1

CHM 130 Fall 2012

Instructor: J.T. (Dotie) Sipowska

E-mail: dotie@umich.edu

Office hours: MW 11:10 AM - 12:10 PM
or by appointment

Office: Chem 3545

CHM 130 is a coordinated course: all sections cover the
same material, have the same exams, homework, grading
scale and website.
Section 200 GSIs:

Rachel Barnard racbar@umich.edu
Kristen Herrmann herrmaka@umich.edu
Aaron Konopko aakonopk@umich.edu
Andrew Molina molinaar@umich.edu

Section 400 GSIs:

Elizabeth Brown esbrow@umich.edu
Joanna Thielen jethiele@umich.edu




GSI Admin:
Aaron White amwhi@umich.edu
Important Course Information
Discussion
Meet with GSI once a week to ask questions, practice problem solving
skills
Take 12 quizzes; two lowest grades are dropped
Quizzes start September 10th; bring a non-programmable, non-
graphing calculator!

Lectures
i>Clicker questions are posed during lectures
They are worth 4% total (this is extra credit)

Homework
There are 12 online (OWL) homework assignments; two lowest
grades are dropped
No hard copies are accepted
Important Course Information
Office Hours:
GSIs will hold office hours in the Science Learning Center (SLC).
These hours will be posted soon in the SLC and on the CHM 130
CTools website: https://ctools.umich.edu/
CTools CHM 130 website content:
- lecture slides for all sections
- syllabus
- exam and quiz procedures
- announcements
- links to useful websites
- instructions for i-clickers and OWL (online homework)
Important Course Information
Exams

Two midterms (1.5 hours)
Wednesday, October 14 8-10 PM
Wednesday, December 4 8-10 PM

Final exam (2 hours)
Monday, December 17 8-10 AM

There are NO make-up exams.
Detailed information about exam procedures is posted on
CTools website in Additional Resources folder
Grading Policy
2 hour exams (100 pts ea.) 2 22 % = 44 %
Final exam (200 pts.) 26 %
10 quizzes (10 pts ea.) 20 %
10 homework assignments 10 %
-----------------------------------
---
Total: 100 %
i>Clicker Questions 4 %
-----------------------------------
--
Maximum Chem 130 Score 104 %

Grades are not curved; see the syllabus for letter grade assignments
2
Important Course Information
1. GSIs (available for you at the SLC, at discussion, and
through e-mail) will handle homework questions,
homework grade corrections, and quiz grades.
E-mails sent from OWL site will NOT be answered
2. Aaron White (course administrator) will answer
questions about exam conflicts and special needs
exam arrangements. Dates and details for sending
these requests will be announced on CTools by
September 15.
3. Questions about lecture, lecture participation, or exam
grades should be sent to course instructors.

Tips for Studying
Read the textbook prior to class lectures.

Print notes prior to the lecture and bring them to class.

Test your understanding by problem solving (OWL and
textbook within 36 hrs of lecture).

Visit me and your GSI during office hours with any
questions.

Use your quizzes, homework, and additional problems in the
textbook to prepare for exams.
Do not rely only on the posted practice exams.

Topics
Law of Conservation of Mass
Classification of matter
Properties of matter
Units
Uncertainty in measurements
Dimensional analysis
Why Care about Chemistry?
Chemistry
The science of matter and the transformations it can
undergo.
Why should you study it?
It helps us understand our surroundings and the way
we function.
It plays a central role in medicine, engineering and
many sciences.
How Science is Done
Pacific yew bark extract has
cancer-fighting properties.

Chemists:
Isolated the active chemical: Paclitaxel
Determined its formula: C
47
H
51
NO
14
.
Determined its structure:
Smaller of two parts
of paclitaxel
(Taxol)
Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model
Molecular Medicine
Cancerous cells multiply faster than normal cells.
Paclitaxel hinders cell division

Other drugs have been designed to hinder cell
division more effectively.
Compound 13a is similar, but more effective.
3
How Science is Done
Observations are made.
A hypothesis is proposed.
Plant extracts treat cancer.
Suggests further experiments to check if correct.
Experiments generate:
Qualitative data no numerical information


Quantitative data - contains numbers
Extracts from Pacific-yew bark kill cancer cells.
Compound 13a is twenty times more effective than
paclitaxel in killing ovarian cancer cells.
How Science is Done
Summarizes what happens.
Law
Theory (Model)
An attempt to explain why it
happens.
Set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of
some natural phenomenon.
May be disproved in the future

Hypothesis
A possible explanation
for an observation.
Law of Conservation of Mass
The total mass remains constant during a chemical
reaction (chemical change)
zinc + chlorine = zinc chloride
zinc + 7.09 g = 13.63 g
zinc = 13.63 g-7.09 g = 6.54 g

Matter: Whatever occupies space and can be
perceived by our senses.
Mass: The quantity of matter in a material
Law of Conservation of Mass:
Exercise
Some zinc powder weighing 10.24 g is placed in a beaker
and covered with 34.8 g of diluted nitric acid.
The acid reacts with the metal and gives off hydrogen gas,
which escapes into the air. After the reaction the content of
the beaker weighs 42.3 g. What is the mass of hydrogen
gas produced by the reaction?

Solution:
zinc + acid solution = hydrogen gas + beaker content
10.24 g + 34.8 g = X + 42.3 g
X = 10.24 g + 34.8 g 42.3 g
X = 2.7 g

Physical States of Matter
Solid
Closely-packed particles often in regular arrays.
Fixed locations.
Rigid materials.
Small fixed volume.

Physical States of Matter
Liquid
Closely spaced (similar to solids).
More randomly arranged than a solid.
Less confined, can move past each other.
4
Physical States of Matter
Gas
Continuous rapid motion
Particles are widely spaced.
Travel large distances before colliding.
No fixed volume or shape
Intermediate States of Matter
Supercritical Fluid:
- state more dense than a gas and
less dense than a liquid
- obtained by compressing gases
supercritical CO
2
is a powerful
solvent used to extract caffeine
from coffee beans and in dry
cleaning
Liquid crystals:
- more ordered than liquids or less
ordered than solids
- applied in displays of electronic
devices


Properties of Matter
Physical:
can be measured without changing the composition of
a substance.








Chemical:
describe how substances react to form different substances

Temperature
Pressure
Mass
Volume
State (solid, liquid, or gas)
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Color
Shape of crystals
Physical Property: TEMPERATURE


) 32 (
9
5
0 0
= F C
32
5
9
0 0
+ = C F
15 . 273
0
+ = C K
Physical Property: Density
density =
mass
Volume
Density at 20C
Substance d (g/mL)
ethanol 0.789
water 0.998
magnesium 1.74
aluminum 2.70
titanium 4.50
copper 8.93
lead 11.34
mercury 13.55
gold 19.32
m
V
d =
Water, copper and mercury
Kerosene, vegetable
oil and water
Exercise
A piece of metal has mass = 215.8 g. When placed
into a measuring cylinder it displaces 19.1 mL of
water. Identify the metal.
= 11.3 g/mL =
215.8 g
19.1 mL
d =
m
V
Probably lead
Density at 20C
Substance d (g/mL)
magnesium 1.74
aluminum 2.70
titanium 4.50
copper 8.93
lead 11.34
mercury 13.55
gold 19.32
5
The same substance is present before and after a physical
change.
Physical Change
physical state may change.
ice melting
(solid water liquid water).
gross shape may change.
a lump of lead hammered
into a sheet.
size may change.
a piece of wood is cut in two.











Ice melting
Chemical property
A chemical reaction that a substance can undergo.
Chemical Reaction?
Reactant atoms rearrange into different substances.
reactant products
sucrose carbon + water heat
Sucrose caramelizes, then turns to carbon on heating.
Chemical Properties
(b) Fuels in the space shuttle (hydrogen and oxygen)
combine to give water and provide energy to lift
the shuttle into space.
Chemical Properties
Describe the change as chemical or physical:
Chemical change
(c) An ice cube in your glass of lemonade melts.
Chemical change
Physical change
(a) A cup of household bleach changes the color of
your favorite T-shirt from purple to pink.
Classification of Matter by Composition
Classifying Matter: Compounds
Most substances are compounds:
They will decompose into simpler substances
Sucrose carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
H
2
(colorless gas)
sucrose

(white solid)
O
2
(colorless gas)
carbon

(black solid)
Have specific composition
- Sucrose is always 42.1% C, 6.5% H and
51.4% O by mass.
Have specific properties.
- Water always melts at 0.0C (1 atm).
- Water always boils at 100.0C (1 atm).
Elements
- Cannot be decomposed into new substances
Compounds
6
Mixtures
Have variable composition.
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
- Have visibly indistinguishable parts; solution.
- Having visibly distinguishable parts.
Separation & Purification
A magnet separating iron filings from sulfur powder
Nature of Measurement
Quantitative observation consisting of two parts:
- number
- scale (unit)
Measurement
Examples
20 grams
6.63 1034 Jouleseconds
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount
of substance
Mole mol
Electric
current
Ampere A
Luminous
intensity
Candela cd
Metric Units
Prefix Factor
mega M 10
6

kilo k 10
3

deci d 10
-1

centi c 10
-2

milli m 10
-3

micro 10
-6

nano n 10
-9

pico p 10
-12
Prefixes multiply or divide a unit
by multiples of ten.
Examples
1 kilometer = 1 km = 1 x 10
3
meter

1 microgram = 1 g = 1 x 10
-6
gram
Nanoscale Theories & Models
macroscale objects can be seen, measured and handled
without any aids.
microscale objects can be seen with a microscope.
nanoscale objects have dimensions an atom.
nano
SI prefix


Quantity Definition of Quantity SI Unit
Area length length m
2

Volume length length length m
3

Density mass per unit volume kg/m
3

Speed distance per unit time m/s
Acceleration change in speed per unit
time
m/s
2

Force mass x acceleration kg m/s
2 =
N (newton)
Pressure Force per unit area Pascal, Pa: kg/(m s
2
)
Energy,
work heat
Force x distance Joule, J: kg m
2
/s
2

Derived Units

7
Uncertainty in Measurements
Two types of numbers:
exact (counting or defined)
inexact (from measurements)
All measurements have some uncertainty or
error associated with them
Precision
Accuracy
The exactness of a measurement is reflected in
the number of significant figures
Precision and Accuracy
Accuracy
Agreement of a particular value with the true value.
Precision
Degree of agreement among several measurements of
the same quantity.
Those digits in a measured number (or in the
result of a calculation with measured numbers)
that include all certain digits plus a final digit
having some uncertainty.


5.7 cm
(The tenths place is estimated)
Significant Figures
Significant Figures
Nonzero numbers and zeros between nonzero numbers are always
significant
243006.5
has seven significant figures
Zeros before the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.0034
has two significant figures
Zeros at the end of the number after a decimal point are significant
2.00
has three significant figures
Zeros at the end of the number before a decimal point are
ambiguous
1000
could have one (1x10
3
), or two ((1.0x10
3
), or three (1.00x10
3
),
or four (1.000x10
3
) significant figures.
Scientific Notation Rule
Convert the number into scientific notation.
Any leading or trailing zeros the decimal
point bumps past in the conversion will
vanish.
Everything else is significant

0.03540
3.540x10
-2
4 sig. fig.
Significant Figures in Calculations
In multiplication and division report to the least number of
significant figures
Area = (6.221 cm) x (5.2 cm) = 32.3492 cm
2

rounded to 3.2x10 cm
2

In addition and subtraction report to the least number of decimal
places
25.44
1.234
104.
130.674
rounded to 1.31x10
2

In multiple step calculations always retain an extra significant figure
until the end
5.27 x (13.047 + 2.02)
= 5.27 x 15.067 = 79.40309
rounded to 79.4
8
Dimensional Analysis
Every number in a problem must have some units associated
with it.
When the numbers in a calculation are manipulated in the
correct way, their units must cancel out to leave the final
answer in the appropriate units
If you set up the problem incorrectly, the units will not
cancel properly, and you will know immediately that you
have made a mistake
To manipulate units conversion factors are used
Conversion factors are multipliers that relate the desired
unit to the starting unit

desired unit
starting unit
starting unit x
= desired units
Dimensional Analysis
453.59 g
1 lb
453.59 g
1 lb
2000. lb x = 9.072 x 10
5
g
1 lb
453.59 g
Example
Determine the mass (in grams) of a 2000. lb car.
Conversion from pounds to grams:
Conversion from grams to pounds:
Example


How many kilograms of water are needed to fill
the olympic swimming pool? The pool is 164 ft long,
82 ft wide, and 6 ft 7 in deep and the density of water
is 1.0 g/cm
3

Solution
depth width length volume =
V d = = volume density mass
kg
g
kg
cm
cm
g
6 3 9
3
10 67 . 2
1000
1
10 67 . 2 00 . 1 mass = =
3 4
10 41 . 9 00 . 7 0 . 82 . 164 V ft ft ft ft = =
3 9
3 3
3 4
10 67 . 2
1
54 . 2
1
12
10 41 . 9 cm
in
cm
ft
in
ft = |
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

length = 164. ft
width = 82.0 ft
depth = 7.00 ft
density = 1.00 g/cm
3

mass = ? kg