Humerus Arm Anatomical Neck Arm

Innervation Netter Plate
Structure Region System (what it Blood Supply Origin / Insertion Action Clinical Correlation
innervates) #'s
humerus -
arm Skeletal 420, 421
anatomical neck
Lateral side of distal humerus

humerus - capitulum arm Skeletal and articulation point for the 420, 421
head of the radius.
Anterior fossa just above the

humerus - trochlea for coronoid process
coronoid fossa of ulna to articulate with
during full flexion of the elbow
Lateral tuberosity where
humerus -
deltoid inserts, approximately
deltoid arm Skeletal 420, 421
at the midpoint of the
tuberosity
humerus.
3 of 4 rotator cuff muscle
humerus - tendons insert here—
greater tubercle supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
and teres minor
Articulate with glenoid fossa.

humerus - head arm Skeletal Directed upward, medially, 420, 421
and posteriorly
humerus –
intertubercular arm Skeletal 420, 421
(bicipital) sulcus
The common extensor origin is the site of
pain in individuals lateral epicondylitis
Point of origin for extensors (commonly called “tennis elbow”). It is
humerus -
(including supinator), often thought to primarily be a chronic overuse
lateral arm Skeletal 420, 421
called the common extensor injury with any motions causing repetitive
epicondyle
origin wrist extension and/or forearm supination.
Pain is often worst 1-2 cm distal to the
lateral epicondyle.
Projects anteriorly from
humerus - lesser humerus, insertion site for the
tubercle subscapularis muscle of the
rotator cuff
Point of origin for flexors and Medial epicondylitis (commonly called
humerus -
pronator teres. Ulnar nerve “little league elbow” or “golfer’s elbow”) is
medial arm Skeletal 420, 421
runs in a groove behind this due to repetitive motions causing wrist
epicondyle
structure flexion and/or forearm pronation.
Posterior fossa on back side
distal humerus for olecranon
humerus -
arm Skeletal process of ulna to articulate 420, 421
olecranon fossa
with during full extension of
the elbow
humerus - radial
groove
between the
humerus -
arm Skeletal tubercles and common site of fracture 420, 421
surgical neck
shaft
Spool-shaped or pulley-like;
humerus -
arm Skeletal articulates with proximal end 420, 421
trochlea
(trochlear notch) of ulna
basilic vein arm Vascular 429, 479, 480
used to take blood pressure readings. It is

palpated and traced to the cubital fossa,
brachial artery arm Vascular 429, 433, 473
and the bell of the stethoscope is placed
over this spot
PICC lines (peripherally inserted central
catheters) are one way of administering
cephalic vein arm Vascular 429, 479, 480
chemotherapy, iv nutrition (TPN), and long-
term antibiotics.
profunda brachii
(deep brachial) arm Vascular 429
artery
branch of
triceps brachii upper humerus (longitudinal) /
arm - extension Muscular Radial (C7) profunda brachii chief extensor of forearm 431-433
m. - lateral head olecranon of ulna
a.
chief extensor of forearm;
branch of
triceps brachii lateral border (superior) resists dislocation of humerus
arm - extension Muscular Radial (C7) profunda brachii 431-433
m. - long head humerus / olecranon of ulna (especially important during
a.
abduction)
branch of
triceps brachii lower half & upper medial
arm - extension Muscular Radial (C7) profunda brachii chief extensor of forearm 431-433
m. - medial head humerus / olecranon of ulna
a.
biceps brachii Musculocutaneo branches of supraglenoid tubercle (neck of supinates forearm and, when
arm - flexion Muscular 431-433
m. - long head us (C5,C6) brachial a. scapula / radial tuberosity supine, flexes forearm
biceps brachii Musculocutaneo branches of coracoid process / radial (see long head); also resists
arm - flexion Muscular 431-433
m. - short head us (C5,C6) brachial a. tuberosity dislocation of shoulder
radial recurrent distal half of humerus / ulnar flexes forearm in all positions
Musculocutaneo
brachialis m. arm - flexion Muscular a., branches of tuberosity and coronoid (strongest flexor of the elbow 431-433
us (C6)
brachial a. process joint)
muscular helps flex shoulder and adduct

coracobrachialis Musculocutaneo coracoid process / medial,
arm - flexion Muscular branches of arm; resists dislocation of 431-433
m. us (C6) middle of humerus
brachial a. shoulder
supplies skin of
the upper
intercostobrachi medial and
axilla / shoulder Innervation 429, 430
al nerve posterior
aspects of the
arm
anterior – humeral flexor,
anterior and posterior
lateral third of clavicle, spine medial rotator; middle –
posterior circmflex, deltoid
deltoid m. axilla / shoulder Muscular and acromion of scapula / humeral abductor; posterior – 423-429
branches of branch of
deltoid tuberosity of humerus humeral extensor, lateral
axillary (C5-C6) thoracoacromial
rotator
Inferior posterior surface of inferior
circumflex adducts and medially rotates
teres major m. axilla / shoulder Muscular Subscapular angle of scapula / medial lip of 174-177
scapular arm
(C6-C7) intertubercular groove
clavicle axilla / shoulder Skeletal 419-423
coracoacromial
axilla / shoulder Skeletal 419-423
ligament
coracoclavicular
ligament
glenoid labrum axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421

scapula -
acromion axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421
process
scapula -
coracoid process
scapula -
glenoid cavity
scapula -
infraspinous axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421
fossa
scapula - spine axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421
scapula -
suprascapular axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421
notch
scapula -
supraspinous axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421
fossa
superior
over the suprascapular notch
transverse
axilla / shoulder Skeletal of the scapula. Nerve runs 423, 425, 427
scapular
under, vessels over
ligament
anterior humeral
circumflex axilla / shoulder Vascular
artery
from lateral border of the 1st rib as
427, 429, 433,
axillary artery axilla / shoulder Vascular continuation of subclavian a., ending at
434
inferior border of the teres major
axillary vein axilla / shoulder Vascular 429
lateral thoracic
axilla / shoulder Vascular 427, 429, 434
artery
posterior
humeral 427, 429, 432,
axilla / shoulder Vascular
circumflex 434
artery
subclavian
artery
subclavian vein axilla / shoulder Vascular 429
subscapular
artery
suprascapular
axilla / shoulder Vascular 427, 429
artery
thoracoacromial
axilla / shoulder Vascular 427-429, 434
artery
thoracodorsal
artery
Space between the vertically
running long and lateral heads
Quadrangular Traversed by posterior circumflex humeral
axilla / shoulder of the triceps brachii and the
Space artery and axillary n
horizontally running teres
minor and major.
trapezius,
accessory nerve
back Innervation stemocleidomas
(CN XI)
toid m.
bilaterally: extend vertebral
(from medial-->lateral) - semispinalis,
erector spinae back Muscular column and head; unilaterally: 174-177
longissimus, iliocostalis
laterally flex vertebral column
spinous processes of T7-T12, extends, adducts, medially

latissimus dorsi Thoracodorsal thoracolumbar fascia, iliac rotates humerus; raises body
back Muscular thoracodorsal a. 174-177
m. (C6-C8) crest, and inf 3 ribs / floor of toward arms during climbing;
intertubercular groove scapular depression
posterior tubercles of
transverse elevates scapula and tilts its
levator scapulae Dorsal Scapular transverse processes of C1-C4
back Muscular cervical a., dorsal glenoid cavity inf by rotating 174-177
m. (C3,C4,C5) / med border of scapula
scapular a. scapula
superior to root of spine
clavicular head - ant surface of
adducts and medially rotates
med ½ of clavicle sternocostal
pectoral branch of humerus; in isolation,
Medial and head: ant surface of sternum,
pectoralis major thoracoacromial clavicular head flexes
back Muscular Lateral Pectoral superior 6 cartilages, 174-177
m. a., internal humerus; in isolation,
(C5-T1) aponeurosis of external
thoracic a. sternocostal head extends
oblique mm / lateral lip of
humerus
intertubercular groove
R3-5 near costal cartilages / stabilizes scapula by drawing
pectoralis minor Medial Pectoral
back Muscular same as pec. maj. med and superior coracoid it inferiorly and anteriorly 174-177
m. (C8-T1)
process against thoracic wall
spinous processes of T2-T5 / retract scapula and rotate it to

rhomboid major Dorsal Scapular
back Muscular dorsal scapular a. medial border of scapula from depress glenoid cavity; fix 174-177
m. (C5)
level of spine to inferior angle scapula to thoracic wall
nuchal ligament, spinous

rhomboid minor Dorsal Scapular processes of C7-T1 / smooth
back Muscular dorsal scapular a. same as major 174-177
m. (C5) triangular area at medial end
of scapular spine
external surfaces of lateral protracts scapula and holds

serratus Long Thoracic
back Muscular lateral thoracic a. parts of R1-8; anterior surface against thoracic wall; rotates 174-177
anterior m. (C5-C7)
of medial border scapula scapula upward
serratus anterior rami of
posterior back Muscular T9 to T12 spinal depress ribs 174-177
inferior m. nerves
serratus
2-5th intercostals
posterior back Muscular elevate ribs 174-177
n
superior m.
laterally flex neck and rotate
posterior rami of head to side of active muscles
splenius m. back Muscular 174-177
spinal n acting together: extend head
and neck
medial 1/3 of superior nuchal
line, external occipital protub,
Spinal Root of transverse elevates / ascending:
nuchal ligament, spinous
trapezius m. back Muscular Accessory Nerve cervical a., dorsal depresses / middle or all parts 174-177
processes of C7-T12 / lateral
and C3-C4 scapular a. together retracts scapula
1/3 of clavicle; acromion and
spine of scapula
Innervates the
glenohumeral Get stabbed in the quadrangular space and
joint, deltoid, you won’t be able to abduct. You’ll also 429, 430, 432,
axillary nerve brachial plexius Innervation
teres minor, skin have loss of sensation over the lateral 477
of superolateral aspect of the deltoid m.
arm
rhomboids and
dorsal scapular
brachial plexius Innervation sometimes 429, 430, 477
nerve
levator scapulae
lateral cord of
brachial plexius Innervation 429, 430
brachial plexus
lateral pectoral
brachial plexius Innervation Pectoralis major 429, 430
nerve
The serratus anterior m. inserts on the
anteromedial aspect of the scapula. It
functions to protract the scapula (ie: pull it
anteriorly as with a punch) and also to fix
the scapula against the thoracic wall. When
long thoracic
brachial plexius Innervation serratus anterior the long thoracic nerve is cut, winging of 429, 430
nerve
the scapula occurs. The manifests as a
protrusion of the medial border of the
scapula, especially with flexion of the
shoulder and with resistance (ie: flex at
both shoulders and push against a wall)
lower Inferior portion

subscapular brachial plexius Innervation of subscapularis 429, 430
nerve and teres major
lower trunk of
brachial plexus
medial cord of
brachial plexus
Sensory nerve to
medial
posteromedial 429, 430, 433,
cutaneous nerve brachial plexius Innervation
side of the lower 473,
of arm
1/3 of the arm
medial Sensory nerve to

429, 430, 433,
cutaneous nerve brachial plexius Innervation medial aspect of
472, 473,
of forearm forearm arm
medial pectoral Pectoralis minor

nerve and major
Muscles of anterior forearm

compartment (except flexor
429, 430, 433,
carpi ulnaris and ulnar ½ of
median nerve brachial plexius Innervation see ---> 465, 472, 473,
flexor digitorum profundus);
475
five intrinsic mm. in thenar
half of palm and palmar skin
middle trunk of
brachial plexus
m. of anterior compartment of
musculocutaneo arm (coracobrachialis, biceps 429, 430, 433,
brachial plexius Innervation see --->
us nerve brachii, and brachialis); skin of 472, 473, 474
lateral aspect of forearm
posterior cord of
brachial plexus
posterior compartments of
arm and forearm; skin of
429, 430, 432,
posterior and inferolateral
radial nerve brachial plexius Innervation see ---> 433, 472, 473,
arm, posterior forearm,
477, 478
dorsum of hand lateral to
middle of the fourth digit
supraspinatus
suprascapular travels under the superior
brachial plexius Innervation and 429, 430, 477
nerve transverse scapular ligament.
infraspinatus
thoracodorsal
brachial plexius Innervation latissimus dorsi 429, 430
nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar
half of flexor digitorum
429, 430, 433,
profundus (forearm); most
ulnar nerve brachial plexius Innervation see ---> 465, 472, 473,
intrinsic muscles of hand; skin
476
of hand medial to midline of
4th (ring) finger
upper
superior part of
subscapular brachial plexius Innervation 429, 430
subscapularis
nerve
upper trunk of
brachial plexus
sternum - body chest Skeletal Narrower, middle portion 419
sternum -
chest Skeletal Superior 419
manubrium
sternum - Superior to the manubrium
suprasternal chest Skeletal and between the medial ends 419
(jugular) notch of the clavicles
sternum -
chest Skeletal inferior 419
xiphoid process
Posterior posterior surface of ulna,
abductor pollicis forearm - posterior
Muscular interosseous radius, and interosseous abducts and extends thumb 445
longus m. extention interosseous a.
(C7,C8) memb / base of metacarpal I
lat epicondyle of humerus / lat assists triceps in extending
forearm - deep brachial surface of olecranon and forearm; stabilizes elbow joint;
anconeus m. Muscular Radial (C7-T1)
extention artery superior part of posterior may abduct ulna during
surface of ulna pronation
extensor carpi
forearm - Deep branch of radial and radial common extensor tendon / extends wrist and abducts
radialis brevis Muscular 441
extention radial (C7,C8) recurrent arteries promixal 3rd metacarpal hand
m.
extensor carpi anteriorolateral, distal
forearm - radial and radial extends wrist and abducts
radialis longus Muscular Radial (C6,C7) humerus / proximal 2nd 441
extention recurrent arteries hand
m. metacarpal
Posterior common extensor tendon,
extensor carpi forearm - posterior extends wrist and abducts
Muscular interosseous middle ulna / proximal 5th 441
ulnaris m. extention interosseous a. hand
(C7,C8) metacarpal
Posterior
extensor digiti forearm - posterior common extensor tendon /
Muscular interosseous extends little finger 441
minimi m. extention interosseous a. distal & middle 5th phalange
(C7,C8)
Posterior extends index, middle, ring,
extensor forearm - posterior common extensor tendon /
Muscular interosseous and little fingers; assists in 441
digitorum m. extention interosseous a. distal & middle 2-4 phalanges
(C7,C8) wrist extension
medial,distal ulna &
Posterior
extensor indicis forearm - posterior interosseous membrane / extends proximal phalanx of
Muscular interosseous 445
m. extention interosseous a. middle and distal 2nd index finger
(C7,C8)
phalange
Posterior
extensor pollicis forearm - posterior distal radius & interosseous / extends proximal phalanx of
brevis m. extention interosseous a. proximal 1st phalange thumb
(C7,C8)
Posterior
extensor pollicis forearm - posterior middle ulna & interosseous / extends distal phalanx of
longus m. extention interosseous a. distal 1st phalange thumb
(C7,C8)
laterodistal humerus / styloid
brachioradialis
forearm - flexion Muscular Radial (C5-C7) radial recurrent a. process of radius (most flexion of elbow joint 446
m.
laterodistal part)
flexor carpi common flexor tendon / flexes hand, assists in

forearm - flexion Muscular Median (C6,C7) radial a. 446
radialis m. proximal 1,2 metacarpals abduction
Ulnar nerve runs along medial aspect of
the arm and under the muscle belly of the
extensor carpi ulnaris. It can become
common flexor tendon & entrapped at this level in “cubital tunnel
flexor carpi posterior ulnar proximal posterior ulna / flexes hand, assists in syndrome”, which can occur when a person
forearm - flexion Muscular Ulnar (C7-T1) 446
ulnaris m. recurrent a. pisoform, hook of hamate, adduction sleeps with their hand near the level of the
lateroproximal 5th metacarpal head and the elbow flexed. The flexion
pinches the nerve causing
numbness/tingling and paralysis after
waking.
anterior
medially - Ulnar
flexor digitorum interosseous a., anteromedial, proximal ulna / flexes distal phalanges; assists
forearm - flexion Muscular (C8,T1); laterally 448
profundus m. branches of ulnar distal 2-5 phalanges in hand flexion
- Median (C8,T1)
a.
humeroulnar head, common flexes middle and proximal
flexor digitorum ulnar and radiol
forearm - flexion Muscular Median (C7-T1) flexor tendon, proximal radius phalanges; assists in hand 446
superficialis m. arteries
/ middle 2-5 phalanges flexion
Anterior
medial radius & interosseous
flexor pollicis interosseous anterior
forearm - flexion Muscular membrane / distal 1st flexes phalanges of thum 448
longus m. branch of interosseous a.
phalange
median (C8,T1)
palmaris longus posterior ulnar common flexor tendon / flexes hand and tenses palmar
forearm - flexion Muscular Median (C6,C8) 446
m. recurrent a. palmar aponeurosis fascia
Anterior
pronator forearm - interosseous anterior
Muscular distal ulna / distal radius pronates forearm 440
quadratus m. rotators branch of interosseous a.
median (C8,T1)
superior to medial epicondyle
pronator teres forearm - anterior ulnar & common flexor tendon / pronates forearm, assists in
Muscular Median (C6,C7) 446
m. rotators recurrent a. middle anterior border of flexion
radius
radial recurrent & lateral epicondyle (humerus) &
forearm - Deep radial
supinator m. Muscular posterior proximal posterior ulna / supinates forearm 440, 445
rotators nerve (C5,C6)
interosseous a. proximal anterior radius
Anterior Interosseous Syndrome A nerve
entrapment which produces a
characteristic deficit with pincer grasp due
flexor pollicis longus, lateral
anterior to weak flexion of the DIP of the thumb and
branch of the ½ of the flexor digitorum
interosseous forearm / hand Innervation the first two fingers. The AIN has no 475
median nerve profundus, and the pronator
nerve cutaneous sensory fibers like the median
quadratus
nerve proper, and therefore does not
produce numbness and tingling when
compressed.
2 branches to
common digital thumb, 1 branch
forearm / hand Innervation 475
nerve each to 2,3,4
digits
Sensory nerve to
lateral
the lateral
cutaneous nerve forearm / hand Innervation 472, 474
aspect of the
of the forearm
forearm
Branch off of the radial nerve,
pierces the supinator muscle
posterior and innervates most of the
interosseous forearm / hand Innervation see ---> extensor muscles in the 473, 478
nerve forearm (except anconeus,
brachioradialis, and extensor
carpi radialis longus)
Sensory nerve branches off of
medial and ulnar cutaneous
branches. Ulnar to the medial
proper digital
forearm / hand Innervation see ---> 1 ½ fingers, median n. to the 472, 473
nerve
palmar surfaces and dorsal
surfaces of the finger tips of
the lateral 3 ½ digits
recurrent branch
of the median forearm / hand Innervation thenar muscles 473
nerve
superficial cutaneous sensation to the
branch of the forearm / hand Innervation see ---> dorsal parts of the first 3 ½ 472, 473, 478
radial nerve digits, except distal phalanges
Strong band of fibers wrapping

prevents radial head If a babysitter lifts a child by the wrist with
around the head (proximal
annular subluxation the arm extended and pronated, the radial
forearm / hand Skeletal part) of the radius, attaching to
ligament (partial/incomplete head can sublux (partially dislocate from
the anterior and posterior
dislocation) the annular ligament).
aspects of the ulna
capitate b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456
In general, osteoarthritis is more likely to

affect the DIP and PIP joints, while
rheumatoid arthritis more classically
affects the MCP and PIP joints. This is easy
distal
to remember as osteoarthritis affects
interphalangeal forearm / hand Skeletal 458
people further along in life (ie: PIP and DIP
joint (DIP)
are the two more distal joints), while
rheumatoid arthritis affects people earlier
in life (ie: MCP and PIP are the two more
proximal joints).
distal phalanx forearm / hand Skeletal 456
The ulnar nerve travels into the hand by

passing over the flexor retinaculum and
through Guyon’s (or the “ulnar”) canal
hammate b. forearm / hand Skeletal between the hamate and pisiform bones. 453, 445, 456
Thus fractures of the hamate can cause
numbness and weakness of the little and
half of the ring fingers.
Because the the radius has a
more significant articulation The fibers of the interosseous membrane
with the carpals at the wrist run obliquely and transfer energy from the
interosseous Fibrous membrane between joint, forces are transmitted radius to the ulna, and thus onto the
forearm / hand Skeletal 439
membrane the radius and ulna. from the hand to the radius. humerus. This more effectively disperses
The ulna has a more axial forces from the hand to the forearm,
significant articulation than and to the humerus.
the radius at the elbow joint.
lunate b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456
metacarpal forearm / hand Skeletal 456

metacarpophala
ngeal joint (MP)
middle phalanx forearm / hand Skeletal 456
pisiform b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456
proximal
interphalangeal forearm / hand Skeletal 458
joint (PIP)
proximal
phalanx
proximal end, articulates with
radius - head forearm / hand Skeletal 439, 450, 451
capitulum of lateral humerus
medial aspect of the proximal
radius - radial
forearm / hand Skeletal radius, insertion site for biceps 439, 450, 451
tuberosity
brachii tendon
lateral projection on distal end

radius - styloid
forearm / hand Skeletal of the radius, insertion point 439, 450, 451
process
for the brachioradialis
60% of carpal bone fractures are scaphoid

scaphoid b. forearm / hand Skeletal fractures; failure to diagnose these 453, 455, 456
fractures can lead to avascular necrosis
trapezium b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456
trapezoid b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456
triquetrum b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456
ulna - coronoid
forearm / hand Skeletal 439, 450, 451
process
ulna - olecranon
process
ulna - styloid
process
anterior
interosseous forearm / hand Vascular
artery
common digital
forearm / hand Vascular 460
artery
common
interosseous forearm / hand Vascular 434
artery
deep palmar
arch
median cubital communication between

forearm / hand Vascular 479, 480
vein cephalic and basilic v.
posterior
interosseous forearm / hand Vascular 434
artery
proper digital
artery
radial artery forearm / hand Vascular 465
superficial
palmar arch
ulnar artery forearm / hand Vascular 460
proximal metacarpals /
interosseous m. Deep branch of
hand Muscular deep palmar arch proximally at proximal 460
- dorsal I to IV ulnar (C8,T1)
phalanges
proximal metacarpals /
interosseous m. Deep branch of
hand Muscular deep palmar arch proximally at proximal 439
- palmar I to III ulnar (C8,T1)
phalanges
extends index and middle
superficial and
lumbrical m. I flexor digit. profundus tendon / fingers at interphalangeal
hand Muscular Median (C8,T1) deep palmar 463
and II lateral side of phalanges joints; flexes meta-
arches
carpophalangeal joints 1 and 2
extends ring and little fingers
superficial and
lumbrical m. III Deep branch of flexor digit. profundus tendon / at interphalageal joints; flexes
hand Muscular deep palmar 463
and IV ulnar (C8,T1) lateral side of phalanges meta-carpophalangeal joints 3
arches
and 4
Fibrous sheath over the dorsal aspect of
extensor the forearm, just proximal to the hand. It
hand 468-470
retinaculum holds the tendons of the extensor muscles
in place as the muscles contract.
This is partially cut in surgery for carpal

flexor forms the roof over the carpal
hand tunnel syndrome, in order to relieve the 447, 454
retinaculum tunnel
increased pressure in the carpal tunnel.
palmar
hand 446, 454, 480
aponeurosis
pisiform b, tendon of flexor
abductor digiti
hand - Deep branch of deep palmar carpi ulnaris / medial side of
minimi (quinti) Muscular abducts little finger 465, 476
hypothenar ulnar (C8,T1) branch of ulnar a. base of proximal phalanx of
m.
little finger
flexor digiti flexor retinaculum and hook of
hand - Deep branch of deep palmar flexes proximal phalanx of
minimi (quinti) Muscular hamate b. / proximal 5th 465, 476
hypothenar ulnar (C8,T1) branch of ulnar a. little finger
m. phalanx
opponens digiti flexor retinaculum and hood of
hand - Deep branch of deep palmar draws metacarpal V forward to
minimi (quinti) Muscular hamate bone / medial border 465, 476
hypothenar ulnar (C8,T1) branch of ulnar a. face thumb
m. of metacarpal V
Recurrent flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, abducts; also assists

abductor pollicis superficial palmar
hand - thenar Muscular branch of and trapezium b. / lateral side opposition and extensionof 465, 475
brevis m. branch of radial a.
median (C8,T1) of proximal phalanx of thumb thumb
Froment’s sign: Have a patient try to hold a
piece of paper between their thumb and
the side of the index finger with the hand
flat. Try to pull the paper away from the
oblique head – bases of patient, and if they resort to flexing the DIP
metacarp’s II and III; capitate of the thumb to hold the paper, then this is
adductor pollicis Deep branch of
hand - thenar Muscular deep palmar arch and trapezoid bb / medial side adducts and flexes thumb a positive Froment’s sign. (The flexor
m. ulnar (C8,T1)
of base of proximal phalanx of pollicis longus is innervated by the anterior
thumb interosseous nerve, a branch of the median
nerve. Therefore, this muscle can
compensate by flexing to make of for lost
adduction with lost adduction.
Recurrent flexor retinaculum and
flexor pollicis superficial palmar flexes proximal phalanx of
hand - thenar Muscular branch of trapezium b. / lateral proximal 465, 475
brevis m. branch of radial a. thumb
median (C8,T1) 1st phalanx
Recurrent flexor retinaculum and
opponens superficial palmar draws metacarpal I forward
hand - thenar Muscular branch of trapezium b. / lat side of 465, 475
pollicis m. branch of radial a. and medially
median (C8,T1) metacarpal I
Tested by having patient fix elbows at their
externally rotates humerus; sides with elbows bent to 90o, and then
Suprascapular infraspinous foss / greater
infraspinatus m. rotator cuff Muscular suprascapular a. help hold humeral head in having patient externally rotate against 423-429
(C5-C6) tubicle (humerus)
glenoid cavity of scapula resistance. (Same test is used for teres
minor)
medially rotates and adducts
Subscapular (C5- subscapular a., subscapular fossa / lesser
subscapularis m. rotator cuff Muscular arm; helps hold humeral head 423-429
C7) lateral thoracic a. tubicle (humerus)
in glenoid cavity
helps to initiate first 10
supraspinatus Suprascapular supraspinous fossa / greater
rotator cuff Muscular suprascapular a. degrees of abduction and 174-177
m. (C5-C6) tubicle (humerus)
helps deltoid with abduction
Posterior branch
circumflex lateral border, scapular / inf. to laterally rotate arm, help hold
teres minor m. rotator cuff Muscular of Axillary (C5- 174-177
scapular greater tubicle humeral head in glenoid cavity
C6)
Lumbar puncture : You want to put the
needle in below the level of the conus
medullaris, as the nerve roots of the cauda
equine are bathed in CSF and move out of
the way like wet noodles. The most 160-163, 169,
cauda equina spinal cord Innervation
commonly used level is the L3-4 space. 170
The easiest way to find this is by following
the tops of the iliac crests posteriorly and
the L3-4 space should be approximately at
this level.
conus 160-163, 169,
spinal cord Innervation
medullaris 170
mixed motor
and sensory to
dorsal primary 160-163, 169,
spinal cord Innervation the deep
ramus 170
muscles of the
back
cell bodies of
dorsal root 160-163, 169,
spinal cord Innervation the afferent
(spinal) ganglion 170
nerves
160-163, 169,
dura mater spinal cord Innervation
170
160-163, 169,
filum terminale spinal cord Innervation
170
gray
160-163, 169,
communicating spinal cord Innervation
170
ramus
160-163, 169,
spinal cord spinal cord Innervation
170
160-163, 169,
spinal nerves spinal cord Innervation
170
ventral primary 160-163, 169,
spinal cord Innervation
ramus 170
160-163, 169,
ventral root spinal cord Innervation
170
white
160-163, 169,
communicating spinal cord Innervation
170
ramus
sacrum spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
vertebra - atlas
spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
(C1)
vertebra - axis
(C2)
vertebra - axis
(C2) – Dens /
Odontoid
process
vertebra - body spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
vertebra - C3 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra -
inferior articular spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
facet
vertebra -
lamina
vertebra -
lumbar
vertebra -
pedicle
vertebra - sacral spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
vertebra -
spinous process
vertebra -
superior spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
articular facet
vertebra -
thoracic
vertebra -
transverse spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
foramen
vertebra -
transverse spinal cord Skeletal 153-159
process
Innervation Blood Supply Netter Plate Moore Page
#'s Structure Region System Origin / Insertion Action Clinical Correlation
(what it innervates) (what it supplies) #'s #'s
facilitates CF exit from brain into projections from arachnoid mater into
4 arachnoid granulations brain Innervation protrude into venous sinuses meninges 102
bloodstream venous sinus
5 arachnoid mater brain Innervation meninges insulates brain located between dura mater and pia mater 102
Outermost layer of meninges (dura,

arachnoid, pia)
Cranial dura mater has 2 layers: (1)
Arteries of dura supply more
CN V1-V3 external periosteal layer (2)internal
blood to calvaria than to dura.
meningeal layer). Spinal dura (internal
- Each contributes a Largest: Middle Meningeal
45 dura mater Brain Innervation meningeal only) External periosteal layer 99, 102 Pg. 865-872
meningeal branch(es) Artery
adheres to internal surface of cranium. At
Veins of dura accompany
dural infoldings/reflections, meningeal
meningial arteries in pairs.
layer reflects away from external layer.
Supports dural venous sinuses (carry
blood from brain to heart).
107-8, 112,
153 optic tract Brain Innervation CN II Optic n. posterior to the optic chiasm Vision sensation 1061
114, 144
Release of hormones that control
numerous bodily functions (e.g. Pituitary tumors may expand the sellar
growth, blood pressure, sex organ diaphragm, disturbing endocrine 107, 147, 140,
164 pituitary gland Brain Innervation
function, thyroid gland function, function, may lead to visual disturbances 148, 149, 37
metabolism, temperature regulation, due to pressure on the optic chiasm
water regulation)
small, cresent-shaped sagittally-oriented
fold of dura mater lying between
70 falx cerebelli Brain Membrane 144 867
cerebellar hemispheres; doesn’t pass
deeply b/w them
cresent-shaped sagittally-oriented fold of
71 falx cerebri Brain Membrane dura mater lying between cerebral 843, 868
hemispheres
Rostrally: clinoid processes of sphenoid
Divides the cranial cavity into
b.; Rostrolaterally: petrous part temporal 86, 101, 103,
231 tentorium cerebelli Brain Membrane supratentorial & infratentorial 867-8, 1057
b.; Posteriolaterlly: internal surface of 144, 145
compartments
occipital b. & part of parietal b.
12 basilar artery brain Vascular inferior
posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from surface arteries
the carotid of pons 140
Purpose of Dural Venous Sinus: 1.
Receive blood from internal and external
Smaller than superior sagittal sinus veins of brain in these cavities. 2.
dural venous sinus –
46 Brain Vascular Runs in inferior concave free border of Drains into straight sinus Receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 103, 104 Pg. 867
inferior sagittal sinus
falx cerebri subarachnoid space. 3. Empty most of
the blood of the brain into the Internal
Jugular Vein (IJV).
Receives superior cerebral veins and
communicates on each side through
slit-like openings with lateral venous
dural venous sinus – Lies in convex attached border of falx lacunae, lateral expansions of the
47 Brain Vascular 103, 104 Pg. 867
superior sagittal sinus cerebri superior sagittal sinus.
Drains into IJV through the transverse

sinus from the confluence of sinuses.
Cavernous Sinus Contents:
O TOM CAT
O TOM = lateral wall components (from
superior to inferior)
Passes laterally from confluence of CA = components within sinus (from
sinuses. Forms groove in occipital bones medial to lateral)
and posteroinferior angles of parietal *CA ends at the level of T from level of
Blood received from confluence of O TOM.*
dural venous sinus – bones. / Courses along posterolateral
48 Brain Vascular sinuses is drained through transverse Occulomotor Nerve (CN III) 103, 104 Pg. 867
transverse sinus attached margins of the tentorium
sinuses. (Usually left sinus is larger). Trochlea Nerve (CN IV)
cerebelli.
Becomes sigmoid sinus in posterior Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
aspect of petrous temporal bones. Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
Carotid Artery
Abducent Nerve (CN V1)
“T” when written CA connects to level
of T.
Receives blood from superior and
inferior ophthalmic veins, superficial
Inside each cavernous sinus is the Pg. 869 (text)
Extends from superior orbital fissure middle cerebral vein, and sphenoparietal
dural venous sinus – internal carotid artery, carotid plexus Reference
49 Brain Vascular anteriorly to apex of the petrous part of sinus.Drains posteroinferiorly through 103, 104
cavernous sinus of sympathetic nerves, and the figure: 7.31 for
the temporal bone posteriorly. superior and inferior petrosal sinuses and
abducent nerve. most help
emissary veins to the basilar and
pterygoid plexuses.
Follows S-shaped courses in posterior
cranial fossa, forming deep grooves in Two areas beneath brain, allows veins Pg. 869 (text)
dural venous sinus – temporal and occipital bones. Each to drain blood from center of head Reference
50 Brain Vascular 103, 104
sigmoid sinus sigmoid sinus turns anteriorly and then downward. Drains blood from figure: 7.31 for
continues inferiorly as the IJV after transverse sinus into IJV. most help
traversing the jugular foramen.
Pg. 867 (text)
From transverse sinus, beneath temporal Drains blood from inferior sagittal
dural venous sinus – Reference
51 Brain Vascular bone snaking along to internal jugular sinus and great cerebral vein into the 103, 104
straight sinus figure 7.31 for
vein confluence of sinuses.
most help
Partial occlusion of ICA may cause a
transient ischemic attack(sudden focal
864-869, 873,
loss of neurological function - dizziness
(Part of Clinical Correlation) Stenosis: 882-888, 919,
main blood supply of brain; & disorientation) or a minor stroke.
ant’r and middle cerebral aa and with advancing age, artery may 23, 69, 75, 85, 953, 959, 971,
anastomoses with vertebral aa Carotid endarterectomy - operation to
94 internal carotid artery Brain Vascular ophthalmic a (w/supratrochlear and – narrow owing to atherosclerotic 100, 125, 131, 1001-1019,
in the Circle of Willis (or opening artery at origin, stripping off
orbital aa) are terminal branches thickening of intima of arteries. Can 136-143 1035-1036,
cerebral arterial circle). atherosclerotic plaque with the intima,
cause brain infarction. 1057, 1069-
and administering drugs to inhibit clot
1077
formation until endothelium has
regrown.
needle & catheter can be inserted into
IJV for diagnostic/therapeutic
tributaries: pharyngeal, lingual,
brain, cranial cavity, skull, purposes.Right is preferable (larger and
formed at the base of the skull where the common facial, sternocleidomastoid, 23, 29-34, 59, 1004, 1011,
95 internal jugular vein Brain Vascular face, viscera of the neck; straighter). To perform: palpate common
sigmoid sinus ends superior thyroid, middle thyroid veins; 75 1039
largest v of head and neck carotid a., then insert needle lateral to it,
into brachiocephalic v
30 degree angle, directed inferolaterally
toward ipsilateral nipple
middle meningeal
132 Brain Vascular supplies dura mater pg.839
artery
injury causes anosmia (loss of sense of
Brain - Cranial
21 CNaI / olfactory bulb Innervation neuron cell bodies in olfactory epitheliumspecial sensory - smell smell), possibly caused by fracture of 116,118 1054-1061
Nerves
cribriform plate
injury causes anosmia (loss of sense of
Brain - Cranial
22 CNbI / olfactory tract Innervation neuron cell bodies in olfactory epitheliumspecial sensory - smell smell), possibly caused by fracture of 116,118 1054-1061
Nerves
cribriform plate
injury causes anopsias (visual field
Brain - Cranial
23 CNcII / optic nerve Innervation neuron cell bodies in retina special sensory - vision defects), possibly caused by eyeball 116,118,132, 1058-1062
Nerves
trauma
somatic motor: injury can cause ptosis
(eyelid droops due to paralysis of levator
palpebrae m.), lateral strabismus (eye
turns down and laterally due to
somatic motor: causes eye movement,
unopposed action of superior oblique and
somatic motor: neuron cell bodies innvervates levator palpebrae m.,
lateral rectus m.'s), and diplopia (double
located in upper midbrain (oculomotor superior rectus m., inferior rectus m.,
vision due to lateral strabismus), injury
nucleus) visceral medial rectus m., and inferior oblique
can be caused by cavernous sinus injury
CNdIII / oculomotor Brain - Cranial motor: preganglionic cell bodies located m. 101,116,118,1
24 Innervation or aneurysms of posterior cerebral or 1058-1064
nerve Nerves in upper midbrain (Edinger-Westphal visceral motor: innervates 31
superior cerebellar a.'s
nucleus); postganglionic neuron cell sphincter pupillae m to cause pupil
visceral
bodies located in cliliary ganglion constriction and innervates ciliary m
motor: injury causes mydriasis (pupil
(attached to V1) to cause lens accommodation for near
dilation) due to paralysis of sphincter
vision
pupillae m. and unopposed action of
dilator pupillae m., also loss of
accommodation due to paralysis of
ciliary m.
somatic motor function causes eye injury causes inability to look down
CNeIV / trochlear Brain - Cranial neuron cell bodies located in lower
25 Innervation movement, innvervates superior when eye is adducted (diplopia), possibly 116,118 1058-1065
nerve Nerves midbrain - trochlear nucleus
oblique m. caused by cavernous sinus injury
CNf V / trigeminal Brain - Cranial 116,118,131,1
26 Innervation 1058-1067
nerve Nerves 33,134,45,
somatic sensory function - sensory injury causes anesthesia (loss of pain and
CNgV1 / ophthalmic Brain - Cranial neuron cell bodies located in trigeminal 116,118,131,1
27 Innervation from skin of forehead, scalp, mucous touch senstaion to innervated areas) and 1058-1067
division Nerves (semilunar) ganglion 33,134,45,
membranes (nasal) posslble cause of injury is inflammation
injury causes anesthesia (loss of pain and
somatic sensory function - sensory
touch senstaion to innervated areas) and
CNhV2 / maxillary Brain - Cranial neuron cell bodies located in trigeminal from skin of upper lip, skin over 116,118,131,1
28 Innervation trigeminal neuralgia/Tic douloureux 1058-1067
division Nerves (semilunar) ganglion prominence of cheek, palate, 33,134,45,
(intermittent excruciating pain); posslble
maxillary sinus
cause of injury is inflammation
Sensory: injury causes anesthesia (loss of
Somatic sensory -- skin of the lower
pain and touch sensation to innervated
jaw, mucosa of anterior 2/3 of the
Sensory -- trigeminal (semilunal) areas) and trigeminal neuralgia/Tic
tongue Branchial motor -- temporalis
CNi V3 / mandibular Brain - Cranial ganglion, largest division, exits through douloureux (intermittent excruciating 116,118,131,1 849-853, 1058,
29 Innervation sensory and motor m, lateral and medial pterygoid mm,
division Nerves foramen ovale. Motor -- pons (motor pain); possible cause of injury is 33,134,45, 1065-1067
masseter m, tensor veli palatini m,
nucleus V), exits through foramen ovale inflammation.
tensor veli tympani, mylohyoid m,
Motor -- injury results in difficulty
anterior belly of digastric m.
chewing.
Pons abducent nucleus, emerges near
Injury to cavernous sinus or fracture of
median plane at the junction of pons and
CNj VI / abducent Brain - Cranial the base of the skull may injure the
30 Innervation motor medulla, passes through cavernous sinus innervates lateral rectus m. of the eye. 1058, 1068
nerve Nerves nerve. This results in medial strabismus
and superior orbital fissure, then through
and diplopia.
common tendinous ring of rectus mm.
Somatic sensory -- Geniculate ganglion,
enters internal acoustic meatus and exits
via stylomastoid foramen. Special
sensory -- Geniculate ganglion, enters
Somatic sensory -- anesthesia of the
internal acoustic meatus and exits via
innervated area.
petrotympanic fissure. Motor somatic --
Somatic sensory --skin behind ear, Special sensory -- injury to chorda
Pons motor nucleus VII, enters internal
external acoustic meatus, external tympani leads to loss of taste from
acoustic meatus and exits via
surface of tympanic membrane. innervated area.
stylomastoid foramen, forms parotid
Special sensory -- taste from Motor somatic -- Bell's palsy. Summary:
plexus, gives 5 branches: temporal,
anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate. distal to stylomastoid foramen>>>facial
Somatic sensory, Special zygomatic, buccal, mandibula and
Brain - Cranial Motor somatic -- muscles of facial m. paralysis (1). proximal to branching 853-855, 1058,
31 CNkVII / facial nerve Innervation sensory, Motor, cervical. Parasympathetic -- to lacrimal
Nerves expression (platisma, buccinator, off of chorda tympani>>>>(1) , loss of 1068-1070
Parasympathetic gland (Pons superior salivary nucleus,
frontalis, occipitalis, orbicularis occuli taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue (2),
through nervous intermedius and
and oris, etc), stapedius, stylohyoid, loss of salivation from sublingual and
geniculate ganglion, via grater petrosal n,
posterior belly of digastric m. submandibular glands (3). distal to
pterigopalatine ganglion with attached
Parasympathetic-- lacrimal, geniculate ganglion>>>>> (1)-(3),
V2, via zygomaticotemporal n. (V2) and
submandibular and sublingual glands. hyperacusis (4). grater petrosal
lacrimal n. (V1).) to salivary gland
nerve>>>> (1)-(4), loss of taste from
except parotid (Pons superior salivatory
palate (5) and loss of lacrimation (6).
nucleus, through nervous intermedius
and geniculate ganglion, via chorda
tympani, joins lingual n. (V3),
sabmandibular ganglion)
CNl VIII / Spiral ganglion (cochlea) and vestubular
Brain - Cranial Loss of hearing, vertigo, tinnitus. 1059, 1071-
32 vestibulocochlear Innervation special sensory ganglion, enter internal acoustic meatus, Hearing and balance
Nerves Possible injury is by tumor. 1072
nerve cochlea and vestibules of the inner ear.
Somatic sensory-- Superior ganglion of
Somatic sensory-- mucosa of posterior
IX, exit via jugular foramen. Special
1/3 of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, Somatic sensory-- neck lacerations may
sensory-- Superior ganglion of IX, exit
middle ear, auditory tube, mastoid air lead to dysphasia, dysarthria.
via jugular foramen. Visceral sensory--
cells Special Special sensory-- neck laceration
Superior ganglion of IX, exit via jugular
sensory-- taste from posterior 1/3 of may lead to loss of taste from innervated
Somatic sensory, Special foramen, forms carotid body and sinus.
the tongue. Visceral area. Visceral sensory--
CNnIX / Brain - Cranial sensory, Visceral sensory, Motor -- medulla
33 Innervation sensory-- chemoreceptors in carotid neck laceration may lead to blood 1059, 1072
glossopharyngeal nerve Nerves Motor, Parasympathetic nucleus ambiguus, exit via jugular
body monitor O2, Baroreceptors in pressure changes.
foramen Parasympathetic --medulla
carotid sinus monitor arterial BP. Motor -- dysphasia and
inferior salivatory nucleus, exit brain
Motor --stylopharengius m. (elevates dysarthria
w/CN IX, pass via tympanic n. and lesser
pharynx in speech and swallowing. Parasympathetic -- loss of salivation
petrosal n., enters otic ganglion (attached
Parasympathetic --salivation from parotid.
to V3), continuous via auriculotemporal
from parotid.
n. to parotid gland.
Somatic sensory-- pharynx, larynx,
external ear, external auditory canal,
external surface of tympanic
membrane, meningies in posterior
cranial fossa. Visceral
sensory-- muscles and mucous
Somatic sensory -- superior ganglion of
membranes in the pharynx, larynx,
X, temporal bone and occipital bone, exit
thoracic and abdominal viscera,
via jugular foramen. Visceral sensory
chemoreceptors in aortic body, stretch
and Special sensory -- Inferior ganglion
receptors in walls of the aortic arch. Injury to motor portion result in sagging
Somatic sensory, Visceral of X, temporal bone and occipital bone,
Brain - Cranial Special sensory-- taste from epiglottis. soft palate, difficulty speaking, coughing, 1059, 1073-
34 CNoX / vagus nerve Innervation sensory, Special sensory, exit via jugular foramen. Motor
Nerves Motor-- skeletal ms of the soft clearing throat, swallowing (recurrent 1075
Motor, Parasympathetic -- Medulla nucleus ambiguus, exit via
palate except stylopharengius (IX) and laryngeal n.), dysphasia.
jugular foramen. Parasympathetic --
tensor veli palatini (V3), pharyngeal
Medulla dorsal motor nucleus X, exit via
constrictor ms, levator veli palatini,
jugular foramen, autonomic ganglia near
salpingopharyngeus,
or within the walls of target organs.
palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus,
cricothyroid (external laryngeal n.),
ms of the larynx (recurrent laryngeal
n.) Parasympathetic -- smooth ms and
glands of gastrointestinal, pulmonary
& cardiovascular systems.
spinal cord anterior horn of cervical Head and neck movement: neck lacerations may lead to weakness in
CNpXI / spinal Brain - Cranial
35 Innervation Motor region, entry via foramen magnum, then sternocleidomastoid and trapezius turning head to opposite side and 1059, 1075
accessory nerve Nerves
exit via jugular foramen. mm. shrugging shoulders.
Medulla hypoglossal nucleus, emerges
from sides of medulla anterior to olives, Swallowing, sucking, chewing, tongue
Neck lacerations may lead to: Peripheral
CNqXII / hypoglossal Brain - Cranial exit via hypoglossal canal, curves protrusion: All intrinsic tongue m, all 1059, 1075-
36 Innervation Motor lesion >>>protruded tongue deviates
nerve Nerves forward near angle of the mandible extrinsic m (except palatoglossus CN 1078
toward side of injury.
superior to ansa cervicalis to enter X)
tongue.
elevated portion of ext’l ear on other side
60 external ear – antihelix Ear Auditory of scaphoid fossa (or scapha) from the 1, 93 967
helix
external ear – roughly opposite tragus and slightly
61 Ear Auditory 1, 93 967
antitragus inferior
deepest depression, which leads into
62 external ear – concha Ear Auditory 93 966-7
ext’l acoustic meatus
63 external ear – helix Ear Auditory elevated margin of auricle 1, 93 966-7
non-cartilaginous (“earlobe”), fibrous
tissue, fat, and blood vessels; easily
64 external ear – lobule Ear Auditory 1, 93 967
pierced for taking small blood samples
and inserting earrings
tragus: “goat” alluding to goat’s beard
since hair often grow on; tongue-like
65 external ear – tragus Ear Auditory 1, 93 966-7
projection overlapping opening of ext’l
acoustic meatus
Supplies the auricle, external
acoustic meatus, outer side of
emerges posterior and inferior to the
the tympanic membrane and
11 auriculotemporal n. Ear Innervation V3 branch TMJ and scends posterior to the frequently injured in TMJ surgery; 16; 24
the skin in the temporal region
superficial temporal vessels
(superficial temporal
branches)
carries preganglionic parasympathetic 71,93-94,122-
19 chorda tympani Ear Innervation CN VII 921,941,971
axons to submandibular ganglion 124
Mucus drainage - upper airway
infections/allergies can cause tube to
Pressure equalization - will open to
become swollen, trapping bacteria and
auditory / eustachian (Also called pharynogotympanic tube) - allow a small amount of air through to 95, 93, 96,
10 ear causing ear infections. Earaches more 966, 970-973
tube links the pharynx to the middle ear equalize pressure between middle ear 125, 126
common in children (tube more
& atmosphere.
horizontal, smaller, movement of fluid
more difficult)
Sialography - injection of radiopaque
fluid into the duct and followed by
radiography of the parotid gland,
demonstrates parts of parotid duct system
that may be dilated or displaced by
Runs from the parotid gland, through disease - duct can be blocked by
the buccinator muscle, into the oral calcified deposit (sialolith or calculus),
cavity opposite of the 2nd maxillary pain associated with parotid gland is 25, 54, 55, 61,
161 parotid duct Face Gland
molar, responsible for the delivery of worsened by eating, sucking a lemon 69
saliva from the parotid gland to the slice is painful ( buildup of saliva in
mouth proximal part of the blocked duct)
-Mumps virus
may cause inflammation of the duct,
producing redness of the parotid papilla
(small projection at the opening of the
duct into the mouth)
80% of salivary gland tumors occur in
the parotid glands (most are benign).
Parotidectomy - removal of cancerous
parotid gland (danger of damage to CN
VII plexus and branches during
procedure) - Parotid gland
25, 26, 27, 28,
External carotid artery and may become infected by blood-borne
CN V3 branch 31, 32, 55,
162 parotid gland Face Gland branches (maxillary artery, Largest of three paired salivary glands pathogens (parotiditis) and results in
(auriculotemporal nerve) 125, 134, 166,
superficial temporal artery) severe pain because parotid sheath limits
167
swelling, usually causes an abscess
(abscesses can be of dental origin)
-Parotid gland disease - can lead to pain
in the auricle, external acoustic meatus,
temporal region and TMJ because of
stimulation of the auriclotemporal nerve
Arises from portion of gland between
submandibular gland – Can be demonstrated through a
202 Face Gland the mylohyoid and hypolglossus 51, 53, 59
duct sialogram (special type of radiograph)
muscles
branch of V3 : sensory to skin of
cheek and buccal mucosa
branches of VII: motor to
buccinator m, zygomatic maj and min use buccal nerve block to anesthetize the 850-
branch of V3, branches of VII 24,40,46,71,12
17 buccal n. Face Innervation mm, orbicularis oris m, levator anguli skin and mucous membrane of the cheek 852,925,931,1
2
oris, levator labii superioris and (blue box p. 862) 066,862
alaque nasi mm, risorius, procerus,
and nasalis mm.
skin of the forehead and the

ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
medial part of the upper the most superior linear structure within 849, 850, 852,
75 frontal nerve Face Innervation n. (V1); branches into supraorbital n.,
eyelid & mucous membrane the orbit 902-903, 1066
supratrochlear n.
of the frontal sinus
cervical plexus (contributions from
the great auricular n. crosses the 851-954, 915,
skin of the ear and skin below the ventral primary rami of spinal
79 greater auricular nerve Face Innervation superficial surface of the 916, 966, 968,
the ear nerves C2&C3); mastoid n, auricular
sternocleidomastoid m. 993, 996, 997
n.
sensory: mucous membrane of
maxillary division of the trigeminal n.
greater palatine artery the inferior part of the lateral greater palatine n. passes through the 850, 934, 937,
80 Face Innervation (V2); posterior, inferior, lateral nasal
and/or nerve nasal wall; mucosa of the hard greater palatine canal and foramen 939, 960, 1066
branches
palate
sensory: teeth of mandible and
forms inferior dental plexus,
skin of chin motor: mylohyoid 850, 921, 931,
85 inferior alveolar nerve Face Innervation innervating mandibular teeth, and 46, 53, 60, 131
m and anterior belly of 962, 1069
branches to mental nerve
digastric m
mucous memb of maxillary
sinus, upper premolar, canine, maxillary branch of V (V3); branches Nerve block: treating wounds of upper
862, 850, 851,
infraorbital nerve, and incisor teeth; maxillary passes thru infraorbital groove, canal, lip and cheek, or repairing maxillary 23, 24, 40, 44,
93 Face Innervation to middle alveolar and anterior 853, 862892,
artery and/or vein gingiva; skin of lateral nose, and foramen incisor teeth. Injection made at site of 85
superior alveolar nn 952, 953, 962
lower eyelid, upper lip, and infraorbital foramen
zygomatic region
emerges from mandibular canal via injection of anesthetic agent into mental
skin of chin and skin; oral terminal branch of inferior alveolar nerve
130 mental nerve Face Innervation mental foramen in anterolateral aspect foramen blocks mental nerve (often done 24, 46, 71, 122 862,
mucosa of inferior lip (CN V3)
of body of mandible to suture lip/skin lacerations)
supplies several branches to
138 nasociliary nerve Face Innervation branches from ophthalmic nerve
the orbit
nerve of pterygoid
139 Face Innervation pterygoid canal pg.950
canal
Lacrimal gland, paranasal
sinuses, glands of the mucosa
122, 123, 125,
pterygopalatine of the nasal cavity and
169 Face Innervation 131, 133, 135,
ganglion pharynx, gingiva, mucus
166, 168
membrane and glands of the
hard palate
gray rami communicans to spinal nerves
C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic);
thoracic visceral br.; vascular smooth
stellate ganglion is formed by the
muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat
fusion of the inferior cervical
189 stellate ganglion Face Innervation (see 'clinical correlation') --> below middle cervical ganglion glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous
sympathetic ganglion and the T1
distribution on chest & upper limb (C8
ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth
muscle of the lungs; pain from lungs
(sensory);
skin of upper eyelid and skin
from opthalamic division of trigeminal
219 supratrochlear nerve face Innervation and pericranium of 122
nerve
anteromedial forehead
Second (pterygoid) part of maxillary
artery, which is part of external carotid.
Adjacent (superficial or deep) to lateral
pterygoid muscle; ascends obliquely
anterosuperiorly, medial to temporalis
41 deep temporal artery Face Vascular Temporalis m. muscle. Anterior and posterior arteries 923-925
ascend between temporalis muscle and
bone of temporal fossa, supplying mainly
muscle
Compression of Facial a.: Facial a. can

off of external carotid a; ascending
be occluded by applying pressure to
palatine a., tonsilar br., submental a.,
mandiblewhere vessel crosses. B/c of
superior labial a., inferior labial a., lateral 31, 32, 34, 36, 854-5, 855t,
numerous anastomoses btwn. It and other
nasal a., angular a.; lower part of the Supplies muscles of facial expression 40, 60, 75, 85, 863, 919, 943,
67 facial artery Face Vascular arteries of face, occlusion on one side
palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, and face 131, 133, 136, 999, 1003,
does not stop all bleeding resulting from
facial muscles and fascia; the angular 138 1034
laceration of facial artery. For lacer. of
branch of the facial a. anastomoses with
lip, need to compress both sides of cut
the ophthalmic a.
(Moore 863).
Thrombophlebitis of Facial v.: Because
facial v. makes important connections
deep: off of facial v; drains into
with cavernous sinus, infection of face
pterygoid venous plexus; drains face;
may spread to cavernous sinus and 854, 857, 857t,
valveless
Drains anterior scalp and forehead, pterygoid plexus. Thrombophlebitis of 858, 858t, 868,
common: formed by union of facial v 23, 30, 32, 59,
68 facial vein Face Vascular eyelids, external nose, anterior cheek, facial v.--inflammation of facial v. with 870, 875-6,
and ant’r division of retromandibular v; 60, 85
lips, chin, and submandibular gland secondary thrombus (clot) formation-- 919, 995, 998,
drains into internal jugular v; drains face
can lead to thrombophlebitis of the 1004, 1005
and ant’r scalp; lingual v may drain into
cavernous sinus if pieces of an infected
clot extend into intracranial venous
system (Moore 875).
greater palatine supplies hard palate, palatine endangered by anesthetic injections for
80 Face Vascular branch of descending palatine a 925, 937, 959
artery and/or nerve glands, palatine mucosa dental procedures
supplies IO and rectus mm of
eye, lacrimal sac, maxillary
off of third part of maxillary a; thru
infraorbital nerve, canines and incisors teeth, 23, 24, 40, 44, 905, 906, 923,
93 Face Vascular infraorbital fissure, infraorbital groove,
artery and/or vein mucous memb of maxillary 85 925, 953, 962
canal, and foramen
sinus, and skin of infra-orbital
region of face
supplies deep structures of the 3 parts of maxillary, with a ton of
126 maxillary artery face Vascular terminal branch of external carotid artery 40, 921, 963, 1003
face branches (Moore, 923)
scalp of the back of the head,
141 occipital artery Face Vascular external carotid artery 19
as far as the vertex
supplies adjacent muscles, parotid 23, 34, 40,
posterior auricular scalp posterior to auricle and
166 Face Vascular origin: external carotid artery gland, facial nerve and structures in 100, 136, 138,
artery auricle
the temporal bone, auricle, and scalp 178
formed anterior to ear by union of
drains parotid gland and superficial temporal and maxillary 23, 51, 59, 85,
171 retromandibular vein Face Vascular
masseter muscle veins/unites with posterior auricular vein 61, 70
to form external jugular vein
walls and septum of nasal
cavity; frontal, ethmoidal,
188 sphenopalatine artery face Vascular sphenoid, and maxillary Terminal branch of maxillary artery 41
sinuses; and anterior-most
palate
superficial temporal Facial muscles and skin of Ascends anterior to ear to the temporal
203 Face Vascular Source: External Carotid Artery 69, 70, 71
artery frontal and temporal regions region and ends in scalp
muscles and skin of forehead passes from supraorbital margin to
218 supratrochlear artery face Vascular 23,40,81,85
and scalp forhead and scalp
origin: mandible; alveolar processes of
presses cheek against molar teeth; (action continued) resists
maxilla and mandible;
Face - facial works w/tongue to keep food b/w distension (when blowing); in infants it 26,54,65,68,12
18 buccinator m. Muscular buccal branch of CN VII pterygomandibular raphe insertion: 845-850
expression occlusal surfaces and out of oral keeps cheeks from collapsing inward 3
angle of mouth (modiolus), orbicularis
vestibule; during suckling
oris
Part of dilators of mouth; depresses
Origin: Anterolateral base of mandible
Face - facial labial commissure bilaterally to frown
42 depressor anguli oris m muscular CN VII Facial Artery Insertion: Angle of mouth (modiolus) 844-847
expression (sadness)
epicranial aponeurosis / skin and elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin

Face - facial
76 frontalis m. Muscular temporal branch of CN VII subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and of forehead; protracts scalp to indicate 844, 848
expression
forehead surprise or curiosity
Face - facial front process of maxilla/ skin of upper
108 levator labii m. Muscular facial nerve (CN VII) Facial a. elevates upper lip, dialates nostrils 26, 54
expression lip and cartilage of nose
O: Medial orbital margin, medial Closes eyelids in a lateral to medial
Keeps the corenea from drying, aids in
Face - facial Temporal & Zygomatic palpebral ligament, lacrimal b.; I: Skin direction (Palpebral part is gentle,
154 orbicularis oculi m. Muscular Superficial temporal a. drainage of tears, protects the eyeballs 26, 123 845, 848
expression branches of facial n. (CN VII) around margin of orbit, Superior & Orbital part is tightly (ie. Winking)),
against glare & dust
inferior tarsal plates Wrinkles the forehead vertically
Works with the buccinator and the
Tonus closes oral fissure; Phasic
O: medial maxilla & mandible, Deep tongue to keep food between the occlusal
Face - facial Buccal branch of facial n. (CN contraction compresses & protrudes 26, 36, 54, 81,
155 orbicularis oris m. Muscular Inferior & Superior labial a. surface perioral skin, Angle of mouth; I: surfaces of the teeth during mastication 845-6
expression VII) lips (kissing) or resists distension 123
Mucous membbrane of lips and to prevent food accumulation in the
(when blowing)
oral vestibule
Superficial fascia covering the superior
Draws the lower lip and corner of the
Face - facial facial nerve (CN VII) submental artery, portions of the pectoralis major and
165 platysma m. Muscular mouth inferolaterally and partially 26, 28, 60, 124
expression (terminal branches) suprascapular artery deltoid muscles/mandible below oblique
opens the mouth
line
Face - facial Origin:zygomatic arch / Insertion: Corner
256 zygomaticus major m. Muscular Facial Nerve (CN VII) Raises the corners of the mouth Bell's Palsy 26
expression of mouth
Face - facial
257 zygomaticus minor m. Muscular Facial Nerve (CN VII) Origin: zygomatic b. / Insertion: upper lipRaises the upper lip Bell's Palsy 26
expression
several branches of the
137 nasal septum / cartilage Face - nasal Skeletal divides the nose into two nasal cavities pg.958
external carotid artery
inferior border and medial surface of
anterior trunk of mandibular
maxillary process of zygomatic
123 masseter m. Face - oral Muscular nerve (CN V3) via masseteric elevates mandible, closing jaws 25, 27, 28, 54 922
bone&arch / angle and lateral surface of
nerve
ramus of mandible
medial surface of lateral pterygoid acts with masseter to elevate
anterior trunk of mandibular
plate&pyramidal process of palatine mandible; contributes to protrusion; 919, 923, 998,
128 medial pterygoid m. face - oral Muscular nerve (CN V3) via medial
bone & tuberosity of maxilla / medial alternate unilateral activity produces 1035
pterygoid nerve
surface of mandible ramus. smaller grinding movements
anterior trunk of mandibular deep temporal branch of floor of temporal fossa/ medial surface of elevates mandible, closing jaw,
229 temporalis m. face - oral Muscular 54
nerve maxillary artery coronoid process and ramus of mandible primary retractors of mandible
inferior branch of the Maxillary a (CN
84 inferior alveolar artery Face - oral Vascular Supplies Mandibular teeth 40, 53, 60 923, 934, 962
V3)
levator palpebrae lacrimal a. (branch of lesser wing of sphenoid/skin of upper
109 Face - orbit Muscular oculomotor nerve (CN III) elevates upper eyelid 81, 83, 84, 86
superioris m. ophthalmic) eyelid
11, 23, 40, 83,
152 ophthalmic artery face - orbit Vascular O: Internal carotid a. Primary supplier of the orbit 86, 132, 140, 905-6
143
O: Scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid Tenses soft palate, Opens mouth of
Medial pterygoid n. (CN V3) plate, spine off sphenoid bone, cartilage pharyngotympanic tube during
230 tensor veli palatini m. Face - pharynx Muscular 52, 93, 122 937-8, 970
via otic ganglion of pharyngotympanic tube; I: Palatine swallowing and yawning; Uses the
aponeurosis pterygoid hamulus as a pulley
articulates with lateral parts of
6 arytenoid cartilage Larynx Cartilage external larynx superior border of the cricoid cartilage superior to cricoid cartilage lamina 78
lamina
infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid,
1 ansa cervicalis Larynx Innervation nerve (C1-3 spinal nerves) anterior/lateral to internal jugular vein 31;32
sternothyriod, sternohyoid)
33, 71, 76,
130, 206, 209,
recurrent laryngeal
170 Larynx Innervation Laryngeal muscles of the neck Vagus Nerve (CN X) branch 210, 211, 212,
nerve
226, 231, 232,
240
superior laryngeal Divides into internal and Arises from the inferior vagal ganglion at
206 Larynx Innervation 74, 75, 80, 130
nerve external branches the superior end of carotid triangle
Smaller branch of the superior laryngeal
Inferior constrictor muscle of
superior laryngeal nerve, descends posterior to
207 Larynx Innervation pharynx & cricothyroid Motor nerve 74, 75
nerve – external branch sternothyroid muscle with the superior
muscle
thyroid artery
Laryngeal mucous membrane Large branch of the sup. laryngeal n. - Can be injured during choking on foreign
superior laryngeal
208 Larynx Innervation of laryngeal vestibule and Sensory & Autonomic nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane next bodies; Blocked by endotracheal 74, 75
nerve – internal branch
middle laryngeal cavity to the superior laryngeal artery intubation
fold of mucosa located between the
laryngeal vestibule and the laryngeal
ventricle; also known as the “false vocal
false vocal cord /
69 Larynx Membrane folds”; vestibular ligament covered by could not find
ventricular fold
mucosa makes the vestibular fold;
superior to vocal fold and extends from
thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage
The principal tensor, which tilt or pull
the prominence or angle of the thyroid
external laryngeal nerve, one cartilage anteriorly and inferiorly toward
of the two terminal branches Origin: Anterolateral part of cricoid the arch of the cricoid cartilage. This
of the superior laryngeal nerve cricothyroid artery, a small cartilage Stretches and tenses vocal ligament increases the distance between the
40 cricothyroid m. Larynx muscular (CN X). (all other intrinsic branch of the superior thyroid Insertion: Inferior margin and inferior thyroid prominence and the arytenoid 1027-1029
laryngeal m. supplied by artery horn of thyroid cartilage cartilages. Because the anterior ends of
recurrent laryngeal n, another the vocal ligaments attach to the
branch of CN X. posterior aspect of the prominence, the
vocal ligaments elongate and tighten,
raising the pitch of the voice.
lateral cricoarytenoid recurrent laryngeal nerve arch of cricoid cartilage/muscular
103 Larynx Muscular adducts vocal fold 78, 80
m. (from CN X) process of arytenoid cartilage
mylohyoid branch of inferior medial body of mandible/mylohyoid
135 mylohyoid m. Larynx Muscular nerve to the mylohoid m. support and elevate the tongue pg.1016
alveolar a. raphe and body of hyoid bone
nerve to the mylohyoid
140 Larynx Muscular mylohyoid m
m.
O: Superior border of scapula near
omohyoid m. – inferior May be best seen contracting in thin 1, 27, 29, 31-2, 923, 1001-3,
146 Larynx Muscular Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) Superior thyroid a. suprascapular notch; I: Intermediate Depress, retract, & steady hyoid
belly people when they are speaking 128,-9, 427 1007
tendon (fascia links to clavicle)
omohyoid m. – O: Intermediate tendon (fascia links to 27-9, 31-2,
147 Larynx Muscular Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) Superior thyroid a. Depress, retract, & steady hyoid 923, 1001-3
superior belly clavicle); I: Inferior border of hyoid 128-9
Posterior surface of the laminae of the abducts the vocal folds and widens the
posterior Laryngeal nerve of vagus
167 Larynx Muscular cricoid cartilage/muscular process of the rima glottidis (space between the 78, 80, 235, 79
cricoarytenoid m. (recurrent [inferior]) (CN X)
arytenoid cartilage vocal cords)
C1-C3 by a branch of ansa manubrium of sternum and medial end of depresses hyoid after elevation during
191 sternohyoid m. Larynx Muscular 27, 28, 29
cervicalis clavicle; body of hyoid bone swallowing
posterior surface of manubrium and first
C2 and C3 by branch of ansa costal cartilage; oblique line of thyroid
192 sternothyroid m. Larynx Muscular depresses hyoid and larynx 27, 29
cervicalis cartilage
O: Manubrium & thyroid cartilage; I:

27-9, 31-2, 53, 923, 1001,
234 thyrohyoid m. Larynx Muscular C1 via hypoglossal n (CN XII) Inferior border of body & greater horn of Depresses hyoid b. & elevates larynx
128-9 1002
hyoid b.
Lateral surface of vocal process of Produces minute adjustments of vocal
Inferior laryngeal nerve arytenoid cartilage/ Ipsilateral vocal Relaxes posterior vocal ligament ligaments, selectively tensing and
true vocal cord / muscle- 78, 79,
241 Larynx muscular (terminal part of recurrent Superior thyroid a. ligament. vocalis muscle lies medial to while maintaining (or increasing) relaxing anterior and posterior parts of 1028
vocalis m. / vocal fold 80
laryngeal nerve, from CN X) thyro-arytenoid muscles and lateral to the tension of anterior part. vocal folds during animated speech and
vocal ligaments within the vocal folds singing.
extend laterally from middle part of
243 ventricle of larynx Larynx Other laryngeal cavity between vestibular and ? 1023
vocal folds
cricoid cartilage is shaped like a signet This ring-like opening of the cartilage
ring with its band facing anteriorly. The fits an average finger. Although much
posterior (signet) part of the cricoid is the smaller than the thyroid cartilage, the
lamina, and the anterior (band) part is the cricoid cartilage is thicker and stronger
arch (Fig. 8.32A). It attaches to the and is the only complete ring of cartilage
39 cricoid cartilage Larynx Skeletal 1023-1027
inferior margin of the thyroid cartilage by to encircle any part of the airway. Where
the median cricothyroid ligament and to the larynx is closest to the skin and most
the first tracheal ring by the cricotracheal accessible, the median cricothyroid
ligament. ligament may be felt as a soft spot during
palpation inferior to the thyroid cartilage.
Fracture - occurs by manually strangling
anterior part of neck, C3 region. serves as attachment for anterior neck of the throat. Makes swallowing and
83 hyoid b. Larynx Skeletal Suspended by muscles, isolated from rest muscles and a prop to keep the airway separation of alimentary and respiratory 984, 985
of skeleton open tracts difficult and may result in
aspiration pneumonia
Thick median = median thyrohyoid
O: superior border & superior horns of
235 thyrohyoid membrane Larynx Skeletal ligament; Lateral = lateral thyrohyoid 29, 74, 77, 235 1023
the thyroid cartilage; I: hyoid
ligament
Superior border opposite C4 vertebra,
236 thyroid cartilage Larynx Skeletal Inferior 2/3 of 2 laminae fuse to form 1023
laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple),
2 anterior jugular vein Larynx Vascular tributaries = laryngeal veins anterior to sternohyoid m. 31
Next to the internal branch of superior
superior laryngeal Branches to supply the 34, 69, 74, 75,
205 Larynx Vascular laryngeal nerve as it goes through the
artery internal surface of the larynx 136
thyrohyoid membrane
also called "torus of
239 torus tubarius Nasal Other 37, 39 1033
pharyngotympanic tube" in Moore
825, 841, 892,
forms the inferior nasal meatus below
inferior nasal concha / separate b on lateral wall of nasal cavity; 935, 939, 958,
87 Nasal Skeletal it and the middle nasal meatus above 37, 38, 82
turbinate b. it articulates with the maxilla 961-962, 1022,
it
1033
rounded elevation on lateral wall of nasal
made by middle ethmoidal cells that
cavity sup’r to semilunar hiatus
form the ethmoidal sinuses; under
58 ethmoid bulla Nasal Vascular (semicircular groove into which frontal 37, 38 N/A
cover of middle nasal concha; middle
sinus opens) which is visible when
ethmoidal air cells drain at its apex;
middle concha is removed;
supplied by thyroid branches Stimulates osteoclasts to break down
usually 4 glands- 2 superior parathyroids Produce parathyroid hormone
of cervical (symp) ganglia - bone and release I130Ca, and activates
159 parathyroid gland neck Gland inferior thyroid arteries and 2 inferior. Lie on posterior surface of (controls calcium levels - antagonist to 76
vasomotor (hormonally Vit D to increase Ca absorption,
thryoid gland calcitonin)
regulated) promotes Ca uptake by kidneys
Thyroid ima a. is a potential source of
Superior & inferior thyroid a. bleeding during midline neck surgeries;
Anterior in the neck at C5-T1 vertebrae;
(10% of people hae a small Remnants of thyroglossal duct may cause
Superior, middle, & inferior Deep to the sternothyroid m. &
unpaired thyroid ima a. thyroglossal duct cysts, lingual thyroid
cervical ganglia (thru cardiac, sternohyoid m.; Anterolateral to larynx &
originates from the glands or other areas of thyroid tissue: 29, 31, 74-6,
superior thyroid periarterial, trachea; Right & left lobes united by thin 1018, 1020,
237 thyroid gland Neck Gland brachiocephalic trunk, aortic cysts may require removal unlike an 80, 196, 198,
& inferior thyroid periarterial isthmus over the trachea (usually anterior 1041-3
arch, right common carotid, ectopic thyroid gland; Goiter: lack of 206
plexi that accompany thyroid to 2 & 3 tracheal rings); Capsule attached
subclavian, or internal iodine that causes enlargement of the
a.) to cricoid cartilage & superior tracheal
thoracic a.; supplies both gland that may compress the trachea,
rings
lobes) esophagus, & recurrent laryngeal n.
(enlargement is not superiorly)
Usually superiorly connected to the
thyroid gland – In 50% of thyroid glands; may have an
238 Neck Gland isthmus & usually to the left of the 74 1042
pyramidal lobe incomplete isthmus
median plane
paralysis of
brachial plexus − lower various muscles of torso and
13 neck innervation C8; T1 look up brachial plexus fingers and 430; 429
trunk upper extremities
wrist
brachial plexus − various muscles of torso and
14 neck innervation C7 look up brachial plexus 430; 429
middle trunk upper extremities
15 brachial plexus − root neck Innervation C5-T1 429,430 722
brachial plexus − upper
16 neck Innervation C5-C6 429,430 722
trunk
Cervicothoracic ganglion block: local
anesthetic relieves vascular spasms
involving brain and upper limb. Lesion
in 80% of people, ICG fuses with first causes Horner Syndrome: contraction of
inferior cervical
86 Neck Innervation thoracic ganglion to from the large pupil (miosis), drooping of superior 1016
ganglion
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion eyelid (ptosis), sinking in of eye
(enophthalmos), vasodilation and
absence of sweating on face and neck
(anhydrosis)
Occassionally absent. Lesion of Cervical
Sympathetic Trunk = Horner Syndrome.
send gray rami anterior aspect of inferior thyroid artery, Vasodilation & absence of sweating on
middle cervical
131 neck Innervation communicantes to C5 and C6 at level of transverse process of C6 face, sinking in of eye, drooping of 165 1017
ganglion
spinal nerves vertebra superior eyelid, contraction of pupil.
Cervicothoracic Ganglion Block =
relieve vascular spasms
30, 32, 74,
Damage to the phrenic nerve can cause 129, 130, 189,
163 phrenic nerve Neck Innervation Diaphragm Arises from C3 spinal nerve Innervates the abdominal diaphragm paralysis of the associate half of the 193, 198, 206,
diaphragm, making breathing difficult 210, 211, 226,
230, 243, 429
Postsynaptic fibers pass from
it by cephalic arterial branches
superior cervical
204 Neck Innervation to form the internal carotid At the level of C1 &C2 vertebrae 165, 167, 130
ganglion
sympathetic plexus and enter
cranial cavity
213 supraclavicular n. Neck Innervation Skin of neck and shoulders From C3 & C4 Under the SCM 24, 31
supraspinatus and
217 suprascapular nerve neck Innervation 429
infraspinatus muscles
220 sympathetic trunk neck Innervation 125,133
from C2,C3. curves around middle of
posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
supplies sensory innervation
transverse cervical inferior to the great auricular nerve and 53-54,
240 Neck Innervation to skin covering the anterior 24, 31, 129
nerve passes anteriorly and horizontally across 993,997, 1005
cervical region.
it deep to the external jugular vein and
platysma
anterior rami of C2-6 spinal
3 anterior scalene m. neck Muscular transverse process C4-6; 1st rib flex head at atlanto-occipital joint inferior to sternocleidomastoid m. 27
nerves
anterior rami of C1-C3 spinal anterior tubercles of C3-C6 transverse 988, 1012-
113 longus capitis m. neck Muscular flex head 27, 30, 129
nerves process / basilar part of occipital bone 1014
bodies of C5-T3, transverse process C3-
Anterior rami of C2-C6 spinal flexes neck with rotation to opposite 166, 986, 988,
114 longus colli m. neck Muscular C5 / anetior tubercle of atlas, bodies of 30
nerves side if acting unilaterally 1012-1014
C1-C3, transverse processes of C3-C6
ventral rami of cervical spinal flexes neck laterally; elevates 2nd rib
134 middle scalene m. neck Muscular 24,25,26 pg.1026
nerves during forced inspiration
Often called lateral vertebral muscles,
Posterior tubercles of the transverse Raises the 2nd rib and flexes and 27, 30, 186,
168 posterior scalene m. Neck Muscular C6-C8 (ventral rami) cervical artery (ascending) form a large portion of the floor of the
processes of C4-6 slightly rotates the neck 189, 232
posterior cervical triangle
(action continued) (2)
flexes cervical vertebrae so chin
A. unilateral: tilts head to same side
approaches manubrium, or (3)
(laterally flexes neck) and rotates so
extends superior cervical vertebrae while
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN face is turned superiorly toward
190 sternocleidomastoid m. Neck Muscular clavicle and sternum; mastoid process flexing inf vertebrae so chin is thrust 27, 28
11) opposite side B.
forward w/head kept level C. w/cervical
bilateral: (1) extends neck at atlanto-
vertebrae fixed, may elevate manubrium
occipital joints,
and medial ends of clavicles, assisting
pump-handle action of deep respiration
O: Lower 1/2 posterior angle of thyroid
232 thyroarytenoid m. Neck Muscular Inferior laryngeal n. (CN X) laminae & cricothyroid ligament; I: Relaxes vocal ligament 78-80 1028-9
Anteriolateral arytenoid surface
244 vertebra - atlas (C1) Neck Skeletal Holds up head Jefferson fracture 17-22, 153-161
245 vertebra - axis (C2) Neck Skeletal Hangman's fracture 17-22, 153-161
vertebra - axis (C2) –
246 Dens / Odontoid Neck Skeletal Provides point of rotation for head Dens Fractures 17-22, 153-161
process
247 vertebra - body Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161
248 vertebra - C3 Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161

Inferior articulate facet faces anteriorly to
252 vertebra - C7 Neck Skeletal properly align with the superior facet of Has a long spinous process 17-22, 153-161
T1
The carotid pulse (“neck pulse”) is easily
The right common carotid artery begins felt by palpating the common carotid
at the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery in the side of the neck, where it
trunk. From the arch of the aorta, the left lies in a groove between the trachea and
common carotid artery ascends into the the infrahyoid muscles. It is usually
neck. Each common carotid artery easily palpated just deep to the anterior
internal and external carotid 1001, Figure
37 common carotid artery neck Vascular ascends within the carotid sheath with border of the SCM at the level of the
arteries 8.19
the IJV and vagus nerve to the level of superior border of the thyroid cartilage. It
the superior border of the thyroid is routinely checked during
cartilage. Here, each common carotid cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
artery terminates by dividing into the Absence of a carotid pulse indicates
internal and external carotid arteries. cardiac arrest.
Ligation of E.C. a. sometimes necessary 855, 925, 943,

upper neck, face, and scalp supplied
off of common carotid a; superior thyroid to control bleeding from one of its 28, 32, 34, 40, 959, 972, 999,
by; main blood supply to face and
Supplies upper neck, face, and a., ascending pharyngeal a., lingual a., relatively inaccessible branches. 59, 75, 76, 85, 1001, 1009,
59 external carotid artery Neck Vascular superficial head; maxillary a and
scalp facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular Decreases blood flow through the artery 86, 121, 123, 1016, 1019,
superficial temporal aa are its terminal
a., maxillary a., superficial temporal a.; and its branches, but doesn't eliminate it. 128, 130, 131 1021, 1035-6,
branches
Read more on Moore pp.1009 1048
Prominence of E.J. v.: EJV may serve
as 'internal barometer' b/c when venous
pressure in normal range, EJV usually
visible above clavicle for short distance.
When venous pressure rises, vein
prominent throughout its course along
side of neck. See Moore pp. 1009 for
diagnostic signs of EJV
formed by the joining of the
retromandibular and posterior auricular 40, 719, 854,
Severence of EJV: If EJV severed along
vv.; tributaries: posterior external jugular 857, 858, 859,
post. border of SCM where it pierces 23, 31, 74,
v., transverse cervical v., suprascapular 915, 968, 982,
66 external jugular vein Neck Vascular Drains head, neck, shoulder roof of lateral cervical region, its lumen 198, 206, 211,
v., anterior jugular v.; drains to 994-5, 1004,
is held open by tough investing layer of 256
subclavian v.; drains head & neck, 1006, 1007,
deep cervical fascia and negative
shoulder; external jugular v. contains 1008-9
intrathoracic pressure will cause air to be
valves that may not be fully functional
sucked into vein. Produces churning
noise in thorax and cyanosis. Venous air
embolism produced this way will fill
right side of heart with froth, causing
blood to stop flowing through it-->
dyspnea. Apply firm pressure until it can
be sutured properly to prevent entry of
air and consequences (Moore pp. 1009).
from thyrocervical trunk; ascending 716-717, 727,
supplies thyroid gland, lower inferior thyroid a. gives rise to the
cervical a., inferior laryngeal a., 1003, 1013-
92 inferior thyroid artery Neck Vascular larynx, upper trachea, upper ascending cervical a. as it arches 33, 74, 75
esophageal brs., tracheal brs., glandular 1020, 1029,
esophagus, deep neck muscles medially
brs 1035-1040
89-90, 94, 95,
supplies mediastinum,
11, 162-164,
anterior thoracic wall, anterior off first part of subclavian a, also called 206,211, 237,
96 internal thoracic artery Neck Vascular 166, 192, 195,
abdominal wall, respiratory internal mammary a 244, 245
727, 1013-
diaphragm
1015
197 subclavian artery Neck Vascular 30
198 subclavian vein Neck Vascular runs along with artery 30
Thyroid gland (mainly the Most inferior of 3 anterior branches of
anterosuperior aspect) and the external carotid artery - runs 31, 32, 34, 74,
212 superior thyroid artery Neck Vascular
infrahyoid muscles, SCM, & anteroinferiorly deep to infrahyoid 75, 76
larynx muscles
divides into circumflex
216 suprascapular artery neck Vascular off thyrocervical trunk 429
scapular and thoracodorsal
Largest branch (inferior thyroid a.) is
O: Anterior surface of first part of
primary visceral a. of the neck which
subclavian a.; I: Suprascapular a., 32, 74-6, 237,
233 thyrocervical trunk Neck Vascular Subclavian a. supplies the larynx, trachea, 717, 1015
Ascending cervical a., Interior thyroid a, 427
esophagus, thyroid, parathyroid, &
& Cervicodorsal trunk
adjacent muscles
Supplies local muscles of the
The two vertebral a.'s join together to
253 vertebral artery Neck Vascular cervical spine through anterior Forms from the Subclavian a. Passes through Transverse Foramen 21
form the basilar artery
spinal arteries
smallest and deepest of salivary glands;
in floor of mouth b/w mandible and
199 sublingual gland Oral Gland Salivary Gland 53
genioglossus m; ducts open into floor of
mouth along sublingual folds
201 submandibular gland Oral Gland Salivary Gland 53
soft palate (branch of V2-
enters palate through lesser palatine
106.5 lesser palatine nerve Oral Innervation maxillary division of 43,52
foramen
trigeminal)
branch of V3 - sensation of
112 lingual nerve Oral Innervation 23, 40, 53
anterior 2/3 of tongue
submandibular Submandibular and
200 Oral Innervation passes lateral to medial 59
ganglion Sublingual Glands
bilaterally - depresses tongue, creates paralysis causes genioglossus to fall
short tendon from sup. Part of mental
longitudinal furrow; posterior part posteriorally, blocking airway. Total 942, 943, 945,
spine of mandible / entire dorsum of
77 genioglossus m. Oral Muscular CN XII - Hypoglossal Nerve pulls tongue anteriorally (protrusion); relaxation occurs during general 949-950, 998,
tongue and inferior/posterior fibers attach
unilateral deviates (wags) tongue to anasthesia (must prevent tongue from 1077
to hyoid bone
contralateral side relapsing)
942, 943, 945,
pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens
inferior mental spine of mandible / 962, 998,
78 geniohyoid m. Oral Muscular C1 via hypoglossal n (CN XII) floor of mouth; widens pharynx,
anterior body of hyoid bone 1002, 1031,
protrudes hyoid bone and tongue
1033, 1077
body & greater horn of hyoid bone; depresses tongue; helps shorten 942, 943, 945,
82 hyoglossus m. Oral muscular CN XII - Hypoglossal Nerve
inferior aspects of lateral part of tongue (retrude) tongue 998, 1077
cartilage of auditory tube and petrous
elevates soft palate during swallowing
110 levator veli palatini m. Oral Muscular CN XI palatine arteries part of temporal bone/palatine 52, 55, 64
and yawning
aponeurosis
palatoglossal arch / O: Palatine aponeurosis of soft palate; I: Constrict isthmus of fauces; Elevate 51-2, 58-60,
157 Oral Muscular Pharyngeal plexus Lingual a. 941-2
palatoglossus m. Posterolateral tongue posterior tongue; Depress soft palate 64, 126
tenses soft palate, pulls walls of
palatopharyngeal arch / pharyngeal branch of vagus
158 Oral muscular hard palate/ lateral wall of pharynx pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and 52, 58, 59
palatopharyngeus m. nerve
medially during swallowing
anterior border of distal styloid process retracts and elevates tongue, curling
193 styloglossus m. Oral Muscular CN XII (Hypoglossal n) 59, 68, 73
and stylohyoid ligament; most medial up at its sides
stylohoid branch of facial n elevates and retracts hyoid, thus
194 stylohyoid m. Oral Muscular styloid process; hyoid bone 32, 59
(CN VII) elongating floor of mouth
curved free margin of soft palate, can
935, 936, 950,
242 uvula Oral Other clearly see it with the mouth open 51
1032-1034
hanging down in the back of the throat
opening in hard palate posterior to great lesser palatine artery and nerve passes
107 lesser palatine foramen Oral Skeletal
palatine foramen through
enters palate through lesser palatine
106 lesser palatine artery Oral Vascular soft palate 52
foramen
tongue, suprahyoid mm,
111 lingual artery Oral Vascular arises from external carotid a. 23,32, 59
palatine tonsil
lacrimal fluid production
99 lacrimal gland orbit Gland Secrete lacrimal fluid in superolateral angle of orbit 82
stimulated by CNVII
lacrimal fluid usually flows across the
convey lacrimal fluid from lacrimal eye into the lacrimal sac then enter nasal
101 lacrimal sac / duct orbit Gland 82
glands to sac cavity - when tears increase, they flow
over lids
ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral
preganglionic parasympathetic axons
side of the optic n. near the apex of the
arrive via the inferior division of the
orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons
CN III (preganglionic oculomotor n. (III); postganglionic 131-
pass through the ciliary ganglion without
20 ciliary ganglion Orbit Innervation parasympathetic axons come parasympathetic axons which 132,86,121- 905
synapse - the sensory root is carried via
from this nerve) distribute via short ciliary nn.; 122,86
the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic
sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the
root arrives in the orbit via the internal
eye; a parasympathetic ganglion
carotid a.
Carris postganglionic PS fibers and S
branch of opthalmic nerve, passes
100 lacrimal nerve Orbit Innervation lacrimal gland fibers to lacrimal gland to stimulate 86
through superior orbital fissure
secretion and vasoconstriction
Distal mucosa of frontal
sinus; skin & conjunctiva of
middle of superior eyelid; Largest branch from bifurcation of Approximately in middle of orbital 24, 36, 81,
215 supraorbital nerve Orbit Innervation
skin & pericranium of frontal nerve roof 122, 86
anterolateral forehead & scalp
to vertex
anterio part of floor of orbit / sclera deep abudcts, elevates, and laterally rotates 892, 900, 902,
88 inferior oblique m. Orbit Muscular CN III - oculomotor nerve 83, 84
to lateral rectus muscle eyeball 958
common tendinous ring / sclera just depresses, adducts, and rotates eyeball 890, 900, 902,
91 inferior rectus m. Orbit Muscular CN III - oculomotor nerve 83, 84
posterior to corneoscleral junction medially 961, 1064
common tendinous ring/sclera posterior
105 lateral rectus m. orbit Muscular Abducent nerve (CN VI) abducts eyeball 84
to cornea
common tendinous ring / sclera just 895, 900, 902,
129 medial rectus m. orbit Muscular CN III - oculomotor nerve adducts eyeball 83
posterior to corneoscleral junction 961, 1064
O: Bone of sphenoid; I: Sclera deep to Abducts, depresses, and medially
209 superior oblique m. Orbit Muscular trochlear nerve (CN IV) 83, 84, 86
superior rectus m. rotates eye
O: Common tendinous ring; I: Sclera just Elevates, adducts, and rotates eyeball 83, 84, 86, 91,
211 superior rectus m. Orbit Muscular Oculomotor N.
posterior to cornea-scleral junction medially 121
passes through: maxillary n (CN V2),
824-825, 834,
between greater and lesser wings of infraorbital vessels, zygomatic n, rami
89 inferior orbital fissure Orbit Skeletal 2 891, 917, 952,
sphenoid of pterygopalatine ganglion, inferior
1064
ophthalmic v. (sometimes)
Muscle & skin of forehead Terminal branch of ophthalmic artery & Passes superiorly and posteriorly from 23, 36, 40, 81,
214 supraorbital artery Orbit Vascular
and scalp internal carotid supraorbital foramen 85
Lie above glottis, guarding vocal
Upper epiglottis:
folds. When breathing, pointed
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN
upward. When swallowing, elevation Epiglottis is one of nine cartilaginous
IX)
Elastic, heart-shaped, mucus covered of hyoid bone draws larynx up; structures making up the larynx (voice
[gag reflex] Pg. 1023 (text)
cartilage. Attached to root of tongue. epiglottis folds down, preventing food box). Eat Phood with your Pharynx. Sing 63, 64, 66, 76-
52 epiglottis Pharynx Cartilage Reference Fig.
Projects upward from tongue and hyoid from going into trachea (direct it to La La La with your Larynx 78
Lower epiglottis: 8.30 and 8.32
bone. esophagus). While breathing, it lies
superior laryngeal branch of
within pharynx.
vagus nerve (CN X)
When swallowing it is part of anterior
[cough reflex]
of the larynx.
arytenoid m. − oblique diagonally attached to both arytenoid
7 Pharynx Muscular closes epiglottis posterior to larynx 78
part cartilages and epiglottis (aryepiglotticus)
arytenoid m. − horizontally attached to both arythenoid
8 Pharynx Muscular closes epiglottis posterior to larynx 78
transverse part carilages
Base of Cranium Depresses mandible against resistance
digastric m. – anterior Mandibular Division (V3)
43 pharynx Muscular Facial Artery (Digastric Fossa, Mandible) / Hyoid when infrahyoid muscles fix or 27-29, 53 922-923
belly (CN V)
Bone depress hyoid bone.
Base of Cranium Depresses mandible against resistance
digastric m. – posterior
44 pharynx Muscular Facial Nerve (CN VII) Occipital Artery (Mastoid Process, Temporal Bone) / when infrahyoid muscles fix or 27-29, 53 922-923
belly
Hyoid Bone depress hyoid bone.
pharyngeal branch of vagus n
oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side
(CN X), pharyngeal plexus,
inferior pharyngeal of cricoid cartilage / cricopharyngeal part constrict walls of pharynx during 27, 75, 76, 80, 986, 1036-
90 Pharynx Muscular branches of external and
constrictor m. encircles pharyngoesophageal junction swallowing 126 1038
recurrent laryngeal nn of
w/o forming a raphe
vagus n
superior head: infratemporal surface of
mandibular n. (CN V3) via protrude mandible and depress chin
104 lateral pterygoid m. pharynx Muscular Maxillary a. greater wing of sphenoid, inferior head: 40,55
lateral pterygoind nerve with medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid plate/ neck of mandible
middle pharyngeal constrict wall of pharynx during
133 Pharynx Muscular pharyngeal plexus of nerves hyoid bone/median raphe of pharynx pg.1056
constrictor m. swallowing
salpingopharyngeal inferior cartilage of eustacian raise the pharynx and larynx during
173 fold / Pharynx Muscular vagus nerve (CN X) tube/posterior fasciculus of the deglutition (swallowing) and laterally 126
salpingopharyngeus m. palatopharyngeus muscle draws the pharyngeal walls up
elevate (shorten and widen) pharynx
styloid process; thyroid cartilage
196 stylopharyngeus m. pharynx Muscular glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) and larynx during swallowing and 59
most posterior
speaking
O: Pterygoid hamulus,
pterygomandibular raphe, Posterior end
superior pharyngeal Pharyngeal branch of vagus & of mylohyoid line of mandible & side of Constrict walls of pharynx during 40, 52, 55, 59,
210 Pharynx Muscular
constrictor m. pharyngeal plexus tongue; I: Pharyngeal tubercle on basilar swallowing 69, 68, 121
part of occipital bone and pharyngeal
raphe
multiple cranial nerves;
arises near carotid bifurcation; ascends to
ascending pharyngeal anastomotic channels to the
9 Pharynx Vascular the pharynx, deep and medial to internal 69
artery anterior and posterior cerebral
carotid artery
circulations
Bregma is the craniometric landmark
coronal suture separates the frontal and
38 coronal suture Skull Skeletal formed by the intersection of the sagittal 829
parietal bones
and coronal sutures
Ethmoid bone articulates with 15 bones:
Purpose of Ethmoid Bone:
Neurocranium: Frontal, Sphenoid,
Separate nasal cavity from
Sphenoid conchae (2)
brain. Viscerocranium, signgular bone, lying in Protects sinuses from direct contact
ethmoid b. – middle Viscerocranium: Nasal (2), Maxillae (2),
Located at roof of nose, midline. Projects downwards over with pressurized nasal airflow. Inhaled
53 nasal concha / Skull Skeletal Lacrimal (2), Palatine (2), Inferior Nasal 37-39
between the two orbits. openings of maxillary and ethmoid airflow travels between middle and
turbinate Conchae (2), Vomer
Cubical, lightweight bone. sinuses. inferior concha.
Four parts of ethmoid bone: Cribiform
Spongy bone
plate (base of cranium), Perpendicular
One of bones of the orbit
plate (nasal septum), Lateral Masses (2)
ethmoid b. – superior Viscerocranium, signgular bone, lying in
54 nasal concha / Skull Skeletal midline. Connects to middle nasal Protects olfactory blub 37-39
turbinate concha by nerve endings.
Median ridge bone projecting from
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. Falx
Cerebri attaches anteriorly to skull at this
55 ethmoid b. – crista galli Skull Skeletal 37-39
location. Olfactory bulbs lie on either
side of the crista galli on top of the
cribriform plate.
midline process projecting inferiorly into
ethmoid b. – the nasal cavity; forms the superior part
57 Skull Skeletal 2, 6, 39 824, 891
perpendicular plate of the bony nasal septum; inf’rly from
cribiform plate
each drains through the frontonasal
duct into the uppermost part of the
73 frontal b. – sinus Skull Skeletal pneumatized space in frontal b.; usually paired 822, 823-824
hiatus semilunaris in the middle nasal
meatus
articulates: anteriorly with frontal
small bone forming part of medial wall process of maxilla, superiorly with
823-824, 826,
98 lacrimal b. Skull Skeletal of orbit; forms part of the canal for the frontal bone, posteriorly with ethmoid,
889
nasolacrimal duct inferiorly with orbital process of
maxilla;
runs between parietal/occipital bones and
102 lambdoid suture skull Skeletal
temporal/occipital
fracturs here usually oblique and involve
115 mandible b. – angle Skull Skeletal posterior, lateral, inferior corner of bone 2-5, 13, 15, 16 827, 837-838
the bony socket or alveolus of 3rd molar
mandible b. – coronoid fractures here are rare and usually
116 Skull Skeletal superior and anterior projection of ramus 2-5, 13, 15, 16
process singular
of condylar process; place of ariculation
117 mandible b. – head Skull Skeletal 2-5, 13, 15, 16
with temporal bone
118 mandible b. – lingula Skull Skeletal medial side of ramus; small protuberance 2-5, 13, 15, 16
mandible b. – between coronoid process and condyle
120 Skull Skeletal 2-5, 13, 15, 16
mandibular notch (projections of ramus)
perpendicular portions of the mandible
122 mandible b. – ramus Skull Skeletal 2-5, 13, 15, 16
body
maxilla b. – incisive
124 Skull Skeletal 2-6, 8, 12
fossa
air filled region of maxilla bone. Floor of
127 maxillary sinus Skull Skeletal superior alveolar nerves maxillary a. decrease bone weight 44, 47, 48, 49 841, 963
orbit to alveolar part of maxilla
articulates with the frontal bone
136 nasal b. Skull Skeletal viscerocranium 2,3,4,6,11
superiorly
anterior portion of occipital b. & joins
142 occipital b. – clivus skull Skeletal anterior part of posterior cranial fossa 8, 9 pg.845
with sphenoid bone
emissary vein passes through from
occipital b. – condylar
143 skull Skeletal sigmoid sinus to verterbral veins in 8,9,10 pg.846
canal
neck
Frontal sinus --> Semilunar hiatus -->
opening of frontal
148 Skull Skeletal Supraorbital n. (CN V1) Frontonasal duct --> Ethmoidal 37, 38 958-60
sinus
infundibulum --> Middle nasal meatus
Anterior, Middle, & Posterior
opening of maxillary Posterior to the semilunar hiatus which is
149 Skull Skeletal Superior Alveolar n. Maxillary a. 37 958-9
sinus inferolateral to the root of the nose
(Maxillary n. branches)
Nasolacrimal duct --> Inferior nasal
opening of
150 Skull Skeletal meatus (inferolateral to the inferior nasal Drains tears from the lacrimal sac 37, 82 959
nasolacrimal duct
concha)
Sphenoid sinus --> spheno-ethmoidal
opening of sphenoid
151 Skull Skeletal Posterior ethmoidal n. Posterior ethmoidal a. recess (superoposterior to the superior 37, 38 832, 960-1
sinus
concha)
One of the most superior bones of the part of the neurocranium and calvaria,
skull (posterior to frontal bone), one of galea aponeurotica runs superiorly to Tuber (or eminence) is present in
160 parietal b. skull Skeletal 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
the bilaterally paired bones of the skull these bones, parietal foramen present newborns (Netter 12)
(separated by the sagittal suture) (for emissary vein)
172 sagittal suture Skull Skeletal separates the parietal bones 7, 12
sphenoid b. – hamulus
823-4, 830,
174 of medial pterygoid skull Skeletal 6
832
plate
sphenoid b. – anterior 823-4, 830,
175 skull Skeletal 6,9
clinoid process 832
sphenoid b. – greater 823-4, 830,
179 skull Skeletal 2,3,4,5,8,9,151
wing 832
Le Fort I fracture: horizontal fractures of
the maxillae, passing superior to the
sphenoid b. – lateral 823-4, 830,
180 skull Skeletal maxillary alveolar process, crossing bony 6,8,39
pterygoid plate 832
nasal septum and possibly the pterygoid
plates of sphenoid
sphenoid b. – lesser 823-4, 830,
181 skull Skeletal 2,3,4,5,8,9,151
wing 832
Le Fort I fracture: horizontal fractures of
the maxillae, passing superior to the
sphenoid b. – medial 823-4, 830,
182 skull Skeletal maxillary alveolar process, crossing bony 6,8,39
pterygoid plate 832
nasal septum and possibly the pterygoid
plates of sphenoid
sphenoid b. – sella 823-4, 830,
185 skull Skeletal 6,9,39
turcica 832
823-4, 830,
187 sphenoid sinus skull Skeletal 37-9
832
temporal b. – mastoid
224 Skull Skeletal 94
air cells
temporal b. – mastoid posteroinferior to external acoustic contains mastoid air cells that open
process meatus into the tympanic cavity
thin flat portion of temporal bone that
temporal b. –
226 Skull Skeletal consitutes the side of the skull above the 8
squamous part
ear
attachment site for stylohyoid,
spike of bone that projects inferiorly
temporal b. – styloid styloglossus, and stylopharngeus mm
227 Skull Skeletal from the petrous part of the temporal 8
process as well as stylomandibular and
bone
stylohyoid ligaments
temporal b. – projection of bone that arises anterior to articulates with zygomatic bone to
zygomatic process the external acoustic meatus form zygomatic arch
254 vomer b. Skull Skeletal Broken Nose, Deviated Septum 2
255 zygomatic b. Skull Skeletal Le Forte III Fracture 2
ethmoid b. – olfactory Holes in cribriform plate of ethmoid
56 Skull - foramina Skeletal 37-39
foramina bone which transmit the olfactory nerves.
deep petrosal nerve and some
831, 833, 835,
72 foramen lacerum Skull - foramina Skeletal medial to carotid canal. meningeal artery brances & small
883
veins pass through
frontal b. –
notch in the superior orbital margin; opening for the passage of the for
74 supraorbital notch / Skull - foramina Skeletal 822, 823-824
occasionally present as a foramen supraorbital neurovascular bundle
foramen
greater palatine an opening in the hard palate located transmits greater palatine 830, 831, 834,
81 Skull - foramina Skeletal important site for oral anesthesia
foramen medial to the 3rd maxillary molar tooth neurovascular bundle 934, 936
829, 831, 833,
97 jugular foramen Skull - foramina Skeletal 11 835, 1072,
1074, 1077
mandible b. – The inferior alveolar nerve and artery
119 Skull - foramina Skeletal located on interior ramus 2-5, 13, 15, 16
mandibular foramen enter traveling through the body
inferior alveolar nerve & arteries exit
mandible b. – mental at the mental foramen on the anterior
121 Skull - foramina Skeletal located centrally on body 2-5, 13, 15, 16
foramen mandible at which point the nerve is
known as the mental nerve
maxilla b. –
125 Skull - foramina Skeletal 2-6, 8, 12
infraorbital foramen
Passage for spinal cord, mininges,
occipital b. – foramen accessory nerve passes verterbral, ante. & post. vertebral arteries, anterior and 8-9, 11, 14, 58, 829-31; 833,
144 Skull - foramina Skeletal Cranial base of the occipital b.
magnum through spinal arteries pass through posterior spinal arteries, & spinal 123, 127 841
accessory nerve (CN XI)
occipital b. – Superior to the anterolateral margin of Passage for hypoglossal nerve (CN
145 Skull - foramina Skeletal hypoglossal nerve 8, 10-1 833, 835
hypoglossal canal the foramen magnum XII)
palatine b. – Anterior & slightly inferior to the line of
4, 6, 13-4, 38,
156 sphenopalatine Skull - foramina Skeletal the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid; 917, 952
40, 42
foramen Inside the pterygomaxillary fissure
mandibular nerve (CN V3), accessory
sphenoid b. – foramen 823-4, 830,
176 Skull - foramina Skeletal between rotundum and spinosum meningeal arty, lesser petrosal nerve 8,10
ovale 832
(occasionally) pass through
sphenoid b. – foramen most anterior medial of sphenoid 823-4, 830,
177 Skull - foramina Skeletal Maxillary nerve (CN V2) pass through 11
rotundum foramens 832
middle meningeal artery & vein,
sphenoid b. – foramen most posterior lateral of sphenoid 823-4, 830,
178 Skull - foramina Skeletal meningeal branch of mandibular nerve 8,10
spinosum foramens 832
pass through
sphenoid b. – optic 823-4, 830,
183 Skull - foramina Skeletal 2,6,11
canal 832
sphenoid b. – pterygoid 823-4, 830,
184 Skull - foramina Skeletal 43-5
canal 832
sphenoid b. – superior 823-4, 830,
186 Skull - foramina Skeletal 11
orbital fissure 832
195 stylomastoid foramen Skull - foramina skeletal underside of skull 123
temporal b. – external
opening in lateral surface of temporal allows sound to reach tympanic
221 auditory / acoustic Skull - foramina Skeletal 8
bone membrane
meatus
temporal b. – internal
opening in lateral surface of temporal transmits facial n, vestibulocochlear n,
222 auditory / acoustic Skull - foramina Skeletal 6
bone and labyrinthine a
meatus
transmits internal carotid a. and
temporal b. – carotid
223 Skull - foramina Skeletal in petrous part of temporal bone internal carotid plexus of nerves to 8
canal
cranial cavity
Netter Plate Moore Page
Structure Region System
#'s #'s
accessory hemiazygous vein
aorta – abdominal
aorta – arch / knob
aorta – ascending
aorta – descending / thoracic
appendix
azygos vein
brachiocephalic artery / trunk
brachiocephalic vein – left
brachiocephalic vein – right
cecum
celiac artery / trunk
cisterna chyli
colic artery – left
colic artery – right
colon – ascending
colon – descending
colon – transverse
common bile duct
common carotid artery – left
common carotid artery – right
common hepatic artery
common hepatic duct
common iliac artery
common iliac vein
communicating ramus – white or gray
cremaster m.
cystic artery
cystic duct
diaphragm
diaphragm – left crus
diaphragm – right crus
duodenum –asuperior (1st) part
duodenum –bdescending (2nd) part
duodenum –chorizontal (3rd) part
duodenum –dascending (4th) part
epididymis
epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
esophagus
external / superficial inguinal ring
external abdominal oblique m.
falciform ligament
femoral nerve
gallbladder
gastric artery – left
gastric artery – right
gastroduodenal artery
gastroepiploic artery – left
gastroepiploic artery – right
genitofemoral nerve
greater omentum interventricular
heart – muscular
septum
heart – anterior interventricular branch
of L. coronary artery (LAD)
heart – aortic semilunar valve
heart – atrial / nodal branch of R.
coronary artery
heart – chordae tendinae
heart – circumflex branch of L.
coronary artery
heart – coronary sinus
heart – crista terminalis
heart – fossa ovalis
heart – great cardiac vein
heart – left atrioventricular / mitral /
bicuspid valve
heart – left atrium / auricle
heart – left main coronary artery
heart – left ventricle
heart – membranous interventricular
septum
heart – middle cardiac vein
heart – moderator band
heart – papillary m.
heart – pectinate m.
heart – posterior interventricular branch
of R. coronary artery
heart – pulmonary semilunar valve
heart – right atrioventricular / tricuspid
valve
heart – right atrium / auricle
heart – right main coronary artery
heart – right marginal branch of R.
coronary artery
heart – right ventricle
heart – trabeculae carnae
hemiazygous vein
hepatic artery proper
hepatogastric ligament
hepatic portal vein
hepatoduodenal ligament
ileocolic artery
ileum
iliacus m.
iliohypogastric nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
inferior epigastric artery or vein
inferior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric vein
inferior phrenic arteries
inferior vena cava
inguinal canal
inguinal ligament
intercostal m. – external
intercostal m. – innermost
intercostal m. – internal
intercostal nerve, artery or vein
internal / deep inguinal ring
internal abdominal oblique m.
internal thoracic artery
internal thoracic vein
jejunum
kidney
kidney – major calyx
kidney – medullary pyramid
kidney – minor calyx
kidney – renal papillae
kidney – renal pelvis
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
left colic (splenic) flexure
left subclavian artery
ligamentum arteriosum
round ligament of the liver
liver – caudate lobe
liver – left lobe
liver – quadrate lobe
liver – right lobe
lumbar artery
lumbosacral trunk
lung – horizontal fissure
lung – inferior lobe
lung – lingula
lung – major / oblique fissure
lung – middle lobe
lung – superior lobe
main bronchus – left
main bronchus – right
major duodenal papillae
marginal artery of large intestine
middle colic artery
musculophrenic artery
oblique pericardial sinus
obturator nerve
ovarian artery
ovarian vein – left
ovarian vein – right
pampiniform plexus of veins
pancreas – body
pancreas – head
pancreas – main pancreatic duct
pancreas – neck
pancreas – tail
pancreas – uncinate process
pericardiophrenic artery or vein
pericardium
phrenic n.
porta hepatis
psoas major m.
psoas minor m.
pulmonary artery – right or left
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary vein
quadratus lumborum m.
rectus abdominis m.
rectus abdominis m. – tendinous
intersections
recurrent laryngeal nerve – left
recurrent laryngeal nerve – right
renal artery – left
renal artery – right
renal vein – left
renal vein – right
right colic (hepatic) flexure
short gastric arteries
sigmoid arteries
sigmoid colon
spermatic cord
splanchnic nerve – greater
splanchnic nerve – lesser
spleen
splenic artery
splenic vein
sternum – angle
sternum – body
sternum – manubrium
sternum – xiphoid process
stomach – greater curvature
stomach – lesser curvature
stomach – pyloric sphincter
stomach – rugae / gastric folds
subcostal nerve
superior epigastric artery or vein
superior intercostal vein – right
superior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric vein
superior rectal artery
superior vena cava
suprarenal (adrenal) artery – inferior
suprarenal (adrenal) artery – middle
suprarenal (adrenal) artery – superior
suprarenal (adrenal) gland
suprarenal (adrenal) vein
suspensory ligament of the doudenum
(ligament of Trietz)
sympathetic ganglion
sympathetic trunk
teniae coli
testicular artery
testicular vein – left
testicular vein – right
thoracic duct
trachea
trachea – bifurcation
transversalis fascia
transverse pericardial sinus
transversus abdominis m.
transversus thoracis m.
tunica albuginae
tunica vaginalis – parietal layer
tunica vaginalis – visceral layer
ureter
vagus n. / CN X
vas (ductus) deferens
Netter Moore
Region System
Structure Plate #'s Page #'s
abductor digiti minimi m.
abductor hallucis m.
adductor brevis m.
adductor hallucis m. – oblique head
adductor hallucis m. – transverse
head
adductor hiatus
adductor longus m.
adductor magnus m.
anterior cruciate ligament / ACL
anterior inferior iliac spine
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior talofibular ligament
anterior tibial artery
anterior tibial vein
biceps femoris – long head
biceps femoris – short head
broad ligament of uterus
bulbospongiosus / bulbocavernosus
m.
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
calcaneofibular ligament
calcaneus
calcaneus – sustentaculum tali
cervix
coccygeus m.
coccyx
common fibular / peroneal nerve
common iliac artery
common iliac vein
cremaster m.
cuboid bone
cuneiform bone – intermediate
cuneiform bone – lateral
cuneiform bone – medial
deep femoral (profunda femoris)
artery
deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
dorsalis pedis artery
ejaculatory duct
epididymis
extensor digitorum brevis m.
extensor digitorum longus m.
extensor hallucis brevis m.
extensor hallucis longus m.
external iliac artery
external iliac vein
fascia lata
femoral nerve
femoral vein
femur – greater trochanter
femur – head
femur – lateral condyle
femur – lateral epicondyle
femur – lesser trochanter
femur – ligament of the head
femur – medial condyle
femur – medial epicondyle
femur – neck
femur bone
fibula – head
fibula – lateral malleolus
fibula bone
fibular (lateral collateral) ligament
fibular (peroneal) artery
fibularis (peroneus) brevis m.
fibularis (peroneus) longus m.
fibularis (peroneus) tertius m.
flexor digiti minimi m.
flexor digitorum brevis m.
flexor digitorum longus m.
flexor hallucis brevis m.
flexor hallucis longus m.
gastrocnemius m. – lateral head
gastrocnemius m. – medial head
gluteus maximus m.
gluteus medius m.
gluteus minimus m.
gracilis m.
great (long) saphenous vein
greater sciatic foramen
iliofemoral ligament
iliolumbar artery
iliolumbar ligament
iliopsoas m.
iliotibial tract
ilium bone
inferior gemellus m.
inferior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal nerve
inferior rectal nerve
inguinal ligament
internal iliac / hypogastric artery
internal iliac vein
interosseous m.
intervertebral disc L3/L4 level
intervertebral disc L4/L5 level
intervertebral disc L5/S1 level
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
ischiocavernosus m.
ischiofemoral ligament
ischium bone
lateral circumflex artery
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of
thigh
lateral meniscus
lateral plantar artery
lateral plantar nerve
lateral sacral artery
lateral sural cutaneous nerve
left testicular vein
lesser sciatic foramen
levator ani m. / pelvic diaphragm m.
ligament of the ovary
lumbosacral trunk
lumbricals
medial / deltoid ligament
medial circumflex artery
medial meniscus
medial plantar artery
medial plantar nerve
medial sural cutaneous nerve
medial umbilical ligament /
obliterated umbilical artery
median (middle) sacral artery
median umbilical ligament
metatarsal
navicular bone
obturator artery
obturator externus m.
obturator foramen
obturator internus m.
obturator nerve
obturator vein
ovarian artery
ovarian vein
ovary
pampiniform plexus of veins
patella
patellar tendon / ligament
pectineus m.
penis
penis – bulb
penis – corpus caverosum
penis – corpus spongiosum
penis – crura
penis – deep dorsal vein
penis – urethral orifice
pes ancerinus
piriformis m.
plantar aponeurosis
plantaris m. / tendon
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
popliteus m.
posterior cruciate ligament / PCL
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
posterior talofibular ligament
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial vein
prostate gland
psoas major m.
pubic bone
pubic symphysis
pudendal nerve, artery or vein
quadratus femoris m.
quadratus plantae m.
rectum
rectus femoris m.
right testicular vein
round ligament of the uterus
sacral nerve root – S1
sacroiliac joint
sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
sacrum
saphenous nerve
sartorius m.
sciatic nerve
semimembranosus m.
seminal vesicle
semitendinosus m.
small saphenous vein
soleus m.
superficial femoral artery
superficial fibular / peroneal nerve
superficial transverse perineal m.
superior gemellus m.
superior gluteal artery
superior gluteal nerve
superior vesicular arteries
sural cutaneous nerve
suspensory ligament of the ovary
sympathetic trunk
talus bone
tendinous arch of levator ani
muscles
tensor fascia lata m.
testicular artery
tibia – medial malleolus
tibia bone
tibial (medial collateral) ligament
tibial nerve
tibialis anterior m.
tibialis posterior m.
transverse cervical / cardinal /
Mackenrodt's ligament
tunica albuginea
tunica vaginalis – parietal layer
tunica vaginalis – visceral layer
umbilical artery
ureter
urethra – membranous
urethra – prostatic
urethra – spongy
urinary bladder
urinary bladder – internal urethral
orifice
urinary bladder – trigone
urinary bladder – ureteric orifice
urogenital diaphragm / deep
transverse perineal m. / perineal
membrane
uterine artery
uterine tube – fimbriae
uterine tube / fallopian tube / oviduct
uterosacral ligament
uterus
vagina
vas (ductus) deferens
vastus intermedius m.
vastus lateralis m.
vastus medialis m.

Humerus Arm Anatomical Neck Arm

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Humerus Arm Anatomical Neck Arm

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Innervation Netter Plate

Lateral side of distal humerus

Anterior fossa just above the

Articulate with glenoid fossa.

basilic vein arm Vascular 429, 479, 480

used to take blood pressure readings. It is

muscular helps flex shoulder and adduct

clavicle axilla / shoulder Skeletal 419-423

glenoid labrum axilla / shoulder Skeletal 420-421

axillary vein axilla / shoulder Vascular 429

subclavian vein axilla / shoulder Vascular 429

spinous processes of T7-T12, extends, adducts, medially

spinous processes of T2-T5 / retract scapula and rotate it to

nuchal ligament, spinous

external surfaces of lateral protracts scapula and holds

lower Inferior portion

medial Sensory nerve to

medial pectoral Pectoralis minor

Muscles of anterior forearm

sternum - body chest Skeletal Narrower, middle portion 419

flexor carpi common flexor tendon / flexes hand, assists in

Strong band of fibers wrapping

capitate b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456

In general, osteoarthritis is more likely to

distal phalanx forearm / hand Skeletal 456

The ulnar nerve travels into the hand by

lunate b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456

metacarpal forearm / hand Skeletal 456

middle phalanx forearm / hand Skeletal 456

pisiform b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 445, 456

lateral projection on distal end

60% of carpal bone fractures are scaphoid

trapezium b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456

trapezoid b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456

triquetrum b. forearm / hand Skeletal 453, 455, 456

median cubital communication between

radial artery forearm / hand Vascular 465

This is partially cut in surgery for carpal

Recurrent flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, abducts; also assists

vertebra - C3 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra - C4 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra - C5 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra - C6 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra - C7 spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

vertebra - sacral spinal cord Skeletal 153-159

Outermost layer of meninges (dura,

Drains into IJV through the transverse

skin of the forehead and the

Compression of Facial a.: Facial a. can

epicranial aponeurosis / skin and elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin

O: Manubrium & thyroid cartilage; I:

248 vertebra - C3 Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161

249 vertebra - C4 Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161

250 vertebra - C5 Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161

251 vertebra - C6 Neck Skeletal 17-22, 153-161

Ligation of E.C. a. sometimes necessary 855, 925, 943,

195 stylomastoid foramen Skull - foramina skeletal underside of skull 123

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