Construction Materials

viTasanCatibNHbNalbeckeTs
ed):atWm:g;sMNg;suIvil
esckIepIm
I.
karrIkcMerInnsMParsMNg; enAkgkarsagsg; sMParnimYy eKRtUvkareRbI
R)as;sMParsMrab;sagsg;CaeRcInmuxEdlmanlkNxusKa . sMParTaMgenaHmantMl
RbmaNCa 60 % ntMlsMNg;TaMgmUl .
edayeyaleTAtamGtny nsMParsMNg;EdleRbIR)as;enAkgkarsagsg; eK)anEbg
EckCaRkumdUcteTA
- EpkeRKOgbgM KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNaEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;kargarsagsg;Ca
eRKOg TMr EdlmandUcCa
- ebtug
- ebtugGaem
- Edk
- \d CaedIm
construction materials
prepared by Hem sokchan
- sMParkarBarkMedA
KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl eFVIeGaykMedAfycuH bmineFVIeGaykMedAPayeTA

eRKOgbgMdTeTot .
- sMParkarBarCMrabTwk KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl karBareRKOgbgMrbs;

GKar eGaycakputBIkarRCabcUl nTwkdUcCa paMgkUd btUm rULCr nigplitplKImI
dTeTot .
- sMParEpklMG
KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNa EdleKeRbIR)as; sMrab;kargarlMG nigCYykarBarGKar

kuMeGayrgnUvkarxUcxat BIbriyakasxageRkAeTotpg . sMParTaMgenaHmandUcCa
faMBN kar:U RsTab;bUk fda nigsMParepSgeTot .
II .
RbePTnsMng; sMNg;EckecjCa3RbePTKW
- sMNg;GKar
sMNg;GKarKWCasMng;TaMgLayNaEdlbMerIeGay karrs;enA karsikSa BaNiCkm nig kEnglMEh

kay .KMeragsMNg;GKarrYmmansMNg;kariyaly mCmNl haglk;TMnij mCmNlkILa
FnaKarnigGkarvb,Fm. CaTUeTAKMeragsMNg;GKar RtUverobcMeLIgedaysabtkr
rYmCamYyvisVkr sMParsMrab;sMNg;enHKWsgt;Fn; eTAelIesaPNPaBEpkxagkg nigxageRkA .
x- sMNg;]sSahkm
sMNg;]sSahkmEtgEtTak;TgeTAnig KMeragbeckeTsx<s;kgplitkm .RkumhunkCnEtgEt

EsVgrkRkumhunvisVkmCMnaj kgkarerobcMKMeragRbePTenH. kgkrNIenHRkumhunbeckeTsTTYl
TaMgkar erobcMKMerag nigTaMgkargarsagsg; edaycuHkicsnaCamYymas;sMng; .
K- sMNg;visVkm
sMNg;visVkmCaTUeTAvaTak;TgeTAnig eRKOgbgMsN
M g;EdlerobcMeLIgedayvisVkr ]TahrN_dUcCa
pvfl; s<an RbBnbgrTwk kxVk; .sMNg;enHsagsg;eLIgkgeKalbMNgbMerIeGaysaFarNkg
karelIkKMeragenHeLIgPaKeRcInKWmas;sMNg; nigGkelIkKMeragKWsitenAkgGgPaBEtmYy.
ral;RbePTsMNg;TaMgGs;suTEt RtUv)ankMNt;BIryeBlnkarbMerIkargar (PaBrwgmaMrbs;

GKar )ehIyeKEbgEckdUcteTA
- ryeBleRcInCag 100qaM
- ryeBlBI 50 - 100 qaM
- ryeBlBI 20-50qaM
- ryeBl 20qaM
PaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarvaGaRsyeTAelIktaCaeRcIndUcCa
- karviPaKeTAelIdIRKwH
- karKNnakMlaMgsgt; m:Um:g;
- kareRCIserIsRbePTsuIm:g; nigm:akl,ay)anRtwmRtUv nig
- eRbIR)as;sMParsmRsbeTAtamlkNbeckeTs
cMNat;fak; nigkarTamTar cMeBaHsMParsMNg;
cMNat;fak;nsMParsMNg;
karsagsg;sMNg;suIvil sMNg;]sSahkm KWkgeKalbMNg bMerIeGayesckIRtUv
karrbs;mnusS kgkarrs;enA plitkm ]sSahkm kMsank_dUcCa kgkarkarBar
eGaycakputBIbriyakasxageRkAeTotpg .
CaTUeTAGKarTaMgGs;sagsg;eLIg BIEpksMxan; dUcCa
1-RKwH
KWCaEpkmYyenAxageRkamGKar EdlmanParkicTTYlrgnUvbnk BIEpkxag
elI nGKar ehIybBaneTAeGaydIRKwH.
I.
2- eRKag beRKOgTMr
KWCaeRKOgTMrrbs;GKar EdlmanParkicRTeRKOgbiT)aMgTaMgGs; rbs;

GKarehIybBaneTAeGayRKwH .
3- eRKOgbiT)aMg
eKeRbIR)as; sMrab;Epkxagkg nigxageRkAnGKar bEbgEckp
xagkgGKarCabnb; ehIyeRKOgTaMgenaHmandUcCa tMbUl CBaaMgxN CBaaMgeRkA
edaysarkarrIkcMerInEpkbeckviTasMParRbk;tMbUl eKplitCaeRcInRbePT dUcCa
- ek,Og
- sgsI
- hVIRbU
eRkABIenaHmansMParEdlplitBIesra:miucdUcCa
- eCIgTanbgan;d
- kar:U
- eRKOgsMParsMrab;bnb;Gnamy
lkNkgkareRbIR)as;sMParsMNg;
edIm,IeFVIeGayGKarbsMNg;manlkNrwgmaM ehIyGacFana)annUvPaByUrGEgVg
rbs;GKareyIgRtUvdwgGMBIlkN nsMParEdlGaceFVIkar bGacrgnUvbnk)an .
kMlaMgEdlGnuvtmkelIsMNg;man kMlaMgsaTic nigkMlaMgDINamuic .
dUcemcEdlehAfa kMlaMg saTic ? ehIy dUcemcEdlehAfa kMlaMg DINamuic ?
- kMlaMg saTic kMlaMgTaMgLayNaEdlERbRbYltictYceTAtameBlevla Edl
kngeTA ]TahrN_dUcCa TMnajdI bMErbMrYlsuItuNPaB sMBaFTwk TMgn;pal;rbs;
GKar karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug karRsutRKwH CaedIm.
- kMlaMgDINamuic kMlaMgTaMgLayNaEdlERbRbYlxaMgPamdUcCa kMlaMgxl;
karrBaydI bnHPMePgI rMjr CaedIm.
II.
taraglkxNeFVIkarcMeBaHsMParsMNg;
eRKOgbgM
ktalkxN
karTamTarcMeBaHsmParsMNg;
tMbUl TTYl\TiBlBIbriyakas sMParRtUvmanlkNrwgmaMFn;min
xageRkA dUecHvaeFVIkareRkam RCabTwk nigmanTMgn;Rsal
\TiBlnkMlaMg Dynamic
nig Statics
CBaaMg TTYl\TiBlBIbriyakas sMParRtUvmanlkNrwgmaM Fn;
xageRkA dUecHvaeFVIkareRkam nigkMedA
nig Statics
RKwH TTYl\TiBlBIsMeBaFTwk sMParRtUvmanlkNrwgmaM min
eRkamdI nigrgbnkBIEpk RCabTwk nigmineRcHsuI
xagelInGKar
CBaaMgxN TTYl\TiBlBIbriyakas sMParRtUvmanlkNrwgmaM man
xageRkA dUecHvaeFVIkareRkam TMgn;Rsal nigmincMlgsMelg
nig Statics
lkNsMxan;nsMParsMNg;
I
.TidPaBTUeTAnsMParsMNg;
enAkgRbeTseCOnelOn nigRbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDn_ eKniymeRbIR)as;sMParsMNg;CaeRcIn

RbePT EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;ehIyFana)annUvPaByUrGEgVgeTotpg. RKb;sMParsMNg;TaMgGs;
rYmpSMeLIgedayFatuepSgKa EdleKGaceRCIserIsykeTAeRbIR)as;tamTIkEngnigtamtMrUvkar.
edayeyaleTAtamlkNsMxan; nsMParsMNg;EckecjCa
- lkNrUb
- lkNKImI nig
- lkNemkanic
ral;sMParsMNg;TaMgGs;vamanlkNepSgKa vaGaRsyeday sarFatuKImIEdlcUlrYmpSMenA
kgsMParenaH . ehIysarFatuKImITaMgenaHEckCabIRkumKW
-Rkum organic maneQI btUm nig)asic
- Rkum Mineral manebtug suIm:g; \ddut nigfFmCati
- Rkum elah manEdkEfb Edksit GaluymIj:m
ehIyRkumnimYy mansmtPaB niglkNBiessepSgKa .
1- lkNrUb
k- dg;suIetCak;lak;
niymny KWCam:as;nGgFatumYy Kitkg 1ktamaDnsac;ENnrbs;va edayKancenaH
Rbehag EdleKehAm:ageTotfa maDdac;xat. xatrbs;vaKitCa etan T bCa kg kg m .
GMBIxat
3
N
10bars
mm 2
1bars 1daN / Cm 2 1,02Kgf / Cm 2 0,1Mpa
1Mpa 1
10
1mpa 10bars 10,2kgf / Cm 2
x- dg;suIet dac;xat
KWCapleFobrvagdg;suIetCak;lak; eTAnigm:asEdlesInigmaDTwkEdlmantMl1000 g
EdlmansuItuNPaB + 4 C . dg;suIet dac;xatesInig 1/1000 ndg;suIet
Cak;lak;KWCapleFobEdlKanxat.
0
m
m1
ma:s;GgFatu
-m:as;Twk
m m1
x-ma:smaD
niymny KWCama:srbs;GgFatumYyKitkgmYyktamaDedayrab;bBalTaMgcenaH
Rbehag.
eyIgGacKNnatamrUbmn
m
, kg / m 3
v
Edl
m-ma:ssMPar KitCa kg
v- maDsMPar KitCa m
11
taragm:as;maDnsMParsMNg;
l-r
eQaHsMPar
m:as;maDKitCa
kg/m
7850
EdkEfb
2 fRkanIt
2400-2900
3 \d
1600-1800
4 xSac;
1450-1650
5 Twk
1000
6 ebtugFn;Fn;
1800-2500
7 ebtugFn;Rsal
500-1800
8 GgFatues<at
20-100
9 eQI
400-800-1500
10 GaluymIj:m
2700
11 R)ak;
1130
K- PaBes<at
PaBRbehagbes<atnsMParsMNg; KWkMritmYynkarbMeBjnUvmaD nRbehages<atrbs;sMPar
enaH.
1
X- sMeNIm
sMeNImrbs;sMParmYyKWCalTPaBpal; rbs;sMParenaHkgkarRsUbykTwknigrkSa)annUv
brimaNnTwkenaH .
eyIgGacKNnatamrUbmn
W=
m2 m1
.100,%
m1 m0
12
Edl
m2 -m:as;sMParEdlesIm
m1- m:as;sMParEdlsMgYtehIy
m0 - m:as;kMb:ug
2-lkNemkanic
lkNemkanicnsMParsMNg; KWeKkMNt;eTAelIlTPaBrbs; sMParEdlGacFn;)an nUvRKb;
GMeBI rbs;kMlaMg BIxageRkA EdlGnuvtmkelIsMParenaH mandUcCa
- kMlaMgsgt;
- kMlaMgTaj
- kMlaMgkac;
F
F
kMlaMgsgt;
F
kMlaMgTaj
13
kMlaMgkac;
k-ersuIsg;emkanic EdlehAfaersuIsg;emkanicKWCa smtPaBrbs;sMParsMNg; Edl
Fana)an kgkarEbk)ak; bxUcRTg;RTayeRkamGMeBIrbs;kugRtaMg EdlbegIteLIgedaysarbnk
mYy .kugRtaMgKWCalTPaBxagkgrbs;sMPar EdlGacTb;Tl;)ankg 1mm .kugRtaMgtag
edayGkSrsuicm:a xatKitCa MPa .
2
x-ersuIsg;kgkarsgt;
EdlehAfaersuIsg;KWenAeBlEdlrUbFatunsMParenaH Ebk)ak;bxUcRTg;RTay ehIykugRtaMg
rbs;vaeLIgdl;kMritx<s;bMput .
max
R=
F
, MPa
S
F -kMlaMgbbnkEdleFVIeGaymankarEbk)ak;bxUcRTg;RTaydl;sMPar KitCa N
S pnmuxkat;rbs;sMPar KitCa mm .
cMNaM kalNa
max
>R
R >
max
R = max
eRKOgsMNg;mhnray
eRKOgsMNg;mansuvtiPaB
eRKOgsMNg;manlMnwg
14
3-lkNKImI
KWCasmtPaBrbs;sMParsMNg;TaMgLayNa EdlFn; nigsarFatuKImI eRkam\TiBlBIbriyakas
xageRkA . enAkgsMParsMNg;bBaaEdlFMCageKKWeRcHsuI EdlvaeFVIeGayxUcxatdl;sMPar
sMNg; tamrykareFVIRbtikm BIbriyakasxageRkA . briyakasxageRkAminRtwmEteFVIRbtikm
CamYyEdkbue: NaHeT Etva)aneFVIeGayxUcpgEdrcMeBaHfFmCati ebtug )asic nigeQI .
dUecHral;sMParsMNg;TaMgGs;RtUvrkSaTukeGay)anl CaBiesscMeBaHsMParNaEdlgay
eFVIRbtikmCamYybriyakasxageRkA ehIymunnigyksMParTaMgenaHeTAeRbIR)as;RtUveFVIkarRtYt
BinitmgrToteTIbCakarRbesIr bRtUveRbIfaMsMrab;karBar .
II.sg;dansMParsMNg;
lkNsMxan;cMeBaHsMParKWKuNPaB nigkarplitsMParsMNg; EdlRtUvkareRbIR)as; enAkg
sMNg;FM EdlcaM)ac;RtUvGnuelameTAtamsg;darbs;RbeTs nimYy.
sg;daeKkMNt;eTAelI smtPaBnkarplitEdlRtUvbgajBI
- m:akrbs;sMPar
- RTg;RTay
15
- TMhM
- kMritlMeGog
kgenaHpgEdreKk_manbBaatikgkardwkCBan nigkarrkSaTuk .
16
suIm:g;
niymny suIm:gt_KWCasmar EdlmanlkNbnSIPab; nigsitrmYt.
eKalbMNgnkareRbIR)as; sMrab;karsagsg; eRBaHvaCasMParpSarPab; rvagf xSac; \d nig
\dsuIm:gt_ .
I.Rbvtirbs;suIm:gt_ kareRbIR)as;suIm:gt_manRbvtiyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy eKBiniteXIjfa
RbeTseGsSIb kalBIsmyedIm eK)aneRbImagsilaminsuT sMrab;Pab;paMgf kgkarsagsg;
BIra:mIt .
eRkaymkBYkr:UmaMg nigRkic)ancab;epImeRbItMbUgeKbMput nUvfkMe)ar sMrab;karsagsg;.GaRsy
edayBiniteXIjfa l,aykMe)ar minsUvrwgleBlRtUvTwk eTIbBYkrU:muaMg )anlaykMe)arCamYyepH
PMePIg EdlmansarFatusuIlIs ( silica) nigGaluymIn ( Alumine) .
eRkaymkeTotBYkr:UmuaMgk_)anykdI\ddut mklayCamYyeTot EdleFVIeGayl,ayrwtEtman
lkNRbesIreLIg.edaysarkarlaykMe)arCamYyepHPMePIg nigdIdutenHehIyeTIbeKeGay
eQaHfa Pozzuolanic Cement . Bakfa Pozzuolanic enHmanedImkMeNItBIeQaHPUmi
RsukmYyenAGuItalI EdlmaneQaHfa Pozzuolie CakEngEdlsMbUreTAedayepHPMePIgRbePT
xagelIenH .
enAqaM 1756 enARbeTsGg;eKselak Jonh Smeaton enAeBlEdleFVIkarCYsCulGKar
cas;mYyKat;)anrkeXIjfa l,aykMe)arEdlrWgl eRkayBIkarlayCamYyTwk minEmnCaRbePT
kMe)arsuTenaHeT bu:EnCal,aykMe)arnigdI\dmYycMnYnRbEhl BI 20-25% EdlplitplenH
manlkNRsedog nig Portland Cement naeBlbcb,n EdlplitecjBIf ptELnenH
g.
enAqaM 1756 elak Louis Josept Vicat (1786-1861) CnCati)araMg)aneFVIkar
bgajeGayeXIjfa eKGacplitTwkkMe)ar edaysarkarlayfkMe)arCamYynigdI\d.
17
enAqaM 1824 elak Josept Aspdin )anRsavRCavnigplit Portland Cement CaelIk

TImYyedayykdIdutCamYyfkMe)ar edaydutenAkgL rhUtdl;Pay]snkabUnicecjGs; . enA
eBlenaH Portland Cement EdlplittamrebobKat;enaH BuMTan;manlkNlenAeLIyeTBI
eRBaHsuItuNPaBenATabeBkBuMGac dutl,aydI\dnigkMe)areGaykayeTACa Clinker)anenA
eLIyeT .
enAqaM 1845elak Issac Jonhson )andutl,aydI\dCamYydIsrhUtmanlkNCa Clinker .
elak Issac Jonhson )ankMNt;rUbmny:agc,as;las; sIGMBIkarlaynigtMrUvsuItuNPaB caM
)ac;kgkarbegIteGay)an ClinkerenaH .KWcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkehIyEdl Portland
Cement RtUv)an eKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA enABaseBjBiPBelakTaMgmUlrhUtmkdl;sBVfenH .
Bak Portland Cement yktameQaH fkMe)arm:agenA PaKnartInRbeTsGg;eKs k_eday
sarEtsuIm:gt_eRkayeBlkkrwg vamanBNiRsedogKa ebHbiteTAnigfkMe)arenAkgtMbn;enaH .
II.karplitsuIm;g;
k- dMeNIrkarplitesIm KWCadMeNIrkarN_plitedayepSImEr:f TaMgenaHCamunsin
munnigkin .
dMeNIrkarplitesIm
18
x-dMeNIrkarplitst KWCadMeNIrkarN_plitedaykinEr:st TaMgenaHeday minepSImTwk .
dUcEdl)anbBaak;rYcmkehIyfa suIm:g; Portland pSMeLIgeday

- kMe)ar 70 % - 80 %
- dI\d 20% - 30%
K-tMeNIrkarN_plit suIm:g; Portland
kinbMEbkvtFatuedIm
- layRcbl;cUlKa tamsmmaRtNamYy
- dutvaenAkgLvilEdlmansItuNPaB 1450 C
- kin Clinker layCamYymagsilabnicRbEhl 2-3 %
0
smasPaBKImIrbs;suIm:g; Portland
- kMe)ar Cao = 77 %
- suIlIs SiO = 14 %
2
19
- GaluymIn Al O = 3,5 %
- EdlGuksuId Fe O = 1-2 %
- m:aejsmGuksuIt MgO = 1%
2
smasPaBKImIrbs;Clinker :
- RTIkal;sm suIlIkat Tricalcium silicate( C S)
- DIkal;sm suIlIkat Diacalcium silicate( C S)
- RTIkal;sm GaluymINat Tricalcium Aluminate( C A)
- etRtakal;sm GaluymINat EhV rIt Tetracalcium Aluminate Ferrit ( C
III. RbePTsuIm:g;
1-suIm:g; Portland
3
AF)
1-1 RbePT n suIm:g; Portland :

edaysarEtman)atuPUtepSg Edl)aneFVIeGayebtugTTYlrgnUvmhnraydUcCa\TBlnCatiGM
bilmkelIebtug ( BYksulfate ) nigsmasFatumYycMnYneTot EdltMrUveGayeyIgRtYtBinit GMBI
kareRbIR)as;ebtugenAkgtMbn;TaMgenaH eBalKWeyIgRtUveRCIserIsrkRbePTsuIm:g;EdleRbIFn;)annig
)atuPUtTaMgenH .
suIm:g;TaMgenaHmandUcCa
RbePTTI I Odinary Portland cement :
KWCaRbePTsuIm:g;FmtaEdleRbIR)as;sBVf ehIysuIm:g;RbePTenHGaceRbIR)as;)anenARKb;
RbePTsMNg;TaMgGs; bu:EneCosvagkareRbIR)as;enAkEngEdlman\TiBl sulfate dUcCamanenA
20
kgdI nigTwkCaedIm ehIyCaTUeTAsuIm:g;RbePTenHmantMlefak CagsuIm:g;RbePT2 ehIy

specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enHman 3,15.
RbePTTI II Moderate Heat Portland cement :
RtUv)aneKniymeRbIR)as;enAkEngNaEdltMrUveGaymankarkat;bnyzamBlkMedAenAkgebtug
bkarkat;bny \TiBl sulfate . CaTUeTAsuIm:g;RbePT2mantMlfCagsuIm:g;RbePT1 ehIyeK
eRbIR)as;)anenARKb;sMNg;TaMgGs; . bu:EneyIgRtUvRbugRbytenAeB;EdleRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg;TM
nb;Twk BIeRBaHvabNaleGaymanKuNvibtimYycMnYnFM ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH
man 3,2 .
- RbePTTI III High Early Strength Portland cement :
CasuIm:g;EdlmanlkNxusEbkBIsuIm:g;Fmta KWenARtg;el,OnnersuIsg;rbs;suIm:g;RbePTenH
elOn KWkgryeBlEt 7f Etbu:eNaH . bu:EnsuIm:g;RbePTenHmantMlfCagsuIm:g;Fmta ehIy
eKeRbIR)as;vacMeBaHkEngNaEdlcaM)ac;Etbu:eNaH dUcCakEngEdltMrUveGayl,ayebtugqab;rwg
ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enHman 3,12 .
RbePTTI IV Sulfate Resisting Portland cement :
CaRbePTsuIm:g;EdlmanzamBlkMedAtictYcNas; ebIeFobeTAnigsuIm:g;dT vaGacCYykat;bny
kareRbHRsaMrbs;ebtugeRkamsuItuNPaBx<s;.
suIm:g;RbePTenHPaKpSMn C A ( Tricalcium Aluminate ) cMnYnticehIymankMriteTotpg
EdlCamUlehtunkarkat;bnykMedA . suIm:g;RbePTenHmanRbsiTPaB kgkareRbIR)as;sMrab;Tb;
Tl;nUvRbtikmTaMgLayEdlbNalmkBIsm:asFatumYycMnYndUcCa chloride nig sulfate Ca
edIm . suImg: ;RbePTenHRtUv)aneKniymeRbIenAkgsMNg;TMnb;Twk sMng;Tkw Rb nigsMNg;dTeTot
EdlGacTb;Tl;nig\TiBlrbs; chloride nig sulfate ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH
man 3,20 .
3
21
RbePTTI V Low Heat Portland cement :

KWCasuIm:g;EdlmanRbsiTPaBx<s; EdlGacTb;Tl;)anCamYyBBYksulfate EdlmanRbtikmmkelI
ebtug eBalKWmanRbsiTPaBCagsuIm:g;dTeTot . suIm:g;RbePTenHenAeBleRbICal,ayebtug
vamankMedATabNas; ebIeFobeTAnigsuIm:g;dT ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH
man 3,22 .
1-2 sm:asFatupSMrbs;suIm:g;
RbePTsuIm:g;
Tricalcium
silicate( C 3 S)
Diacalcium
silicate( C 2 S)
Tricalcium
Aluminate
( C 3 A)
Tetracalcium
Aluminate
Ferrit
( C 4 AF)
Odinary Portland
cement
Moderate Heat
Portland cement
High Early Strength
Portland cement
Sulfate Resisting
Portland cement
Low Heat Portland
cement
42-67
18-13
5-14
6-12
20-45
30-56
4-8
6-16
45-70
10-30
7-17
6-10
49-56
20-28
0-2
12-16
25
50
13
dUc)anbgajenAkgtaragxagelIrYcmkehIyGMBIsmasFatuKImIenAkgsuIm:g; EdlbegtI eGayman

lkNBiesserog xn EdlmanRbePTsuIm:g;xHeFVIeGaykMedAebtugekIneLIgdl; 40 C ehIy
mansuIm:g;xHeToteFVIeGayebtugmankMedARtwmEt 15 C .
0
22
taragzamBlkMedAmanenAkgsmasFatuKImI
smasFatuKImI kMedAKitCa cal / g
C3A
C 4 AF
287
96
C3S
C2 S
117
54
1-3 sg;dansuIm:g;
karbegIteGaymancMNat;fak;nsuIm:g;TaMgenaHehIy )anCasuIm:g;manKuNPaBepSgKa. edIm,I
dwgBIKuNPaBnsuIm:g; eKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcxageRkam
karBiesaFn_l,aysuIm:g;
edIm,IkMNt;yksg;darbs;suIm:g; caM)ac;eyIgRtUvEteFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcxageRkam
k- eyIgyk
- suIm:g;cMnYn 500 Rkam
- xSac;cMnYn 1500 Rkam EdlmanGgt;pit 0,5 0,9 mm
- Twk 200Rkam laykgm:asuIn
23
x- PaBTn;RCayrbs;suIm:g; RtUvsitenAkglkxN BI 106 mm 115mm eBalKW

- ebI < 106 mm eyIgRtUvbEnmTwkcMnYn10Rkam
- ebI > 115 mm eyIgRtUvdUrykl,ayfI eBalKWRtUvbnyTwkcMnYn10Rkam
rebobBiesaFn_
- cak;l,aysuIm:g;cUleTAkgekaNnUvbrimaNBak;kNalekaN rYcbgab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn15dg
- cak;l,aysuIm:g;cUleTAkgekaNnUvbrimaNBak;kNaleTot rYcbgab;cMnYn10dg
- ykekaNsuIm:g;eTAbgab;edaym:asuIncMnYn30naTI rYcekorvaeGaysatenAEpkxagelIekaN
- dkekaNecjedIm,IkMNt;RbePTl,ay etIvazitenAkglkxNNamYy?
106 115mm
- bnab;mkRtUvcak;l,aysuIm:g;eTAkg]bkrN_EdlmanTMhM 40 x 40 x160 mm dUcbgajkugrUb
24
- rYcykeTAbgab;enA]bkrN_BI 2-5mm.
- bnab;BIbgab;ehIyRtUvTukeGaysuIm:g;enHrwgkgxl;cMnYn1f kgsuItuNPaB 20 1 C .
- eRkaymkRtUvykeTARtaMTwkryeBl27f kgsuItuNPaB20 1 C .
- dUcenHryeBlnl,ayrwg)an28f eyIgGacykvaeTAeFVUIkarBiesaFn_)an.
1-4 karBiesaFn_elIkMlaMgkac;bM)ak;
PaBFn;rbs;l,aysuIm:g;KWkMNt;eTAtamrUbmn
3PL
=
2bh
P - CakMlaMgkac;bM)ak;
L - CaRbEvgEdlkMNt;tamrUb
1-5 karBiesaFn_tamkMlaMgsgt;
PaBFn;rbs;l,aysuIm:g;KWkMNt;eTAtamrUbmn
0
= PA
A - CapEdlrgnUvkarsgt;
eRkayBIkareFVIBiesaFn_eTIbeyIgGacdwgfaetIsuIm:g;RbePTenHGacykeTAeRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg;
)anbGt; xageRkamKWCaTUrelxEdleyIgGacdwgGMBIKuNPaBsuIm:g;.
c
25
Type of Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement
Moderate heat Portland Cement

High early strength Portland
Cement
Sulfate resisting Portland Cement
Low heat Portland Cement
Strength of mortar
Standard Flexural Strength
3 days
28days
M400
55
M500
60
M550
62
M600
65
M300
45
M400
55
M500
60
M400
40
55
M500
50
60
M300
45
M400
55
M300
45
M400
55
M500
60
. kgf / cm2
Compressive Strength
3 days
28days
400
500
550
600
400
400
500
250
400
280
500
400
400
400
400
500
bTkdaneRbIR)as;sMrab;layl,ay 1m
sRmab;kargarerob\d
m:akl,ay
M:50
M:75
M:100
M:150
M:200
suIm:g;Ca kg
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:400
xSac;;Ca m
TwkCa l
180
246
310
410
504
1.24
1.22
1.20
1.08
1.05
205
224
227
237
249
26
m:akl,ay
M:50
M:75
M:100
M:150
M:200
M:250
suIm:g;Ca kg
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:500
xSac;;Ca m
TwkCa l
145
200
250
340
470
510
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.11
1.05
204
226
221
227
240
265
suIm:g;Ca kg
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:400
xSac;;Ca m
TwkCa l
100
190
255
318
424
1.25
1.24
1.22
1.18
1.06
150
190
210
223
263
suIm:g;Ca kg
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:500
xSac;;Ca m
TwkCa l
148
205
260
300
408
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.09
178
200
216
236
255
sRmab;kargarbUk
m:akl,ay
M:25
M:50
M:75
M:100
M:150
m:akl,ay
M:25
M:50
M:75
M:100
M:150
27
sRmab;kargarebtug
m:akl,ay
suIm:g;Ca kg
M:100
M:150
M:200
M:250
235
288
350
420
m:akl,ay
suIm:g;Ca kg
M:100
M:150
M:200
M:250
M:300
210
267
320
383
446
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:400
xSac;;Ca m
f 1x2Ca m
0.567
0.530
0.473
0.420
0.819
0.861
0.887
0.898
KuNPaBsuIm:g; P:500
xSac;;Ca m
f 1x2Ca m
0.578
0.540
0.514
0.446
0.420
28
0.808
0.819
0.871
0.879
0.924
TwkCa l
217
222
232
239
TwkCa l
210
219
228
234
247
Aggregate
sMrab;ebtug
I . Fine aggregate ( sand )
1-1 lkNTUeTArbs;xSac; xSac;CasmasFatupSMy:agsMxan;EdlmantYnaTIbegInPaBCab;sit

rvagl,aysuIm:g; nigfbMEbk eBalKWkat;bny nUvrnes<atEdlbgeLIgedaysarfbMEbk .
CaTUeTAxSac;manTMhMepSgKaEdlGacbMEbkecjCa 4RbePT
- xSac;RbePTFM Edlman F.M > 2.50
- xSac;RbePTFMmFm Edlman F.M = 2.20 - 2.50
- xSac;ht; Edlman F.M = 1.00 2.00
- xSac;manTMhMtUcEmnETnEdlman F.M = 1.00 1.50
kMNt;sMKal; F.M = ( Fine modulus )
eKGacdwgBIRbePTxSac;TaMgenH)anedaysarkarErg . edIm,IeGaydwgfaxSac;enHzitenAkgRbePT
NamYy ehIybrimaNxSac;EdlRtUvykmkErgKW 500g. edaydak;enAelIkERBagEdltMerob
eTAtamlMdab; .eRkayBIkarErgehIyenAelIkERBagnimYymanbrimaNxSac;EdleTI eyIgeFVIkar
fwg m:as;xSac; .
29
1-2 karcat;fak;
eyIgdwgehIyfa xSac;maneRcInRbePT dUcCaxSac;RKab;FM xSac;RKab;tUc
ehIyxSac;manKuNPaBl bminl ehIyRbePTTaMgGs;enHeKeRbIR)as;enAelIkarsagsg; sMNg;
nana dUcCa sMNg;TMnb;Twk s<anCaedIm . kareRbIR)as;kgsMNg;TaMgenaH BuMmanlkNdUcKaeT
eBalKWxSac;EdleRbIkgsMNg;TMnb;Twk manlkNxusBIxSac;EdleRbIR)as; enAkgs<an .
cMeBaHkarxusKaenHKWGaRsyelIPaKryrbs;xSac;eTAtamcMNat;fak;rbs;va EdlkMNt;eTAtam
bTdandUckg taragxageRkam . enHKWbgajBIPaKryrbs;xSac; EdleRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg; nana
ehIyxSac;EdlykmkeRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg; Kwdac;xatmineGaymansmasFatudI\deRcInCag 2
PaKryeT BIeRBaHfaebIelIsvaeFVIeGayebtug)at;bg;KuNPaB .
Grading rang of fine aggregate
General construction : bridge, building,
tunnel
Sieve size,mm
Grading ,%
10
5
2,5
1,2
0,6
0,3
0,15
100
90-100
80-100
50-90
25-65
10-35
2-10
fbMEbk )
2-1 : lkNTUeTAnfbMEbk lkNTUeTAnfbMEbkKW
- RTg;RTay
- RbePT nig
II . Coarse Aggregate (
30
- PaBFn;nfbMEbk EdlmanlkNdUcteTA
RTg;RTay mansarsMxan;Nas;edIm,IbegInPaBsitCab;rvagl,aynigfbMEbk. cMeBaHrUbrag

rbs;RkYsvij manlkNmUlnigrelagEdleFVIeGayPaBsitCab;rvagl,aynigfbMEbkmanTMhtM Uc
CagfbMEbkEdlmanlkNBhuekaNnigeRKIm .
RbePT enHCaEpkmYysMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHfnimYymanRbePTnigKuNPaBxusKa ehIysBVf
enHeKniymeRbIfRbePTRkanIt sMrab;karsagsg;sMNg;nana.
PaBFn;nfbMEbk
bnab;BIRTg;RTaynigRbePT KWPaBFn;rbs;fbMEbk eRBaHfabrimaNfbMEbkenA
kgemtug 1Em:tKUb KWmanRbmaNBI 30-60 % nm:asrbs;emtug . dUecHPaBFn;rbs;fbMEbk
mantYnaTIsMxan;bMputedIm,IbegInnUvPaBCab;sitkgebtug eBalKWPaBmin)ak;Ebkrbs;fbMEbkeRkam
GMeBInanaEdlCaehtueFVIeGayebtugRtUv)anekIneLIg.
31
PaBFn;rbs;fbMEbkenAkgebtug
lkNrbs;fbMEbkEdlmanlkNrwgmaM
lkNrbs;fbMEbkEdlmanlkNexSay
2.2 : cMNat;fak;
edaybrimaNfbMEbkEdleRbIR)as;enAkgebtugmancMnYneRcIn ehIymantYnaTI Fana r:ab;rgnPaB
Fnrbs;ebtug duecHkareRbIR)as;RtUvGnuvteTAtambTdan.sMrab;bTdannRbeTsnanadUcCaCbu:n
Gaemric mankareRbIR)as;xusKaxH k_b:uEn eKk_eRbIeTAtambTdanrbs;eKEdr BIeRBaHvapl;nUv
KuNsm,tidUcCa
fbMEbkEdlmanTMhMtUcvacUleTAbMeBjcenaHfbMEbkFMeFVIeGay
- rnes<atRtUv)ankat;bny
- begIteGayl,ayebtuglaycUlKa)anleBalKWbegInsmtPaBkk rbs;ebtug .
32
kgkrNIEdlKanfbMEbktUclaybBal kgkrNIEdlmanfbMEbktUclaybBal
2-3 :PaBFn;rbs;fbMEbk
dUc)anGFib,ayBIxagelImkehIyGMBisarsMxan;rbs;fenAkgebtug karkMNt;PaBFn;rbs;fbM
EbkenAkgRbeTsnanamindUcKaeT eBalKWsBVfenHkarkMNt;PaBFn;rbs;fbMEbkCaBIrRbePT
1-maneQaHfa Los Angeles Abrasion Machine KWtMbUgeyIgykfbMEbkcak;cUleTAkgm:asuIn
enaH rYcehIyeyIgRtUvrg;caMkgryeBlmYy Edlm:asuInmanlTPaBdusxat; beFVIeGayfEbk)ak;
eRcInbtiteTAtamPaBFn;rbs;f . bnab;mkeyIgGacsegteXIjmanPaBxusKarvagmuneBldak;
kgm:asuIn nigykecjBIm:asuInmkvij . dUcenHeKGackMNt;PaKrynkarEbk)ak; nigPaBFn;rbs;
va)an. viFIenHeKniymeRbIenAkgRbeTsCb:un nigshrdGaemric.
2-manlkNxusBITImYy eBalKWfbMEbkRtUvdak;kgsuILaMgEdkmYy ehIydak;eGaysitenAkg
eRkamkMlaMgsgt;mYy .
- tMbUgfbRkYsRtUvErgsin
- bnab;mkkMNt;TMhMfbRkYsNamYy ( 5-10 , 10-20, 20-40, 40-70, 70-120.)
bnab;mkRtUvkMNt;TMhMrbs;suILaMgEdk m:akrbs;fbRkYs nigkMlaMgEdlRtUvsgt;dUcxageRkam
-fbMEbkbRkYsEdlmanTMhMtUc 5-10 , 10-20
- suILaMgman = 75 mm brimaNfbRkYs 0,50 k.g kMlaMgsgt; 5T
33
- fbMEbkbRkYsEdlmanTMhMFMCagxagelI
- suILaMgman = 150mm brimaNfbRkYs 4 k.g kMlaMgsgt; 20T
bnab;BIfbMEbkbRkYsEdlrgnUvkMlaMgsgt;eyIgeXIjfavaEbkCabMENktUc dUcenHeKGackMNt;
PaKrynkarEbk)ak;enaHtamrUbmnxageRkam
p
m m1
x100
m
m:asfbMEbkbRkYsmuneBlsgt; KitCa Rkam

m - m:asfbMEbkbRkYsenAesssl;BIkarErg KitCa Rkam
m
1
TMhMrbs;kERBagsMrab;RkYs bfbMEbk
5-10
10-20
TMhMfbMEbk bRkYsFMbMptu Ca mm
1,25
2,50
TMhMkERBagCa mm
m:akRkYsEdlsgt;kgsuILaMg
m:akRkYstamPaBFn; PaBFn; kgf / cm
M1000
M800
M600
M400
1000
800-1000
600-1000
400-1000
34
20-40
5.00
m:aksgt; p
PaKrynRkYs p %
p 8
p 12
p 14
p 16
>8,0 %
8-12
12-16
16-24
m:akRfbMEbkEdlsgt;kgsuILaMg
m:akftam PaBFn; m:aksgt;
PaKrynRfbMEbk p %
PaBFn; kgf / cm p
fbMEbk)anBIkMeTcfPM fbMEbk)anBIkMBBYkf)asal;
eBlst eBlesIm eBlst eBlesIm
2
M1200
M1000
M800
M600
M400
1200
1000-1200
800-1000
600-800
400-600
p 6
p 8
p 12
p 14
p 16
>6,0 %
7-8
9-12
13-14
15-24
>9,0 %
10-11
12-14
15-18
19-28
>16 %
17-20
21-25
26-34
-
>9,0 %
10-11
12-14
-
srubesckImkkareRbIR)as;xSac;
nigfbMEbkbRkYsKWmansarsMxan;Nas;enAkgkarbegInKuNPaBebtug eBalKWeFVIeGayebtugman
KuNPaBl nigCab;)anyUr .dUcenHkareRbIR)as;xSac; RkYs nigfbMEbkRtUveKarBeTAtambTdan
beckeTsEdl)anbgajxagelI ehIyeCosvagkareRbIR)as;bTdanxusbeckeTs .
35
ebtug
l,ayebtug
1-1 : KMnUsbMRBUjnkarlayl,ayebtug
I.
suIm:g;
ebtug
l,ayxab; Binder
Twk
xSac;
Aggregate
f bRkYs
KMnUsbMRBYjxagelIbgajBIsmasFatunanaenAkgl,ayebtug BIeRBaHfaebIkarkMNt;smasFatu
pSMrbs;ebtugmankarxusqg enaHvabNaleGay)at;bg;fvika nigbNaleGayKuNPaBebtugfy
cuH .
edaysarbeckviTamankareCOnelOnRbePTebtugRtUv)anbegIteGaymanlkNepSgKaeBal
KW
- Normal concrete
- High strength concrete
- Very High strength concrete
cMeBaH
Normal concrete
CaTUeTAersuIsg;kgkarsgt;manBI
36
10MPa
rhUtdl;
50MPa
ehIy
sMrab;
manBI 50MPa rhUtdl; 100MPa nigsMrab; Very High

strength concrete manBI 100MPa rhUtdl; 350MPa .
sMrab;ebtug Very High strength concrete BuMTan;)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAeLIyenAkgsMNg; cM
eBaHersuIsg;sgt;EdleKeRbIsBVfKW 150MPa dUcCaenAshrdGaemric nigCbu:nCaedIm.
1.2: Gayukalnebtug nigkareRCobTwk
ktaTaMgBIrxagelIenHmankarTak;TgnigKaxaMgNas; BIeRBaHfaRbsinebITMhMnkareRCobTwkenAkg
ebtugmankarekIneLIg enaHvabNaleGayGayuebtugfycuH . BIeRBaHfasmasFatuKImImYycMnYn
GacqgcUleTAkgebtug)antamrykareRCobTwkenHg EdlCaehtunaMeGaymanRbtikmKImIenA
kgebtug .
CaTUeTA\TiBlKImImanmkelIebtugdUcCa Sulphates , Chlorides EdlCaTUeTAmanenAkgTwksab
TwksmuT nigenAkgdI . smasFatuTaMgGs;enHEtgEtmanRbtikmy:agqab;rhsCamYysmas
FatupSMenAkusuIm:g;dUcCa Tricalcium aluminate nig Ca(OH) EdleFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuH.
BIeRBaHfakalNabrimaN Tricalcium aluminate eRcIn KuNPaBebtugkan;EtcuHfy . dUecHkgkar
eRCIserIsRbePTsuIm:g;KWCaRbkarcaM)ac;mYy dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIlfaetIsuIm:g;NaEdlGaceRbI)an?
kugkrNIenHeyIgRtUveRCIsyksuIm:g;RbePT
High strength concrete
Low heat Portland Cement

Sulphate resisting Portland Cement
eRBaHsuIm:g;TaMgBIrRbePTenHmanbrimaN Tricalcium aluminate tictYcNas; bu:EnsuIm:g:TaMgBIrenH

mantMlfbnic ehIykareRbIR)as;k_manlkNsKsajEdr ehIyk_KanRbsiTPaB 100%kgkar
Tb;Tl;eTAnigkareRCobcUlnsmasFatuKImIEdr .
1.3 :CMrabTwkenAkgebtug
mankta3y:agEdleFVIeGayTwkGacqgkatebtug)anKW
1-rnes<atrbs;ebtugekIneLIg EdlbNalmkBIkarbgab;min)anl bbNalmkBImansameRbH
enAkgebtugEdlbNalmkBIBBuHqa EdlpusecjBIpxageRkam ehIyCYnkalenAeBlbgab;
ebtug k_GacbNaleGaydac;l,ayBIKa EdlGacbegItCasamqa.
37
2-eRkamGMeBInkMedAeFVIeGayebtugrYj EdlbgeGaymansameRbHqa .
3-karekIneLIgnUvrnes<at bNalmkBIbrimaNTwkeRcInenAkgebtug EdlkgenaHvaTak;TgeTAnig
emKuNeRCobTwk EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnigpleFobnTwknigsuIm:g; W/C. eBalKWebIpleFob
enHkan;EtFM vabNaleGayemKuNeRCobTwkenHekIneLIgEdr pyeTAvijebIpleFobtUc emKuN
k_tUcEdr .
1.4 :PaBrYjnebtug
PaBrYjrbs;ebtugKWmansarsMxan;Nas; EdlGacsMKal;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtug BIeRBaHkareRbH
RsaMk_GacekItmaneLIgedaysarPaBrYjrbs;ebtugenHEdr.
)atuPUtenHekIteLIgedaysarmanbrimaNTwkeRcInhYskMNt;enAkgebtug bbrimaNTwkminRKb;
RKan;enAkgkarlay .edIm,Ikat;bnynUv)atuPUtenHcaM)ac;RtUveRbIR)as; Chemical Admixture
enAkgebtug BIeRBaHvaGackat;bnybrimaNTwkmYycMnYnFM eBalKWEFVIeGaybrimaNTwkticCagmun
b:uEnrkSaKuNPaBebtugdEdl .
TMnak;TMngrvagsuILaMg nigKUb
sBVfenHeKGacEckecjCaBIrRkumcMeBaHRbeTsEdlniymeRbIR)as;suILaMg nigKUb . RbeTsEdl
niymeRbIsuILaMgenaHdUcCashrdGaemric nigCbu:n cMENkRbeTsEdlniymeRbIKUbenaHKWRbeTs
sUevot sm<nmitshPaBsUevot nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot .
tamkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInbBaak;fa sMrab;fbMEbkEdlmanTMhMcab;BI 10-15mmRtUv)aneKniymeRbI
sMrab;; High strength concrete and Very High strength concrete manlkNlRbesIrCagfbMEbk
EdlmanTMhM 20mm .
1.5 :
38
kalBImunTMhMKUbnigsuILaMgmanTMhMxusKanaeBlbcb,n
RbePT
KUb
suILaMg
TMhMBImun
TMhMnaeBlbcb,n
150mm
150 mm
100mm
100mm
150mm
300 mm
100mm
200 mm
39
tamkarRsavRCavCaeRcIn)anbgajeGayeXIjfakareRbIKUbnigsuILaMgEdlmanTMhM
100mm
100mm nig 100mm
200 mmPaBFn;rbs;ebtug 5% manPaBx<s;Cag ebIeRbob
eFobeTAkareRbIR)as;KUbnigsuILaMgBImun .
tambTdanrbs;Gg;eKs BS 1881,)anbgajfaPaBFn;rbs;ebtugsMrab;KUbFMCagPaBFn;rbs;
suILaMgRbmaNBI 1,05 - 1,35 . CaTUeTAeKkMNt;)annUvrUbmnEdlbgajBITMnak;TMngrvagersuIsg;
sgt;rbs;KUbnigsuILaMgdUcxageRkam
X
19
Cub Strength = Cylinder Strength +
Cylinder Strength
20
Cylinder Strength = Cub Strength Cub Strength
sMParsMrab;ebtug
II .
sBVfenHebtugeKsegteXIjmanlkNKW
- Air concrete
- Non- Air concrete
sBVfenHkgRbeTseyIgeRbIR)as; Non- Air concrete sMrab;sMNg;RKb;RbePTTaMgGs; ehIy

EdlenAkgRbeTseCOnelOneKminniymeRbIeLIy. BIeRBaHfaebtugRbePTenHbgeGaymanbri
maNxl;tictYcNas;enAkgebtug ehIyCal,ayebtugEdlminmaneRbI Chemical admixture
eLIyCaBiesseTotenaHvabNaleGayKuNPaBebtugminGacFananUvPaBrwgmaM)anyUrGEgVgeLIy
dUcCaenAkgtMbn;EdlFak;Twkkk vakan;EteFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugcuHGn;fyy:agxaMgCagenA tMbn;
ekAeTAeTot.
40
cMeBaH Air concrete vijEdlsBVfenHmanRbeTsCaeRcInkMBugeRbI BIeRBaHfaebtugRbePT

enHpl;nUvKuNRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndUcCa
- )anbegInbrimaNxl;CaeRcInenAkgebtug edaysarkareRbI Chemical admixturekarbegIn
brimaNxl;enAkgebtug CamUlehtueFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugFana)anryeBlyUr eBalKWFana
)annUvral;)atuPUtTaMgLaydUcCaenAtMbn;RtCak; bMbn;ekA enAkgTwksab nigTwksmuTCaedIm.
- kat;bnynUvbrimaNTwk nigbrimaNsuIm:g;enAkgl,ayebtug ehIyrkSal,ayebtugeGayman
PaBTn;RCaylRbesIr.
- kat;bnynUvkarrYjrbs;ebtug
srubesckImkkareRbI Air concrete enHmanlkNRbesIrNas;sMrab;RKb;sMNg;TaMgGs; dUc
CaTMnb;Twk s<an GKarCaedIm .
II .
kgkrNIxSac;st
1-brimaNTwkenAkgebtug1m
3
edIm,IkMNt;brimaNTwkEdlRtUvykmkeRbIenAkg ebtug dMbUgeyIgRtUvsal;TMhMGtibrimarbs;f

bMEbkCamunsin
41
TMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNTwk nigTMhMfbMEbkcMeBaH Non- Air concrete
Slump, cm
10
12,5
Maximum size of coarse aggregate , mm

20
25
40
50
80
150
3-5
8-10
15-18
Air-entrainment
concrete, %
205
225
240
3
200
215
230
2,5
185
200
213
2
125
140
0,2
180
195
205
1,5
160
175
185
1
155
170
180
0,5
145
160
170
0,3
l,ayebtugenAEpknimYyrbs;sMNg;mindUcKaeT eBalKWEpkxHeKRtUveGayl,ayebtugRCay
bniceTAtamRbePTsMNg; eBalKWsMrutrbs;va Slump . cMeBaHTwkEdlykmkeRbIenAkgkar
lay dUcCaTwkm:asuIn TwkTen nigTwkGNgCaedIm. bu:EnTwkTaMgenaHminRtUvmanbrimaNGMbil
elIsBI 5000mg/l ehIysmasFatuKImIdUcCaBBYk sulphate minRtUveGayelIsBI 2700mg/l
ehIycMeBaHTwkswg Ten nigGNgminRtUveGaymankkreLIy .
2- brimaNsuIm:g;kgebtug 1m
edIm,IkMNt;brimaNsuIm:g; tMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;BIPaBFn;rbs;ebtugCamunsin bnab;mkeTIbeyIg

kMNt;pleFobrbs;TwknigsuIm:g;tamtarag xageRkam.
TMnak;TMngrvagPaBFn;rbs;ebtug nigpleFobTwk-suIm:g;
Water
Cement ratio , %
ersuIsg;kgkarsgt;
sMrab;ebtugEdlKanssEdk sMrab;ebtugEdlmanBBuHxl;
ryeBl28fKitCa MPa
40
35
30
25
20
15
42
47
54
61
69
79
39
45
52
60
70
3-brimanxSac;kgebtug 1m
edIm,IkMNt;brimaNxSac;kgebtug tMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;brimaNsrubrvagxSac;nigfbMEbkCamunsin
EdleyIgtageday a . vaGaceGayeyIgsMKal;)annUvPaKryrbs;xSac; nigfbMEbkEdlmanenA
3
42
kgebtug1m tamtaragxageRkam
2
Fine modulus
of fine aggregate,
mm
2,40
2,60
2,80
3,00
10
12,5
046
0,44
0,42
0,40
0,55
0,53
0,51
0,49
Maximum size of coarse aggregate ,mm

20
25
40
50
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,70
0,68
0,66
0,64
0,76
0,74
0,72
0,70
0,79
0,77
0,75
0,73
80
150
0,84
0,82
0,80
0,78
0,90
0,88
0,86
0,84
ehIyeKGacKNnatamrUbmn
W
a = 1-
1000 pc 1000
AIR %
100
Edl W-m:asTwkCa Kg
C- m:assuIm:g;Ca Kg
Air PaKryrbs;xl; Ca
%
pc - Specific gravity of cement
bnab;BIeyIgkMNt; maDrbs; Aggregates rYcehIyeyIgGackMNt;brimaNxSac;)antamrUbmn

xageRkam
S / a 100
S = ps a
100
Edl
pS Specific gravity of Sand
maDrbs; Aggregates
S/a pleFobrvagxSac;nigfbMEbk%
a -
43
pleFobrvagxSac;nigfbMEbkmansarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;bBaak;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtugeBalKWvaman
TMnak;TMngCamYynigbrimaNTwk nigbrimaNxl;enAkgebtug .
TMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNxl;enAkgebtug Twk nigpleFobxSac;nigfbMEbk
Maximum size of
coarse aggregate ,
mm
15
20
25
40
AE-Concrete
AE-Water reducing admixtures
High performance water reduce
admixture
AirWater
Sand
AirWater Sand
content
Kg /m3
aggregate
content
Kg /m3 aggregate
%
ratio %
%
ratio %
7,0
180
47
7,0
170
48
6,0
175
44
6,0
165
45
5,0
170
42
5,0
160
43
4,0
165
39
4,5
155
40
cMNaM lTplrbs;taragenH bgajBIkarBiesaFn_elIxSac;Edlman F.M = 2,80 pleFob

W/C =55 % ehIysMrutrbs;ebtug 8cm .
4-brimaNfbMEbkbRkYskgebtug 1m
eRkayBIeyIgkMNt;brimaNTwk suIm:g; nigxSac;rYcehIyenaH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;brimaNfbMEbk
EdlRtUvykmklayebtugtamrUbmnxageRkam
3
G =pGa 100 Sa / 100100
pG Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
RkYsbfbMEbkEdlykmkeRbIenAkugebtug KWRtUvmanbrimaNTwkminelIsBI 2 % eLIy BIeRBaHebI

manTwkeRcIneBkenAkgf enaHbNaleGay KuNPaBebtugfycuH ehIypleFob W/C )anekIn
eLIgxusBIkareRKagTuk .
44
karBiesaFn_ebtug
manBiesaFn_BIrsMxan;EdleKRtUveFVIeTAelIebtugKW
1- Slump test :
karBiesaFn_enHcg;bgajBIsmtPaBkargarrbs;ebtug . smtPaBkargarKWcg;niyayGMBIlkN
gayRsYlnebtugEdlGac
- cak;)an
- eFVIclna)an
- bgab;)an
- rMlIg)an
]bkrN_BiesaFn_
1-ekaNsg;daEdlmankMBs; 300mm mat;elI 10mm nig)ateRkam 200mm
2-Rbdab;cUk
3-r)aEdk Edlmanmuxkat; 16mm nigRbEvg 600mm .
4-bnat;Edk
5-Rbdab;ekorebtug
6- bnHEdkEdlmanTMhM 500 x 500 mm .
III .
45
vIFIBiesaFn_
- sMGatekaN nigepSImedayTwk dak;bnHekaNenAxageRkamekaN
- QreGaynwgenAelITMrekaNehIycak;ebtugbBalekaN1/3nekaNehIybukbgab;edayr)aE
dk25dg.
- cak;bMeBjebtugcUl 2/3 nekaNehIybukbgab;edayr)aEdk25dg.
- cak;bMeBjebtugeGayeBjekaNrYc ehIybukbgab;edayr)aEdk25dg.
- sMGatebtugEdlenACuMvijekaN
- dkekaNyWtedayFanamineGayrMkildl;ebtugviPaKeLIy.
- RkLab;ekaNehIydak;enACitnigebtugviPaK ehIyykr)aEdkmkdak;elIekaN.
- vas;sMrut Slump
- RbsinebIebtugRsutcuHeRCAeBkKWminGacTTYlyk)aneT.
46
47
karBiesaFn_edaysgt;
karBiesaFn_edaysgt;KWbgajBIkMlaMgsgt;elIebtugrwg eRkayBIkarkkrwgkgryeBl 7 b
28f. karBiesaFn_enHRtUveFVIkgmnIrBiesaFn_ .
48
]bkrN_
1-suILaMgEdlmanTMhM 100 x 200
2-Eb:lcUk
3-r)aEdkmUl
4-Edkekor
5-bnHEdlRTsuILaMg
viFIBiesaFn_
- sMGatBum<edaylabeRbgm:asuInefIrelIpxagkg ehIyyksuILaMgeTAdak;elIbnHEdk
- cak;ebtug 1/2nsuILaMgbnab;mkbgab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn25dg
- cak;ebtugbMeBjsuILaMgbgab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn25dg
- sMGatebtugecjBIsuILaMg dak;pakeGay)anRtwmRtUv rYcykeTATukkEngRtCak; kgryeBl
24em:ag eTIbeFVIkaredaHBum< ehIyykeTArkSaRtaMTwkTukkgGagsk eTAtamtMtUvkar.
- bnab;mkeTIbykduMebtugeTAsgt;edaym:asuInrhUtdl;ebtugenaHEbk)ak; .
49
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
I.
lkNTUeTAn CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :
lkNTUeTAn CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES vamanlkNxusEpkBITwk suIm:g; xSac;nigRkYs .

ADMIXTURE CaGgFaturavEdlpSMBIsm:asFatuKImIepSgCaeRcIn . ADMIXTURE vaman
lkNdUcCaeRbgsMrab;layedIm,IeGayebtugmanPaBTn;RCayl nigbegInbrimaNxl;enAkg
ebtug edImI,eGaymanKuNPaByUrGEgVg Fn;nig)atuPUtFmCatidUcCaenAkEngEdlmansuItuNPaB
RtCak;CaedIm .dUcenH ADMIXTURE maneRcInRbePTNas; ehIymantYnaTItMrUveTAtamkareRbI
R)as;EdlmanlkNepSgKa .
eKalbMNgnkaeRbIR)as; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES KW
- snSMsMcfvika edaykarkat;bnybrimaNsuIm:g; begInPaBFn;nebtug nig eFVIeGayebtug
manPaBTn;RCayl .
-karbegInnUvKuNPaBrbs;ebtug
- kat;bnynUvPaBeLIgBBuH
- eFVIeGayfbMEbknigl,aysuIm:g;layKacUl)anl
- kat;bnyCMrabTwk
- kat;bnyPaBrYjrbs;ebtug
-GaceRbIR)as;)anenARKb;TIkEng
50
II .
RbePTn CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :
1- WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES :
kgkrNIEdlebtugBuMmaneRbI WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES enaHva)anpl;nUvKuNvibt

mYycMnYndUcCa
- manbrimaNTwk nigsuIm:g; eRcInenAkgl,ayebtug
- KuNPaBfycuH
- manbrimaNxl;enAkgebtugmantictYcbMput
- ebtugRbePTenHminGaceRbI)anRKb;sanPaBeLIy
- ebtugminsUvmanPaBTn;RCay
dUcenHedIm,IedaHRsaybBaaTaMgGs;enH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveRbIR)as;nUvsarFatuCMnYy CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES dUcCa WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES CaedIm BIeRBaHkareRbIR)as;vaenA
kgebtugva)anpl;nUvKuNsm,tidUcCa
- kat;bnybrimaNTwk nigsuIm:g; EdlRtUveRbI
- KuNPaBebtugekIneLIg
- brimaNxl;enAkgebtugekIneLIg
- ersuIsg;ebtugekIneLIgEdlGaceRbIkg high strength concrete)an
- ebtugRbePTenHGaceRbI)anRKb;sanPaB
- ebtugmanPaBTn;RCayl
2. REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :
cMeBaH. REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES eRbIsMrab;BnaeBlnPaBTn;RCayrbs;

l,ayebtug. ehIyebtugFmtaGaceRbI REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
k_)anEdr bu:EnvaBuM)anpl;sarRbeyaCn_BiessGVIeLIy BIeRBaHvamanbrimaNTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVI
51
eGayebtugkkrwgkgryeBlyUr. edayELkcMeBaH high strength concrete b very high

strength concrete vijeBlxHkareRbI REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
mansarRbeyaCn_Nas;.
3. ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES :
eRbIR)as;kgeKalbMNgedIm,IbegInel,Onnkarkkrwgrbs;
ebtug . eyIgsegteXIjfasarsMxan;nkareRbIR)as;sma:sFatuenH KWPaKeRcInenAtMbn;RtCak;
BIeRBaHfal,ayebtugmingaynigkkkgsanPaBEdl suItuNPaBeRkamsUn ehIyCaBiessva
CYybegInPaBFn;dl;ebtugkgkarEbk)ak; bxUcxateRkam\TiBlnPaBRtCak;xaMg.
ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES
4. AIR ENTRAINER :
tYnaTIrbs; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES enHmansarRbeyaCn_eRcInNas;sMrab;ebtug . BI

eRBaHkareRbIR)as; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES )anbegInnUvBBuHxl;litqaltUc CaeRcIn
EdleKehAfa AIR ENTRAINMENT enAkgebtugEdlCaktalbMputsMrab;begInKuNPaBeb
tug. sarRbeyaCn_nbrimaNxl; ( AIR ENTRAINMENT ) EdlmanenAkgebtugmandUc
teTA
- begInbrimaNBBuHxl;enAkgebtug
- begInPaByUrGEgVgrbs;ebtug
k_bu:EnebImanbrimaNBBuHxl;eRcInhYskMNt;eFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuHeTAvijeT .
5. SUPERPLASTICIZERS :
cMeBaH
ADMIXTURES
-
eKeRbIkgebtugedIm,Ikat;bnybrimaNTwk. cMeBaH CHEMICAL

RbePTenHeKniymeRbIR)as;edIm,IplitebtugmYycMnYndUcCa
SUPERPLASTICIZERS
Flow concrete
High strength concrete
Very High strength concrete
ehIysarRbeyaCn_rbs; SUPERPLASTICIZERS KW
- begIt Flow concrete EdlCaRbePTl,ayebtugEdlmin)ac;eFVIkarbgab;enAeBlcak; EdleK
niymeRbIR)as;kgsMNg;TUeTA .
52
- begIt High strength concrete nig Very High strength concrete edaysarbrimaNsuIm:g;eRcIn
elIslub ehIybrimaNTwktictYc EdltMrUveGayeRbI SUPERPLASTICIZERS laybBaleTA
kgebtug .
- Tb;Tl;nigPaBrYjrbs;ebtug sMNg;mYycMnYnRtUvkarsMrutebtugEdlmanTMhMFM edIm,ImanPaB
gayRsYlkgkarbgab;. ebtugRbePTenHtMrUveGaymanbrimaNTwkeRcIn edIm,IeFVIeGayl,ayman
PaBTn; k_bu:EnvabgeGaymanPaBrYjFMenAkgebtug.
dUcenHkardak;brimaNTwkeRcInenAkgebtugeFVIeGay fycuHnUvKuNPaBrbs;va ehIybegIteGay
manPaBrYjrbs;ebtugFM.
edIm,IbM)at;nvU bBaaxagelIenHKWmanEt SUPERPLASTICIZERS EdlGackat;bnybrimaNTwk
nigPaBrYjnebtug.
sMrab;ebtug
sMrab;bUk
sMrab;bnybrimaNTwk
53
karBiesaFn_sMeNImFmCati
1- ]bkrN_
- kMbu:gEdlmanbg;elx
- CBaIgeGLicRtUnicEdlmankMritlMeGog 0,01 g
- TUsMgYt
2-viFIsaRskgkarBiesaFn_
- fwgm:as;kMbu:gtageday m
- kat;dIFmCatidak;cUleTAkgkMbu:gehIyfwgtageday m
- ykkMb:ugnigdIEdlfwgehIydak;cUleTAkTUsMgYteRkamsIutuNPaB
105 C TukkgryeBl 24 h .
edIm,IKNnarksMeNImFmCatieyIgRtUv
- dkykdIecjBITUsMgYtfgw m:as;rbs;vaehIytageday m dUcenHsMeNImFmCatiesI
nig
0
W=
m1 m2
100 , %
m 2 m0
54
BiesaFn_bnSMPaKlitenxSac;
Sand Equivalent
eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_ edIm,IrkbnSMpaKlitEdlmanenAkgxSac; .
enAkgkarBiesaFn_rkbnSMPaKlitenHCaTUeTAeyIgGaceFVI)antamBIrviFIKW
- BiesaFn_edayeRbI]bkrN_ Sand Equivalent Shaker
- BiesaFn_edayeRbI]bkrN_ Sieve Shaker
rebobeFVIBiesaFn_
1- ]bkrN_BiesaFn_
- m:asuInRkLkxSac; Sand Equivalent Shaker
- bMBg;RkitCr
- bnat;Edk
2- sMParsMrab;BiesaFn_
- sUluysg Glycerol
- xSac; 120 g
3- viFIsaRskgkarBiesaFn_
- cak;sUluysg cUleTAkgbMBg;Rkit dl;samRkitTI1
- fwgxSac; 120 g ehIycak;cUleTAkgbMBg;Rkit
- TukkgryeBl10 mn edIm,IegaysUluysgkat;sm<nrbs;dI
- ykqkCrcukbMBg;RkiteGayCab; ehIycab;Pab;CamYym:asuIn ehIyRkLk
1 mn .
- bnab;mkTukeGayrgkgryeBl 20 mn .
55
- vas;kMBs;xSac; nigkMBs;srub edayeRbIbnat;Edk

eyIgKNnarkPaKryrbs;xSac; nigdI\d tamrUbmn ES = Hh
h
- kMBs;xSac;
H total - kMBs;srub
sand
100 , %
Edl
total
sand
dUecHPaKryrbs;dI\d = 100 % - PaKryrbs;xSac;EdlKNnaeXIj
56
karBiesaFn_xSac;edayeRbI Sieve analysis

eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_ eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_rbs;eyIgKW edIm,IKUExS
ekag nPaKrysrubEdlqgkat;kERBagnimYy .
1-]bkrN_ BiesaFn_
- kERBagEdlmanGgt;pitdUcxageRkam
-
d = 9.50 mm
d = 4.75 mm
d = 2.36 mm
d = 1.18 mm
d = 0.6 mm
d = 0.30 mm
d = 0.15 mm
d = 0.075 mm
- ]bkrN_ErgdIedayeRbIcrnGKIsnI Sieve
- CBaIg
- TUsMgYt
2- rebobBiesaFn_
- ykxSac;eTAlagelIkERBagEdlmanGgt;pit d = 0,075 mmrhUtTal;
EtTwkfa
- ykxSac;eTAsMgYtedaydak;kgTUsMgYt ryeBl 24hkugsuItuNPaB105 c
- tMerbkERBageTAtamlMdab;
- cak;xSac; 500 g EdlsMgYtehIyelIkERBag elIeK
- cab;Pab;kERBagTaMgenaHeTAnig]bkrN_Erg
- fwgm:as;xSac;EdleTIenAelIkERBagnimYy
57
3-karKNna nigsg;ExSekag
- m:as;eTIsrub
- PaKryeTIsrub
- PaKryRCuHsrub
bnab;BI)anlTpl RtUvbBaleTAkgtaragxageRkam
kERBag m:as;eTIelIkERBag m:as;eTIsrubelI PaKryeTIsrub PaKryRCuHsrub
Camm nimYyCa g
kERBagnimYyCag CaPaKry
CaPaKry
d
9.50
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.30
0.15
0.075
58
dg;suIetrbs;suIm:g;
eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_ edIm,Irkdg;siIetrbs;siIm:gt_.
1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_
- EkvRkitv:UlUem:nUEm:Rt
- CBaIgeGLicRtUnic
2-sMParsMrab;BiesaFn_
- eRbgkat
- siIum:gt_ 60 g
3-viFIsaRskgkarBiesaFn_
- cak;eRbgkatcUleTAkg EkvRkitv:UlUem:nUEm:Rt eyIg)anmaD V EdlmantMl
CaelxGviCman enAeRkamRkittMruy. ehIypwgm:as;rbs;vatageday m
- cak;suiIm:gt_cUlrhUtdl;;eRbgkateLIgdl;RkitxagelI dUcrUb kt;RtamaDrbs;
tageday V rYcfwgma:s;rbs;vatageday m
1
4- karKNna
karKNnarkdg;suIetrbs;su:m:g;t_GnuvttamrUbmn
c
M 2 M1
V2 V1
cMNaM karBiesaFn_enHpl;lTpllNas; . bu:EneKRtUvkMNt;suItuNPaB Rtwm 20 c

RbsinebI suItuNPaBelIsBIenHGacmanPaBlMeGog eRBaHmaDrbs;vaERbRYleTAtam
suItuNPaB .
sMKal; eKcak;eRbgkateGaydl;nIv:URkitsUn enAeBlenaH V = 0 EteKBi)akkgkarcak
;eRbgkateGayenARtg;nIvU:Rtg;sUnNas;. cMeBaH V KWCamaDEdlbgajenAelIEkvRkit.
0
59
karKNnarkm:asmaDrbs;xSac;
eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_
1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_
- EkvEdlmancMNuH 1L
- CBaIgeGLicRtUnic
- xSac;
- fwgma:s;Ekvtageday m
- cak;xSac;cUleTAkgEkveGayeBjcMNuH1L ehIyfwgm:as;vatageday m
1
4-karKNna
karKNnarkm:as;maDxSac;GnuvttamrUbmn
sand m2 m1 , kg
60
karKNnarkm:asmaDrbs;f
eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_
1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_
- EkvEdlmancMNuH 1L
- CBaIgeGLicRtUnic
- f 1x 2
- fwgma:s;Ekvtageday m
- cak;f;cUleTAkg EkveGayeBjcMNuH1L ehIyfwgm:as;vatageday m
1
4-karKNna
karKNnarkm:as;maDfGnuvttamrUbmn
sand m2 m1 , kg
61
karBiesaFn_rk
Slump
ebtug
eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_ edIm,IrksMrutrbs;ebtug
1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_
1-ekaN GaR)aham Abraham
2-Eb:lcUk
3-r)aEdkmUl
4-Edkekor
5-bnHEdlRTekaN
vIFIBiesaFn_
- sMGatekaN nigepSImedayTwk dak;bnHekaNenAxageRkamekaN
- QreGaynwgenAelITMrekaNehIycak;ebtugbBalekaN1/3nekaNehIybukbgab;edayr)aE
dk25dg.
- cak;bMeBjebtugcUl 2/3 nekaNehIybukbgab;edayr)aEdk25dg.
- cak;bMeBjebtugeGayeBjekaNrYc ehIybukbgab;edayr)aEdk25dg.
- sMGatebtugEdlenACuMvijekaN
- dkekaNyWtedayFanamineGayrMkildl;ebtugviPaKeLIy.
- RkLab;ekaNehIydak;enACitnigebtugviPaK ehIyykr)aEdkmkdak;elIekaN.
- vas;sMrut Slump
- RbsinebIebtugRsutcuHeRCAeBkKWminGacTTYlyk)aneT.
62
RbLgqmas
muxviCa sMParsMNg;
63
ryeBl 2 em:ag
1-etIPaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarGaRsyelIktaGVIxH ? cUrGFib,ay .
2-etIeRKOgbgMGVIxHEdlrgnUvbnk saTic nig DINamic ? cUrGFib,ay .
3- cUrbMeBjbEnmGtnyxageRkam
ebI max > R naMeGayeRKOgbgM ------------------- ?
ebI R > max naMeGayeRKOgbgM ------------------- ?
ebI R = max naMeGayeRKOgbgM ------------------- ?
4-cUrGFib,ayGMBIKuNsm,ti nig KuNvibti rbs;suIm:gt_TaMgR)aMRbePT .
5-etIkarsikSa sMParsMNg; manplRbeyaCn_GVIxH dl;viCaCIvsMNg; ?
sUmCUnBrsMNagl !
RbLgqmas
64
muxviCa sMParsMNg;
ryeBl 2 em:ag
1-etIPaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarGaRsyelIktaGVIxH ?
2-etIeRKOgbgMGVIxHEdlrgnUvbnk saTic nig DINamic ?
3-dUcemcEdlehAfa Aggregates ?etI AggregatesEckecjCabu:nanRbePT ?GVIxH ?cUrGFib,ay.
4-etIsuIm:g;eQaHGVIEdlFn;nigsmasFatu Chloride nig Sulfate?
5-etIkarsikSaGMBIsMParsMNg;edIm,IGVI ?
6-cUrKNnabrimaN
- \dtan;
- suIm:g;
- xSac;
- Twk
RbsinebIeKRtUvkarerobCBaaMg EdlmanTMhM 4 10 m ( \d10 ) ebIeKdwgfakarcMNayl,ayenA
kgkarerob\d10kg 1m Gs; 0,026m edayeRbIm:akl,ay M 75 .
x
sUmCUnBrsMNagl !
65
66
67
sMNYrRtYtBinit
68
muxviCa sMParsMNg;
1-etIsuIm:g;manbu:nanRbePT ?GVIxH ? cUrGFib,ayGMBIlkNBiess nRbePTsuIm:g;nimYy.
2-RbsinebIeKcg;dwgGMBIk:akrbs;suIm:g; etIeKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcemcxH ?
3-dUcemcEdlehAfa Aggregates ?
4-cUrKUresm:ankarpSMrbs;ebtug .
5-cUrGFim,ayGMBIlkNTUeTAnfbEM bk ( coarse aggregate ) .
sMNYrRtYtBinit
muxviCa sMParsMNg;
1-etIsuIm:g;manbu:nanRbePT ?GVIxH ? cUrGFib,ayGMBIlkNBiess nRbePTsuIm:g;nimYy.
2-RbsinebIeKcg;dwgGMBIk:akrbs;suIm:g; etIeKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcemcxH ?
3-dUcemcEdlehAfa Aggregates ?
4-cUrKUresm:ankarpSMrbs;ebtug .
5-cUrGFim,ayGMBIlkNTUeTAnfbEM bk ( coarse aggregate ) .
69
karlayl,ayebtug
I.
1-1
l,ayebtug
KMnUsbMRBYjnkarlayl,ayebtug
suIm:g;
ebtug
Twk
xSac;
f bRkYs
l,ayxab; Binder
70
Aggregate
prepared
by Hem sokchan
edaysarbeckviTamankareCOnelOnRbePTebtugRtUv)anbegIteGaymanlkN
epSgKaeBalKW
- Normal concrete
- High strength concrete
- Very High strength concrete
cMeBaH Normal concrete CaTUeTAersuIsg;kgkarsgtm; anBI 10MPa rhUtdl;50MPa

ehIysMrab; High strength concrete manBI 50MPa rhUtdl; 100MPa nigsMrab;
Very High strength concrete manBI 100MPa rhUtdl; 350MPa .
sMrab;ebtug Very High strength concrete BuMTan;)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAeLIyenAkg
sMNg; cMeBaHersusI g;sgt;EdleKeRbIsBVfKW 150MPadUcCaenAshrdGaemric nig
Cbu:nCaedIm.
Gayukalnebtug nigkareRCobTwk
CaTUeTA\TiBlKImImanmkelIebtugdUcCa Sulphates , Chlorides EdlCaTUeTAman
enAkgTwksabTwksmuT nigenAkgdI .
smasFatuTaMgGs;enHEtgEtmanRbtikmy:agqab;rhsCamYysmasFatupSMenAkg
suIm:g;dUcCa Tricalcium aluminate nig Ca(OH) EdleFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuH.
BIeRBaHfakalNabrimaN Tricalcium aluminate eRcIn KuNPaBebtugkan;EtcuHfy
. dUecHkgkareRCIserIsRbePTsuIm:g;KWCaRbkarcaM)ac;mYy dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIlfaetI
1.2:
71
suIm:g;NaEdlGaceRbI)an?kugkrNIenHeyIgRtUveRCIsyksumI :g;RbePT
- Low heat Portland Cement
- Sulphate resisting Portland Cement
eRBaHsuIm:g;TaMgBIrRbePTenHmanbrimaN Tricalcium aluminate tictYcNas; bu:EnsuIm:g;

TaMgBIrenHmantMlfbnic ehIykareRbIR)as;k_manlkNsK sajEdr ehIyk_Ka n
RbsiTPaB100%kgkarTb;Tl;eTAnigkareRCobcUlnsmasFatuKImIEdr .
1.3 :CMrabTwkenAkgebtug
mankta3y:agEdleFVIeGayTwkGacqgkatebtug)anKW
1-rnes<atrbs;ebtugekIneLIg EdlbNalmkBIkarbgab;min)anlbbNalmkBI
mansameRbHenAkgebtugEdlbNalmkBIBBuHqa EdlpusecjBIpxageRkam
ehIyCYnkalenAeBlbgab;ebtug k_GacbNaleGaydac;l,ayBIKaEdlGacbegtI
Casamqa.
2-eRkamGMeBInkMedAeFVIeGayebtugrYj EdlbgeGaymansameRbHqa .
3-karekIneLIgnUvrnes<at bNalmkBIbrimaNTwkeRcInenAkgebtug EdlkgenaHva
Tak;TgeTAnigemKuNeRCobTwk EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnigpleFobnTwknigsuIm:g;
W/C. eBalKWebIpleFobenHkan;EtFM vabNaleGayemKuNeRCobTwkenHekIneLIg
Edr pyeTAvijebIpleFobtUc emKuNk_tUcEdr .
1.4 PaBrYjnebtug
PaBrYjrbs;ebtugKWmansarsMxan;Nas; EdlGacsMKal;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtug BI
eRBaHkareRbHRsaMk_GacekItmaneLIgedaysarPaBrYjrbs;ebtugenHEdr.
)atuPUtenHekIteLIgedaysarmanbrimaNTwkeRcInhYskMNt;enAkgebtug b
brimaNTwkminRKb;RKan;enAkgkarlay .edIm,Ikat;bnynUv)atuPUtenHcaM)ac;RtUveRbI
72
R)as; Chemical Admixture enAkgebtug BIeRBaHvaGackat;bnybrimaNTwkmYycMnYn

FM eBalKWEFVIeGaybrimaNTwkticCagmun b:uEnrkSaKuNPaBebtugdEdl .
1.5 :TMnak;TMngrvagsuILaMg nigKUb
sBVfenHeKGacEckecjCaBIrRkumcMeBaHRbeTsEdlniymeRbIR)as;suILaMg nigKUb
. RbeTsEdlniymeRbIsuILaMgenaHdUcCashrdGaemric nigCbu:ncMENkRbeTsEdl
niymeRbIKUbenaHKWRbeTssUevot sm<nmti shPaBsUevotnigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot.
tamkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInbBaak;fa sMrab;fbMEbkEdlmanTMhmcab;BI 10-15mm
RtUv)aneKniymeRbIsMrab;; High strength concrete and Very High strength concrete
manlkNlRbesirCagfbMEbkEdlmanTMhM 20mm .
kalBImunTMhMKUbnigsuILaMgmanTMhMxusKanaeBlbcb,n
RbePT
KUb
suILaMg
TMhMBImun
TMhMnaeBlbcb,n
150mm
150 mm
100mm
100mm
150mm
300 mm
100mm
200 mm
tamkarRsavRCavCaeRcIn)anbgajeGayeXIjfakareRbIKUbnigsuILaMgEdlmanTMhM
100mm X 100mm nig 100mm X 200 mmPaBFn;rbs;ebtug 5%
manPaBx<s;Cag ebIeRbobeFobeTAkareRbIR)as;KUbnigsuILaMgBImun .
tambTdanrbs;Gg;eKs BS 1881,)anbgajfaPaBFn;rbs;ebtugsMrab;KUbFMCagPaB
Fn;rbs;suILaMgRbmaNBI 1,05 - 1,35 . CaTUeTAeKkMNt;)annUvrUbmnEdlbgajBI
TMnak;TMngrvagersusI g;sgt;rbs;KUbnigsuILaMgdUcxageRkam
19
Cub Strength = Cylinder Strength +
73
Cylinder Strength
20
Cylinder Strength = Cub Strength Cub Strength
CaTUeTAxSac;manTMhMepSgKaEdlGacbMEbkecjCa 4RbePT
- xSac;RbePTFM Edlman F.M > 2.50
- xSac;RbePTFMmFm Edlman F.M = 2.20 - 2.50
- xSac;ht; Edlman F.M = 1.00 2.00
- xSac;manTMhMtUcEmnETnEdlman F.M = 1.00 1.50
kMNt;sMKal; F.M = ( Fine modulus )
74
cMNat;fak;nxSac;
sMNg;TUeTA s<an GKar TYrENl
daEm:trbs;kERBagCa
PaKryEdlRCuH %
mm
10
5
2.5
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.15
100
90-100
80-100
50-90
25-65
10-35
2-10
75
BiesaFn_xSac;eday Sieve Shaker

eKalbMNgnkarBiesaFn_ enAkgkarBiesaFn_enHKWeyIg cg;)annUvcMNat;fak;rbs;xSac; .
1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_
- kERBagtamlMdab;
-
d = 9.5 mm
d = 4.75 mm
d = 2.0 mm
d = 0.85 mm
d = 0.425 mm
d = 0.106 mm
d = 0.075 mm
- m:asuInErgxSac; Sieve Shaker

- TUsMgYt
2-sMParBiesaFn_
- xSac; 500g
- eyIgykxSac; 500g dak;kg kERBagEdlman 0.075 mm ehIyykeTAlageGaysatrhUtTwk
eLIgfa .
- ykxSac;eTAsMgYtenAkgTUsMgYtryeBl 24h eRkamsuItuNPaB 105 C .
- ykxSac;eTAcak;enAelIkERBagEdlerobCaesrI rYccab;Pab;eTAnigm:asuIn .
- eRkayBIkarErgeyIy fwgm:as;EdleTIenAtamkERBag rYcbBaleTAkgtaragxageRkam
76
taragsrublTplsrubnkarBiesaFn_
Sieve size
( mm )
Masse Retain
(g)
Masse Retain
total( g )
Percentage
Retaining total
%
Percentage
Passing total %
9.5
4.75
2.0
0.850
0.425
0.250
0.106
0.075
kMNt;cMNaM
KWCam:as;EdleyIgTTYl)anenAelIkERBagnimYy
Masse Retain total KWCam:as;EdleyIgTTYl)anBIkarbUkbBalKa nm:as;elIkERBagnimYy
Masse Retain
Percentage Retaining total =
x 100 , %
Percentage Passing total = 100 % - Percentage Retaining total , %
77
78

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viTasanCatibNHbNalbeckeTs

karrIkcMerInnsMParsMNg; enAkgkarsagsg; sMParnimYy eKRtUvkareRbI

prepared by Hem sokchan

KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl eFVIeGaykMedAfycuH bmineFVIeGaykMedAPayeTA

- sMParkarBarCMrabTwk KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl karBareRKOgbgMrbs;

prepared by Hem sokchan

KWCasMParsMNg;TaMgLayNa EdleKeRbIR)as; sMrab;kargarlMG nigCYykarBarGKar

sMNg;GKarKWCasMng;TaMgLayNaEdlbMerIeGay karrs;enA karsikSa BaNiCkm nig kEnglMEh

sMNg;]sSahkmEtgEtTak;TgeTAnig KMeragbeckeTsx<s;kgplitkm .RkumhunkCnEtgEt

prepared by Hem sokchan

ral;RbePTsMNg;TaMgGs;suTEt RtUv)ankMNt;BIryeBlnkarbMerIkargar (PaBrwgmaMrbs;

prepared by Hem sokchan

cMNat;fak; nigkarTamTar cMeBaHsMParsMNg;

prepared by Hem sokchan

KWCaeRKOgTMrrbs;GKar EdlmanParkicRTeRKOgbiT)aMgTaMgGs; rbs;

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

enAkgRbeTseCOnelOn nigRbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDn_ eKniymeRbIR)as;sMParsMNg;CaeRcIn

1mpa 10bars 10,2kgf / Cm 2

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

enAqaM 1824 elak Josept Aspdin )anRsavRCavnigplit Portland Cement CaelIk

prepared by Hem sokchan

x-dMeNIrkarplitst KWCadMeNIrkarN_plitedaykinEr:st TaMgenaHeday minepSImTwk .

dUcEdl)anbBaak;rYcmkehIyfa suIm:g; Portland pSMeLIgeday

prepared by Hem sokchan

1-1 RbePT n suIm:g; Portland :

prepared by Hem sokchan

kgdI nigTwkCaedIm ehIyCaTUeTAsuIm:g;RbePTenHmantMlefak CagsuIm:g;RbePT2 ehIy

prepared by Hem sokchan

RbePTTI V Low Heat Portland cement :

dUc)anbgajenAkgtaragxagelIrYcmkehIyGMBIsmasFatuKImIenAkgsuIm:g; EdlbegtI eGayman

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

x- PaBTn;RCayrbs;suIm:g; RtUvsitenAkglkxN BI 106 mm 115mm eBalKW

- bnab;mkRtUvcak;l,aysuIm:g;eTAkg]bkrN_EdlmanTMhM 40 x 40 x160 mm dUcbgajkugrUb

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

Ordinary Portland Cement

Moderate heat Portland Cement

Low heat Portland Cement

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

I . Fine aggregate ( sand )

1-1 lkNTUeTArbs;xSac; xSac;CasmasFatupSMy:agsMxan;EdlmantYnaTIbegInPaBCab;sit

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

RTg;RTay mansarsMxan;Nas;edIm,IbegInPaBsitCab;rvagl,aynigfbMEbk. cMeBaHrUbrag

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

m:asfbMEbkbRkYsmuneBlsgt; KitCa Rkam

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan

prepared by Hem sokchan