Department of Transport and Main Roads Road Drainage Manual

Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Appendix 8B Worked Examples

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Appendix 8B Amendments Mar 2010 Revision Register

Issue/ Rev No. 1 Reference Section Description of Revision Authorised by Steering Committee Date

Initial Release of 2nd Ed of manual.

Mar 2010

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Department of Transport and Main Roads Road Drainage Manual

Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Mannings Formula Example 1

This example describes the process to determine the flow rate, the velocity of a flow and the state of flow in a stream based on discussion in Section 8.4. The example commences after the stream data (such as cross section, terrain, condition of channel and stream profile to determine site bed slope) has been gathered (refer Chapter 4). The task for this example is, given the stream data and height of flow (see diagram below), determine the velocity of flow in the channel, the flow rate and state of flow (subcritical / critical / supercritical flow).

Stream Data Bed slope about the site is 0.8% Ht of channel bed is 110.60 m Channel is regular and considered a little rough with a lot of trees and weeds along the banks.

Ht = 111.80 m sides are 1 on 1 2.5m

Solution We need to determine the velocity of flow using Mannings formula first, then the flow rate using the fundamental equation and finally, determine Froudes number to describe the state of flow. (Refer Sections 8.4.3, 8.4.4 and 8.4.5) Mannings equation is:

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R 0.667 S 0.5 V n
Where R is the hydraulic radius, determines as cross sectional area of flow (A) divided by the wetted perimeter (P). Also, S is the slope of the energy line which we dont have, therefore we can use the bed slope (So) to approximate S.

Step 1. Calculate the cross sectional area of the flow. A = 1.22 + 1.2 x 2.5 = 4.44 m2

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Step 2. Calculate the wetted perimeter. P = (1.22 + 1.22) x 2 + 2.5 = 5.89 m

Step 3. Calculate the hydraulic radius. R = A / P = 4.44 / 5.89 = 0.75 m

Step 4. Now determine an appropriate Mannings roughness coefficient. Using Table 8.4.3(b), Mannings n Values for Natural Channels, we can see that our channel, being the main channel and regular in shape, places us in the top portion of the table and within Section 1. The trees and weeds would suggest (e), the range 0.06 0.08. Now, with the bed being a little rough, a value n = 0.07 (in the middle of range) is considered appropriate.

Step 5. All variables have now been determined, therefore calculate velocity.

0.750.667 0.0080.5 V 0.07

V = 1.06 m/s
Step 6. Using fundamental equation Q = V.A, we can now determine the flow rate in the channel.

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Q = 1.06 x 4.44 = 4.71 m3 /s

Step 7. To determine the state of flow, we calculate Froudes number.

Fr Q B

gA
3

We have determined that Q = 4.71m3/s, A = 4.44m2 and g is acceleration due to gravity (taken as 9.81m/s2), therefore we need to calculate B, the width of flow across the surface.

B = 1.2 + 2.5 + 1.2 = 4.9 m

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Therefore:

Fr 4.71 4.9
Fr = 0.36

9.81 4.44
3

Froudes number is below 1.0, therefore the flow is subcritical.

End of Example

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Mannings Formula Example 2

This example describes the process to determine the depth and velocity of flow based on a known discharge / flow rate in a stream, based on discussion in Section 8.4. The example commences after the stream data (such as cross section, terrain, condition of channel and stream profile to determine site bed slope) has been gathered (refer Chapter 4) and the flow rate (as determine using Rational Method) has been determined (refer Chapter 5). The task for this example is, given the stream data and flow rate (see diagram below), determine the depth and velocity of flow in the channel.

Stream Data Discharge / flow rate = 17.86 m3/s Bed slope about the site is 1.2% Ht of channel bed is 65.10 m Max depth of flow is 2.0 m Mannings n = 0.06.

d = ?? m

sides are 1 on 1

4m Solution

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To solve for d, we need to use Mannings formula and develop a Stage-Discharge curve.

R 0.667 S 0.5 V n
A Stage-Discharge curve plots discharge against depth of flow. Therefore several iterations using Mannings formula are required for several depths of flow.

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Step 1. Using the maximum channel depth of 2.0m, calculate stream velocity and flow rate. Calculate the cross sectional area of the flow, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius:

A = 12.00 m2, P = 9.66 m therefore R = 1.24 m Now,

1.24 0.667 0.012 0.5 2.11m / s 0.06

Using Q/VA,

Q=25.33 m3/s

This flow is greater than the known discharge therefore we know that the channel can easily carry the flow.

Step 2. Now, using the same method, re-calculate stream velocity and flow rate for several lesser depths (suggest using even increments).

Depth
1.50 1.00 0.50

A
8.25 5.00 2.25

P
8.24 6.83 5.41

R
1.00 0.73 0.42

Velocity
1.83 1.48 1.02

Discharge
15.07 7.42 2.29

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Step 3. Now draw the Stage-Discharge curve for this site / channel (refer next page).

Step 4. From the curve, we can now read of the flow depth for our design flow of 17.86m3/s.

Q = 17.86 m3/s, therefore d = 1.62 m

Step 5. Now we can use the depth to calculate flow area, then Q=V.A to determine the average flow velocity. A = 1.622 + 1.62 x 4 = 9.10 m2

17.86 m3/s = V x 9.10 m2 V = 1.96 m/s

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Stage-Discharge Curve
30

25

Flow Rate (m3/s)

20

15

10

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Flow Depth (m)

End of Exercise

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Mannings Formula Example 3

This example describes the process to determine the flow rate, the average velocity of a flow in a compound stream based on discussion in Section 8.4. The example commences after the stream data (such as cross section, terrain, Mannings n and stream profile to determine site bed slope) has been gathered (refer Chapter 4). The task for this example is, given the stream data and height of flow (see diagram below), determine the average velocity of flow in the channel and the flow rate.

Stream Data Bed slope about the site is 0.8%

d = 1.2m A sides are 1 on 1 4m 2m d = 2.1m B

d = 1.0m C 3m

n values A = 0.07 B = 0.035 C = 0.06

Solution

To solve for Q, we need to use Mannings formula for each sub section of stream:

R 0.667 S 0.5 V n
After calculating V for each sub-section, use Qtotal = VA x AA + VB x AB + VC x AC to determine total flow rate.

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Step 1. For sub-section A, calculate VA using Mannings equation. Calculate the cross sectional area of the flow, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius for subsection A are:

AA = (1.22 /2) + 1.2 x 4.0 = 5.52 m2 PA = (1.22 + 1.22) + 2.5 = 5.70 m

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

It is important to remember that that water - water boundary between sub-sections A & B does not contribute any length to the wetted perimeter.

RA = A / P = 4.44 / 5.89 = 0.97 m

Now,

VA
Using Q/VA ,

0.97 0.667 0.008 0.5 1.25m / s 0.07

QA = 6.90 m3/s

Step 2. For sub-section B, calculate VB using Mannings equation.

AB = 7.39 m2 PB = 4.83 m RB = 1.53 m

Now,

VB

1.5310.667 0.008 0.5 3.40m / s 0.035

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Using

Q/VA,

QB = 25.09 m3/s

Step 3. For sub-section C, calculate VC using Mannings equation.

AC = 3.50 m2 PC = 4.41 m RC = 0.79 m

Now,

VC
Using Q/VA,

0.7930.667 0.008 0.5 1.28m / s 0.06

QC = 4.47 m3/s

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Appendix 8B Worked Examples

Step 4. Now we can calculate:

Qtotal = 6.90 + 25.09 + 4.47 = 36.46 m3/s and Atotal = 5.52 + 7.39 + 3.50 = 16.41 m2 therefore Vavg = 36.46 / 16.41 = 2.22 m/s

End of Exercise

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