Journal of Environment and Earth Science ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline# )ol. 3* No.

12* 2%13

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Urban Solid Waste Management in Ghana: an Assessment of Zoomlions Approach to Waste Management in the Wa Municipality
!atric, -aniamenga .owan1/ -liata Issaha0ue 1umuni2 1. School of Engineering* 2e"artment of 3ivil Engineering* 4a !ol5technic* !. (. .o6 $$3* 4a* 7""er 4est 8egion* 9hana School of .usiness* 2e"artment of Secretar5shi" and 1anagement Studies* 4a !ol5technic* !. (. .o6 $$3* 4a* 7""er 4est 8egion* 9hana / E-mail of the corres"onding author: ;owanaania<5ahoo.co.u,

2.

Abstract 4aste management has ;ecome a ma=or challenge confronting ra"idl5 growing economies* ur;an cities and develo"ing countries including 9hana. Nota;l5* "oor waste management s5stems* inade0uate e0ui"ment militate against efficient waste management. >he o;=ective of this "a"er is to e6amine the a""roach em"lo5ed ;5 ?oomlion in ensuring effective solid waste management in the 4a munici"alit5. Interviews* 0uestionnaires and focus grou" discussions were used to collect data. >he stud5 ada"ted an inter"retivist a""roach in research using e6"lorator5 research strateg5. >he targeted "o"ulation was 11*36& "eo"le with a sam"le si@e of 3'6 and a $A margin of error. >a;les* charts and "ercentages were em"lo5ed in the anal5sis of data. 3ommunal containers com"rised the leading method of waste collection. -lso* the conventional method of waste management and use of illegal dum"ing site was the "ractice with ?oomlion. >he stud5 thus recommended the com"osting of "utresci;le waste and move toward an integrated a""roach to waste management. Keywords: Solid waste* 4aste management* 7r;anisation* ?oomlion* 4a 1unici"alit5 ! "ntroduction In develo"ing countries and countries in transition* waste management often emerges as a "ro;lem that endangers human health and the environment. >o ma,e matters worse* waste management usuall5 has a low "riorit5 on the "olitical agenda of such countries* as the5 are struggling with other im"ortant issues such as hunger* health "ro;lems* water shortages* unem"lo5ment and even civil war. In such situations* it is eas5 to understand wh5 waste "ro;lems have a tendenc5 to grow steadil5 7nited Nations Environment !rogramme* 2%%2#. 8a"id "o"ulation growth and uncontrolled industrial develo"ment are seriousl5 degrading the ur;an environment in man5 countries in the South. (ne of the most serious environmental conse0uences of the "rocess of ur;anisation is the ever-growing amount of solid and li0uid wastes generated ;5 cities. -s the worldBs "o"ulation continues to increase* it is ;ecoming increasingl5 ur;an. 4hilst this is a glo;al trend* ur;anisation rates are "articularl5 high in the South. .etween 1&$% and 1&&% the ur;an "o"ulation dou;led in develo"ed countries. 2uring the same "eriod the growth was five fold in the develo"ing countries. In man5 "arts of the world the ur;an "o"ulation alread5 e6ceeds that of the rural e.g. man5 countries in Catin -merica +3A* Industrialised countries +$A* and it is "redicted that this will ;e a glo;al "attern within a few 5ears Dofn5-3ollins* 2%%6#. -ccording to official data and the 2%%$ 8evision of 4orld 7r;ani@ation !ros"ects* ;5 2%3%* half or more of the -frican "o"ulation is e6"ected to live in cities. In 9hana* 43.' A of the "o"ulation alread5 lives in cities and ;5 2%3%E it is e6"ected to reach over +% A of the "o"ulation. 9hana has e6"erienced ra"id ur;anisation over the "ast four decades. >he "o"ulation of -ccra for instance in 1&6% was 4$%%%%* which dou;led ;5 the 1&+% census and reached 1.3 million in 1&'4 9reater -ccra 1etro"olitan -rea 9-1-#* 1&&2E 9hana 9overnment* 1&'4#. .5 1&&% the estimated "o"ulation of the cit5 was 1.6 million Ceitman* 1&&4# and in the 5ear 2%%%* the metro"olis had an estimated "o"ulation of 2 million 9SS* 2%%%#. !o"ulation growth in -ccra has led to the ra"id e6"ansion of the cit5 which has resulted in ur;an s"rawl and uncontrolled e6"ansion from the munici"al ;oundar5 of -ccra into marginal lands .enneh et al.* 1&&3 in Fwasi and 1ar,,u* 2%%3#. -lso* the "o"ulation of 4a in 1&+% was 1+'2$* which almost dou;led ;5 the 1&'4 census to 36*%6+ and in 2%%% census the "o"ulation of 4a was 66644. >he current "ro=ected "o"ulation of 4a is 13%123 and the ur;an "o"ulation growth rate averaged in 9hana is 4.2 com"ared to an average of 3.' for -frica 9SS* 2%%3#. (ften a discre"anc5 e6ists ;etween the growing "o"ulation and the increasing demand for sanitation and solid waste collection services on one hand and the ca"acit5 of the local government to "rovide these services on the other hand 74E!* 2%%1#. - rising 0ualit5 of life and high rates of resource consum"tion "atterns have had an unintended and negative im"act on the ur;an environment - generation of wastes far ;e5ond the handling

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ca"acities of ur;an governments and agencies. 3ities are now gra""ling with the "ro;lems of high volumes of waste* the costs involved* the dis"osal technologies and methodologies* and the im"act of wastes on the local and glo;al environment Srinivas* 1&&'#. (ne of the most "ressing concerns of cities in the South is the "ro;lem of solid* li0uid and to6ic waste management. .5 almost an5 form of evaluation* waste management is a growing environmental and financial "ro;lem in 9hana. >he main o;=ective of this "a"er is to e6amine the a""roach ?oomlion em"lo5s to ensure effective solid waste management in the 4a munici"alit5. #! $iterature re%iew 3once"tualising waste management* it is commonl5 misconceived that environmental "rotection and sustaina;le initiatives must come at the e6"ense of economic growth and develo"ment El-Daggar* 2%%+#. She asserts further that this is "articularl5 true for managing wastes* a "rocess which de"letes natural resources and "ollutes the environment if not done correctl5. !ro"er waste management can ;e costl5 in terms of time and resources involved. >herefore it is im"ortant to understand what o"tions e6ist for managing waste in an effective* safe and sustaina;le manner. -ccording to >cho;anoglous and Freith 2%%2#* 1unici"al solid wastes 1S4# is often descri;ed as the waste that is "roduced from residential and industrial non-"rocess wastes#* commercial and institutional sources with the e6ce"tion of ha@ardous and universal wastes* construction and demolition wastes* and li0uid wastes water* wastewater* industrial "rocesses#. 3ommercial and institutional firms t5"icall5 "roduce waste as a result of conducting trade and ;usiness Smith and Scott* 2%%$#* whereas the waste streams of industrial firms manufacturing* re"air* "roduction# are t5"icall5 characteri@ed as li0uid wastes* solid wastes* or air "ollutants with each t5"icall5 ;eing managed and regulated differentl5 4oodard and 3urran Inc.* 2%%6#. -ccording to 1c2ougall et al. 2%%1# and Scharfe 2%1%#* waste management methods cannot ;e uniform across regions and sectors ;ecause individual waste management methods cannot deal with all "otential waste materials in a sustaina;le manner. >his is ;ecause conditions var5 and therefore "rocedures must also var5 accordingl5 to ensure that these conditions can ;e successfull5 met. 4aste management s5stems must remain fle6i;le in light of changing economic* environmental and social conditions. StaniG,is 2%%$# noted that in most cases* waste management is carried out ;5 a num;er of "rocesses* man5 of which are closel5 interrelatedE therefore it is logical to design holistic waste management s5stems* rather than alternative and com"eting o"tions. Integrated waste management I41# has emerged as a holistic a""roach to managing waste ;5 com;ining and a""l5ing a range of suita;le techni0ues* technologies and management "rograms to achieve s"ecific o;=ectives and goals 1c2ougall et al.* 2%%1E >cho;anoglous and Freith* 2%%2#. >he conce"t of I41 arose out of recognition that waste management s5stems are com"rised of several interconnected s5stems and functions. Hollowing 7nited Nations Environment !rogramme 1&&6#* this framewor, has come to ;e ,nown as Ia framewor, of reference for designing and im"lementing new waste management s5stems and for anal5sing and o"timising e6isting s5stemsJ. Just as there is no individual waste management method which is suita;le for "rocessing all waste in a sustaina;le manner* there is no "erfect I41 s5stem 1c2ougall et al.* 2%%1#. Individual I41 s5stems will var5 across regions and organi@ations. Dowever there are some ,e5 features which characteri@e them. 4aste 1anagement (rgani@ations from all areas within the institutional* commercial and industrial I3I# sectors are re0uired to manage traditional solid waste and residential waste. -lso* the onus lies on them to manage that which is not t5"icall5 "roduced in residential settings. >his causes significant differences and "resents uni0ue challenges in waste management within the I3I sector versus munici"al level solid waste management ElDaggar* 2%%+E >cho;anoglous and Freith* 2%%2#. 4ith munici"al wastes* general characteristics can ;e common across various regions. >he I3I sector however* "roduces a ;road range of "otential waste streams* including munici"al and industrial solid waste. >his is summari@ed in ta;le 1.

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&able : Waste streams 'lassified by source Source (acilities) acti%ities) or locations where wastes are generated Single-famil5 and multifamil5 dwellingsE low-medium* and high8esidential densit5 a"artments. 3an ;e included in I3KI sector Stores* restaurants* mar,ets* office ;uildings* hotels* motels* "rint sho"s* service stations* auto re"air sho"s. Schools* universities* hos"itals* "risons* governmental centers 3onstruction* fa;rication* light and heav5 manufacturing* refineries* chemical "lants* "ower "lants* demolition -ll of the "receding

&ypes of solid wastes Hood wastes* "a"er* card;oard* "lastics* te6tiles* 5ard wastes* wood* ashes* street leaves* s"ecial wastes including ;ul,5 items* consumer electronics* white goods* universal waste# and household ha@ardous waste. !a"er* card;oard* "lastics* wood* food wastes* glass* metal wastes* ashes* s"ecial wastes* ha@ardous wastes Same as commercial* "lus ;iomedical

3ommercial

Institutional

Industrial non"rocess wastes#

Same as commercial

1unici"al Solid -ll of the "receding waste Source: -do"ted from >cho;anoglous and Freith* 2%%2. (n the legal front* Environmental !rotection Caws in 9hana date ;ac, to 9hanaBs colonial era. >he laws* then* were mostl5 related to disease "revention and control. -nd the5 were often enforced in the ;igger towns where government officers and factories were located. Hor e6am"le* one of the earliest laws in our statute ;oo,s is the .eaches (;struction (rdinance 3a" 24%# of 2&th Januar5 1'&+. -fter inde"endence* several laws were "assed to hel" the 5oung nation develo" its industrial ca"a;ilit5. Environmental !rotection* however* ;ecame to"ical in 9hana after the 1&+2 Stoc,holm 3onvention. >his led to the esta;lishment of the E!3 in 1&+4. It was later transformed to the Environmental !rotection -genc5 in 1&&4.>he 1&&2 constitution of the 4th 8e"u;lic in cha"ter si6 s"ecificall5 article 41 ,# en=oins the citi@ens of 9hana to "rotect and safeguard the environment. >his is for ;oth em"lo5ers and em"lo5ees of 9hana. It is therefore not out of "lace that "arliament "assed the Environmental !rotection -genc5 -ct 1&&4. *! Methods and materials 3.1 Study Area >he 4a 1unici"al -ssem;l5 41-# is the onl5 1unici"alit5 out of the nine -ssem;lies in the 7""er 4est 8egion. It is ;ordered to the north ;5 the Nadowli 2istrict* to the east ;5 the 4a East 2istrict* to the west ;5 4a 4est 2istrict and to the South ;5 ;oth 4a East and 4est 2istricts. It lies within latitude 1%4$BN to 2%4$BN and longitude &%32B to 1%%2%B4. It has a land mass area of a""ro6imatel5 234.+4s0uare ,ilometres* which is a;out 6.4A of the region. -ccording to the 2%%% !o"ulation and Dousing 3ensus !D3#* the 4a 1unici"alit5 has a total "o"ulation of &'*6+$ 9hana Statistical Service#E 4a town alone has a "o"ulation si@e of 66*441. .5 "ro=ection from 2%%% !D3 figures* the current "o"ulation for the munici"alit5 2%%&# is 13%*123. 3.2 The Research Design - summar5 of all the information that was collected and used for the stud5 are shown in figure 1. >he stud5 ada"ted an inter"retivist a""roach in research using e6"lorator5 research strateg5 ;ecause its aim was to ,now more a;out the "henomenon of ur;an solid waste management. Inter"retivism was the necessar5 research "hiloso"h5 for this stud5 ;ecause it allowed the search* of the Ldetails of the situation* to understand the realit5 or "erha"s a realit5 wor,ing ;ehind them 8emen5i et al.* 1&&'#. Hrom the inter"retivist "erce"tion* it is necessar5 to e6"lore the su;=ective meanings motivating "eo"leLs actions in order to understand their actions. >his research strateg5 was used as the stud5 involved literature review* interview of e6"erts in the field* and surve5 of res"ondents. >he a""roach in the stud5 em"lo5ed ;oth 0uantitative and 0ualitative methods. -s such* !rimar5 and secondar5 research was conducted in the stud5.

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Journal of Environment and Earth Science ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline# )ol. 3* No.12* 2%13

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Higure 1: Summari@ed data collection and general a""roach to research wor, Source: -uthorsB construct 3.3 Sample Size Si6 residential areas were selected through the sim"le cluster sam"ling method namel5* Fam;ale and 2ondoliE -ir"ort 8esidential and 2o;ile 8esidentialE and SSNI> and Ja@eda5iri - >am"ale"ani 8esidential areas to re"resent two each of the low* middle and high income residential areas res"ectivel5 in the 4a munici"alit5. >he formula used to select the sam"le si@e is stated as:

n =

N 1 + N e

* where

N is the target "o"ulation >otal num;er of households in 4a 1unici"alit5# M 11*36& e is the margin of error M %.%$ and n is the sam"le si@eM 3'6 Dowever* the stud5 considered sam"le si@e of 1'% res"ondentsE 12% for household res"ondents 2% res"ondents for each of the si6 residential areas#* 3% res"ondents for ;usinessNsho" owners in and around the central ;usiness districtE and 3% mar,et traders. Fe5 targets and focus grou"s in the stud5 area were also involved in this stud5 through interviews ;ut not with use of 0uestionnaires. +! ,esults and discussions 4.1 Household Respondents Si6 residential areasE Fam;ale and 2ondoliE -ir"ort 8esidential and 2o;ile 8esidentialE and SSNI> and Ju=eida5iri - >am"ale"ani 8esidential areas* re"resenting low* middle and high income residential areas res"ectivel5 with 2% res"ondents each were sam"led for the stud5. 4.1.1 Dousehold res"ondentsB solid waste dis"osal methods >he residents of the munici"alit5 have resorted to different modes of solids waste dis"osal. Higure 2 ;elow shows the "ercentages of solid waste dis"osal methods of the households in the 4a 1unici"alit5.

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Journal of Environment and Earth Science ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' %&4' (nline# )ol. 3* No.12* 2%13

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Douseholds Solid 4aste 2is"osal 1ethods Sam"le Si@e* N M 12%#

50 12.$ 0 .ush .urn 16.+

4$ 23.3 2.$ 3ommunal 3ontainer 2oor to 2oor Service (thers

Solid 4aste 2is"osa 1ethods

Higure 2: Solid waste dis"osal methods ;5 household res"ondents 1a=orit5 of the household res"ondents use the communal s5stem of waste collection 4$A# as a means of waste dis"osal* 23.3A of the household res"ondents are covered ;5 ?oomlion ?oomlion door to door collection service and remaining "ercentagesE 16.+A* 12.$A and 3A see figure 2# have resorted to ;urning* throwing of waste into the ;ush and other im"ro"er waste dis"osal methods res"ectivel5* which "ollute the environment and have detrimental ental effect on humans and animal welfare. >he total "ercent of 32.2 of household res"ondents resorting to ina""ro"riate methods of solid waste dis"osal is an indication that waste managers in the munici"alit5 have failed to educate the "u;lic on "ro"er waste wa dis"osal methods. 4.2 usiness!Shop "#ners solid #aste disposal methods >he "ercentages of the various modes of solid waste dis"osal methods "racticed ;5 ;usinessNsho" owners in the 4a 1unici"alit5 are shown in figure 3. .usiness owners solid waste dis"osal methods Sam"le Si@e* N M 3%# +6.+ 80 60 40 20 0 .ush .urn 3ommunal 3ontainer 2oor to 2oor Service 3.3 1% 1%
.usiness owners solid waste dis"osal methods

Higure 3: Solid waste dis"osal sal methods "racticed ;5 ;usinessNsho" owners 1a=orit5 of the ;usinessNsho" owners +6.+A# de"end on the communal collection s5stem of solid waste. Dowever* during the researchersB field wor, it was realised that most of the ;usinesses in and around the central ce ;usiness district were accessi;le to collection vehicles and as such could ;e covered ;5 the door to door service. 4.3 $ar%et Traders Solid &aste Disposal method >he wa5s that mar,et traders dis"ose their solid waste in the 4a 1unici"alit5 are shown in figure 4.

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Journal of Environment and Earth Science ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' %&4' (nline# )ol. 3* No.12* 2%13

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1ar,et >raders Solid 4aste 2is"osal 1ethods Sam"le Si@e* N M 3%# 100 80 60 40 20 0 '3.3

1%

3.3

3.3

1ar,et >raders Solid 4aste 2is"osal 1ethods

Higure 4: 1ar,et tradersB solid waste dis"osal methods 1a=orit5 of the mar,et traders '3.3A# de"end on the communal collection method of waste. >his can ;e attri;uted to their long sta5 in the mar,et and the availa;ilit5 of the communal containers containers in the mar,et. 4.4 'oomlion(s Approach to )r*an Solid &aste $anagement in the &a $unicipality -nal5sis of the collected data showed that ?oomlion em"lo5s the conventional a""roach to waste management* which according to 2eman5a 2%%+# "rimaril5 focuses focuses on the collection and dis"osal of waste* and ignores other as"ects such as waste generation* and the alternative "ractices of rec5cling and reuse. >hus* the a""roach struggles to co"e with the nature* 0ualit5* and com"le6it5 of waste "roduced* as in most most develo"ing countriesE the essential com"onents of this a""roach are storage* collection and dis"osal. It is clear that the dis"osal "ractice carries the greatest threat to human health. >he "revalent dis"osal t5"e in -frican cities under this a""roach is the o"en "it dum"ing with no leachate control* no a""lication of cover material to limit odor* e6"osure to "articulate* flies and refuse ;eing ;lown* and no control of methane emissions. >he a""roach has ;een noted to ;e ;oth e6"ensive and unsustaina;le Sicular* 1&&3#. 1an5 cities that ado"t this a""roach s"end ;etween 3% to $% "ercent of their o"erating ;udgets on managing their waste -rlosoroff and .artone* 1&'+#. -lso* the a""roach suffers from a lac, of "u;lic "artici"ation Soer=ani* 1&'4#.

!late te 1: ?oomlionBs illegal dum"ing site on the 4a O .usa road Source: field surve5 -! 'onclusion >he research has shown that the "resence and o"erations of ?oomlion in the 4a munici"alit5 has im"roved solid waste management in 4a 1unici"alit5. Ditherto* solid solid waste management was a monster in the munici"alit5 li,e all 9hanaian cities staring the authorities in the face while the5 loo, on rather hel"lessl5. Dowever* lac, of the re0uired legal strength to enforce e6isting ;5-laws ;5 on waste dis"osal* and to chec, , the rather "oor wastewaste handling attitude of the "o"ulace as well as the ina;ilit5 to enforce standards on land use and shelter develo"ment within the munici"alit5 continue to frustrate the efforts of ?oomlion in her attem"t to ,ee" the munici"alit5 clean and safe. >he frustrating waste "ro;lem* however* has also ;een caused ;5 "oor governance

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"ractices in the organisation of waste managementE ?oomlion has failed to "romote "artnershi" with the waste"roducing "u;lic and to involve them in the various as"ects of waste management including needs assessment* financing* waste collection and final dis"osalE this can ;e attri;uted to the fact that ?oomlion is alwa5s sure of "a5ment for her services from the 4a munici"al -ssem;l5 share of the 3ommon Hund. >hough there is a cordial relationshi" ;etween ?oomlion and 4a munici"al -ssem;l5* the 1unici"al authorities seems to ;e dissatisfied at times with the o"erations of ?oomlion ;ut loo, hel"less ;ecause the5 do not "la5 an5 su"ervisor5 role over ?oomlionBs o"erations in the munici"alit5. -ccording to 1unici"al authorities* ?oomlion was contracted ;5 the 1inistr5 of 8ural and Cocal 9overnment without the due consultation with the munici"al -ssem;l5. Solid waste management em;races the storage* collection* trans"ortation* treatment and final dis"osal of the solid waste. ?oomlion is doing 0uite well in the storage* collection and trans"ortation of solid waste ;ut faces challenges with the treatment and final dis"osal. ?oomlionBs a""roach to managing waste has mainl5 focused on getting rid of the trash* with ver5 little or no attention "aid to waste minimi@ation or recover5 efforts. Hrom the researchersB fieldwor, however* most of the solid waste generated in the households and the mar,ets are "utresci;le. >he researchersB therefore recommend that all the "utresci;le waste collected in the 4a 1unici"alit5 should ;e com"osted into manure for agricultural useE com"osting the "utresci;le waste in the munici"alit5 would ;e a method of solid waste treatment ;efore final dis"osal. >his a""roach to waste management will ;e the integrated a""roach to solid waste management which to other researchers is the most suita;le a""roach to managing waste in -frica. ,eferences -rlosoroff* S. and .artone* 3. 1&'+#* I-ssisting 2evelo"ing nationsJ* iocycle* 2' 6#* 43-4$. 2eman5a .. F. 2%%+#* I>he 8ole of Cocal Fnowledge in "lanning and managing ur;an solid waste: the tale of two 2# 4est -frican 3ities* -ccra and Fumasi* 9hanaJ* +hD thesis* 7niversit5 of 4aterloo* 3anada. El-Daggar* S. 1. 2%%+#* ISustaina;le industrial design and waste management: 3radle-to-cradle for sustaina;le develo"mentJ* (6ford: ElsevierN-cademic !ress. Ho;il* J. N.* 3a;oo* 2. and -rmah* N. -. 2%%$#* IEvaluation of munici"al solid wastes 1S4# for utilisation in energ5 "roduction in develo"ing countriesJ. ,nt. -..n/ironmental Technology and $anagement0 $ 1#* +6-'6. 9-1- 1&&2#* IStrategic !lan for the 9reater -ccra 1etro"olitan -reaJ* 1onte2t Report* 1* 1&-2&. 9hana Statistical Service* 2%%%# I3ensus 8e"ortJ 9hana Statistical Service* 2%%3#* I9hana Civing Standard Surve5J Dofn5-3ollins* -. D. 2%%6#* I>he !otential for 7sing 3om"osted 1unici"al 4aste in -griculture: >he case of -ccra* 9hanaJ. Sweden: Swedish 7niversit5 of -gricultural Sciences )ppsala. Fwasi* (. .. and 1ar,,u F. 2%%3#* I1unici"al Solid 4aste 1anagement in the -ccra 1etro"olitan -reas* 9hanaP* The .n/ironmentalist* 23 3#* 211-21'. Ceitman* J. 1&&4#* I8a"id 7r;an -ssessment: Cessons from 3ities in the 2evelo"ing 4orldJ* 4ashington 2.3. 4orld .an, !u;lications. 1c2ougall* H. 8.* 4hite* !. 8.* Hran,e* 1.* K Dindle* !. 2%%1#* IIntegrated solid waste management: a life c5cle inventor5J. (6ford: .lac,well. 8emen5i* 2.* et al. 1&&'#* I2oing 8esearch in .usiness and 1anagementJ* Condon: Sage !u;lications. Scharfe* 2. 2%1%#* IIntegrated 4aste 1anagement !lanJ* re"ort at www."ecount5.on.caNgovernmentN...NI411!8e"ort-June2%1%Q%%2."df* accessed on 2%th June* 2%11. Sicular* 2.>. 1&&3#* IScavengers* rec5clers* and solutions for solid waste management in IndonesiaJ* -ournal o3 Southeast Asian Studies* 24 2#* 41'-42%. Smith* !. and Scott* J. 2%%$#* I2ictionar5 of water and waste managementJ*2nd ed.* -msterdam: Elsevier .utterworth-Deinemann. Soer=ani* 1. 1&'4#* I!resent waste management in cities in IndonesiaB. 1onser/ation and Recycling* + 2-4#* 141-14'. Srinivas* D. 1&&'#* ISolid 4aste 1anagement: - !olic5 and !rogramme 1atri6J* 7n"u;lished re"ort at www.gdrc.orgNuemNwasteNswm-matri6.html* accessed on 24th -ugust 2%1%. StaniG,is* J. 2%%$#* IIntegrated 4aste 1anagement: 3once"t and Im"lementationJ. .n/ironmental research0 engineering and management* 34 33#* 4%-46. >cho;anoglous* 9.* and Freith* H. 2%%2#. IDand;oo, of solid waste managementJ* New Ror,: 1c9raw-Dill. 7nited Nations Environment !rogramme 1&&6#* IInternational source ;oo, on environmentall5 sound technologies for munici"al solid waste managementJ. 7nited Nations Environmental !rogramme* New Ror, 7nited Nations Environment !rogramme* 2%%2#* I9lo;al Environment (utloo, 3J* Condon: Earthscan !u;lications Ctd. 4oodard and 3urran Inc. 2%%6#* IIndustrial waste treatment hand;oo,J*. (6ford: Elsevier.

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