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DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL Preliminary Examination Year 6 H2 HISTORY

Paper 1: International History, 1945-2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper

9731/01
10 September 2012 3 hours

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over

DHS 2012

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. UN Security Council and Post-Cold War Peacekeeping
1 Read the Sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group.

Source A
It became fashionable a few years after the Persian Gulf War to downgrade the UNs importance. There was little doubt that the special circumstances of the war a blatant act of aggression, a despotic leader easy to demonise, an American president prepared to commit enormous resources for a distant war would be difficult to duplicate. Yet the Persian Gulf War made the Security Council feel the glory of its own strength. Even without the Persian Gulf War, the Security Council would have evolved into a far stronger body than it had been during the Cold War. But the Persian Gulf expanded the horizon of the Security Council and, in fact, made election to it one of the grand prizes of UN membership. The newly found power probably led the Security Council to attempt far more than it could manage. But, even when some failures tempered a good deal of optimism, there was little doubt that the Security Council had become the heart of the UN. An academic view on the Security Council after the Gulf War, 1995.

Source B
Interviewer : What were you expecting when you proposed the Agenda for Peace to the Security Council in January 1992? Yes, I understood the controversial nature of the Agenda for Peace but I had the belief that the UN was asked to find a solution and manage the post-Cold War situation. This was a period where we got involved in different peacekeeping operations all over the world, reaching, at a certain time, more than 70,000 UN blue helmets. The number of new peacekeeping operations was really astounding. Yes. We had a presence in different parts of the world like Cambodia, Somalia, Angola and Salvador; not to mention traditional peacekeeping operation or peacekeeping presence in the Golan, in Cyprus, on the border between India and Pakistan on the Pakistani side. Interview with Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General from 1992-96, January 2004.

Boutros-Ghali :

Interviewer : Boutros-Ghali :

Source C
The enmity of the US and USSR had been the decisive impediment to the Councils effective role in peace and security. The removal of that obstacle opened up a window of opportunity as far as testing the effect of unanimity and close collaboration among the permanent members. For the first time in UN history, the core condition of the peace system as spelled out in the Charter was fulfilled. With the new sentiments of global harmony among members of UN and more specifically the 15 members of the Council, the impressive successes of the 1980s and early 1990s created a sense of unlimited possibility for the reformed and strengthened Security Council in the resurgent UN. A view from the UN Secretariat writing from 1976 to 1996, published in 2000.

Source D
At the Security Council summit on January 31, 1992, recently elected Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali responded with a wide-ranging document, An Agenda for Peace. This report advocated consideration in certain circumstances of a preventive deployment of UN peacekeepers to forestall hostilities, and when circumstances warranted, the use of force by the UN itself rather than by coalitions of member states. However, by January 1995, following a series of serious setbacks, Boutros-Ghali, in the Supplement to an Agenda for Peace said that the UN had to be more realistic. He said this in reference to lessons drawn from the UNs experience on the ground. According to him, Neither the Security Council nor the Secretary-General at present has the capacity to deploy or control enforcement operations except perhaps on a very limited scale. From an academic history of UN Security Council in the post-Cold War period, 2004.

Source E
The UN had to face a critical report into its failure to prevent the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The document, compiled by an independent Commission of Inquiry carries an astonishing indictment of the UN's lack of response to the crisis. The slaughter, which took place over about 100 days and did not even spare those who sought sanctuary in churches and missions, "will forever be remembered as one of the most abhorrent events of the 20th century. Both the UN and the international community did not prevent the genocide, nor did it stop the killing once it had begun. In particular, there was harsh criticism of the UN Security Council for failing to deploy a sufficient peacekeeping force to the region at the end of 1993 when attempts were made to implement a peace agreement. The report noted that those who did not even care, who said that Rwanda was a distant African country and that it is not about us, they must also bear some of the responsibility. From a newspaper published in 1999. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the UN Security Council played a more active role in UN peacekeeping after the Cold War? [Turn over

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section.

2 Assess the view that national security interests and ideological differences contributed
equally to the outbreak of the Cold War.

3 The end of the Cold War can be understood solely with reference to the long term policies
of the US and USSR. Discuss.

4 Why did some economies fare worse than others during the crisis years from 1970 to 2000?

5 To what extent was the rise of Islamic fundamentalism due to the Cold War?
6 How far do you agree that the approach taken by India prolonged the dispute over Kashmir from 1947 to 2000?

DHS 2012
Question 1 Source A Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 1995. Question 1 Source B http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/interviews/ghali.html. Question 1 Source C Source reference unavailable. Question 1 Source D David M. Malone, The UN Secruity Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, 2004. Question 1 Source E http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-pilloried-for-failure-over-rwanda-genocide-739072.html.