Product name WCDMA RNP Product version V100R001

Confidentiality level For internal use only Total pages 33

WCDMA RNP Antenna Type Selection Guidance

For internal use only

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

URNP-SANA

Date: Date: Date: Date:

2003-07-23

HUAWEI

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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WCDMA RNP Antenna Type Selection Guidance

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Revision record
Date 2003-08-06 Revision version 1.00 Description Initial transmittal Author Gu Jufeng

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Table of Contents
1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Antenna Classification ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Major Technical Performances of the Antenna ................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Working Bands........................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Antenna Gain ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2.3 Antenna Pattern ......................................................................................................... 8 1.2.4 Relationship between Wave Width and Gain ............................................................. 9 1.2.5 Polarization Mode .................................................................................................... 11 1.2.6 Downtilt .................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) .................................................................... 12 1.2.8 Port Isolation ............................................................................................................ 13 1.2.9 Power Capacity........................................................................................................ 13 1.2.10 Input Interface of the Antenna ........................................................................ 14 1.2.11 Passive Inter-modulation (PIM) ...................................................................... 14 1.2.12 Antenna Size and Weight ............................................................................... 14 1.2.13 Wind Load ...................................................................................................... 15 1.2.14 Working Temperature and Humidity ............................................................... 15 1.2.15 Lightning Protection ........................................................................................ 15 1.2.16 Three-Proof Capability.................................................................................... 15 2 Principles for Antenna Type Selection................................................................................. 16 2.1 Principles for Selection of Antenna Working Bands....................................................... 16 2.2 Principle for Antenna Gain Selection ............................................................................. 16 2.3 Principle for Antenna Beam Width Selection ................................................................. 17 2.4 Principle for Polarization Mode Selection ...................................................................... 17 2.5 Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection ............................................................................ 18 2.5.1 Comparison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electricity Downtilt ......................... 18 2.5.2 Comparison between Preset Electricity Downtilt and Zero-Point Filling................... 20 2.5.3 Planning and Optimization of Downtilt Angle ........................................................... 21 2.6 Principle for Front-to-back Ratio Selection .................................................................... 21 2.7 Principle for Antenna Size Selection.............................................................................. 22 2.8 Principle for Antenna Impedance Selection ................................................................... 22 2.9 Principle for Antenna Selection at Special Occasions ................................................... 22 3 NodeB Antenna Type Selection at Different Scenarios ....................................................... 24 3.1 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Urban Coverage .................................................... 24 3.2 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Suburb Coverage................................................... 25 3.3 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Rural Areas............................................................ 26 3.4 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Highway Coverage ................................................ 27 3.5 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Rural Coverage...................................................... 28 3.6 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Offshore Coverage ................................................ 29 3.7 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Tunnel Coverage ................................................... 30 3.8 NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Indoor Coverage .................................................... 31

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List of Figures
figure 1 figure 2 figure 3 figure 4 figure 5 figure 6 figure 7 Relationship between dBi and dBd ............................................................................ 7 The horizontal and vertical patterns of a directional antenna..................................... 8 The relationship between antenna gain and beam widths ....................................... 11 Changes of the horizontal pattern in case of different downtilt angles ..................... 19 Different influences of different downtilt modes on back lobe .................................. 19 The 8-figure-shape omni antenna pattern (horizontal) ............................................. 23 Heart-shape omni antenna pattern (horizontal)........................................................ 23

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WCDMA RNP Antenna Type Selection Guidance

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WCDMA RNP Antenna Type Selection Guidance

Key words: WCDMA, NodeB, Antenna Type Selection Abstract: This article describes the major technology indices of antennas and type selection methods in applications from the network planning point of view. It also describes principles and suggestions for the antenna type selection in different application environments. List of abbreviations:

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1 Overview
Antenna is the interface between a radio transceiver and outside propagation environment. The same set of antenna can both emit and receive radio waves. When emitting radio waves, it converts the high-frequency currents into electromagnetic waves; when receiving radio waves, it converts electromagnetic waves into high-frequency currents. Network coverage is finally realized through antennas. Therefore, the network coverage quality and interference control depend largely on the correctness of antenna type selection.

1.1

Antenna Classification
Similar with antennas of GSM base stations, WCDMA antennas can also be divided into omni antennas and directional antennas according to the emission direction. Based on the polarization mode, antennas can be divided into vertical polarization antennas (also called mono-polarization antennas) and cross polarization antennas (also called dual polarization antennas). According to the outlines, antennas can be divided into whip antennas, plate antennas and cap antennas.

1.2

Major Technical Performances of the Antenna

The technical performances of an antenna include: working bands, gain, polarization mode, beam width, preset downtilt, the downtilt mode, the downtilt adjustment range, front-to-back ratio, side lobe suppression ratio, zero-point filling, return loss, power capacity, impedance and third order intermodulation. The mechanical performances include: size, weight, antenna input interface and wind load.

1.2.1 Working Bands

The FDD working bands of WCDMA system: i For Europe and China Uplink: 1920 ~ 1980 MHz Downlink: 2110 ~ 2170 MHz ii For North America
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Uplink: 1850 ~ 1910 MHz Downlink: 1930 ~ 1990 MHz

1.2.2 Antenna Gain

As a passive device, antenna itself cannot increase the energy of emitted signals. It only can centralize the energy to a certain direction by combining the antenna dipoles and changing their feeding mode. Gain is one of the most important indices of an antenna. It indicates the antennas capability of centralizing energy to a certain direction. Two units are often used to present antenna gain: dBi and dBd. The relationship between them is shown as follows:

0 dBd = 2.15 dBi

dBi is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the actual directional

(1.1)

antenna (including omni antenna) in relation to isotropic antennas. i stands for isotropic. dBd is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the actual directional antenna (including omni antenna) in relation to dipole antennas, and d stands for dipole. The relationship between the two units for antenna gain is illustrated as follows:

Isotropic
Dipole Actual antenna

8.85dBd 2.15dBi 11dBi

2.15dBi

ERP EIRP

The actual antenna gain is 11dBi

figure 1 Relationship between dBi and dBd

The antenna gain is not only related to the quantity of dipole units, but also related to the horizontal beam width and vertical beam width.

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1.2.3

Antenna Pattern
The graph describes the distribution of electromagnetic field of the antenna emission along the fixed distance on the angular coordinates is called pattern. A pattern presented by emission field intensity is called field intensity pattern, a pattern presented by power density is called power density pattern, and a pattern presented by phase is called phase pattern. The antenna pattern is a three-dimension graph, but it usually appears as two patterns in two planes perpendicular to each other, called plane patterns. In general, they are called vertical pattern and horizontal pattern. Horizontal patterns are divided into omni antenna horizontal pattern and directional antenna horizontal pattern. There are some special directional antennas such as heart-shape antenna and 8-figure-shape antenna. The directionality of an antenna is obtained by means of arrangement of dipoles and change of the feeding phase of each dipole. This is very similar to the interference effect of light. Therefore energy will be enhanced in certain directions, while weakened in other directions, forming lobes (or beams) and zero-points. The lobe with the strongest energy is called main lobe, the upper and lower lobes with the second strongest energy are called first side lobes, and so on. In case of directional antennas, back lobes exist. The horizontal and vertical patterns of a directional antenna are as follows:

Side lobes Zero points Back lobe Main lobe Main lobe max value Front-torear ratio Horizontal semi-power angle

Zero-point filling

5dB/scale Horizontal pattern -3dB 5dB/scale

Vertical pattern

figure 2 The horizontal and vertical patterns of a directional antenna

The beam width (also called semi-power angle) includes the horizontal beam width and vertical beam width. They are defined as the beam width between two points in horizontal direction and vertical direction respectively which the power are half of the max emission power. Common horizontal beam widths of NodeB antenna include 360, 90, 65, 60 and 33, and common vertical beam widths
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include 6.5, 7, 10, 13 and 16. Front-to-back ratio: It refers to the signal emission strength ratio between the main lobe direction and back lobe direction, namely the difference between the side lobe level beam within 180 30 of the antenna backward direction and the maximum beam, presented by a positive value. In general, the front-to-back ratio is within 18 ~ 45dB. For dense urban areas, antennas with large front-to-back suppress ratios should be used in priority. Zero-point filling: In case of shaped beam design in the vertical plane of a NodeB antenna, in order to make the emission level in service area more uniform, the first zero-point of lower side lobe should be filled so that no obvious zero depth exists. As the vertical beam width of high-gain antenna is narrow, the nearby coverage of such antennas in particular should be improved by means of the zero-point filling technology. If zero depth is greater than -26dB in relation to the main beam, it means that zero-point filling is used. Some suppliers use percentage to represent zero-point filling. For example, if the value of zero-point filling is 10%, the relationship between these two methods is shown as follows:

Y ( dB ) = 20 lg ( x% 100% )
For example: If zero-point filling is 10%, X=10, then

(1.2)

Y = 20 lg (10% 100% ) = 20 dB
Upper side lobe suppression: As for a micro cell system, in order to improve the efficiency of frequency reuse and reduce co-frequency interference to adjacent cells, during beam shaping, we should reduce as much as possible the upper side lobes that affect adjacent cells and enhance the D/U value (strength ratio between useful and useless signals). The first upper side lobe level should be less than -18dB in relation to the main beam. As for a macro cell system, there is no such a requirement.

1.2.4 Relationship between Wave Width and Gain

An antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The enhancement of emission in one direction means the reduction of emission in other directions. In general, we can enhance the emission strength in a certain direction by reducing the horizontal lobe width so as to increase the antenna gain. Under a given antenna gain, the horizontal beam width is in reverse proportion with the vertical beam width, as shown below:

Ga 10 lg 32400 ( )
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(1.3)

WCDMA RNP Antenna Type Selection Guidance

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Where, Ga refers to antenna gain, unit: dBi; refers to the vertical beam width, unit: degree . refers to the horizontal beam width, unit: degree. Based on the formula above, when we already know the gain and horizontal beam width of an antenna, we can estimate its vertical beam width. For example: If the gain of an omni antenna is 11dBi, and the horizontal beam width is 360, the vertical beam width is:

32400 = 7.15o 360 101.1

(1.4)

Because of differences in design and manufacturing, the actual vertical beam width of omni antenna is usually smaller than that of calculation result. The less the difference, the better the design. Take a dipole antenna as example, the relationship among antenna gain, vertical beam width and horizontal beam width is shown as follows:

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Gain (dB)

Vertical

Horizontal semi-power lobe width figure 3 The relationship between antenna gain and beam widths

Therefore, when the antenna gain is low, the vertical beam width and the horizontal beam width are usually big; when the antenna gain is high, the vertical beam width and the horizontal beam width are usually small. In addition, the antenna gain depends on the number of dipoles. The more dipoles, the higher gain and bigger aperture of the antenna ( the effective receiving area). For omni antennas, when the gain increases by 3dB, the antenna length increases by one time. Therefore the gain of omni antenna will not exceed 11dBi generally.

1.2.5 Polarization Mode

Polarization is the emission performance describing the vector direction of field intensity of electromagnetic wave. Unless otherwise specified, the space
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direction of electric field vector is the polarization direction of electromagnetic wave. Here, the vector direction refers to the direction of maximum emission of the antenna. If the space direction of the electric field vector does not change at any time, the electromagnetic wave is called linear polarization wave. With the ground as reference, if the electric field vector is parallel to the ground, the electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarization wave. Sometimes, the electric field vector is not fixed, and the pathway that the vector endpoint works out is a circle. In this case, the electromagnetic wave is called round polarization wave. If the pathway is an ellipse, the wave is called elliptic polarization wave. Both elliptic polarization wave and round polarization wave have the rotating feature. The electromagnetic waves of different bands propagate in different polarization modes. Mobile communications systems usually use vertical polarization, while the broadcast systems usually use horizontal polarization. Elliptic polarization is generally used in satellite communication systems. Two polarization modes of WCDMA antennas include single polarization and dual polarization. They both fall in linear polarization. Single polarization antennas in WCDMA system adopt vertical polarization, while dual polarization antennas use polarization diversity to minimize the negative effect of multi-path fading in the mobile communication system so as to improve the quality of receiving signals. Dual polarization antennas in the WCDMA system usually use the 45 cross polarization mode.

1.2.6 Downtilt
Antenna downtilt is an important method to strengthen the signal level of the main service area and reduce interference to other cells. The downtilt modes include mechanical downtilt, preset electricity downtilt and adjustable electricity downtilt (electrically controlled antenna). Mechanical downtilt refers to setting the downtilt angle by adjusting the antenna support to let the antenna down to a certain position. Electricity downtilt refers to controlling the downtilt angle by changing the phase of the dipole. The downtilt angle of a preset electricity downtilt antenna cannot be changed after the antenna leaves the factory, while the downtilt angle of an electrically controlled antenna can be changed. Mechanical downtilt and electricity downtilt can be applied together.

1.2.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

In a NodeB antenna of a mobile communications cellular system, the maximum
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VSWR should be below 1.5:1. Assume that ZA is the input impedance of antenna and Z0 is the nominal characteristic impedance (Z0 of WCDMA antenna is 50), then the reflection coefficient is:

Z A Z0 Z A + Z0

(1.5)

VSWR =

1+ 1

(1.6)

Return loss (R.L.) can also indicates the matching characteristic of the port. Return loss is calculated as follows:

R.L.(dB ) = 20 lg
When VSWR is 1.5:1, R.L. is 13.98dB.

(1.7)

When the input impedance is not consistent with the characteristic impedance, the reflected wave and the incident wave overlap on the feeder and form standing wave. The ratio between the maximum value and the minimal value of the adjacent voltage is VSWR. If the VSWR is too big, the communications distance will be shortened, and the reflection power will return to the power amplifier of the transmitter and burn out the power amplification tube.

1.2.8 Port Isolation

For multi-port antennas, such as dual polarization antennas, and dual band and dual polarization antennas, in case of transmission-receiving sharing, the isolation between ports should be greater than 30dB. For the case of intersystem sharing, the isolation between intersystem ports should more than 30dB. Normally, more than 40dB is recommended.

1.2.9 Power Capacity

It refers to the average power capacity. An antenna includes coupling devices such as matching device, balancing device and phase shift device. Their bearing power is limited. In view of the actual maximum input power of NodeB (single-carrier power is 20W), if one port of the antenna supports the input of 4 carriers, then the maximum input power of the antenna will be 80W. Therefore, the single-port power capacity of the antenna should be greater than 150W (When the ambient temperature is 65C).

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1.2.10 Input Interface of the Antenna

In order to improve the reliability of passive inter-modulation and RF connection, the input interface of NodeB antennas should be 7/16 DIN-Female type. Before an antenna is put into use, there should be a closure cap at the port to prevent oxidation and ingression of impurities.

1.2.11 Passive Inter-modulation (PIM)

The passive inter-modulation characteristic refers the inter-modulation effect caused by the passive components such as connector, feeder, antenna and filter due to the non-linearity of the components themselves when they work under the condition of high-power signals of multiple carriers. In general, the passive components are considered to be linear, but under high-power conditions, all passive components are somewhat non-linear. The causes are as follows: Metals made materials exist. The existence of inter-modulation product will produce interference to the communications system. Especially the inter-modulation product within the receiving band will have bad impact on the receiving performance of the system. So there are strict specifications for the inter-modulation characteristic of passive components such as connectors, cables, and antennas. The requirements are as follows: The passive inter-modulation index of connector is -150dBc, the passive inter-modulation index of cables is -170dBc, and the passive inter-modulation index of antennas is -150dBc. different materials contact one with another, the contact surface of the same material is not smooth, the connection is not firm; and magnetic

1.2.12 Antenna Size and Weight

In order to facilitate storage, transportation and installation and ensure the safety, an antenna should be smaller in size and more light in weight while it meets all the electric indices. At present, operators are more and more picky about the size, weight and appearance of antennas. So when selecting antennas, we should pay special attention not only to the technical performance indices, but also to those non-technical factors. NodeB antennas in urban areas should be small in size and light in weight and eye attracting, while there are no such a requirements for antennas in the suburbs and rural areas.

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1.2.13 Wind Load

NodeB antennas are usually installed on top of high buildings or iron towers, where the wind is very strong all the year, especially in coastal areas. Therefore antennas should be able to work normally at the wind speed of 36m/s and should not be damaged at the wind speed of 55m/s. Antennas themselves can normally endure strong wind. In areas with strong wind, antennas are usually damaged because of reasons of iron towers or mono-poles. Therefore in such areas, antennas with small surface area should be used.

1.2.14 Working Temperature and Humidity

NodeB antennas should be able to work normally at the environment temperature range of -40C to 65C and within the relative humidity range of 0 to 100%.

1.2.15 Lightning Protection

All the RF input ports of antennas must be grounded directly with DC.

1.2.16 Three-Proof Capability

NodeB antennas should have the three-proof capability, namely: damp proof, salt mist proof and mould proof. Omni antennas must support upside-down installation and meet the three-proof requirements.

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2
2.1

Principles for Antenna Type Selection

Principles for Selection of Antenna Working Bands
Outdoor Antennas Outdoor antennas should be wideband antennas those work at the 1710 ~ 2170MHz band. The use of wideband antennas is helpful to reduce the number of antennas (reduce the procurement cost) while such antennas can serve both WCDMA and DCS systems simultaneously. Although wideband antennas are selected exclusively, for urban coverage, the strategies and principles for WCDMA network optimization are largely different from those for DCS1800. If the WCDMA and DCS systems share antennas, there will be mutual influences in the optimization of the two systems. Therefore, for urban coverage, antenna sharing for WCDMA and DCS systems is not recommended. 2 Antennas of Indoor distribution system In general, indoor distribution systems all involve antenna sharing requirement, so the compatibility between forward (GSM/DCS) and backward (WLAN) should be considered in antenna selection. Therefore the antennas for indoor distribution systems should be wideband antennas (800 ~ 2500 MHz). For Green Field operators like China Telecom, wideband antennas are also recommended. An important reason is that DCS bands after clearing may be adopted in new mobile communications modes in the future.

2.2

Principle for Antenna Gain Selection

The gain of outdoor omni antennas is usually within the range of 2~11dBi, the gain of indoor omni antennas is usually within the range of 0~8dBi, and the gain of outdoor directional antennas is within the range of 3~22dBi. Low-gain antennas are usually used for micro cellular networks for indoor coverage and coverage of outdoor hot spots. This kind of antenna is small in size and easy to install. Mid-high-gain antennas are suitable for urban areas (the system simulation results from HUAWEI network planning department shows that antennas with higher gain can better control interference). The horizontal lobe width of this kind of antennas is generally 65.
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High-gain antennas are suitable for wide coverage. They are applied for coverage of highways, railways, tunnels and long and narrow landforms. The horizontal lobe width of this type of antennas is normally 33 or lower, resulting in many zero-points. Therefore, if the antenna installation height is very high, antennas with zero-point filling or preset electricity downtilt should be selected to avoid zero-point depth effect on the near-end coverage (tower-bottom shadow effect). In addition, this type of antenna has many dipoles and the volume is very large, so we should pay attention to the install ability and wind load.

2.3

Principle for Antenna Beam Width Selection

Selection of beam width includes selection of width of horizontal beam and vertical beam, which are closed related. The horizontal beam width depends on the type design of NodeB, while the vertical beam depends on antenna gain. In urban areas, for 3-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, antennas with 65 horizontal beam width are recommended. For 6-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, antennas with 33 horizontal beam width are recommended. In suburbs, for 3-sector center-excited NodeBs, antennas with 90 horizontal beam width are recommended. After determining the horizontal beam width, select the vertical beam width based on the requirements for gain and interference control. The narrower the vertical lobe is, the higher the antenna gain will be, and the better the directionality will be (it is easier to control interference). However, the zero-point depth will be more obvious. The preset electricity downtilt technology and zero-point filling technology should be used to solve the zero-point problem. If the narrower the vertical lobe is, the longer, heavier and more expensive the antenna will be. In this case, we should consider the installation ability of the antennas.

2.4

Principle for Polarization Mode Selection

Comparison between vertical single polarization antennas and vertical dual polarization antennas: From the signal emission point of view, mobile stations match the vertical polarization signals more easily because perpendicular to the ground; vertical single polarization antennas give better coverage effect than any other non-vertical polarization antennas, especially in open mountainous areas and rural areas. Tests show that the vertical polarization antennas give better coverage effect than dual polarization (45) antennas in open mountainous areas and rural areas. However, in urban areas, due to large number of dense
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buildings, the electromagnetic waves are reflected from the surfaces of the buildings many times. Metal objects and metal oxide film plated glass all cause polarization rotation, so there is no obvious difference between vertical polarization antennas and 45 polarization antennas in the coverage ability. From the receiving point of view, because two vertical polarization antennas must be for diversity receiving, while only one dual polarization antenna can do this, so single polarization antennas need more installation space and more maintenance work than dual polarization antenna do. In addition, there is no difference between space diversity gain and polarization diversity gain in urban areas. As the antenna size is concerned, even if dipoles with different polarization directions in a dual polarization antenna overlap together, and enough isolation can be ensured, so a dual polarization antenna is not bigger than a single polarization in size. Suggestion: For urban coverage, 45 dual polarization antennas are preferred; for suburbs, rural areas and highways, vertical polarization antennas are preferred.

2.5

Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection

2.5.1 Comparison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electricity Downtilt

Three kinds of methods and their combinations are usually used for antenna beam downtilt: Mechanical downtilt, preset electricity downtilt and electrically controlled downtilt (for electrically controlled antennas). During adjustment of the electrically controlled antenna downtilt angle, the antenna itself will not move, but the phase of the antenna dipole is adjusted through electricity signals to change the field intensity so that the antenna emission energy deviates from the zero-degree direction. The filed intensity of the antenna is increased or decreased in each direction so that there will be little change in the antenna pattern after the downtilt angle is changed. The horizontal semi-power width is unrelated with the downtilt angle. However, during mechanical adjustment of the downtilt angle, the antenna itself will be moved. It is necessary to change the downtilt angle by adjusting the location of the back support of the antenna. When the downtilt angle is very large, although the coverage distance in the main lobe direction changes obviously, yet signals in the direction perpendicular to the main lobe almost keep not change, the antenna pattern deforms seriously, and the horizontal beam width becomes greater as the downtilt angle is increased. A preset downtilt antenna is similar to an electrically controlled antenna in working
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principle, but a preset angle can not be adjusted. The advantages of an electrically controlled antenna are as follows: When the downtilt angle is very large, the coverage distance in the main lobe direction will be shortened obviously and the antenna pattern will not remarkably change, so the interference can be reduced. On the other hand, mechanical downtilt may deform the pattern. The larger the angle is, the more serious the deformation is. Hence it is difficult to control the interference. The change of horizontal patterns under the two adjustment modes is shown in Figure 4. Certainly, it is related to the vertical beam width.

Mechanical downtilt

Electr. downtilt

figure 4 Changes of the horizontal pattern in case of different downtilt angles

In addition, electrically controlled downtilt and the mechanical downtilt have different influence on the back lobe. Electrically controlled downtilt allows further control of the influence on the back lobe, while mechanical downtilt enlarges the influence on the back lobe, as shown in Figure 5:

Back lobe peak value

Horizontal pattern

Back lobe peak value

Main lobe peak value

Main lobe peak value Mechanical downtilt Rotation axis Electr. downtilt

Horizontal pattern

figure 5 Different influences of different downtilt modes on back lobe

If the mechanical downtilt angle is very large, the emission signals of the antenna will propagate to high buildings in backward direction through the back lobe, thus
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resulting in additional interference. In addition, during network optimization, management and maintenance, when we need to adjust the downtilt angle of an electrically controlled antenna, it is unnecessary to shut down the entire system. So we can monitor the adjustment of the antenna downtilt angle using special test equipment for mobile communication, so as to ensure the optimum value of the downtilt angle value of the antenna. The step degree of downtilt adjustment of an electrically controlled antenna is 0.1, while that of a mechanical antenna is 1 or bigger. After installing an electrically controlled antenna, the maintenance personnel can adjust the downtilt angle on the ground, without climbing to the antenna installation position. The maintenance personnel can also monitor and adjust remotely NodeB antennas on high mountains and in remote areas. During mechanical adjustment of the downtilt angle, the power amplifier of the cell should be shut down. Monitoring cannot be carried out during adjustment of the downtilt angle. The downtilt angle of a mechanical antenna is a theoretical value calculated by means of computer simulation and analysis software, with a certain deviation from the actual value. In addition, it is troublesome to adjust the downtilt angle of a mechanical antenna. The maintenance personnel usually have to climb to the antenna installation position to adjust the downtilt angle in the night. Whats more, in some cases, after antennas are installed, it is very difficult to adjust the downtilt angle, for example, when the antennas are installed on mountain top, on special buildings, and so on. WCDMA is very sensitive to interference and noises. If three or more sector signals with similar level exist in a certain area, pilot pollution will occur and the cell capacity will decrease. Therefore, in urban areas, during antenna selection, electricity downtilt antennas are preferred. An electrically controlled antenna is expensive (twice the price of a non-electrically controlled antenna). Therefore, if the project is investment sensitive, we should select preset electricity downtilt antennas in priority.

2.5.2 Comparison between Preset Electricity Downtilt and Zero-Point Filling

We can solve the problem of tower-bottom shadow effect caused by zero-point by means of preset electricity downtilt or zero-point filling. But the two methods are different from each other. The use of preset electricity downtilt can shorten the coverage range of the main lobe, but in occasions where downtilt angles are generally large, it can expand the downtilt angle adjustment range. Through zero-point filling, a kind of shaping technology, we can obtain a good pattern. In
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this case, the upper side lobe can be suppressed, so this kind of antennas will influence other aspects. Certainly it cannot expand the downtilt angle adjustment range. At present, manufacturers all provide WCDMA NodeB antennas with zero-point filling and upper side lobe suppression as necessary features. In wide-coverage occasion, the zero-point depth effect of antennas is a sensitive point, so we recommend antennas with zero-point filling, without any special requirement on the upper side lobe suppression. For urban coverage, a large downtilt angle adjustment range is required, so we recommend antennas with characteristics of preset electricity downtilt and upper side lobe suppression, and preferably with the zero-point filling characteristics.

2.5.3 Planning and Optimization of Downtilt Angle

For an omni antenna, we cannot adjust the mechanical downtilt angle, but we can select preset electricity downtilt angle antennas. For a directional antenna, in different occasions, requirements for the downtilt angle adjustment range are different. The downtilt angle planning can be analyzed based on two occasions: restricted coverage and restricted capacity. In case of restricted coverage, the downtilt angle should be adjusted, so that the main lobe can point to the cell border:

= arctan R

(2.1)

In case of restricted capacity, the downtilt angle should be adjusted so that the upper semi-power point on the vertical side of the main lobe is directed to the cell border:

= arctan + R

h V HPBW 2

(2.2)

If preset electricity downtilt antenna, we should deduct the electricity downtilt part when setting the mechanical downtilt angle. If the required downtilt angle is smaller than the preset electricity downtilt angle, we can obtain the required downtilt angle by means of mechanical uptilt.

2.6

Principle for Front-to-back Ratio Selection

In occasions where NodeB sites are densely distributed, if the back lobe is too big, it will be likely to cause pilot pollution and the network quality will be
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influenced. In urban areas, the antenna front-to-back ratio should be 25dB. In suburbs or rural areas, the antenna front-to-back ratio can appropriately lower. The front-to-back ratio is in reverse proportion to the beam width. The narrower the beam is, the higher the front-to-back ratio is.

2.7

Principle for Antenna Size Selection

Antenna size selection is mainly related to the installability. In areas with restricted installation conditions, for example, for railway and tunnel coverage planning, this is a very important factor, or the critical factory that determines whether the antennas can be installed. Firstly, the antenna size is related to the technical level of manufacturers, so different manufacturers can produce antennas of different sizes while all other indices are the same. Secondly, the antenna size is related to the antenna gain. The higher the gain is, the more the dipoles are required, and as a result, the longer the antenna will be.

2.8

Principle for Antenna Impedance Selection

The input impedance of a combiner is 50. In order to reduce the standing wave ratio, the characteristic impedance of an antenna should match with the input impedance, namely, it should be 50. In general, the characteristic impedance can meet this requirement, but attention should be paid to this index during selection or certification of new antennas.

2.9

Principle for Antenna Selection at Special Occasions

In some cases, the area to be covered around the NodeB can be clearly distinguished from the areas not to be covered. In this case, we can select beams matching the landform of such places for coverage. The selection of the shape of main beam horizontal pattern of an antenna is determined based on the coverage requirement around NodeB. We can select the pattern according to the location of the NodeB and the landform of the coverage areas. Namely, the shape of the antenna beam should match with the landform of the area to be covered. Common landform-matching beams include 8-figure-shape beam, heart-shape beam and so on. These antennas all come from omni antennas. An 8-figure-shape omni reshaped antenna is composed of an ordinary omni antenna and two auxiliary reflecting metal tubes that are symmetric to each other. The reflecting metal tubes are used for changing the horizontal pattern of the
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omni antenna by means of coupling so that horizontal pattern is in the shape of . For the pure highway coverage (it refers to the coverage of important highways in non-residential areas), because the traffic is small, O1 type of NodeBs are commonly used to reduce the quantity of NodeBs and thus save the construction cost. It can be seen that 8-figure-shape antennas are suitable for pure highway coverage. When this kind of antennas is used, the site location selection is very important. The stretching direction of the highway should match as much as possible with the antenna pattern.

figure 6 The 8-figure-shape omni antenna pattern (horizontal)

In rural areas, there are many villages by the highway, so village coverage can be included in highway coverage. We can select heart-shape omni antennas for this purpose. In the direction of the highway and villages, the antenna gain can be increased to about 13dBi so that the coverage of the highway and villages is more efficient.
Highway/Railroad

Highway/Railroad

figure 7 Heart-shape omni antenna pattern (horizontal)

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NodeB Antenna Type Selection at Different Scenarios

In a mobile communications network, antenna selection is of great importance. Antennas should be selected based on the actual situations such as the NodeB design and network coverage requirements and interference conditions. Properly selected antennas can improve the coverage effect, reduce interference, and improve the service quality. Based on the landform and distribution of subscribers, the application environments of antennas can be classified into eight types: Urban (a great number of buildings, heavy traffic), suburbs (low buildings, open area), rural (little traffic), highway (banding coverage), mountainous areas (hills, sparse subscribers), offshore (extremely far-reaching coverage, small number of subscribers), tunnels and indoor. If not otherwise specified, on-site engineers should select antennas within the range of antennas types already certified in the antenna database i .

3.1

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Urban Coverage

Application environment characteristics: NodeBs are densely-distributed, and the coverage area of each NodeB should be small. Cross-cell coverage should be avoided to reduce pilot pollution so as to improve the network quality and expanse the network capacity. Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Working frequency In order to reduce the number of antenna codes, select exclusively wideband antennas that work at the 1710 ~ 2170 MHz band. Polarization mode As it is difficult to select the sites of NodeBs and the installation space of the antenna is limited in urban areas, so we recommend dual polarization antennas. Horizontal beam width In order to better control the coverage range of cells to suppress interference, for urban 3-sector sites, we recommend directional antennas with 60 ~ 65 horizontal beam width. When the antenna gain and the horizontal beam width are determined, the vertical beam width is also determined. Antenna gain As large-distance coverage is not required for NodeBs in urban areas, we
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recommend antennas with mid-high gain. Based on the currently available antenna types, we recommend antennas with 13 ~ 16dBi gain depending on the density of NodeBs and building structures. Micro cell antennas in urban areas can be of 10 ~ 12dBi or lower gain. Antenna downtilt Select antennas with 6 electricity downtilt (when the actual downtilt angle is < 6, it can be adjusted through mechanical uptilt). Meanwhile, the antenna support should be mechanically adjustable within the range of 0 ~ 15. In such a case, there is a big possibility of capacity expansion. If the cell split mode is adopted for capacity expansion at late stages, adjustable electricity downtilt antennas can be used. The antenna downtilt should be adjustable within the range of 0 ~ 10. Zero-point filling and upper side lobe suppress In urban areas, in order to reduce cross-area interference, large downtilt angle is required sometimes. When the downtilt angle exceeds half of the width of the vertical beam, we should consider the influence of the upper side lobe. We recommend antennas with upper side lobe suppression and zero-point filling characteristics. Front-to-back ratio In urban areas, interference control is a key issue, so there is a strict requirement on the front-to-back ratio of antennas. We recommend antennas with a front-to-back ratio of 25dB or higher. Recommendation: Working frequency at 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / 45 dual polarization / 65 horizontal beam width / 15 dBi antenna gain / preset 6 electricity downtilt or 0 ~ 10 adjustable electricity downtilt and 0 ~ 15 adjustable mechanical downtilt / upper side lobe suppression and zero-point filling / 25dB or higher front-to-back ratio.

3.2

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Suburb Coverage

Application environment characteristics: The application environment of the suburbs is between urban environment and rural environment. In some places, the environment is more close to the urban, where many NodeBs exist. In this case, we should consider both coverage and interference control when selecting the antenna type. In some other areas, the environment is more close to rural areas, where coverage is an important factor. Therefore, the antenna type selection should be carried out depending on the actual situations for urban areas and rural areas.
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Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Horizontal beam width Based on the NodeB type design, select antennas with 65 or 90 horizontal beam width. If NodeBs are densely distributed, the antennas should be selected in reference to antenna selection principle for urban areas; if NodeBs are sparsely distributed, and there is no big capacity expansion potential, the antenna selection principle for rural areas can be used as reference. Antenna downtilt In general, preset electricity downtilt antennas are not used. Even if downtilt is used, the downtilt angle is generally very small. Recommendation: Select the specific antennas by referring to antenna type selection for urban areas and that for rural areas depending on the distance between NodeBs.

3.3

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Rural Areas

Application environment characteristics: NodeBs are sparsely distributed, the traffic is low, and large coverage is required. In some places, single NodeB coverage is adopted. Coverage is the most important factor. Antennas should be selected depending on the coverage areas around the NodeBs. Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Working frequency In order to reduce the number of antenna codes, select exclusively wideband antennas that work at the 1710 ~ 2170 MHz band. Polarization mode Buildings in rural areas are relatively low and sparsely distributed. The polarization effect of electric waves is not obvious, so we recommend vertical polarization antennas. Horizontal beam width If a NodeB is required to cover the surrounding area without obvious directionality, and the traffic is dispersedly distributed around the NodeB, we recommend omni NodeB coverage. For an omni NodeB, because the antenna gain is small, the coverage radius is not as far as that of a directional NodeB. If the operator requires a longer coverage distance, directional antennas should be selected. In rural areas, we recommend directional antennas with 90 horizontal beam width; for special landforms, we recommend landform matching antennas.
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Antenna gain Antenna gain should be selected depending on the coverage requirement. In rural areas, we recommend omni antennas with 11dBi gain or directional antennas with 18dBi gain.

Antenna downtilt In rural areas, there is little requirement for downtilt adjustment, both in the adjustment range and characteristics, so we recommend mechanical downtilt.

Zero-point filling If the antenna height is over 50 meters and near-end coverage is required, the antenna must bear the characteristic of zero-point filling. Recommendation (for directional antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 90 horizontal beam width / 18 dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling Recommendation (for omni antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 11 dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling

3.4

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Highway Coverage

Application environment characteristics: Low traffic, high-speed moving subscribers; the key point is coverage. High way coverage is mainly belt-shape coverage, so dual-sector or 8-figure-shape omni NodeBs are mostly used; in places where the highway runs through towns or scenic spots, 3-sector or heart-shape omni NodeBs should be used. Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Polarization mode For highway coverage, we recommend vertical polarization antennas. Horizontal beam width For coverage of railroads and highways, in case of S0.5/0.5 NodeB type configuration, use directional antennas with high gain and 30~33 horizontal beam width; in case of O1 NodeB type configuration, use 8-figure-shape antennas with dual 70 horizontal beam width. For NodeBs used to cover highways and the towns along highways, select heart-shape antennas or omni antennas with horizontal beam width of 210 ~ 220. Antenna gain In case of directional antennas, select 21 ~ 22dBi high-gain antennas; in case of
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omni antennas, select 11dBi gain antennas; in case of 8-figure-shape antennas, select 14dBi gain antennas; in case of heart-shape antennas, select 12dBi gain antennas. Antenna downtilt For places where highway coverage is considered mainly, we recommend antennas without preset downtilt angle. Zero-point filling If the antenna elevation is over 50 meters and near-end coverage is required, the antenna must bear the characteristics of zero-point filling. Recommendation (for directional antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 30 horizontal beam width / 21 dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling Recommendation (for 8-figure-shape antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / dual 70 horizontal beam width / 14 dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling Recommendation (for heart-shape antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 210 horizontal beam width / 12 dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling For highway and railway coverage, we recommend S0.5/0.5 NodeB configuration with high-gain directional antennas or O1 NodeB with 8-figure-shape antennas to avoid handover of high-speed moving subscribers under towers.

3.5

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Rural Coverage

Application environment characteristics: In remote hilly and mountainous areas, due to serious obstruction of mountains, the propagation attenuation of the electric wave is rather serious, so it is difficult to cover such as areas. Common situations are as follows: NodeB sites in basin areas, NodeB sites on high mountains, NodeB sites at mountainside and NodeB sties in common mountainous areas. For NodeB sites at the center of a basin area, if the basin area is not large, we recommend omni antennas; if the basin area is very large or coverage of a trunk road that runs through the basin is to be considered, we recommend directional antennas. Restricted by microwave transmission sometimes, a NodeB site must be located on a rather high hill. In this case, the antenna will be over 150 meters above subscriber distribution. If the target area of coverage is near the foot of the hill, an omni antenna with electricity downtilt
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angle is required so that the signal waves will point downward to avoid the tower-bottom shadow effect. In case of a NodeB site at the mountain side, the antenna elevation is lower than the mountain top, and it is impossible to cover the other side of the mountain. Therefore, a directional sector antenna with great beam width should be used to cover the valley. Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Polarization mode For mountainous area coverage, we recommend vertical polarization antennas. Horizontal beam width In case of directional antennas, 90 horizontal beam width is recommended. Antenna gain In case of omni antennas, 11dBi gain is recommended; in case of directional antennas, gain of 15 ~ 18dBi is recommended. Antenna downtilt and zero-point filling For NodeB sites on the mountains while the place to be covered is down at the foot of the mountains, antennas with the zero-point filling and preset electricity downtilt characteristics are recommended. The preset downtilt angle depends on the relative height of the antenna elevation compared with the altitude of the coverage area. The bigger the antenna relatively height is, the bigger the preset angle should be. Recommendation (for directional antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 90 horizontal beam width / 15 dBi antenna gain / preset electricity downtilt / zero-point filling Recommendation (for omni antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 11 dBi antenna gain / preset electricity downtilt / zero-point filling

3.6

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Offshore Coverage

Application environment characteristics: Low traffic, wide coverage, good radio propagation environment; for offshore coverage, the coverage distance is mainly restricted by the sphere curvature of the earth and the radio propagation attenuation. In view of the influences of the sphere curvature of the earth, antennas are usually installed at a high elevation (over 100 meters) for sea surface coverage. Principle for Antenna Type Selection:
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Polarization mode For offshore coverage, we recommend vertical polarization antennas.

Horizontal beam width We do not recommend omni antennas. The horizontal beam width of directional antennas should be selected depending on the coverage requirements.

Antenna gain Because the required coverage radius is big, we recommend high-gain (over 18dBi) antennas.

Preset downtilt and zero-point filling For sea surface coverage, the antenna elevation is usually very high (over 100 meters). Therefore coverage holes are like to appear at the near end. We recommend antennas with the zero-point filling characteristic. Meanwhile, for long-distance and wide coverage, we recommend antennas without preset downtilt. Recommendation: Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 30 horizontal beam width / 21 dBi / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling

3.7

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Tunnel Coverage

Application environment characteristics: The traffic is not heavy, and interference control is almost not required. As it is rather difficult to install and maintain antennas inside tunnels, the large-sized antennas are not adopted in most cases. Leaking cables will be adopted for railroad tunnel coverage, which will not be discussed in this section. Principle of Antenna Type Selection: Polarization mode Because the inner wall of tunnels and vehicles can repeatedly reflect signals, causing obvious polarization effect on electric waves, the coverage capability of a vertical polarization antenna is similar to that of a 45 polarization antenna in a tunnel. For installation inside tunnels, the antenna size and installability should be considered. We recommend vertical polarization log-periodical antennas (wideband) or Yagi antennas (narrowband). For installation outside the tunnel entrance, we recommend dual polarization plate antennas. Horizontal beam width Due to obvious coverage directivity, narrow-beam directional antennas are usually used. The log-periodical antennas or Yagi antennas with 55 horizontal beam width or plate antennas with 30 horizontal beam width are recommended.
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Antenna gain We can select high-gain plate antennas (21dBi or higher), Yagi antennas (13~14dBi) and log-periodical antennas (11 ~ 12dBi). The specific antenna gain can be selected based on the tunnel length.

Antenna size For tunnel coverage, the antenna size is a critical factor. A special coverage scheme should be designed for each tunnel, and antenna installability should be given due consideration. Select small-sized and easy-to-install antennas those meet the gain requirement. Recommendation: Working frequency 800 ~ 2200 MHz / vertical polarization / 55 horizontal beam width / log-periodical antenna with 11.5 dBi (consider sharing with GSM/DCS).

3.8

NodeB Antenna Type Selection for Indoor Coverage

Application environment characteristics: At low stories of high buildings, NodeB signals are usually weak and there are even coverage-hole zones; at high stories of high buildings, signals are in disorder, interference is serious and the call quality is bad. Most of underground facilities, like underground parking lots and underground stores, are coverage-hole zones. Generally, indoor distribution systems are built to solve indoor coverage problems. With an indoor distribution system, NodeB signals are directly led in for various indoor areas through a wired network, and then the signal receiving and transmission are implemented through various indoor antennas, so as to remove indoor coverage-hole zones, suppress interference and provide good coverage for indoor subscribers. There is no receiving diversity or transmission diversity in an indoor distribution system. The antenna type selection depends on the design of the distributed system. Check the installability of the antennas and the coverage requirement, and select accordingly the antenna type and parameters. Principle for Antenna Type Selection: Working frequency In general, indoor distribution systems all involve antenna sharing requirement, so the compatibility with forward (GSM/DCS) and backward (WLAN) should be considered in antenna selection. Therefore the antennas for indoor distribution systems should be wideband antennas (800 ~ 2500 MHz).For Green Field operators like China Telecom, wideband antennas
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are also recommended. An important reason is that DCS bands after clearing may be adopted in new mobile communications modes in the future. Polarization mode Vertical polarization mode is adopted for indoor coverage. Antenna type selection Indoor antennas come in three types: ceiling-mounted omni antennas, plate directional antennas, and high-gain directional antenna. An omni antenna is installed in ceiling mounted mode at the center of the room; a plate directional antenna, applied in a rectangle environment, is installed on a single-sided wall by the short edge of the rectangle; a high-gain directional antenna is applied in the elevator well, and in general it is a log-periodical antenna. Antenna gain Omni antenna: 2dBi; plate directional antenna: 7dBi; log-periodical directional antenna: 11dBi. Beam width Omni antenna: 360 horizontal beam width and 90 vertical beam width; plate directional antenna: 90 horizontal beam width and 60 vertical beam width; log-periodical antenna: 55 horizontal beam width and 50 vertical beam width. Plate antenna unit: Different sizes are available, used in elevator pass ways, tunnels, subways and corridors respectively. Recommendation (for omni antennas): Working frequency 800 ~ 2500 MHz / vertical polarization / 360 horizontal beam width, 90 vertical beam width / 2dBi gain. Recommendation (for plate directional antennas): Working frequency 800 ~ 2500 MHz / vertical polarization / 90horizontal beam width, 60 vertical beam width / 7dBi gain. Recommendation (for log-periodical antennas): Working frequency 800 ~ 2500 MHz / vertical polarization / 55horizontal beam width, 50 vertical beam width / 11.5dBi gain.

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List of references: [1] Jiang Lihong, WCDMA Antenna Database, RF Research Department of Shanghai Research Institute, 06/2003 [2] Jiang Lihong, WCDMA NodeB Antenna Type Selection in Urban Areas, RF Research Department of Shanghai Research Institute, 11/2002 [3] Jiang Lihong, WCDMA NodeB Antenna Type Selection in Villages and Suburbs, RF Research Department of Shanghai Research Institute, 12/2002 [4] Jiang Lihong, WCDMA NodeB Antenna Type Selection in Highways, RF Research Department of Shanghai Research Institute, 01/2003 [5] Jiang Lihong, WCDMA NodeB Antenna Type Selection of Indoor Distribute System, RF Research Department of Shanghai Research Institute, 01/2003 [6] Ding Jianmu, WCDMA RNP Technologies Influences of Antenna Mechanical Downtilt on Capacity, Adjacent Cell Interference and SHO Overhead, UMTS Network Planning Department, 04/2003 [7] Tao Maodi, He Qun, GSM NodeB Antenna Type Selection Guideline, GSM Network Planning, 01/2002

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