, n
2
, . . . , n
j1
_
.
3.22
Hence we have |I

n
j1
| < |I

n
j1
|, which is a contradiction. Therefore we have m
j1
< n
j1
.
Namely, m
j
< n
j
for all j with 1 j k. From this result, we obtain
m
j

n
j
|
m
j
| |
n
j
| > 0.
Hence
n

j1

j1

m
j

k

j1

n
j

j1
_

m
j

n
j
_

jk1

m
j
> 0.
3.23
Theorem 3.7. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
nonzero elements in X with
x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
. Then
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
x
j

_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

n

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_
3.24
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 9
if and only if there exists
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
with 1
1
> |
2
| > |
3
| > > |
n
| such that
x
m

m
x
1
, 3.25
|I

m
|
_
_
I

_
_
3.26
for every m with 1 m n.
Proof. : According to Theorems 3.4 and 3.5, Theorem 3.7 is valid for the cases n 2, 3.
Therefore let n 4. We will prove Theorem 3.7 by the induction. Assume that this theorem
holds true for all nonzero elements in X less than n. Let x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
and assume
that Equality 3.24 holds. Let
u
j

__
_
x
j
_
_
x
n

_ x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
3.27
for positive integer j with 1 j n 1. As in the proof of Theorem 1.3, Equality 3.24 holds
if and only if
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
, 3.28
_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
i
_
_
_
_
_
_

n1

j1
_
_
u
j
_
_

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
u
j
_
_
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
k
u
k1
3.29
hold, where u
n
0. Hence, by assumption, there exists
1
, . . . ,
n1
R
n1
with 1
1
>
|
2
| > > |
n1
| > 0 such that
u
j

j
u
1
,
_
1 j n 1
_
,
_
_
I

m
_

__
_

_
_
I

m
_

__
_
, 1 m n 1.
3.30
Since

n1
j1

j
> 0 by Lemma 3.6, we have
n1

j1
u
j

n1

j1

j
u
1 /
0. 3.31
Since
_
1
x
n

_
_
x
j
_
_
_
x
j

j
_
1
x
n

x
1

_
x
1
3.32
by the denition of u
j
, we have
x
j

j
x
1
,
_
1 j n 1
_
, 3.33
10 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
where

j

j
x
1
x
n

_
_
x
j
_
_
x
n

_
_
x
j
_
_
x
1

. 3.34
Since
I

m
I

m
_

_
, I

m
I

m
_

_
, 3.35
we have
|I

m
|
_
_
I

_
_
3.36
for all m with 1 m n 1. By Lemma 3.3, Equality 3.28 implies
_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
n1

j1
u
j
. 3.37
Hence there exists
n
R such that x
n

n
x
1
. Also,
n

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n

j1

j
x
1
_
_

j
_
_
x
1

_
_
_
I

n1

_
_

_
_
I

n1

_
_

n
|
n
|
_
x
1
x
1

,
3.38
n1

j1
u
j

_
_
n1

j1

j
_
_
u
1
. 3.39
Since

n1
j1

j
> 0, we have from 3.37 and 3.38,
_
_
I

n1

_
_

_
_
I

n1

_
_

n
|
n
|

_
_
_
_
_
_
I

n1

_
_

_
_
I

n1

_
_

n
|
n
|
_
_
_
_
, 3.40
which implies
_
_
I

n1

_
_

_
_
I

n1

_
_

n
|
n
|
0.
3.41
If |I

n1
| > |I

n1
|, then it is clear that |I

n
| |I

n
|.
If |I

n1
| |I

n1
|, then, by 3.41, we have
n
/|
n
| 0. Hence
n
> 0. Thus we
obtain |I

n
| > |I

n
|.
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 11
: Let
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
with 1
1
> |
2
| > > |
n
| > 0 satisfying 3.25
and 3.26, and let
n1
0. From 3.25 we have
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
k
x
k1

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
x
1
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
x
1
_
_

j
x
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

k
x
1

k1
x
1

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1

j
_
_

j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
|
k
| |
k1
| x
1
.
3.42
By Lemma 3.6,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
_
_
_
_
_
_

j1

jI

_
_

j
_
_

jI

_
_

j
_
_
. 3.43
Let I

n
{k
1
, k
2
, . . . , k
m
}, where 1 < k
1
< k
2
< < k
m
< n. From 3.26 and |I

k
|
|I

k
| k we have
n

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
k

j1

j
_
_

j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|

k2
_
k
_
_
I

_
_

_
_
I

_
_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|
2
n

k2
_
_
I

_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|
2
_
k
1
1

k2
_
_
I

_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|
k
2
1

kk
1
_
_
I

_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|
n

kk
m
_
_
I

_
_
|
k
| |
k1
|
_
2
_
k
2
1

kk
1
|
k
| |
k1
|
k
3
1

kk
2
2|
k
| |
k1
|
n

kk
m
m|
k
| |
k1
|
_
|
k
1
| |
k
2
| 2|
k
2
| |
k
3
|
m 1|
k
m1
| |
k
m
| m|
k
m
| |
k
n1
|
2

jI

_
_

j
_
_
.
3.44
Thus we obtain 3.24. This completes the proof.
12 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
In what follows, we characterize the equality condition of Inequality 1.3 in
Theorem 1.2. For
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
and positive integer m with 2 m n 1 we
dene J
m
{n m 1, . . . , n 1, n}, J

m
{j J
m
:
j
> 0}, and J

m
{j J
m
:
j
< 0}.
Lemma 3.8. Let
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
with |
1
| > |
2
| > > |
n1
| >
n
1. If
|J

m
|
_
_
J

_
_
3.45
for all positive integers m with 2 m n 1, then one has
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
0.
3.46
Proof. Let J

n1
{m
1
, m
2
, . . . , m

, m
1
, . . . , m
k
} and J

n1
{n
1
, n
2
, . . . , n

}, where n
m
1
> > m
k
2 and n > n
1
> > n

2. As in the proof of Lemma 3.6, we have m

j
> n
j
for all j. So |
m
j
| < |
n
j
| for all j. Hence
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

_
_

jJ

n1

jJ

n1

j
_
_
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

_
_

jJ

n1

_
_

j
_
_

jJ

n1

_
_

j
_
_
_
_

jJ

n1

_
|
1
|
_
_

j
_
_
_

jJ

n1

_
|
1
|
_
_

j
_
_
_

j1
_
|
1
|
_
_
_
m
j
_
_
_
_

j1
_
|
1
|
_
_
_
n
j
_
_
_
_

j1
_
|
1
|
_
_
_
m
j
_
_
_
_

j1
__
_
_
n
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
m
j
_
_
_
_
0. 3.47
This completes the proof.
Theorem 3.9. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
nonzero elements in X with
x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
. Then
n

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk

_
_
x
nk1
_
_
_
3.48
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 13
holds if and only if there exists
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
with |
1
| > |
2
| > > |
n1
| >
n
1,
x
j

j
x
n
for all positive integers j with 1 j n satisfying
|J

m
|
_
_
J

_
_
3.49
for all positive integers m with 2 m n 1 and

n
j1

j
0.
Proof. : Let x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
and
n

j1
_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
nk

_
_
x
nk1
_
_
_
. 3.50
For positive integers j with 2 j n we put
v
j

_
x
1

_
_
x
j
_
_
1
_
x
j
. 3.51
Note that 0 < v
2
< < v
n
and
n

j1
x
j
x
1

j1
x
j
_
_
x
j
_
_

n

j2
v
j
.
3.52
Then Equality 3.48 holds if and only if
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j

n

j2
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j2
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
, 3.53
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j2
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
n 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j2
v
j
_
_
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v
2

n1

k2
_
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

jnk1
v
j
_
_
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
v
nk1
_
_
v
nk

j2
_
_
v
j
_
_
.
3.54
Thus, by the equality condition of sharp triangle inequality with n 1 elements, there exists

1
, . . . ,
n
R
n
such that
v
j

j
v
n
3.55
for all positive integers j with 2 j n,
0 <
_
_

2
_
_
<
_
_

3
_
_
< <
_
_

n1
_
_
<
n
1,
_
_
J

m
_

__
_

_
_
J

m
_

__
_
3.56
14 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
for all positive integers m with 2 m n 1. Since
_
x
1

_
_
x
j
_
_
1
_
x
j

j
_
x
1

x
n

1
_
x
n
3.57
for each j with 2 j n, we have x
j

j
x
n
, where

j

j
x
1
x
n

x
1

_
_
x
j
_
_

_
_
x
j
_
_
x
n

. 3.58
Note that |J

m
| |J

m
| and |J

m
| |J

m
|. By 3.53,
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j2
v
j

_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j2
v
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1
x
j
. 3.59
Hence there exists
1
R such that x
1

1
x
n
. We also have |
1
| > |
2
| > > |
n1
| >
n
1
and
n

j2
v
j

n

j2
_
x
1

_
_
x
j
_
_
1
_
x
j

_
_
|
1
|
n

j2

j
_
_

j
_
_

n

j2

j
_
_
x
n

_
_
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
_
_
x
n
.
3.60
Hence we have
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
_
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
_
_
_
_
_
_
n

j1

j
.
3.61
From 3.3, we obtain

n
j1

j
0. Thus we have .
: Assume that there exists
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
R
n
with |
1
| > |
2
| > > |
n1
| >

n
1, x
j

j
x
n
for all positive integers j with 1 j n satisfying 3.49 for all positive
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 15
integers m with 2 m n 1 and

n
j1

j
0. By Theorem 3.7, we have 3.54. From the
assumption,
n

j1
x
j

n

j1

j
x
n
,
n

j1
v
j

_
_
|
1
|
__
_
J

n1

_
_

_
_
J

n1

_
_
_

j2

j
_
_
x
n
. 3.62
By

n
j1

j
0 and Lemma 3.8, we obtain 3.53. Thus we have . This completes the
proof.
If n 2, then we have the following corollary.
Corollary 3.10. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x, y nonzero elements in X with x >
y. Then
x
_
_
y
_
_

_
_
x y
_
_

_
2
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x 3.63
if and only if there exists a real number with > 1 such that x y.
If n 3, then we have the following corollary.
Corollary 3.11. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space and x, y, z nonzero elements in X with
x > y > z. Then
x
_
_
y
_
_
z
_
_
x y z
_
_

_
3
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
x

_
2
_
_
_
_
_
y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
_
_
y
_
_
_
3.64
if and only if there exist , with || > || > 1 such that x z, y z and 1 0.
4. Remark
In this section we consider equality attainedness for sharp triangle inequality in a more
general case, that is, the case without the assumption that x
1
> x
2
> > x
n
. Let
us consider the case n 3.
Proposition 4.1. Let X be a strictly convex Banach space, and x, y, z nonzero elements in X.
i If x y z, then the equality
_
_
x y z
_
_

_
3
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
z
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
y
_
_
z
_
x
_
_
y
_
_
z
4.1
always holds.
16 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
ii If x > y z, then the equality 4.1 holds if and only if there exists a real number
satisfying y/x and y z x.
iii If x y > z, then the equality 4.1 holds if and only if there exists a real number
satisfying x/z and x y z.
Proof. i Is clear.
ii Assume that 4.1 holds. By y z, 4.1 implies
_
_
x y z
_
_

_
3
_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
z x y z. 4.2
From Theorem 3.1, we have
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
x
x
. 4.3
Hence y z x for some R. The following
x
x

y
y

z
z

_
1
x
y
_
x
x
, 4.4
implies
_
_
_
_
1
x
y
_
_
_
_
1
x
y
. 4.5
Hence 1 x/y 0 and so y/x. The converse is clear.
iii Assume that 4.1 holds. Put u x zx/x and v y zy/y.
As in the proof of Theorem 3.5, we have
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z

_
_
_
_
_
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z
_
_
_
_
_
_
u v
u v
_
4.6
Since x y, we have x y z for some R. The following
x
x

y
_
_
y
_
_

z
z

_
1
z
x

_
z
z
4.7
implies
_
_
_
_
1
z
x

_
_
_
_
1
z
x
. 4.8
Hence x/z. The converse is clear.
Journal of Inequalities and Applications 17
Conjecture 1. What is the necessary and sucient condition when Equality 3.24 (resp. Equality
3.48) holds for n elements x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
with x
1
x
2
x
n
in Theorem 3.7 (resp.
Theorem 3.9)?
Acknowledgment
The second author was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientic Research no.
20540158, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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