European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europenne et Mditerranenne pour la Protection des Plantes PP 1/2(3)

Efficacy evaluation of fungicides

Phytophthora infestans on potato

Specific scope This standard describes the conduct of trials for the efficacy evaluation of fungicides against Phytophthora infestans , causing late blight of potato.

Specific approval and amendment First approved in 1977-09. Revision approved in 1988-09. ligned !ith revised standard te"t in 199#.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1. Experimental conditions 1.1 Test organisms, selection of crop and cultivar Test organis%& Phytophthora infestans '()*T+,-. .se a susceptible cultivar of potato Solanum tuberosum '/01T.-. 1.2 Trial conditions The trial should be set up in the field. 2ultural conditions 'e.g. soil type, fertili3ation, tillage, ro! spacing- should be unifor% for all plots of the trial and should confor% !ith local agricultural practice. +t is i%portant to plant unifor% e4ual-si3ed tubers on the !hole trial field. The origin of the tubers together !ith the fungicide regi%e to !hich the %other crop !as sub5ected should preferably be 6no!n. The seedbed should be ridged if harvesting is %echani3ed. rtificial inoculation %ay be used if necessary because of the ris6 of cross resistance, by the introduction of infected plants distributed evenly in guard ro!s bet!een the plots, follo!ed by %isting as necessary. The trial should for% part of a trial series carried out in different regions !ith distinct environ%ental conditions and preferably in different years or gro!ing seasons 'see 7((0 /tandard (( 18181 2onduct and reporting of 7fficacy 7valuation Trials-. 1.3 Design and lay-out of the trial Treat%ents& test product's-, reference product and untreated control, arranged in a suitable statistical design. 9ecause of the ris6 of cross infection, it %ay be necessary to treat the control plot 'or other plots- !ith a 4uic6-acting desiccant if da%age increases to an unacceptable level. (lot si3e 'net-& at least :; % :, and < ro!s !ide. Replicates& at least <. # For further infor%ation on trial design, see 7((0 /tandard (( 181;: =esign and nalysis of 7fficacy 7valuation Trials. 2. Application of treatments 2.1 Test product(s) The product's- under investigation should be the na%ed for%ulated product's- 'see 7((0 /tandard (( 18181 2onduct and reporting of 7fficacy 7valuation Trials-. 2.2 Reference product The reference product should be a product 6no!n to be satisfactory in practice under the agricultural, plant health and environ%ental 'including cli%aticconditions in the area of intended use. +n general, type of action, ti%e of application and %ethod of application should be as close as possible to those of the test product. 2.3 Mode of application pplications should co%ply !ith good standard practice. :.>.1 Type of application The type of application 'e.g. a spray- should be as specified for the intended use. :.>.: Type of equipment pplication's- should be %ade !ith e4uip%ent !hich provides an even distribution of product on the !hole plot or accurate directional application !here appropriate, e4uivalent to a good co%%ercial practice. Factors !hich %ay affect efficacy 'such as operating pressure, no33le type- should be chosen in relation to the intended use.

:.>.> Time and frequency of application The nu%ber of applications and the date of each application should be as specified for the intended use, and in relation to the local disease !arning sche%e. :.>.< Doses and volumes The product should nor%ally be applied at the dosage specified for the intended use. =oses higher or lo!er than the intended dose %ay be tested to deter%ine the %argin of effectiveness and crop safety. The dosage applied should nor%ally be e"pressed in 6g 'or 1- of for%ulated product per ha. +t %ay also be useful to record the dose in g of active substance per ha. For sprays, data on concentration '?- and volu%e '1 ha -1- should also be given. =eviations fro% the intended dosage should be noted. :.>.; Data on other plant protection products +f other plant protection products 'or any biocontrol agents- have to be used, they should be applied unifor%ly to all plots, separately fro% the test product and reference product. (ossible interference !ith these should be 6ept to a %ini%u%. 3. Mode of assessment, measurements recording and

>.:.1 Type (lots are assessed for the e"tent of blight spots on the leaves. 7ach plot is scored as a !hole for ? disease severity, for e"a%ple by rating the plot in relation to the appropriate ? disease category described belo! in ter%s of average nu%ber of spots per plant, nu%ber of leaflets attac6ed, the for% of the plants and the general appearance of the plot, or else by reference to a pictorial 6ey ' ppendi" +-. (er cent disease& 0 A no infection 1 A up to 10 spots per plant or up to 1 leaflet in 10 attac6ed ; A around ;0 spots per plant or up to 1 leaflet in 10 attac6ed 10 A up to < leaflets in 10 affectedB plants still retaining nor%al for% :; A nearly every leaflet !ith lesions but plants still retaining nor%al for%B plot %ay loo6 green though every plant affected ;0 A every plant affected and about half of leaf area destroyed by blightB plot loo6s green, flec6ed !ith bro!n. +n practice, if ? infection levels above :; occur in a plot, further assess%ent serves no useful purpose and such plots %ay be treated !ith a 4uic6-acting desiccant 'see 1.>-. 0ther scales or 6eys %ay be used and should be described. >.:.: Time and frequency 1st assess%ent& !hen the first disease sy%pto%s appear on leaves in the trial. Follo!ing assess%ents are %ade 5ust before each further application and !hen necessary. 1ast assess%ent& 5ust before harvest. 3.3 Direct effects on the crop The crop should be e"a%ined for the presence of phytoto"ic effects. +n addition, any positive effects should be noted. The type and e"tent of such effects on the crop should be recorded and, if there are no effects, this fact should also be recorded. (hytoto"icity should be scored as follo!s& '1- if the effect can be counted or %easured, it should be e"pressed in absolute figures B ':- in other cases, the fre4uency and intensity of da%age should be esti%ated. This %ay be done in either of t!o !ays& each plot is scored for phytoto"icity by reference to a scale, or each treated plot is co%pared !ith an untreated plot and ? phytoto"icity esti%ated. +n all cases, sy%pto%s of da%age to the crop should be accurately described 'stunting, chlorosis, defor%ation, etc.-. For further details, see 7((0 /tandard (( 181>; (hytoto"icity assess%ent !hich contains sections on individual crops.

3.1 Meteorological and edaphic data >.1.1 Meteorological data 0n the days before and after application, %eteorological data should be recorded !hich is li6ely to affect the develop%ent of the crop and8or pest and the action of the plant protection product. This nor%ally includes data on precipitation and te%perature. ll data should preferably be recorded on the trial site, but %ay be obtained fro% a nearby %eteorological station. 0n the date of application, %eteorological data should be recorded !hich is li6ely to affect the 4uality and persistence of the treat%ent. This nor%ally includes at least precipitation 'type and a%ount in %%- and te%perature 'average, %a"i%u%, %ini%u% in @2-. ny significant change in !eather should be noted, and in particular its ti%e relative to the ti%e of application. Throughout the trial period, e"tre%e !eather conditions, such as severe or prolonged drought, heavy rain, late frosts, hail, etc., !hich are li6ely to influence the results, should also be reported. ll data concerning irrigation should be recorded as appropriate. >.1.: Edaphic data ,ot re4uired. 3.2 Type, time and frequency of assessment The 992) gro!th stage of the crop at each date of application and assess%ent should be recorded. 7

3.4 Effects on non-target organisms >.<.1 Effects on other pests ny observed effects, positive or negative, on the incidence of other pests should be recorded. >.<.: Effects on other non-target organisms ny observed effects, positive or negative, on naturally occurring or introduced pollinators or natural ene%ies should be recorded. ny observed effect, positive or negative, on ad5acent or succeeding crops should be recorded. ny environ%ental effects should also be recorded, especially effects on !ildlife. 3.5 Quantitative and qualitative recording of yield (lots should nor%ally be treated !ith a desiccant before harvesting to avoid tuber infection during lifting, but o%ission of this treat%ent !ill allo! evaluation of a product against a high level of tuber blight.

The follo!ing should be recorded for each plot& 'a- potato yield in t ha -1. t least : ro!s should be harvested fro% the centre of the plotB 'b- !eight of each si3e class after grading 'specified national or international standard-B 'c- percentage of tubers affected by the disease after at least : !ee6s and up to 8 !ee6s of storage under nor%al conditionsB 'd- starch content, if re4uired. 4. Results The results should be reported in a syste%atic for% and the report should include an analysis and evaluation. 0riginal 'ra!- data should be available. /tatistical analysis should nor%ally be used, by appropriate %ethods !hich should be indicated. +f statistical analysis is not used, this should be 5ustified. /ee 7((0 /tandard (( 181;: =esign and nalysis of 7fficacy 7valuation Trials.

______________________________ Appendix isual !ey for "hytophthora infestans on potato (# leaf area affected)$

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10 ?

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2ourtesy& 2anada =epart%ent of griculture