Tolerances

At the beginning of the industrial revolution elements making machines was made with craftsmanship . Each piece is adjusted as required dimensions of other elements , thus manufacturing processes were obtained with slow and high cost , plus it did not allow the exchange and rapid replacement of parts, which is the basis of modern industrial production . Currently the manufacture of a component in large quantities allows the introduction of the interchangeability of components for different applications in different places, one example of this, is the production of car parts in several countries based on specifications , these parts be flattened due to adjustments and tolerances specified by the manufacturer. TOLERANCE : Inaccuracy is acceptable in a particular dimension of a part that is manufactured, in other words the difference between maximum and minimum measures admitted to the dimension of a work piece. The tolerance is between the lower and upper limits indicating the minimum and maximum extent of a piece. NOMINAL DIMENSION : A measure that would in theory any dimension of a piece, or a plane indicated in manufacturing , called dimension or nominal dimension . This reference is used to indicate the tolerances above and below it, by representing it as a zero or reference line . The difference between the maximum allowable size and nominal size difference is known as inferior. In order to unify the existing tolerances in different countries , has developed an international system called ISO 286 , which will take the following data: In the form of expression of tolerances capital letters of the alphabet used to represent the hole and lower for the axis. The name of these letters represents the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the zero or reference line which is the specified dimension. On the ISO system , the tolerance for the step size may have 28 different positions. In the case of holes , the first letters of the alphabet represent tolerance position above the nominal dimension . Represented holes last letters indicate that tolerance is below the zero reference line . In the case of the axes , the first letters of the alphabet represent the position of tolerance always below the zero line , the axes indicated by last letters of the alphabet represent the position of tolerance always above the zero line In the case of the previous figure the letters A, B , C, D , E, F , G, exhibit tolerances diemncion above nominal , the position H shown that their deviation is less than zero, the letters J , KL , M , N, P , R, S , T, U , X, Y , Z, tolerances are below the nominal diemncion . In the case of the shaft, the letters a, b , c , d , e, f , g , have tolerances below the nominal dimension and position your upper deviation h is zero , the letters j , k , l, m , n, o , p , r, s , t, u, x, y, xz correspond to numbers following the letters are known degrees of tolerance for the same level of accuracy. For any given dimension are 18 degrees different , being the greater accuracy and the lowest 01 presicion 16.Values tolerances used are shown in table where there are different dimensions of the holes and shafts as well as the position and the degree of tolerance of each.

Fit
In the metalworking industry adjustment is known as two-piece assembly with certain characteristics , this means the amount of play or interference based on presenting each element dimensions based on the above figure, it is observed that the shaft is a solid center , which is called as female fitting or matrix and is the part that contains . The various functions performed require the mechanical coupling between the parts can be of revolution , whose surfaces are cylindrical or conical or prismatic shape whose surfaces are parallel or oblique or adjusting the degree of coupling is characterized by the difference between the effective dimension between the hole or the part containing the effective dimension of the shaft or the part contained . DETERMINATION OF FIT An FIT is determined in accordance with manufacturing needs , turning into account the deviations of the dimensions of each mechanical element , one way of determining the game or interference is through the following algebraic expression : then minimal. Difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft. considering a mobile setting type , maximum clearance . Difference between the maximum extent of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft, considering a mobile setting type . In the case of the above settings, the shaft will always be less than the hole ablate maximum. Difference between the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter hole. Tighten minimum: Difference between the minimum diameter and the maximum diameter hole . In the case of the maximum or minimum torques, the hole will always be lower than the shaft. The adjustment is an adjustment indeterminate can aveses game , sometimes tighten and shaft tolerance zones and hole overlap. Normal hole system This system is also known as base hole . The difference in this case is inferior cero.La hole tolerance , whatever its degree of quality , it is in the position H , the adjustment is obtained with the required characteristics when combined with a shaft, for example, if an adjustment is required play then be combined with the axes a, b, c , d, g . In the case of tightening the shafts be selected j , k, l , m, n , p , r, s , t, u, x, y, z.

Normal axis system also known as single axis . The above difference is zero . Shaft tolerance is always in the position h and the different settings are achieved by changing the position of the hole tolerance . Thus, if required interference fit with the holes to be combined J , KL , M , N, P , R , S , T , U, X , Y, Z in the Case In a clearance fit holes will require A, B , C , D and G. AMERICAN SYSTEM 2.7 Due to the Free Trade Agreement with E.U. is necessary to mention the use of the American system of limits and fits for cylindrical parts according to USAS B Standard 41-1967 ( reapproved in 1979 ) , in which the standard settings are determined by symbols, which are not shown on the plans manufacturing , since it is recommended to specify the sizes as follows: * RC game sliding adjustment _ * Fine- game LC locaiizacin * LT transition setting play or interference * LN interference fit for location * FN shrink or interference fit

Example 1

Example 2