The Nervous System: Neural Tissue Master controlling /communicating system of the body.

-Basis is for control/ innervation 3 overlapping functions: (1) Sensory input ( hat is perceived/ perception! afferent input) (") #ntegration (analy$ing) (%) Motor output (response! efferent output) Neuron: the functional unit& involve in sensory input& integration and motor output. -Soma! Body a'a the peri'aryon -()on! pro*ection motor -+endrites! sensory Organization of the Nervous System CNS (central)- integrating/command center of nervous system. - Brain and spinal cord #f and hen damaged& does not regenerate PNS (peripheral)-spinal& cranial nerves, functional subdivisions afferent (sensory)& efferent (motor) --an regenerate i!ers. - Somatic - S(! Somatic (fferent body sensation. /). #f somebody hits you - S/! Somatic /fferent your reaction to hit that person bac' - 0isceral - 0(! 0isceral (fferent visceral sensation. /). ( pain in your heart& lung& etc. - 0/! 0isceral /fferent your stomach gro ling& your heart beating& etc. "The motor #ivision has $ main parts: (1) Somatic nervous system (voluntary/involuntary) (") %utonomic nervous system (visceral motor heartbeat& breathing& bo el movement) - 1unctional subdivisions are. - Sympathetic (any thing that is stimulatory) - 2arasympathetic (opposite effects on viscera-stimulation/inhibition! instimulatory) &istology of Nervous Tissue o Neuron- e)citable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals& functional portion& involved in neurotransmission o Basic structural unit of the nervous system& typically non-mitotic o %na'onic. neurons ith only dendrites and no soma o Supporting cells- surround and rap neurons, both cell types (neurons/supportive) are bases for -3S/23S &istology of Nervous Tissue ( Neuroglia 3onnervous supporting cells Si' types- 4 in -3S& " in 23S& each has a uni5ue function o 2urpose is to scaffold neurons/ provide support -hemical production guides young neurons to proper connections, promote health/gro th of neurons and tissue. o 3eurogliomas are tumors that develop in the neuralgia. CNS Supportive Cells %strocytes. (star-shaped) Most numerous 6 versatile 7adiating processes anchor neurons to capillaries (form BBB! blood brain barrier) (ssist ith neuronal development -hemical control (8! potassium& recycle neurotransmitters) - 9e replace dead/damaged neurons ith astrocytes - Scar tissue - :his is hy the -3S has poor regenerative properties because hen a neuron is damaged it is replaced by astrocytes& not by ne neurons and all that is left is scar tissue. )icroglia. ;void cells& monitor neuron health& macrophage (9B-) 7emove debris& phagocyti$es aste *pen#ymal cells. 7ange in shape from s5uamous to columnar -ilia on apical surface <ine central cavities of -3S -irculate -S1! cerebral spinal fluid.

- :his is an epithelium because it changes in shape. Oligo#en#rocytes. producers of myelin sheaths. - :hey insulate the a)on and are e)clusive to the -3S this facilitates or hastens the reaction of the electrical signal hich undergoes salutatory conduction. PNS Supportive Cells Satellite cells (amphicytes). - Surround neuron soma ithin ganglia - 7egulate nutrient/ aste product e)change bet een soma and /-1! e)tra cellular fluid. Sch+ann cells (neurolemmocytes ). - Surround and form myelin sheaths (functionally similar to oligodendrocytes) - 0ital to peripheral nerve fiber regeneration. -23S neurons have the capacity to regenerate than'fully to these Sch ann cells. Neurons Structural unit of nervous system =ave e)treme longevity (mitotic, e)ceptions are olfactory 6 hippocampal (involved in memory). =igh metabolic rate& re5uire ample supply of glucose 6 o)ygen. <arge& comple) cells Soma (a'a peri'aryon)& processes (a)on and dendrites) 3 functional components: 1. #nput region ". -onducting component %. Secretory component via vesicles that travel via neurotransmitters. Neurons %natomy ( Cell ,o#y Soma or peri-aryon: o :ransparent o Spherical nucleus (biosynthetic center) ith conspicuous nucleolus o <ac' centrioles 1ree ribosomes& 7/7 (:he rough /7 in the neuron are called 3issl bodies)& >olgi apparatus arcs around nucleus, mitochondria& neurotubules& neurofibrils, CNS soma (aggregates of soma in the -3S! nuclei)& PNS soma (aggregates of soma in the 23S! ganglia). Processes o -3S contain soma and processes& 23S contain mostly processes, bundles of processes in CNS calle# tracts& nerves in PNS. /en#rites. - Short& tapering branching e)tensions - 7eceptive regions - +endritic spine point of synapse (some type of gap at a point of contact! synaptic cleft.) %'on: ( (rises from hilloc' (the narro ing of the paryc'aryon or soma leading to an a)on) - <ong a)on is a nerve fiber - /ach neuron possesses 1 a)on - -ollaterals& telodendria (terminal branches) - Motor neuron impulse triggered at hilloc'& terminal represents secretory component - ()olemma (membrane of the a)on) - ()ons may form synaptic contacts ith any unmyelinated portion of another neuron. ()oplasmic transport is anterogra#e (to e)pel& a ay from the soma to ard the a)onal plate) and retrogra#e (flo to ard the soma) -7abies gets into your -3S through this retrograde flo . Neurons )yelin sheath an# Neurilemma (layers of myelin sheath) Myelin protects and electrically insulates fibers and hastens impulses -3S. one ;ligodendrocyte can rap around small parts (1mm) of multiple a)ons 23S. one Sch ann cell ill rap around only one small part of one single a)on - Myelinated 1?@ m/s vs. unmyelinated A 1m/s - Sch ann cells - 3eurilemma

No#es of 0anvier (Neurofi!ril no#es)! e)posed parts of the myelinated a)onscollaterals arise o Saltatory impulse (only mylelinated areas are affected by the voltage change& saving (:2 ) o 1arge #iameter2 myelinate# a'ons conduct nerve impulses to the muscles 3nmyelinate# a'ons& have myelin sheath but it does not rap completely around each a)on 4hite matter! myelinated fibers 5ray matter! soma 6 unmyelinated fibers

Classification of Neurons - Structural ,ipolar. - Single dendrite 6 unmyelinated a)on - 7are - /)cusive to the special senses - Most sensory neurons of the 23S 3nipolar. - -ontinuous dendritic/a)onal processes - 23S sensory neurons/myelinated neurons )ultipolar. - Most common (BBC) - (ll s'eletal muscle motor neurons - Myelinated a)ons Classification of Neurons - unctional Sensory (afferent). - Dnipolar - Soma located in sensory ganglia outside -3S - ;nly most distal parts act as impulse receptor sites )otor (efferent). - -arry impulses a ay from -3S to effector organs (muscles/glands) - Multipolar - Soma located in -3S 6nterneurons. - <ie bet een motor and sensory neurons& facilitating their communication - -onfined ithin -3S - -omprise BBC of neurons of body 0eceptors: allo you to perceive environmental changes *'teroceptors. - /)ternal environment information - :ouch& temperature& pressure& pain - -omple) special senses (somatic sensory neurons) Proprioceptors. ->auge somatic movement (somatic sensory neurons) - 2ositioning al'ing in the dar'& riting hile your eyes are closes because you still have a sense of perception - >ives you a perception of here your limbs are located. - E2hantom 2ainsF - Sobriety test coincides ith proprioceptors 6nteroceptors. - >auge digestive& respiratory& cardiovascular systems - +eep pressure sensations (visceral sensory neurons) -Guadriplegic (paraly$ed). can move neither arms nor legs -=omeostatic #mbalance. Spinal bifida )em!rane Potentials - +epolari$ation-inside becomes less neg. - =yperpolari$ation-inside becomes more neg. - (ction potentials >eneration of (2 (1) 7esting stage. voltage-gated channels closed (") +epolari$ing phase. 3aH permeability increases (%) 7epolari$ing phase.8Hpermeability increases

(4) Dndershoot-8H permeability persists The Synapse - /lectrical-very rapid, less common in brain of mammals, gap *unctions in the intercalated dis' of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, embryonic nerve tissue, *er'y eye movements, eventually replaced by chemical o <ess common but allo s for faster communication - -hemical- Most numerous& presynaptic terminals, vesicles, cleft, postsynaptic membrane (receptors) Synapse Types - ()onucleic is the least common synapse - ()ondendritic is the most common type of synapse Neuronal Pool (Billions of -3S interneurons are grouped in comple) patterns ) - Converging. neuronal circuit in hich several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron - 0ever!erating. neuronal circuit that uses feedbac' to produce a repeated& cyclical stimulation of the circuit o /nsures that e continue to breathe hile asleep - Parallel after(#ischarge. neuronal circuit in hich several neurons process the same information at one time o Dse to solve a higher-order mathematical problem - /iverging. neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons o Maintain posture hile al'ing 3eurotransmitters - %cetylcholine o /)citatory to s'eletal muscles o Most common neurotransmitter o Bro'e do n by acetylcholinisterase ((-h/) - ,iogenic %mines-norepinephrine (/ or #)& dopamine (/ or #)& Serotonin (#), emotional behavior 6 biological cloc' - %mino aci#s->(B( (/)& >lutamate (/)& >lycine (#) 3erve Structure - *n#oneurium. raps individual a)on& areolar connective tissue ascicles. separate bundles of group of a)ons& dense irregular connective tissue - Perineurium. raps fascicles& and supports blood vessels supplying the capillaries ithin the endonerium - *pineurium. raps all the fascicles that are bundled together ()on regeneration #ssues - ;ligodendrocytes do not release a nerve gro th factor& and actively inhibit a)on gro th by producing and secreting several gro th-inhibitory molecules - <arge number of a)ons ith the -3S complicate regro th activities - (strocytes and connective tissue coverings may scar tissue that obstructs a)on regro th - 7egeneration of damaged neurons is limited to 23S a)ons that are able to regro under certain conditions by a process called 4allerian #egeneration #nterneurons 2ools - -onverging circuit& neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron. - +iverging circuit spreads information to several neurons. - 7everberating circuit& neurons continue to restimulate presynaptic neurons in the circuit. - 2arallel-after-discharge circuit involves parallel path ays that process the same information over different amounts of time and deliver that information to the same output cell. ,rain Organization - development of the neural tubes - 3ervous tissue development begins in the early embryo ith the formation of the neural plate. (s this plate gro s and develops& a neural groove appears as a depression in the plate& prior to the elevation of neural folds along the lateral side of the plate. :he fusion of the neural folds gives rise to a neural tube& from hich the brain and spinal cord develop. - ( neural tube defect can result if part of the neural tube fails to fuse. C&78 ,rain an# Cranial Nerves 9th +ee- #evelop vesicles: 1. 2rosencephalon. 1orebrain ". Mesencephalon. Midbrain %. 7hombencephalon. =indbrain

,y the 8th +ee- these +ill give rise to the follo+ing: Prosencephalon - Telencephalon-cerebral hemispheres (proson) - /iencephalon-thalamus& hypothalamus& epithalamus )esencephalon-midbrain (mesen) only primary vesicle that does not form a ne secondary vesicle 0hom!oencephalon - )etencephalon-pons& cerebellum (rhomben) - )yelencephalon-medulla oblongata Cranial )eninges : CS /ura mater (tough EmotherF fuc'er dense irregular connective tisssue) : o layers - )eningeal: lies fused deep to the periosteal& e)cept in the regions here /ural venous sinuses (areas here meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces) are located - Periosteal: more superficial& forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones al' cere!ri (dura mater or partitioning that you find bet een the cerebral hemispheres.) Tentorium cere!elli (separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum) crescentic fold of dura mater that supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and covers the cerebellum al' cere!elli (separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum) sic'le shaped double layer of dura mater that attaches anteriorly to the crista galli %rachnoi# matter (resembles a spider eb) connected to the pia mater by eb-li'e trabeculations - Su!arachnoi#. right belo & here you find the -S1 Pia mater. most thin and delicate areolar connective tissue highly vasculari$ed and tightly adheres to the brain Choroi# ple'us. combination of ependymal cells 6 permeable capillaries -2urpose is to produce and circulate -S1 Scalp is an acronym. - S'in - Connective :issue - %poneurosis - 1oose connective tissue - Pericranium ,rain ;entricles - -1S flo s in the brain ventricle formed by the choroid ple)us o 3e borns can develop hydrocephalus! ater in the brain 9 ventricles " <ateral ventricles separated by the septum pelluci#um an# locate# in the cere!rum 3th ventricle lies ithin the #iencephalon 6nterventricular ()unroe) foramen opening that allo communication of each lateral ventricle ith the %th ventricle Cere!ral a<ue#uct (mesenphalic a<ue#uct2 Sylvius) narro canal that passes through the mesencephalon and connect the % ventricle ith the 9th ventricle 4th ventricle is located bet een the pons/medulla and the cerebellum (bet een meten/myelecenphalon) Cere!ral hemispheres I@C of total brain mass >yri (elevations in the brain)& sulci (crevasses in the brain) issures - <ongitudinal separates the cerebral hemisphere :ransverse separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum 1o!es: 1rontal& :emporal& 2arietal& ;ccipital& and #nsula (in bet een the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe) Central 4hite matter -ontains three ma*or groups of a)ons. association tracts& commissural tracts& and pro*ection tracts Cere!ral Corte' )otor : Sensory %reas Precentral gyrus ( rontal 1o!e)- primary motor corte) (pyramidal cells) Postcentral gyrus- primary sensory corte) - Central Sulcus separates the 2recentral gyrus from the 2ostcentral gyrus. Occipital lo!e- visual corte)

Temporal lo!e- auditory/olfactory corte) 6nsula=portions of frontal lo!e- gustatory corte) The Cere!ral (,asal) Nuclei %myg#aloi# nucleus- <imbic system component Corpus striatum (lentiform nucleus2 cau#ate nucleus)-Subconscious ad*ustment/modification of voluntary motor commands 1im!ic System (involved in motivation& emotion& and memory ith an emotional association) &ippocampus-involved in learning/long term memory %myg#ala Cingulate gyrus: internal mass of cerebral corte) located ithin the longitudinal fissure and superior to the corpus callosum o 1ocuses attention on emotionally significant events and appears to bring them into consciousness orni': thin tract of hite matter that connects the hippocampus ith other limbic structure /iencenphalon 2rocessing and relay centers to integrate the sensory and motor path ays The Thalamus (principal and final relay point for integrating& assimilating& and amplifying sensory signals sent to the cerebral corte)) Ma'es up I@C of diencephalon, bilateral masses adhered by intermediate mass %nterior nuclei- hypothalamus Pulvinar2 lateral #orsal : posterior nuclei-2ro*ect visual/auditory information to visual/auditory cortices. Mediates sensation and motor activities Sensory impulses from all of the senses e'cept olfaction converge here and synapse in at least one of its nuclei The &ypothalamus )ammillary !o#ies: 2rocesses sensations related to smelling 6nfun#i!ulum. it is a stal' that holds/ suspends the hypophyseal gland! the pituitary &ypothalamus - unctions: Master control of the autonomic functions Master control of the endocrine system 7egulation of body temperature. 2reoptic area -ontrol of emotional behavior -ontrol of food/ ater inta'e o ;entrome#ial nucleus monitor levels of blood glucose and amino acids and produce sensations of hunger o %nterior nucleus J thirst center 7egulation of circadian rhythms o Suprachiasmatic nucleus directs the pineal gland hen to secrete melatonin The *pithalamus 2ineal gland- melatonin -horoid ple)us. produces -1S ,rainstem -onnects the 2rosencephalon and cerebellum to the spinal cord :hree regions o Mesencephalon o 2ons o Medulla oblongata Bidirectional passage ay for all tracts e)tending bet een the cerebrum and the spinal cord (utonomic centers and refle) centers& and houses nuclei of cranial nerves )esencephalon ()i#!rain) Cere!ral pe#uncles: stal's cerebral& attached to the hemispheres Cere!ral a<ue#uct: -S1

Corpora <ua#rigemina( sensory nuclei Superior collicus- visual input 6nferior colliculus- auditory input 0e# nucleus Su!stantia nigra: produce dopamine& hich affects brain processes that control movement& emotional response& and ability to e)perience pleasure and pain o +egeneration leads to 2ar'insonKs +isease

The Pons Brain stem region edged bet een midbrain 6 medulla Pneumota'ic an# apneustic centers regulate the rate and depth of breathing -erebellar peduncles. attachment site for your mini brain! cerebellum )e#ulla O!longata 1ormed from the myelencephalon 2yramids o =ouse the motor pro*ection tracts called the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts /ecussation point: crossover mechanism& information from one side to another. ;isceral motor nuclei for. cardiovascular& respiratory rhythmicity 6 others (hiccuping& s allo ing& etc&) The Cere!ellum (a'a EMini BrainF) (ccounts for 1@ C of total brain mass -erebellar hemispheres ;ermis: median tissue that separates the " cerebellar hemispheres o ;n top of the vermis is the fal) cerebelli o 7eceives sensory input about torso position and balance& thus helping to maintain balance olia: elevations (folds of the cerebellar corte)) Primary fissure: crevice that separates the anterior and posterior lobes -orte) contains 2ur'in*e cells %r!or vitae. internal hite matter (sand iched bet een t o layers of grey matter) o -:his is 'no n as the Etree of lifeF The Cranial Nerves -3S and 23S Components of PNS 1" pairs 2ositioned along longitudinal a)is. 1. ;lfactory (#)-Special sensory (smell) most anterior ". ;ptic (##)-Special sensory (vision) %. ;culomotor (###)-Motor& e)trinsic eye movements 4. :rochlear (#0)-Motor& eye movements ?. :rigeminal (0)-Mi)ed& ophthalmic& ma)illary and mandibular branches o #nferior alveolar nerve o Mi)ed! motor and sensors L. (bducens (0#)-Motor& eye movements M. 1acial (0##)-Mi)ed sensory-motor I. 0estibulocochlear (0###)-Special sensory& hearing (only cranial nerve that does not e)it via a foramen) B. >lossopharyngeal (#N)-Mi)ed 1@. 0agus (N)-Mi)ed 11. (ccessory (N#)-Motor motivates the trape$ius& hen the nerve of the accessory is compressed it causes some hat li'e a stiff nec'. 1". =ypoglossal (N##)-Motor& tongue movements The Spinal Cor# an# Spinal Nerves Spinal cord e)tends from foramen magnum (area of the occipital bone& beginning of the spinal cord) to level of first or second lumbar vertebra (4" cm long& 1.I cm thic') Ma*or refle) center& ascending 6 descending tracts. 5ross %natomy of Spinal Cor# 2osterior& anterior median sulci or sulcus ! crevice in hich you find the anterior and posterior spinal artery -ervical& lumbar enlargements

Conus me#ullaris. terminus or narro ing of the spinal cord, here it comes to an end 17 +orsal& ventral root ganglia Spinal nerve (%1 pairs). anchors the spinal cord EcaudallyF& or to ards the coccy). Cau#a e<uina. Ehorses tail&F enters the sacral canal and e)its through the sacral foramina. o Spinal tap area (<% and <4) ilum terminale. pia matter that helps anchors the conus medullaris to the coccy) /enticulate ligaments. lateral triangular e)tensions of the spinal pia matter that attach to the +ura mater

Spinal )eninges Three layers: -;utermost to innermost 1. +ura mater (strong) ". (rachnoid %. 2ia mater (most delicate) -ontinuous ith cranial meninges Cere!rospinal flui#. found in the subarachnoid *pi#ural space: space bet een the dura matter and the vertebral foramen& consist of a lot of adipose& hich serves as cushioning/ shoc' absorber -E2otential spaceF bet een the durra matter and the arachnoid. /ura mater ;utermost covering of spinal cord and brain 1use at margins of foramen magnum -occygeal ligament (thinned out part of the durra matter) merges ith components of filum terminale - /)its through the sacral hiatus and anchors the hiatus to the coccy). %rachnoi# Subdural space (rachnoid- middle meningeal layer& simple s5uamous epithelium Subarachnoid space- arachnoid trabeculae (collagen& elastin fibers) Pia mater #nnermost layer& layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follo s every contour of the brain surface (nterior& posterior spinal arteries Spinal cord surface consist of astrocytes that reinforce pia mater in place /enticulate ligament: lateral suspension of the ligament that anchors the spinal cord to the dura matter 1ilum terminale Cross(Sectional %natomy of the Spinal Cor# Cervical: largest of all spinal cord parts& oval and flattened anteriorly and posteriorly, large hite matter in higher proportion 1um!ar: larger than thoracic part in transverse diameter& almost circular& hite matter reduced in proportion to thoracic Sacral: basically circular& grey matter in highest proportion 5ray )atter : Spinal 0oots (Nuclei) Posterior (#orsal) gray horn- somatic 6 visceral sensory neurons (interneurons) o 2ain or pressure receptors in the s'in o Stretch receptors in the smooth muscle alls of viscera %nterior (ventral) gray horn- somatic motor control& send nerve impulses to muscles and glands 1ateral gray horn( located in thoracic/superior lumbar segments, contain visceral motor nuclei o (utonomic motor nuclei innervate smooth muscle& cardiac muscle& and glands ;entral (anterior) root. Motor a)ons only /orsal (posterior) root. Sensory a)ons only 5ray commissures: bilateral connection of both sided and surround the central canal Cross Sectional %natomy of the Spinal Cor# ( 4hite )atter (nterior& posterior hite columns (funiculi) (nterior hite commissure <ateral hite columns -olumns contain ascending& descending tracts

Spinal Nerves %1 pairs (cervicals precede ad*acent vertebra), 1st cervical spinal nerve is bet een the s'ull 6 the atlas, -1--I, thoracics proceed ad*acent vertebra > pairs of cervical nerves2 7$ pairs of thoracic nerves2 8 pairs of lum!ar nerves2 8 pairs of sacral nerves2 an# 7 pair of coccygeal nerves ;utermost to innermost o *pineurium- collagen fibrous sheath, continuous ith dura at intervertebral foramina o Perineurium- surround fascicles o *n#oneurium- surround individual a)ons& encapsulates the myelin sheath& then the a)olemma and last the a)on -Muscle! a bundle li'e system *ust li'e the spinal nerves Peripheral /istri!ution of Spinal Nerves Spinal nerves are formed by fusion of ventral 6 dorsal roots. 4hite ramus. carry preganglionic sympathetic a)ons from the :1J<" spinal nerves to the sympathetic trun' o ;nly connect ith nerves from :1-<" 5ray ramus: carry postganglionic sympathetic a)ons from the sympathetic trun' to the spinal nerve o -onnect ith all spinal nerves /orsal ramus: ;entral ramus %#renal me#ulla path+ay& the preganglionic a)ons e)tend through the autonomic ganglia ithout synapsing. :hey synapse on secretory cells in the adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and norepinephrine /ermatomes. integumentary mapping Neurotransmitters an# 0eceptors (3S. acetylcholine ((-h) and norepinephrine (3/). 2reganglionic/postganglionic a)ons in the parasympathetic division release (-h 2reganglionic a)on and a fe postganglionic a)ons in the sympathetic division release (ch Most of the postganglionic a)ons of the sympathetic division release 3/. Nerve Ple'uses 2le)us ! some type of a mesh -onvergence of ventral rami of ad*acent spinal nerves producing a series of compound nerve trun's :hese sympathetic and parasympathetic a)ons are close but they do not interact or synapse ith one another )a?or ple'uses: -ervical& brachial& lumbar& sacral. Cervical Ple'us -1--? Buried deep under sternocleidomastoid, formed by ventral rami of 1 st four cervical nerves. #nnervate nec' muscles, phrenic (#iaphragm) is ma*or nerve, cutaneal !ranches (superficial)@ motor !ranches (#eep) #nnervates the nec' and portions of the head and shoulders ,rachial Ple'us -?-:1 <arger& more comple) than cervical& situated partly in the nec' 6 a)illa, gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb, organi$ational se5uence. roots& trun's& divisions& and cords. 3erves. a'illary2 ra#ial2 musculocutaneous2 me#ian2 ulnar. o 1ateral give rise to the musculocutaneus nerve o Posteriorgive rise to the a)illary and radial nerve o )e#ial give rise to the ulna cord Medial H lateral cord ! median nerve #nnervates the upper limb 1um!ar Ple'us :1"-<4 (rises from 1st four lumbar spinal nerves and lies ithin psoas ma*or muscle 3erves. 1emoral& obturator& iliohypogastric& ilioinguinal& genitofemoral #nnervates the anterior and medial thigh and the s'in of the medial leg Sacral Ple'us

<4-S4 #nnervates most of the lo er limb Nerves: o 5luteal o Sciatic largest nerve in the body& lies underneath the piriformis (tibialis& peroneal)& o Pu#en#al Epleasure nerve&F targets the genitelia.