Practice 13.

9
Use nodal analysis: node 1: (60 V1 ) / 4 = I1 + (V1 V3 ) / 8

Find V o
1 2

node 2: (V1 V2 ) / 8 + (V2 V3 ) / 2 = V3 / 8

If both I1 , I 2 enter or both leave the dotted terminals, use n If both V1 , V2 are + or at the dotted terminals, use + n

Substitute (1) into (2): (60 V1 ) / 4 = V3 + 2V1 + (V1 V3 ) / 8 120 = 19V1 + 7 V3 V3 = 7 V1 / 6 (4) (5) ( ) (V1 V3 ) / 8 + (2V1 V3 ) / 2 = V3 / 8

At transformer terminals V2 = 2V1 and I 2 = I1 / 2 I 2 = (V2 V3 ) / 2 = I1 / 2 so, I1 = (V3 V2 ) / 1 = V3 + 2V1

UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Chapter 13.5 Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

From (4) and (5): 120 = 10.833V1 V1 = 11.077 V V3 = 7 V1 / 6 V3 = 12.923 V Vo = V1 V3 Vo = 24 V

Week 1 1-1

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23
AC Circuits Chapter 14.1 Frequency Response
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 3nd ed., by Alexander and Sadiku, (McGraw Hill, 2007) 14.1-4

UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

Week 1

1-2

Homework and Lab

HW10 (ABET problem on 3-Phase Circuits) due Wednesday December 1. HW11 (Magnetic Circuits & Freq. Response) due Monday December 6 HW12 (Freq. Response and Bode Plots) due Monday December 13 (corrected in class) All HW except Assignment 12 must be turned in by December 10 if you want credit! Homework passes will not be given beyond this date date. Lab exam practice this week (11/29-12/3) Lab exam next week (12/6-12/10) Please be present for last day of class 12/13
UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Week 1 1-3

Final Wednesday Dec 15 @ 1 PM Here LH7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. *Units Nodal analysis Mesh analysis First order transient response Second order initial condition Second order transient response Steady-state AC circuit Op-Amp * AC Power 14 problems @ 10 points each 100 points maximum The exam will be divided into 2 sections 6 problems on new material, 8p problems on old material. You will have to earn 40 points (or more) on new problems All homework and labs must be turned in by Friday Dec 10 to receive credit in final grade Homework 10% Labs 20% Exam #1 15% Exam #2 20% Final 35%

10. *Bode Plot 11. *Magnetic Coupling 12. *Transformer 13. *Simple filter problem 14. My choice
UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

Grade Center scores on Blackboard ARE NOT WEIGHTED!

Week 1 1-4

Transfer Function
Transfer function H(w) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of a phasor output Y (w) to a phasor input X (w)

H ( ) =
Vo ( ) Vi ( ) I o ( ) I i ( )

Y( ) N( ) X( ) D( )

Voltage gain = Current gain =

V V A A

H ( ) = H ( ) H ( ) = ( z1 )( z2 )...( zm ) ( p1 )( p1 )...( pn )

V ( ) V Transfer Impedance = o = [ ] H ( zi ) = 0 [ N ( zi ) = 0] I i ( ) A I ( ) A = [ ] p1 , p2 ,..., pn are poles of H ( ) Transfer Admittance = o Vi ( ) V H ( p ) = [D( z ) = 0]

i i
Chapter 14.2 Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008
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z1 , z2 ,..., zm are zeros of H ( )

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Synthesis and Analysis

Synthesis is the process of designing a circuit with the desired characteristics (in this case, frequency response) Analysis is the process of computing or estimating the characteristics of a known circuit. Almost all of what we have done so far is analysis!

UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

Week 1

1-6

Practice 14.1
Obtain the transfer function Vo / Vs
j L Vo ( ) ZL = = = H ( ) Vs ( ) Z L + Z R R + j L R units? 1 Let 0 = = L -sec sec j / 0 j ( / 0 )[1 j ( / 0 )] j L / R H ( ) = = = 1 + j L / R 1 + j ( / 0 ) 1 + ( / 0 ) 2 H ( ) =
H ( ) = H ( ) =

/ 0
1 + ( / 0 )
2

,=

tan 1 ( / 0 )

= 0 H = 0;
This is a standard form!
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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

= 90
1 ; 2
Week 1

H = 1; = 0 = 0 H = = 45
1-7

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Passive Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others
H (0) = 1 H () = 0 H (0) = 0 H ( ) = 1

Low-pass filter

High-pass filter

H (0) = 0 H () = 0

H ( 0) = 1 H ( ) = 1

Chapter 14.7 UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems

Band pass filter

Band stop filter

Week 1 1-8

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8 of 20

Limitations of Passive Filters

Passive filters consist of resistors, inductors, and capacitors

1. Passive elements can not add energy to the network; therefore Gain of a passive filter is always less than 1

2. Passive filters usually require bulky and expensive inductors

3. Passive filters perform poorly at frequencies below the audio frequency range (300 Hz < f < 3000 Hz)

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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Chapter 14.7 Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Week 1 1-9

Low-pass Filter

Voltage Divider

H ( ) = =

V0 1/ jC = Vi R + 1/ jC 1 1 + j RC
1 1 + ( RC ) 2

H ( ) = H ( ) =

Cutoff (rolloff) frequency C H (C ) = 1/ 2 = 0.707 1 , s = j , = RC C = RC 1 H( s) = 1 + s

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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Week 1 20 10 of 1-10

High pass Filter

H( ) = V0 R j RC = = Vi R + 1/ jC 1 + j RC

Note: H (0) = 0, H () = 1 RC H ( ) = 1 + ( RC ) 2 Cutoff (rolloff) frequency C H (C ) = 1/ 2 = 0.707 C = s = j , H( s) =

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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

1 RC

= RC
s 1 + s
Week 1 1-11

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Practice 14.2

Obtain the transfer function Vo / I i Find its zeros and poles Common substitution: s = j
Vo ( s ) 1 = 5 + || (3 + 2 s ) Zeros are: ( s + 2 )( s + 1.5 ) = 0 s /10 Ii (s) z1 = 2, z2 = 1.5 (5 + 10 / s )(3 + 2 s ) 2 = Poles are: s + 4s + 5 = 0 5 + 10 / s + 3 + 2 s 4 16 20 5 p1,2 = = 2 j ( s + 2 )( 2 )( s + 1.5) 2 s = R (5 + 3) 2 2 = = = 2 / sec 2L 2 2H ( 4s + 5 + s ) s 1 0 = = 5>2 5( s + 2)( s + 1.5) LC Zi ( s ) = 2 s1,2 = 2 0 s 2 + 4s + 5 Zi ( s ) =
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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

= 2 4 5 = 2 j

Week 1

1-12

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First-Order Active Filter

Selection of the components Zi and Z f determines the filter property (One of them has to be reactive reactive, a C or L) 1 R2 || Vo jC = H ( ) = VS R1

R2

=
R1
C

R R2 / jC R1 R2 + 1/ jC R2 1 R1 1 + j R2C R2 1 , 0 = 1/ RC R1 1 + j / 0
Week 1 1-13

Vs = A cos t

=
VO

=
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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

13 of 20

Example (Synthesis) Design a single-pole passive high-pass filter with C 2 30 Hz.

What is the gain at = 2 90 Hz? at 2 150 Hz? Single pole filter, filter two options: RL or RC. RL filter, take the output voltage to be across the inductor. 1 R 2 but 10 mH is 2.2" 1.2", and the smaller 0 = = = 60 / sec L 10 mH we make L, the smaller we have to make R. Not a good answer. RC filter, take the output voltage across the resistor 1 1 , 0.1 F is 2mm 1.25mm 0 = 60 / sec 50k 0.1 F RC
UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Week 1 1-14

H ( ) = =

V0 j RC = Vs 1 + j RC

j / 200 rps jf / 31.8 = = H( f ) 1 + j / 200 rps 1 + jf / 31.8 f / 31.8 31 8 H( f ) = 1 + ( f / 31.8) 2 f = 90 Hz, H ( f ) = 0.9428 f = 150 Hz, H ( f ) = 0.9782

R = 50 k, C = 0.1 F
1 |H(f)| 0.5 0

50 f in Hz

100
1-15

150

UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

Week 1

Series Resonance (1)

Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely resistive impedance (at a specific frequency)

Z = H ( ) =

Vs 1 = R + j L + I jC

At resonance: 1. Z = R is purely resistive 2 Vs and I are in phase, 2. phase pf = 1 3. The magnitude of H ( ) is maximum 4. The voltage of the inductor and the capacitor can be more than that of the source
Chapter 14.5 Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved
UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

1 Z = R + j L C Resonance occurs at 0 , when Im(Z) = 0 L 1 0C = 0 resonance frequency f 0

0 =

1 rad/s LC 1 2 LC Hz
Week 1 1-16

f 0 = 0 2 =

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Series Resonance (2)

+ vL

1 Z = R + j L C = Z Z Z = R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2 ,

+ vC

0 = 1

LC , Z = R, Z = 0

Z = tan 1
I = Vs Z = I I

L 1 C
R

V Vs VL = s ( j0 L), VC = R R( j0C ) V VL = m 0 L QVm R Vm VC = = QVm R(0C ) Q = 0 L R = 1 (R0C ) R Q

Chapter 14.5 Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved
UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

= (Vm Z ) (V Z )

I=I = VL =

Vm Vm = Z R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2

Vs Vs ( j L), VC = Z Z( jC )
Week 1 1-17

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Series Resonance (3) Average power dissipated by an RLC circuit:

2 P( ) = 1 2 I R = 2 1 Vm R 2 Z ( ) 2

H lf maximum Half i power dissipation di i i at 1 , 2 P(1 ) = P (2 ) = 1 Vm / 2 = R 2

2 1 1 Vm P (0 ) = 2 2 2R 2

1 ( 0.707Vm ) = R 2

1 1 voltage or current power 2 2

Z (1 ) = Z (2 ) = 2 R Z (1,2 ) = R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2 = 2 R

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UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved.

Week 1

1-18

18 of 20

Series resonance (3a)

Z (1,2 ) = R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2 = 2 R R 1 = + 2L R + 2 = 2 L 1 R + 2 L LC 1 R + 2 L LC
2 2

1 1 voltage or current power 2 2

1 1 voltage or current power 2 2

0 = 12 0 1 2 0 B = 2 1 bandwidth

UMBC ENEE423 Communication Systems Course Notes E F C LaBerge, 2008 All rights reserved. Portions Copyright Prentice, Hall, Inc. All rights reserved

Week 1

1-19

Series Resonance (4) Bandwidth B = FWHM = 2 1 = R L

Quality factor Q = 2 max E stored in the circuit E dissipated in one period at resonance In a series RLC circuit
1 2 2

2 f 0 L 0 L LI 2 = = 1 R ( 2 RI ) (1/ f0 ) R Resonant circuit L 1 Q= 0 = characterized by five R 0CR related parameters: R 2 B = = 0 = 0 CR , , , B, Q 1 2 0 L Q For a high-Q circuit (Q 10) Q = 2

1 0 B / 2, 2 0 + B / 2
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10