Why How Capacitor Switching How Capacitor Switching

AG 001
June 2003
The Why and How of

Power Capacitor Switching
Thomas Marx
4000 E. 116th St. Cleveland, OH 44105 Ph (216) 271-6600 Fax (216) 341-3615 Email: info@joslynhv.com
www.joslynhivoltage.com
Copyright 1991 Fisher Pierce
PROPRIETARY NOTICE
Fisher Pierce reserves the right to make changes without notice in the material
contained herein, and shall not be responsible for any damages, including
consequential, caused by reliance on the materials presented.
The text, drawings, instructions and specifications contained herein are the property of
Fisher Pierce and shall neither be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written
approval, nor be implied to grant any license to make, use or sell equipment in
accordance herein.
CAUTION
The equipment covered by this publication must be selected for a specific application
and it must be installed, operated and maintained by qualified persons who are
thoroughly trained and who understand any hazards that may be involved. This
publication is written only for such qualified persons and is not intended to be a
substitute for adequate training and experience in safety procedures for this type of
equipment.
First Printing November 1990

Second Printing March 1991
Third Printing April 1992
Fourth Printing May 2003
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Steven R. Nurnberg, Joseph R. Thibodeau, Richard A.
Girard, and John R. Keefe for their contributions to this book.
Table of Contents
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................5
Loss Reduction .............................................................................................................................6
Demand Reduction......................................................................................................................11
Voltage Profile.............................................................................................................................13
Total Cost Benefit........................................................................................................................17
Capacitor System Considerations................................................................................................17
VAr Controls................................................................................................................................18
Current Controls..........................................................................................................................19
Voltage Controls..........................................................................................................................19
Time and Temperature Controls ..................................................................................................19
Radio Controls ............................................................................................................................19
Power Factor Controls.................................................................................................................19
Fisher Pierce Capacitor Switching Controls .................................................................................22
VAr Controls (4600 Series)..........................................................................................................22
Current Controls (4800 Series) ....................................................................................................23
Voltage Controls (2400 Series)....................................................................................................23
Time Controls (5600 Series) ........................................................................................................24
Temperature Controls (5700 Series)............................................................................................24
Radio Controls ............................................................................................................................24
Power Factor Controls.................................................................................................................24
Neutral Current Relay..................................................................................................................24
Combination Controls ..................................................................................................................24
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................26
Conductor Data ...........................................................................................................................26
Single-Phase Line-To-Neutral Capacitor Current .........................................................................27
Capacitor Bank Worksheet ..........................................................................................................28
Capacitor Bank Worksheet Worked Example............................................................................30
Derivation of Loss Reduction Equation ........................................................................................32
Field Tables ................................................................................................................................33
Single-Phase Line-to-Neutral Capacitor Current Field Table ........................................................33
VAr Control Settings ....................................................................................................................34
Single-Phase Reactive Current vs. A REAC Jack Vdc Reading ...................................................41
Three-Phase Line kVAr vs. A REAC Jack Vdc Reading ...............................................................43
Power Factor vs. A REAC Jack Vdc and Line Current Vac...........................................................65
1.0
Introduction
There are four reasons for using power capacitors:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Reducing avoidable losses caused by reactive load current.

Reduce kVA demand.
Improve voltage profile.
Increase revenue or decrease customer energy consumption.
All of these advantages can be evaluated on a financial basis. Generally, it can be stated that unless a
distribution system has already been covered with switched capacitor banks on the feeders, adding
switched feeder capacitors produces the fastest pay-back of any equipment investment.
This book is intended to demonstrate the benefits provided by switched capacitor banks on distribution
feeders. The analysis outlined here requires only a simple pocket calculator to compute all of the factors
for a section of feeder between a capacitor bank and the next upstream bank or substation. Typical
values are given for the various cost factors which can be used when no other data are available.
There is also a discussion of multiple capacitor feeders and the application of the various types of
switching controls. However, this book is not designed for planning capacitor size and placement on a
multi-tap system.
Finally, there is a brief guide to Fisher Pierce switching controls and some discussion of the products.
2.0
Loss Reduction
The real energy loss due to utility line and transformer resistance is caused by the customers load, but
this energy is not registered by customers meters. There are two components to this loss; that caused by
the resistive component of the load, which cannot be avoided, and that caused by the reactive component
of the load, which can be avoided. Switched capacitor banks can be used to dramatically reduce the
avoidable losses.
About sixty percent of the system energy loss is caused by the resistance of the feeder conductors.
Consequently, it is important to locate the power capacitors on the feeders as close to the loads as
practical. Substation capacitors cannot reduce feeder losses the reactive load current has already
caused heating of the feeders downstream of the substation. Reducing the reactive current at the
substation cannot recover the heat lost on the on the feeders (Figure 1).
Heavy
Inductive
Load
Substation
Line heating loss is caused by real and reactive load current.
Heavy
Inductive
Load
Substation
A capacitor bank near the load greatly reduces the loss caused by the load
reactive components.
Heavy
Inductive
Load
Substation
A capacitor bank located between the load and the substation saves line loss
between the bank and the substation.
Substation
A capacitor bank in the substation cannot recover any of the line heating loss.
Figure 2.1: Feeder Resistive Losses
Heavy
Inductive
Load
The appendix contains the derivation of the equation used here to calculate the loss reduction from a
capacitor bank applied to a section of line from the bank to the next upstream capacitor or to the
substation. This equation,
Loss reduction
Where: RLINE
IIND
ICAP
W
=
=
=
=
=
3RLINE [2IIND ICAP) ICAP2], W,

single-phase line resistance (ohms)
single-phase load inductive current (amps)
single-phase capacitor current (amps)
three-phase line real power loss reduction (watts)
shows that reduction of avoidable losses depends on the reactive component of the load, but not on the
real component. Consequently, line power factor does not indicate how well loss reduction has been
accomplished.
In the example give in section 8.4, the year-round industrial load current is 100A at 0.8 PF. Switching a
900k Var bank onto the 5-mile section of #2 ACSR line reduced the power loss by 80.5kW. Now, suppose
that a large housing development is added to the feeder and the winter load is increased by 40A resistive.
The load power factor has been improved to 0.9PF, but the loss reduction caused by the capacitor bank
is still 80.5kW. That is why this analysis is concerned with the reduction of reactive current, not the
increase in power factor.
As the size of a capacitor bank increases, the loss reduction increases until the leading current of the
bank equals the lagging current of the load. However, as the capacitor current approaches the load
inductive current, each incremental capacitor results in less loss reduction. Figure 2.2 shows line loss
power saving as a function of bank size for the example in 8.4. A good rule-of-thumb is to use a bank size
two-thirds of the value needed to reduce the peak load Vars to zero.
Another reason for using a capacitor bank that is not too large is to be able to set the capacitor control to
switch the bank onto the line early in the load cycle. The overall energy reduction is then usually greater
than when using a large bank that is turned on for fewer hours per day.
There are several conditions that can reverse the loss reduction:
Oversize fixed banks
Improperly controlled switched banks
Voltage controlled switch banks
Figure 3 is a continuation of Figure 2 and shows the effect of bank sizes for which the capacitor current is
greater than the load inductive current. When the bank kVAr is two times the load kVar, there is no line
loss saving. Larger banks cause the line to go so far leading as to increase the loss over that of the load
without any bank on line. This condition is indicated by a minus sign in the loss reduction calculation.
The energy saved equals the power reduction times the time the bank is on the line (assuming an
efficient switching method), and the cost saving equals that energy times the value of avoided energy.
Usually, yearly figures are calculated so:
$SAVE/year
kWSAVE x h/year x $/kWh
In the example cited, the capacitor bank is on line 1,500/year, and energy is worth $.05/kWh, so,
$SAVE/year
80.5kW x 1,500 h/year x $.05/kWh = $6,038
Figure 1.2: Loss Reduction versus Bank Size
In assigning a value to the energy saved, it is important to consider that in most cases the bank will be on
at the heavy load time of day, when peaking or purchased energy is most expensive.
Figure 2.3: Losses for ICAP Greater than IIND
Figure 4 shows a typical daily load in which the reactive current increases more or less gradually
decreases towards evening. The avoidable losses can be reduced by 89% by installing a bank that is only
2/3 as large as the peak load Kvars. Also, the Var sensing control is set to close the bank onto the line
when the load inductive current equals 2/3 the bank capacitive current. Even though this scheme drives
the line leading when the bank is first turned on and before it is turned off, the loss reduction is optimum
for a single bank.
I LAG MAX
Loss Reduction = 0%
I LAG
TIME
Reactive Current Without Capacitor
Loss Reduction = 89%
CAP ON
= 2/3 ICAP
ICAP
ICAP = 2/3 ILAG MAX

ILEAD MAX AT CAP OFF = 1/2 ICAP
Maximum Loss Reduction
Figure 2.4: Effect on Power Capacitor on Daily Reactive Load
3.0
Demand Reduction
The reduction in reactive current caused by a power capacitor also reduces the total line current. This
reduction in kVA demand during heavy load periods has a number of benefits:
1. The peak allowable loading is increased when it is most needed (that is the same as saying there
is released demand).
2. The effective ampacity of the lines is increased.
3. The operating temperatures of the lines and transformers are reduced, increasing equipment life.
4. The necessity to upgrade lines and transformers may be delayed.
In the example cited in section 8.4, the line current before the bank was switched onto the line was 100A,
and the demand was:
3 x 100A x 13.2kV = 2,286kVA
3
When the bank is switched on, the line current is reduced to:
ILINE
= IRESIS2 + (IIND-ICAP)2, A
= 802 = (60-39.4)2 = 82.6A
and the demand is:

3 x 82.6A x 13.2kV = 1,888kVA
3
This reduction of 398kVA represents a release a 17.4% of the initial demand. In general, a 30% reduction
in peak demand from the use of switched capacitors is not uncommon. The value of demand reduction
varies between utilities, but $80/year/kVA is typical, based on a five-year write-off cycle for capital
equipment. Using this figure, the savings in the example is:
398kVA x $80/year/kVA = $31,840/year saved.
In this example the cost savings from demand reduction is many times that of the energy reduction. On
the other hand, the $80/year/kVA demand value may be more difficult to prove than the energy cost
saving. The factors contributing to the value of demand reduction are:
Released generation capacity
Released transmission capacity
Released substation capacity
Released feeder capacity
Figure 3.1 shows the kVA demand as the capacitor bank size in the example is increased. The curve
shows that the incremental released demand decreases as the bank leading current approaches the load
inductive current. Unlike line loss reduction, the demand reduction is affected by the magnitude of the
resistive current; it is more difficult to reduce the kVA when the power factor is high.
As the curve in Figure 3.1 continues for capacitor sizes greater than the load inductive current, it swings
upwards. Fixed or oversize banks or improperly controlled switched capacitors cause an increase in kVA
demand if the line is allowed to go leading. Also, when power capacitors are used for voltage control, the
line may be driven leading, and the kVA demand increases over that of the optimum loss and demand
reduction case.
Figure 3.1: Demand Reduction vs. Bank Size

Even when the line is not driven leading for voltage control, the bank increases the line voltage, and the
resulting demand increase partially counteracts the demand reduction. The extent to which the voltage
rise increases demand depends on the characteristics of the load. A purely resistive load that stays
connected to the line will cause a demand increase proportional to the square of the voltage. However,
many loads will either not increase so sharply or the high increase will be temporary because control
action, such as thermostats, will keep the energy constant.
As a rule of thumb, the maximum demand of a diversified load will increase by 1.6 times the increase of
voltage. That is, for every percent voltage increase, the maximum demand will increase 1.6 percent. The
long-term average demand will increase one-third to one percent for each one percent voltage increase.
In the example given in the Voltage Profile section, the capacitor bank caused a 2.06V or 1.7% increase.
If the long-term demand of the load changed by 0.7% demand per 1% voltage, then the demand increase
would be:
1.7% x 0.7%Demand = 1.19% demand increase
%
Consequently, there is an increase in demand costs of:
.0119 x 1,888kVA x $80/year/kVA = $1,800/year cost
The net saving is $31,840 - $1,800 = $30,040/year saved.
4.0
Voltage Profile
The demand capacity of distribution feeders is usually limited by voltage drop along the line rather than by
conductor thermal ampacity. The service entrance voltage of all customers must be kept within certain
limits, usually +5 to +10%. If the feeder voltage profile can be flattened, there are several benefits to
choose from, the first two of which occur at heavy load periods when they are most needed:
1. The kVA demand can be increased to arrive at the original voltage drop. That is the same as
saying that feeder demand has been released.
2. The substation voltage can be lowered to reduce peak demand and save energy.
3. The service entrance voltage can be allowed to increase and, consequently, increase
revenue (but the kVA demand will not be optimum).
The voltage drop along the feeder conductor is composed of a number of components; Figure 4.1 shows
the voltage phasors for a section of line feeding a concentrated load. The phase angle between the
voltages at the ends of the line section is small, so all of the quadrature components are ignored. The
voltage drop is caused by two load and line components that are in phase with the source voltage; The
line resistance times the resistive load current and the line reactance times the lagging load component.
That is:
LOAD = (RLINE x IRESIS) + (XLINE x IREAC)
In the example shown:
LOAD = 8.45 X 80 + 3.33 X 60 = 876V
This drop is 11.5% of the source voltage, or 13.8V based on a 120V reference.
When the capacitor bank is added to the line, there is a voltage increase due to the line reactance times
the bank capacitive current acting in the opposite direction from the load voltage drop:
CAP = XLINE X ICAP
In the example, this voltage recovery is:
CAP = 3.33 x 39.4 = 131V
or 2.06 based on 120V. Typically, the effect of a capacitor bank is in the range of 2-5V (120V reference).
Figure 4.1: Conductor Voltage Drop
When the purpose of a the capacitor bank is to control voltage, the bank may be sized so large that the
capacitive current exceeds the load inductive current. Therefore, the line current will swing leading, the
kVA demand will increase and there may be instability problems, especially at light load (although, if
properly controlled, the bank will probably not be on at light load).
The effect of voltage on demand is discussed in the Demand Reduction section; using the same guide for
real power as used for a long-term diversified demand, the power increases at a rate of 0.33 to 1 percent
for each percent increase in voltage, so the service entrance meter will register an increase in energy:
Energy = Power x Time
In the example, the load has a resistive component of 80A, so the power is:
3 x 80A x 13.2kV = 1,829kW
3
and the capacitor bank is on for 1,500 hours/year. The voltage increased by 1.7% and the load increased
0.7% for each percent voltage increase, so the power increased 1.19%. Therefore,
.0119 x 1,829kW x 1,500h/yr. = 32,648kWh/yr. increase
If the charge for metered energy during heavy load periods is twice the cost of energy to the utility, then
the utility in the example receives 2 x $0.5 = $.10kWh, and the revenue increase due to the voltage rise
is:
$.10/kWh x 32,648kWh/yr. = $3,265/yr. increase
Figure 4.2 shows the voltage profile of a uniformly loaded feeder; the end of the feeder is below the
minimum acceptable voltage. When the bank is switched on, the entire feeder voltage, upstream and
downstream from the bank, is increased. (Although it is possible to suddenly change the current along a
feeder, it is impossible to make a step change in voltage along a conductor.) Additional banks on the line
will add to the voltage rise, so that all active capacitors contribute to the shape of the voltage profile along
the entire feeder.
Figure 4.2: Voltage Profile
5.0
Total Cost Benefit
The financial benefit of a power capacitor can be balanced against the cost of the bank plus the switching
control. Using the example cited:
Energy cost saving (transformer, substation,
and transmission savings not included):
Demand reduction:
Increased revenue:
$ 6,038/yr.
$30,040/yr.
$ 3,265/yr.
The energy saving is tangible, but the demand value and increased metered energy are not so easy to
assess this example ranges from $6,000 to $40,000 per year, depending on how the three factors are
added.
The cost of the 900kVAr bank, complete with switch and control, is on the order of $8/kVAr, or:
Bank cost = 900 x 8 = $7,200
Distribution equipment is often accounted for at a rate of 20%/year, so the yearly cost of the bank,
allowing 10% interest, is:
Capacitor cost rate = .264 x $7,200 = $1,900/year
Obviously, properly switched power capacitors located on distribution feeders provide extreme financial
benefit to the utility.
6.0
Capacitor System Considerations
If there is to be only one capacitor bank on a uniformly loaded feeder, the traditional two-thirds, twothirds rule gives optimum loss and demand reduction. That is:
The bank kVAr size should be two-thirds of the heavy load kVAr as measured at the substation, and the
bank should be located two-thirds the length of the feeder from the substation. (If the objective is voltage
control, the bank should be farther from the substation.)
Using the example shown in Figure 2.4, this rule can be expanded to two-thirds, two-thirds, two-thirds:
(the Fisher Pierce two-thirds3 rule):
1. The bank size should be 2/3 maximum load kVAr.
2. The bank should be located 2/3 down the feeder.
3. The control should be set up to close the bank onto the line when the lagging line
current reaches 2/3 the capacitor current.
In the case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank, sized to almost equal the reactive
load current, located as close to each load as practical.
On a uniformly loaded feeder, located as close to each load as practical.
On a uniformly loaded feeder, greater savings can be achieved by using a number of banks distributed
along the feeder so that the load reactive current is compensated before it travels through much feeder
conductor. With more banks on the feeder, the total capacitor kVAr can more closely equal the total load
kVAr. Depending on the type of switching control, multiple banks on a feeder can lead to pumping as the
controls affect the operating points of each other. Usually, no more than three or four switched banks are
used on a feeder. Control interaction results from the change in line parameters when a bank is switched:
The reactive current between the substation and the bank is changed.
The total line current between the substation and the bank is changed.
The line voltage along the entire feeder is changed.
Figure 4.2 shows the effects of two banks on the voltage profile, and Figure 6.1 shows the reactive
current profile.
Reverse power flow will often cause efficient operation of a multiple capacitor system, because the
control settings will probably have been adjusted for increasing load towards the substation. Var and
power factor controls will operate in the wrong quadrant, so if reverse flow is possible, these controls
should be equipped with a reverse power inhibit function.
Figure 6.1: Effect of Multiple Banks on Reactive Current
6.1
VAr Controls
In the case of a single bank per feeder, VAr controls are by far the most efficient for maximum loss and
demand reduction. Once the capacitor size has been selected, the capacitive current is known. Since a
VAr control responds only to reactive current, it will switch the bank onto the line at the optimum point in
the load cycle regardless of any change in power factor, load growth, day of week, etc. (As explained in
section 2, loss reduction depends only on reactive current.) If the bank is to be used also for voltage limit
control, a VAr control with high and low voltage override is ideal.
Since the reactive current at any point along a feeder is affected by downstream capacitor banks, a VAr
control is susceptible to interaction from downstream banks. Consequently, for multiple capacitor
applications, VAr controls should be set so that the furthest downstream control goes on-line first, then
the next upstream control, etc. In this way the downstream banks will delay the switching of the more
upstream banks (because the upstream inductive current is reduced), but no capacitor will tend to turn off
a more downstream control. If the bandwidths of all the VAr controls are set the same, the banks will be
tripped off in the reverse order.
6.2
Current Controls
Line current is an indication of reactive current only if the load power factor is known and it does not
change on either a short-term or long-term basis. Line current changes relatively little when a bank is
switched on, so current controls are only moderately sensitive to interaction from downstream banks.
Also, feeder voltage drop is directly proportional to line current, so current controls provide a fairly good
combination of loss reduction and voltage control.
6.3
Voltage Controls
Voltage controls are the natural choice when maintaining voltage profile is the purpose of the capacitor
system. Since each capacitor affects the voltage along the entire feeder, voltage controls are susceptible
to interaction from both upstream and downstream banks. Substation or feeder voltage regulators can
cause additional capacitor control pumping problems. It is advisable to plan the various set points so
that the capacitor controls operate first, and the voltage regulators are used only when the capacitor
system cannot maintain the desired voltage profile.
Voltage controls are most effective on feeder sections more distant from the substation. The effect of the
capacitor should be at least 2V (120V reference), and cap on to cap off difference should be about 1.5
times the expected voltage rise when the bank is switched on.
6.4
Time and Temperature Controls
Time and temperature controls are immune from interaction between multiple banks. On the other hand,
since they do not respond to any line parameter, their effectiveness depends entirely on knowing the load
characteristics. If these characteristics change, capacitor application can become inefficient.
6.5
Radio Controls
Radio capacitor controls can be used to achieve maximum loss and demand reduction and flat voltage
profile. However, such a system requires a complete SCADA network and a centralized computer
controlled radio transmitter. Since it operates on real time line data, a radio system is well suited to
variations in the load pattern. The initial investment is large.
6.6
Power Factor Controls
Power factor is an inappropriate parameter for controlling capacitors. Power factor is a dimensionless
ratio one air conditioner has the same power factor as one thousand air conditioners.
It would obviously be a mistake to turn on a large capacitor bank at light load in response to a low power
factor. As previously discussed, loss reduction depends only on reactive current, not power factor.
Therefore, if a control fails to turn the bank on at heavy load because the power factor is high, the
opportunity to save the line losses is forfeited.
To guard against inappropriate operation, a power factor control might be protected with voltage and load
current overrides. At this point it is probably better to use a VAr or current control in the first place. Power
factor controls are susceptible to interaction from downstream capacitor banks.
The phasors in Figure 6.2 compare the operation of VAr and power factor controls when the load
characteristics change. Such changes may be a result from long-term load growth or due to weekly,
seasonal, or even time of day variations. The point is that power factor is a measure only of phase angle,
while a capacitor adds a fixed amount of leading current to the line regardless of the power factor. The
change in power factor caused by the capacitor depends on the value of the line resistive current.
Summary of Capacitor Control Attributes

Type of
Control
Current Signal
Required
Loss
Reduction
Efficiency
Voltage
Profile
Improve
Demand
Reduction
Efficiency
Interaction
Between
Banks
VAr
Yes
Highest
Moderate
High
High
Current
Yes
Moderate
High
High
Moderate
Voltage
No
Moderate
Highest
Moderate
High
Temperature
No
Problematic
Problematic
Problematic
None
Time
No
Problematic
Problematic
Problematic
None
Power Factor
Yes
SCADA
Needed
Problematic
Problematic
Problematic
High
Can be High
Can be High
Can be High
None
Radio
Figure 6.2: VAr vs. Power Factor Control for Changing Load
7.0
Fisher Pierce Capacitor Switching Controls
7.1
VAr Controls (4600 Series)
Fisher Pierce VAr controls are actually reactive current controls. Since line voltage is relatively constant
compared to reactive current, operation in response to Ar is almost identical to VAr. High and low voltage
override and reverse power disable options are available on most models.
There is a Fisher Pierce control available for either current transformer or inductive current sensor inputs
for both four-wire wye and three-wire delta circuits. Figure 7.1
BASIC
MODEL
CURRENT
SIGNAL AND
WIRING
4604
1301 Sensor Wye
4605
1301 Sensor Delta
4608
CT WYE
4609
CT DELTA
Figure 7.1: Types of Fisher Pierce VAr Controls
Figure 7.2 shows the Fisher Pierce reactive current measuring method, which is similar for CT and
current sensor inputs, except that the current sensor signal is inherently 90 degrees out of phase with the
line current. The signal conditioning circuit is critical to proper operation with inductive sensors.
Figure 7.2: Low Profile 4604 VAr Control Block Diagram
Measurement of reactive current requires a phase reference. Distribution lines usually have only a few
percent voltage distortion, so the voltage axis crossings can be used as a reliable phase reference. The
voltage axis reference is used to drive an electronic switch which chops the current waveform. The DC
component of the chopped signal represents the quadrature (i.e. reactive) component of the current. For
a purely resistive signal, the DC value is zero. As the load becomes more lagging, the signal shifts tot eh
right and the DC value becomes positive; leading current shifts the signal to the left and the DC voltage
becomes negative. The magnitude of the DC voltage is proportional to the amplitude and phase angle of
the reactive current; that is, I sin .
7.2
Current Controls (4800 Series)
Fisher Pierce offers current controls for use with CT or inductive current sensor input. Signal conditioning
is critical for inductive sensor signals. All Fisher Pierce low profile current controls utilize a true rms
measuring integrated circuit; modular current controls are average sensing.
7.3
Voltage Controls (2400 Series)
Fisher Pierce voltage controls utilize a tru rms measuring integrated circuit. Voltage controls are available
with a step bias option.
7.4
Time Controls (5600 Series)
Fisher Pierce offers 7-day and 365-day electronic time controls. All models contain batteries for power
outage override.
7.5
Temperature Controls (5700 Series)
The typical range for high temperature controls, which close on increasing temperature, is 70-120F. The
typical range for controls that close on decreasing temperature is 0-50F.
7.6
Radio Controls
Consult the Fisher Pierce Sales department for details of radio control systems.
7.7
Power Factor Controls
Fisher Pierce does not offer a power factor control.
7.8
Neutral Current Relay
Neutral current sensing controls are used to trip a capacitor bank off the line and lock out close
operations if incipient capacitor failure is detected by the presence of unbalanced neutral current. Fisher
Pierce offers both a stand-alone neutral current relay and a module that can be included in the modular
capacitor controls. The neutral current sensing circuit greatly attenuates harmonics.
7.9
Combination Controls
The modular controls can be configured with up to three control modules to perform the following
functions:
1. Basic voltage control with step bias, which shifts the cap on and cap off set points by
a settable amount. The points at which the bias is enabled and disabled are set on
the auxiliary module or by an external contact. Note: The amount of bias is set on the
basic voltage module, which must be ordered with the bias option.
2. Basic control with close and/or trip override. A close override forces a close operation
and inhibits a trip. A trip override forces a trip operation and inhibits a close. Separate
modules are used for each override, and the override threshold, and release points
are set on those modules.
3. Basic control with neutral current lockout. A neutral current module can be added to a
basic control; once activated, the neutral current relay will force a trip and lockout
further close operations until a manual reset button is pressed.
Summary of Fisher Pierce Capacitor Switching Controls

Basic Model
Type of Sensing
Remarks
2406
Voltage
No bias
2412
Voltage
With bias
4604
VAr
1301-X1 sensor, 4-wire, Wye
4605
VAr
1301-X1 sensor, 3-wire, Delta
4608
VAr
CT, 4-wire, Wye
4609
VAr
CT, 3-wire, Delta
4614
VAr
4604 with reverse power disable
4615
VAr
4604 for 1301-X1 or X7 sensor
4616
VAr
4605 for 1301-X1 or X7 sensor
4617
VAr
4615 with reverse power disable
4620
VAr
1301-X7 sensor, 4-wire, Wye
4621
VAr
1301-X7 sensor, 3-wire, Delta
4844
Current
1301-X1 or X7
4846
Current
Current transformer
5691
Time
7-day repeat cycle electronic clock
5695
Time
365-day programmable electronic clock
5732
Temperature
Close on increasing temperature, electronic sensor
5733
Temperature
Close on decreasing temperature, electronic sensor
1301-X1 refers to the standard current sensor.

1301-X7 refers to the high accuracy current sensor.
8.0
APPENDIX
8.1
Conductor Data
Size AWG or KCM
TYPE
Ampacity
A
Resistance
RESIS/mile
Reactance
IND/mile
6
4
2
1
1/0
2/0
4/0
267
336
398
477
557
605
636
716
795
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
100
140
180
200
230
270
340
460
530
600
670
730
760
780
840
910
3.98
2.57
1.69
1.38
1.12
0.895
0.592
0.552
0.306
0.259
0.216
0.186
0.172
0.162
0.144
0.138
0.673
0.659
0.665
0.665
0.656
0.641
0.581
0.605
0.451
0.441
0.430
0.415
0.415
0.412
0.405
0.401
6
4
2
1
1/0
2/0
4/0
250
350
450
600
750
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
CU
130
180
240
270
310
360
480
540
670
780
940
1090
2.41
1.52
0.955
0.757
0.607
0.481
0.303
0.257
0.184
0.144
0.110
0.089
0.628
0.599
0.571
0.557
0.546
0.532
0.503
0.481
0.460
0.451
0.432
0.417
2
1/0
2/0
4/0
336
477
795
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
160
215
250
340
465
590
920
1.41
0.887
0.708
0.444
0.280
0.195
0.116
0.576
0.544
0.533
0.502
0.465
0.444
0.417
8.2
Single-Phase Line-To-Neutral Capacitor Current

Distribution Voltage
EL-L
kV
EL-N
kV
Capacitor Bank Size, kVAR

300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
4.16
2.4
41.7
83.3
125
167
208
250
292
333
8.32
4.8
20.8
41.7
62.5
83.3
104
125
146
167
12.0
6.93
14.4
28.9
43.3
57.7
72.2
86.6
101
115
12.47
7.2
13.9
27.8
41.7
55.6
69.4
83.3
97.2
111
13.2
7.62
13.1
26.2
39.4
52.5
65.6
78.7
91.9
105
13.8
8.0
12.5
25.0
37.5
50.0
62.5
75.0
87.5
100
14.56
8.4
11.9
23.8
35.7
47.6
59.5
71.4
83.3
95.2
20.78
12.0
8.3
16.7
25.0
33.3
41.7
50.0
58.3
66.7
22.9
13.2
7.6
15.2
22.7
30.3
37.9
45.5
53.0
60.6
24.94
14.4
6.9
13.9
20.8
27.8
34.7
41.7
48.6
55.6
27.6
15.9
6.3
12.6
18.9
25.2
31.4
37.7
44.0
50.3
34.5
19.9
5.0
10.1
15.1
20.1
25.1
30.2
35.2
40.2
ICAP = 1/3 x KVAR = 1/3 x

EL-N
Example:
ICAP =
KVAR
EL-L/3
Bank = 900kVAR
EL-L = 13.2kV
900
= 39.4A lead
13.2 x 3
KVAR ; EL-L in kV
EL-L/3
8.3
Capacitor Bank Worksheet
List Line Conditions

1. Distance to next upstream capacitor bank of to substation:
__________
2. Conductor size and type:
_________/_________
3. Line voltage:
__________
kVL-L
4. Bank size:
__________
kVArCAP
__________
A, ILINE
__________
A, IIND
__________
A, ILINE
__________
PF
__________
$ / kWh
__________
RLINE
__________
IND
__________
A, ICAP
__________
A, ICAP
__________
A, ICAP
__________
A, ICAP
___________
hr/yr
5. Load current:
5A
or
5B
miles
List Values For Computation

6. Cost of energy during heavy load time of day:
7. Single-phase line resistance:
________ Miles x _________ RESIS/Miles =
Step 1
Table 1
8. Single-phase line inductance:
________ Miles x _________ IND/Miles =
Step 1
Table 1
9a. Single-phase capacitor current:
Step 4 and Table II:
or 9b.
________ kVarCAP / _________ kVL-L/1.73 =
Step 4
Step 3
10. Single-phase inductive load current:
5A
or 10b. __________2 (_________ x _________)2 =
ILINE
ILINE
PF
Step 5B
Step 5B
Step 5B
11. Estimate hours per year capacitor bank is on:
____h/day x _____ day/wk x _____ wk/yr =
or 11b. Use 10 h/day x 5 day/wk x 50 wk/yr =
2,500
hr/yr
Calculate Three-Phase Line Loss Reduction

12. 3 x _______ {(2 x _______ x _______) - ________2} / 1,000 =
RLINE
IIND
ICAP
ICAP
Step 7
Step 10
Step 9
Step 9
___________
kWSAVE
Calculate Yearly Energy Cost Savings

13. _______ kWSAVE X _______ hr/yr x ________ $/kWh =
Step 12
Step 11
Step 6
___________ $SAVE/yr
Calculate Increase in Line Voltage (120V Reference)

14. _______ ICAP X ________ IND X .120
SEC
Step 9
Step 8
X 1.73/________KV
__________
V,
Step 3
Calculate Reduction in kVA Demand

15a. (_______ ILINE x ________ PF)2 =
Step 5B
Step 5B
__________ A2, IRESIS2
15b. _______ 2 - ________ 2 =

ILINE
IIND
Step 5A
Step 5A
__________ A2, IRESIS2
16. Line current with capacitor bank on:

=
IRESIS
Step 15
+ (
)2 =
IIND
Step 10
17. Reduction in line current:

ILINE ILINE/CAP
Step 5
Step 16
___________ ILINE/CAP
ICAP
Step 9
___________ A, I
18. Reduction in demand:

3 x _______ I x _________ kV + 1.73 =
Step 17
Step 3
___________ kVA
8.4
Capacitor Bank Worksheet Worked Example
List Line Conditions

1. Distance to next upstream capacitor bank of to substation:
2. Conductor size and type:
#2
miles
/
ACSR
3. Line voltage:
13.2
kVL-L
4. Bank size:
900
kVArCAP
__________
A, ILINE
__________
A, IIND
100
A, ILINE
0.80
PF
0.05
$ / kWh
RESIS/Miles =
8.45
RLINE
IND/Miles =
3.33
IND
39.4
A, ICAP
__________
A, ICAP
__________
A, ICAP
60
A, ICAP
1500
hr/yr
2,500
hr/yr
5. Load current:
5A
or
5B
List Values For Computation
6. Cost of energy during heavy load time of day:
7. Single-phase line resistance:
5
Step 1
Miles x
1.69
Table 1
8. Single-phase line inductance:

5
Step 1
Miles x
0.665
Table 1
9a. Single-phase capacitor current:

Step 4 and Table II:
or 9b.
________ kVarCAP / _________ kVL-L/1.73 =
Step 4
Step 3
10. Single-phase inductive load current:
5A
or 10b.
100
ILINE
Step 5B
100
ILINE
Step 5B
0.80
PF
Step 5B
)2 =
11. Estimate hours per year capacitor bank is on:

6 h/day x
day/wk x
50
wk/yr =
or 11b. Use 10 h/day x 5 day/wk x 50 wk/yr =

Calculate Three-Phase Line Loss Reduction
12. 3 x
8.45 {(2 x
60 x 39.4 ) RLINE
IIND
ICAP
Step 7
Step 10
Step 9
39.4
ICAP
Step 9
} / 1,000 =
80.5
kWSAVE
Calculate Yearly Energy Cost Savings

13.
80.5 kWSAVE X 1500 hr/yr x 0.05 $/kWh =

Step 12
Step 11
Step 6
$6038
$SAVE/yr
2.06
V, SEC
6400
A2,
Calculate Increase in Line Voltage (120V Reference)

14. 39.4 ICAP X 3.33 IND X .120
Step 9
Step 8
X 1.73/
13.2
Step 3
KV
Calculate Reduction in kVA Demand

15a. ( 100 ILINE x 0.80 PF)2 =
IRESIS2
Step 5B
Step 5B
15b. _______ 2 - ________ 2 =
ILINE
IIND
Step 5A
Step 5A
__________ A2, IRESIS2
16. Line current with capacitor bank on:

= 6400 + ( 60 - 39.4 )2 =
IRESIS2
IIND
ICAP
Step 15
Step 10 Step 9
17. Reduction in line current:
100 ILINE - 82.6 ILINE/CAP
Step 5
Step 16
82.6
ILINE/CAP
71.4
A, I
398
kVA
18. Reduction in demand:

3 x 17.4
I x 13.2 kV + 1.73 =
Step 17
Step 3
8.5
Derivation of Loss Reduction Equation

(Reduction in real power losses in distribution line resistance.)
Loss Reduction = Loss w/o cap Loss w/ cap

Loss w/o cap = (ILINE w/o cap)2 RLINE
Loss w/ cap = (ILINE w/ cap)2 RLINE
Loss Reduction = (ILINE w/o cap)2 RLINE (ILINE w/ cap)2 RLINE
= RLINE [(ILINE w/o cap)2 - (ILINE w/ cap)2
(ILINE w/o cap)2 = IRESIS2 + IIND2
(ILINE w/ cap)2 = IRESIS2 + (IIND ICAP) 2
= IRESIS + IIND2 + ICAP) 2 - 2 IIND ICAP
Loss Reduction
= RLINE [(IRESIS2 + IIND2) - (IRESIS2 + IIND2 + ICAP2 - 2 IIND ICAP)]
= RLINE (IRESIS2 + IIND2 - IRESIS2 - IIND2 - ICAP2 + 2 IIND ICAP)
= RLINE (-ICAP2 + 2 IIND ICAP)
For the phases: Loss Reduction = 3 RLINE (-ICAP2 + 2 IIND ICAP)
Note that the resistive current terms cancel out, so the loss reduction does not depend on power factor.
9.0
Field Tables
Note: All of the tables are valid for both wye and delta services. All of the voltmeter readings are taken
with respect to the NEUT test jack.
9.1
Single-Phase Line-to-Neutral Capacitor Current Field Table
This shows the single-phase capacitor current for line voltages from 4.16 to 34.5kV and for bank sizes
from 300 to 1800kVAr. The capacitor current is often needed when performing a complete field test as
outlined in the capacitor control Field Test Instructions.
Table 1: Single-Phase Line-to-Neutral Capacitor Current
E L-L
kV
E L-N
kV
600
83.3
CAPACITOR BANK SIZE, kVAr

900
1200
1500
1800
124.9
166.5
208.2
249.8
4.16
2.4
300
41.6
2100
291.5
2400
333.1
8.32
4.8
20.8
41.6
62.5
83.3
104.1
124.9
145.7
166.5
12.00
6.9
14.4
28.9
43.3
57.7
72.2
86.6
101.0
115.5
12.47
7.2
13.9
27.8
41.7
55.6
69.4
83.3
97.2
111.1
13.20
7.6
13.1
26.2
39.4
52.5
65.6
78.7
91.9
105.0
13.80
8.0
12.6
25.1
37.7
50.2
62.8
75.3
87.9
100.4
14.56
8.4
11.9
23.8
35.7
47.6
59.5
71.4
83.3
95.2
20.78
12.0
8.3
16.7
25.0
33.3
41.7
50.0
58.3
66.7
22.90
13.2
7.6
15.1
22.7
30.3
37.8
45.4
52.9
60.5
24.94
14.4
6.9
13.9
20.8
27.8
34.7
41.7
48.6
55.6
27.60
15.9
6.3
12.6
18.8
25.1
31.4
37.7
43.9
50.2
34.50
19.9
5.0
10.0
15.1
20.1
25.1
30.1
35.1
40.2
9.2
VAr Control Settings
These tables show VAr control settings for line voltages from 4.2 to 34.5kV and for bank sizes from 300 to
1800 kVAr when using a 1301 current sensor on the source side of the capacitor bank. The difference
between the cap on and cap off points equals the single-phase capacitor current plus a 25% allowance to
prevent cycling.
When using a current transformer, the VAr control is set for secondary current, so the CT ratio must be
known in order to relate the setting to the size of the capacitor bank. To find the dial settings, look up the
settings in the tables for the 1301 sensor and divide by the CT ratio. Be sure to use the ratio based on 1,
not 5A; for example, use 80 for a 400:5 CT.
There are two sets of three tables each: one for controls with separate CAP ON and CAP OFF dials, and
one set for controls with a CAP ON and a BANDWIDTH dial. The BANDWIDTH dial is the difference
between the cap on and cap off reactive currents; once selected, this value remains the same regardless
of the CAP ON setting.
Each set contains a table for CAP ON settings at 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of the single-phase capacitor current. If
there is a single bank on a feeder, use the CAP ON = 2/3 Icap Table. If there is danger of pumping due
to multiple banks on a feeder, set the downstream controls to close at lower lagging reactive current (for
example, 1/3 or 1/2 Icap).
If the current sensor is downstream (load side) of the capacitor bank, set the CAP ON to the value shown
in the tables. For bandwidth controls, set the BANDWIDTH knob to 25% (1/4) of the Icap value in Section
9.0. For Cap On/Cap Off controls, set the CAP OFF knob more leading (less lagging) than the CAP ON
setting by the 25% of Icap value.
Table 2: CAP ON/CAP OFF VAr Control Settings

CAP ON = 1/3 Icap
4.2
On
13.9
Off
38.2
On
27.8
CAPACITOR BANK SIZE (kVAr)

900
1200
Off
On
Off
On
Off
76.3
41.6 114.5
55.5 152.7
8.3
6.9
19.1
13.9
38.2
20.8
57.2
27.8
76.3
34.7
95.4
41.6
114.5
12.0
4.8
13.2
9.6
26.5
14.4
39.7
19.2
52.9
24.1
66.2
28.9
79.4
12.5
4.6
12.7
9.2
25.4
13.9
38.1
18.5
50.8
23.1
63.5
27.7
76.2
13.2
4.4
12.0
8.7
24.1
13.1
36.1
17.5
48.1
21.9
60.1
26.2
72.2
13.8
4.2
11.5
8.4
23.0
12.6
34.5
16.7
46.0
20.9
57.5
25.1
69.0
14.6
4.0
10.9
7.9
21.7
11.9
32.6
15.8
43.5
19.8
54.4
23.7
65.2
20.8
2.8
7.6
5.6
15.3
8.3
22.9
11.1
30.5
13.9
38.2
16.7
45.8
22.9
2.5
6.9
5.0
13.9
7.6
20.8
10.1
27.7
12.6
34.7
15.1
41.6
24.5
2.4
6.5
4.7
13.0
7.1
19.4
9.4
25.9
11.8
32.4
14.1
38.9
27.6
2.1
5.8
4.2
11.5
6.3
17.3
8.4
23.0
10.5
28.8
12.6
34.5
34.5
1.7
4.6
3.3
9.2
5.0
13.8
6.7
18.4
8.4
23.0
10.0
27.6
300
600
Note: Current sensor located on source (upstream) side of capacitor bank.

ON = A lag CAP ON
OFF = A lead CAP OFF
CAP ON OFF Difference between CAP ON and CAP OFF
= I CAP x 1.25 to prevent hunting
Example:
Bank = 900kVAr; E L-L = 13.2kV

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 1/3 x 39.4 = 13.1A lag
CAP ON OFF = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A
CAP OFF = 13.1 - 49.2 = 36.1A lead
1500
On
Off
69.4 190.8
1800
On
Off
83.3 229.0

CAP ON = 1/2 Icap
4.2
On
20.8
Off
31.2
On
41.6

900
1200
1500
Off
On
Off
On
Off
On
Off
62.5
62.5
93.7
83.3 124.9 104.1 156.1
8.3
10.4
15.6
20.8
31.2
31.2
46.8
41.6
62.5
52.0
78.1
62.5
93.7
12.0
7.2
10.8
14.4
21.7
21.7
32.5
28.9
43.3
36.1
54.1
43.3
65.0
12.5
6.9
10.4
13.9
20.8
20.8
31.2
27.7
41.6
34.6
52.0
41.6
62.4
13.2
6.6
9.8
13.1
19.7
19.7
29.5
26.2
39.4
32.8
49.2
39.4
59.0
13.8
6.3
9.4
12.6
18.8
18.8
28.2
25.1
37.7
31.4
47.1
37.7
56.5
14.6
5.9
8.9
11.9
17.8
17.8
26.7
23.7
35.6
29.7
44.5
35.6
53.4
20.8
4.2
6.2
8.3
12.5
12.5
18.7
16.7
25.0
20.8
31.2
25.0
37.5
22.9
3.8
5.7
7.6
11.3
11.3
17.0
15.1
22.7
18.9
28.4
22.7
34.0
24.5
3.5
5.3
7.1
10.6
10.6
15.9
14.1
21.2
17.7
26.5
21.2
31.8
27.6
3.1
4.7
6.3
9.4
9.4
14.1
12.6
18.8
15.7
23.5
18.8
28.2
34.5
2.5
3.8
5.0
7.5
7.5
11.3
10.0
15.1
12.6
18.8
15.1
22.6
300
600

ON = A lag CAP ON
Example:

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 1/2 x 39.4 = 19.7A lag
CAP ON OFF = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A
CAP OFF = 19.7 - 49.2 = 29.5A lead
1800
On
Off
124.9 187.4

CAP ON = 2/3 Icap
4.2
On
27.8
Off
24.3
On
55.5

900
1200
1500
Off
On
Off
On
Off
On
Off
48.6
83.3
72.9 111.0
97.2 138.8 121.4
8.3
13.9
12.1
27.8
24.3
41.6
36.4
55.5
48.6
69.4
60.7
83.3
72.9
12.0
9.6
8.4
19.2
16.8
28.9
25.3
38.5
33.7
48.1
42.1
57.7
50.5
12.5
9.2
8.1
18.5
16.2
27.7
24.2
37.0
32.3
46.2
40.4
55.4
48.5
13.2
8.7
7.7
17.5
15.3
26.2
23.0
35.0
30.6
43.7
38.3
52.5
45.9
13.8
8.4
7.3
16.7
14.6
25.1
22.0
33.5
29.3
41.8
36.6
50.2
43.9
14.6
7.9
6.9
15.8
13.8
23.7
20.8
31.6
27.7
39.5
34.6
47.5
41.5
20.8
5.6
4.9
11.1
9.7
16.7
14.6
22.2
19.4
27.8
24.3
33.3
29.1
22.9
5.0
4.4
10.1
8.8
15.1
13.2
20.2
17.6
25.2
22.1
30.3
26.5
24.5
4.7
4.1
9.4
8.2
14.1
12.4
18.9
16.5
23.6
20.6
28.3
24.7
27.6
4.2
3.7
8.4
7.3
12.6
11.0
16.7
14.6
20.9
18.3
25.1
22.0
34.5
3.3
2.9
6.7
5.9
10.0
8.8
13.4
11.7
16.7
14.6
20.1
17.6
300
600

ON = A lag CAP ON
Example:

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 2/3 x 39.4 = 26.2A lag
CAP ON OFF = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A
CAP OFF = 26.2 - 49.2 = 23.0A lead
1800
On
Off
166.5 145.7
Table 5: CAP ON/BANDWIDTH VAr Control Settings

CAP ON = 1/3 Icap
300

900
1200
BW
On
BW
On
BW
104.1
41.6 156.1
55.5 208.2
600
1500
On
BW
69.4 260.2
1800
On
BW
83.3 312.3
104.1
34.7
130.1
41.6
156.1
19.2
72.2
24.1
90.2
28.9
108.3
52.0
18.5
69..3
23.1
86.6
27.7
103.9
13.1
49.2
17.5
65.6
21.9
82.0
26.2
98.4
31.4
12.6
47.1
16.7
62.8
20.9
78.4
25.1
94.1
7.9
29.7
11.9
44.5
15.8
59.3
19.8
74.1
23.7
89.0
10.4
5.6
20.8
8.3
31.2
11.1
41.6
13.9
52.0
16.7
62.5
2.5
9.5
5.0
18.9
7.6
28.4
10.1
37.8
12.6
47.3
15.1
56.7
24.5
2.4
8.8
4.7
17.7
7.1
26.5
9.4
35.3
11.8
44.2
14.1
53.0
27.6
2.1
7.8
4.2
15.7
6.3
23.5
8.4
31.4
10.5
39.2
12.6
47.1
34.5
1.7
6.3
3.3
12.6
5.0
18.8
6.7
25.1
8.4
31.4
10.0
37.7
4.2
On
13.9
BW
52.0
On
27.8
8.3
6.9
26.0
13.9
52.0
20.8
78.1
27.8
12.0
4.8
18.0
9.6
36.1
14.4
54.1
12.5
4.6
17.3
9.2
34.6
13.9
13.2
4.4
16.4
8.7
32.8
13.8
4.2
15.7
8.4
14.6
4.0
14.8
20.8
2.8
22.9

ON = A lag CAP ON
Example:

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 1/3 x 39.4 = 13.1A lag
BW = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A REAC

CAP ON = 1/2 Icap
300

900
1200
1500
BW
On
BW
On
BW
On
BW
104.1
62.5 156.1
83.3 208.2 104.1 260.2
600
1800
On
BW
124.9 312.3
4.2
On
20.8
BW
52.0
On
41.6
8.3
10.4
26.0
20.8
52.0
31.2
78.1
41.6
104.1
52.0
130.1
62.5
156.1
12.0
7.2
18.0
14.4
36.1
21.7
54.1
28.9
72.2
36.1
90.2
43.3
108.3
12.5
6.9
17.3
13.9
34.6
20.8
52.0
27.7
69.3
34.6
86.6
41.6
103.9
13.2
6.6
16.4
13.1
32.8
19.7
49.2
26.2
65.6
32.8
82.0
39.4
98.4
13.8
6.3
15.7
12.6
31.4
18.8
47.1
25.1
62.8
31.4
78.4
37.7
94.1
14.6
5.9
14.8
11.9
29.7
17.8
44.5
23.7
59.3
29.7
74.1
35.6
89.0
20.8
4.2
10.4
8.3
20.8
12.5
31.2
16.7
41.6
20.8
52.0
25.0
62.5
22.9
3.8
9.5
7.6
18.9
11.3
28.4
15.1
37.8
18.9
47.3
22.7
56.7
24.5
3.5
8.8
7.1
17.7
10.6
26.5
14.1
35.3
17.7
44.2
21.2
53.0
27.6
3.1
7.8
6.3
15.7
9.4
23.5
12.6
31.4
15.7
39.2
18.8
47.1
34.5
2.5
6.3
5.0
12.6
7.5
18.8
10.0
25.1
12.6
31.4
15.1
37.7

ON = A lag CAP ON
Example:

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 1/2 x 39.4 = 19.7A lag
BW = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A REAC

CAP ON = 2/3 Icap
300

900
1200
1500
BW
On
BW
On
BW
On
BW
104.1
83.3 156.1 111.0 208.2 138.8 260.2
600
1800
On
BW
166.5 312.3
4.2
On
27.8
BW
52.0
On
55.5
8.3
13.9
26.0
27.8
52.0
41.6
78.1
55.5
104.1
69.4
130.1
83.3
156.1
12.0
9.6
18.0
19.2
36.1
28.9
54.1
38.5
72.2
48.1
90.2
57.7
108.3
12.5
9.2
17.3
18.5
34.6
27.7
52.0
37.0
69.3
46.2
86.6
55.4
103.9
13.2
8.7
16.4
17.5
32.8
26.2
49.2
35.0
65.6
43.7
82.0
52.5
98.4
13.8
8.4
15.7
16.7
31.4
25.1
47.1
33.5
62.8
41.8
78.4
50.2
94.1
14.6
7.9
14.8
15.8
29.7
23.7
44.5
31.6
59.3
39.5
74.1
47.5
89.0
20.8
5.6
10.4
11.1
20.8
16.7
31.2
22.2
41.6
27.8
52.0
33.3
62.5
22.9
5.0
9.5
10.1
18.9
15.1
28.4
20.2
37.8
25.2
47.3
30.3
56.7
24.5
4.7
8.8
9.4
17.7
14.1
26.5
18.9
35.3
23.6
44.2
28.3
53.0
27.6
4.2
7.8
8.4
15.7
12.6
23.5
16.7
31.4
20.9
39.2
25.1
47.1
34.5
3.3
6.3
6.7
12.6
10.0
18.8
13.4
25.1
16.7
31.4
20.1
37.7

ON = A lag CAP ON
Example:

I CAP = 39.4A lead
CAP ON = 2/3 x 39.4 = 26.3A lag
BW = 1.25 x 39.4 = 49.2A REAC
9.3
Single-Phase Reactive Current vs. A REAC Jack Vdc Reading
All Fisher Pierce VAr controls manufactured after 1980 have an A REAC test jack, which can be used to
find the present reactive current. Use the Vdc scale of any meter with an impedance greater than 10k
Ohm. This table is a single sheet with a section for 1301 sensors, which reads in reactive line current, and
a section for CT input controls, which reads in secondary reactive current. Observe the range setting on
the capacitor control, and use the corresponding column in the table. Note that readings greater than +/5.0 Vdc are overrange, and may be in error. Also observe the maximum total current for the range;
exceeding the total current may also cause errors. See section 5 for measuring total current.
Table 8: Single-Phase Reactive Current vs. A Reac Jack Vdc Reading
Vdc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
1301 Current Sensor

Line Current
Range
X1
X4
0.6
2.4
1.2
4.8
1.8
7.2
2.4
9.6
3.0
12.0
3.6
14.4
4.2
16.8
4.8
19.2
5.4
21.6
6.0
24.0
6.6
26.4
7.2
28.8
7.8
31.2
8.4
33.6
9.0
36.0
9.6
38.4
10.2
40.8
10.8
43.2
11.4
45.6
12.0
48.0
12.6
50.4
13.2
52.8
13.8
55.2
14.4
57.6
15.0
60.0
15.6
62.4
16.2
64.8
16.8
67.2
17.4
69.6
18.0
72.0
18.6
74.4
19.2
76.8
19.8
79.2
20.4
81.6
21.0
84.0
21.6
86.4
22.2
88.8
22.8
91.2
23.4
93.6
24.0
96.0
24.6
98.4
25.2
100.8
25.8
103.2
26.4
105.6
27.0
108.0
27.6
110.4
28.2
112.8
28.8
115.2
29.4
117.6
30.0
120.0
X10
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168
174
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
246
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
294
300
X1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
Current Transformer
Secondary Current
Range
X2
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
X4
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96
1.00
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.24
1.28
1.32
1.36
1.40
1.44
1.48
1.52
1.56
1.60
1.64
1.68
1.72
1.76
1.80
1.84
1.88
1.92
1.96
2.00
9.4
Three-Phase Line kVAr vs. A REAC Jack Vdc Reading
The Vdc reading from the A REAC test jack can be used to measure the system kVArs, assuming that
the load is balanced. There are twenty-one tables in this section; each table includes line voltages from
4.16 to 34.5kV. Since 1301 sensors measure line current directly, only one table is needed for each
control range setting. In order to determine the system reactive current when using current transformers,
the CT ratio must be know. There is a set of three tables for each of the following current transformers:
50:5
100:5
200:5
400:5
800:5
1200:5
See section 3 for overrange precautions.
Table 9: Three-Phase Line kVAr vs. A Reac Jack Vdc Reading: 1301 Sensor, X1 Range
Vdc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.16
4.3
8.6
13.0
17.3
21.6
25.9
30.3
34.6
38.9
43.2
47.6
51.9
56.2
60.5
64.8
69.2
73.5
77.8
82.1
86.5
90.8
95.1
99.4
103.8
108.1
112.4
116.7
121.0
125.4
129.7
134.0
138.3
142.7
147.0
151.3
155.6
160.0
164.3
168.6
172.9
177.3
181.6
185.9
190.2
194.5
198.9
203.2
207.5
211.8
216.2
8.32
8.6
17.3
25.9
34.6
43.2
51.9
60.5
69.2
77.8
86.5
95.1
103.8
112.4
121.0
129.7
138.3
147.0
155.6
164.3
172.9
181.6
190.2
198.9
207.5
216.2
224.8
233.5
242.1
250.7
259.4
268.0
276.7
285.3
294.0
302.6
311.3
319.9
328.6
337.2
345.9
354.5
363.1
371.8
380.4
389.1
397.7
406.4
415.0
423.7
432.3
12
12.5
24.9
37.4
49.9
62.4
74.8
87.3
99.8
112.2
124.7
137.2
149.6
162.1
174.6
187.1
199.5
212.0
224.5
236.9
249.4
261.9
274.4
286.8
299.3
311.8
324.2
336.7
349.2
361.7
374.1
386.6
399.1
411.5
424.0
436.5
448.9
461.4
473.9
486.4
498.8
511.3
523.8
536.2
548.7
561.2
573.7
586.1
598.6
611.1
623.5
12.5
13.0
26.0
39.0
52.0
65.0
77.9
90.9
103.9
116.9
129.9
142.9
155.9
168.9
181.9
194.9
207.8
220.8
233.8
246.8
259.8
272.8
285.8
298.8
311.8
324.8
337.7
350.7
363.7
376.7
389.7
402.7
415.7
428.7
441.7
454.7
467.7
480.6
493.6
506.6
519.6
532.6
545.6
558.6
571.6
584.6
597.6
610.5
623.5
636.5
649.5
Line-to-Line Voltage, kV
13.2
13.8
14.6
20.8
13.7
14.3
15.2
21.6
27.4
28.7
30.3
43.2
41.2
43.0
45.5
64.8
54.9
57.4
60.7
86.5
68.6
71.7
75.9
108.1
82.3
86.0
91.0
129.7
96.0 100.4 106.2 151.3
109.7 114.7 121.4 172.9
123.5 129.1 136.6 194.5
137.2 143.4 151.7 216.2
150.9 157.8 166.9 237.8
164.6 172.1 182.1 259.4
178.3 186.4 197.2 281.0
192.0 200.8 212.4 302.6
205.8 215.1 227.6 324.2
219.5 229.5 242.8 345.9
233.2 243.8 257.9 367.5
246.9 258.1 273.1 389.1
260.6 272.5 288.3 410.7
274.4 286.8 303.5 432.3
288.1 301.2 318.6 453.9
301.8 315.5 333.8 475.6
315.5 329.9 349.0 497.2
329.2 344.2 364.1 518.8
342.9 358.5 379.3 540.4
356.7 372.9 394.5 562.0
370.4 387.2 409.7 583.6
384.1 401.6 424.8 605.2
397.8 415.9 440.0 626.9
411.5 430.2 455.2 648.5
425.3 444.6 470.4 670.1
439.0 458.9 485.5 691.7
452.7 473.3 500.7 713.3
466.4 487.6 515.9 734.9
480.1 501.9 531.0 756.6
493.8 516.3 546.2 778.2
507.6 530.6 561.4 799.8
521.3 545.0 576.6 821.4
535.0 559.3 591.7 843.0
548.7 573.7 606.9 864.6
562.4 588.0 622.1 886.3
576.1 602.3 637.3 907.9
589.9 616.7 652.4 929.5
603.6 631.0 667.6 951.1
617.3 645.4 682.8 972.7
631.0 659.7 697.9 994.3
644.7 674.0 713.1 1016.0
658.5 688.4 728.3 1037.6
672.2 702.7 743.5 1059.2
685.9 717.1 758.6 1080.8
22.9
23.8
47.6
71.4
95.2
119.0
142.8
166.6
190.4
214.2
238.0
261.8
285.6
309.4
333.2
357.0
380.8
404.6
428.4
452.2
476.0
499.8
523.6
547.4
571.2
595.0
618.8
642.6
666.4
690.2
714.0
737.7
761.5
785.3
809.1
832.9
856.7
880.5
904.3
928.1
951.9
975.7
999.5
1023.3
1047.1
1070.9
1094.7
1118.5
1142.3
1166.1
1189.9
24.5
25.5
50.9
76.4
101.8
127.3
152.8
178.2
203.7
239.2
254.6
280.1
305.5
331.0
356.5
381.9
407.4
432.8
458.3
483.8
509.2
534.7
560.1
585.6
611.1
636.5
662.0
687.5
712.9
738.4
763.8
789.3
814.8
840.2
865.7
891.1
916.6
942.1
967.5
993.0
1018.4
1043.9
1069.4
1094.8
1120.3
1145.8
1171.2
1196.7
1222.1
1247.6
1273.1
27.6
28.7
57.4
86.0
114.7
143.4
172.1
200.8
229.5
258.1
286.8
315.5
344.2
372.9
401.6
430.2
459.9
487.6
516.3
545.0
573.7
602.3
631.0
659.7
688.4
717.1
745.8
774.4
803.1
831.8
860.5
889.2
917.8
946.5
975.2
1003.9
1032.6
1061.3
1089.9
1118.6
1147.3
1176.0
1204.7
1233.4
1262.0
1290.7
1319.4
1348.1
1376.8
1405.5
1434.1
34.5
35.9
71.7
107.6
143.4
179.3
215.1
251.0
286.8
322.7
358.5
394.4
430.2
466.1
501.9
537.8
573.7
609.5
645.4
681.2
717.1
752.9
788.8
824.6
860.5
896.3
932.2
968.0
1003.9
1039.8
1075.6
1111.5
1147.3
1183.2
1219.0
1254.9
1290.7
1326.6
1362.4
1398.3
1434.1
1470.0
1505.8
1541.7
1577.6
1613.4
1649.3
1685.1
1721.0
1756.8
1792.7
Vdc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.16
17.3
34.6
51.9
69.2
86.5
103.8
121.0
138.3
155.6
172.9
190.2
207.5
224.8
242.1
259.4
276.7
294.0
311.3
328.6
345.9
363.1
380.4
397.7
415.0
432.3
449.6
466.9
484.2
501.5
518.8
536.1
553.4
570.7
588.0
605.2
622.5
639.8
657.1
674.4
691.7
709.0
726.3
743.6
760.9
778.2
795.5
812.8
830.1
847.3
864.6
8.32
34.6
69.2
103.8
138.3
172.9
207.5
242.1
276.7
311.3
345.9
380.4
415.0
449.6
484.2
518.8
553.4
588.0
622.5
657.1
691.7
726.3
760.9
795.5
830.1
864.6
899.2
933.8
968.4
1003.0
1037.6
1072.2
1106.7
1141.3
1175.9
1210.5
1245.1
1279.7
1314.3
1348.8
1383.4
1418.0
1452.6
1487.2
1521.8
1556.4
1590.9
1625.5
1660.1
1694.7
1729.3
12
49.9
99.8
149.6
199.5
249.4
299.3
349.2
399.1
448.9
498.8
548.7
598.6
648.5
698.4
748.2
798.1
848.0
897.9
947.8
997.7
1047.5
197.4
1147.3
1197.2
1247.1
1297.0
1346.8
1396.7
1446.6
1496.5
1546.4
1596.3
1646.1
1696.0
1745.9
1795.8
1845.7
1895.6
1945.4
1995.3
2045.2
2095.1
2145.0
2194.9
2244.7
2294.6
2344.5
2394.4
2444.3
2494.2
12.5
52.0
103.9
155.9
207.8
259.8
311.8
363.7
415.7
467.7
519.6
571.6
623.5
675.5
727.5
779.4
831.4
883.3
935.3
987.3
1039.2
1091.2
1143.2
1195.1
1247.1
1299.0
1351.0
1403.0
1454.9
1506.9
1558.8
1610.8
1662.8
1714.7
1766.7
1818.7
1870.6
1922.6
1974.5
2026.5
2078.5
2130.4
2182.4
2234.3
2286.3
2388.3
2390.2
2442.2
2494.2
2546.1
2598.1
Line-to-Line Voltage, kV
13.2
13.8
14.6
20.8
54.9
57.4
60.7
86.5
109.7
114.7
121.4
172.9
164.6
172.1
182.1
259.4
219.5
229.5
242.8
345.9
274.4
286.8
303.5
432.3
329.2
344.2
364.1
518.8
384.1
401.6
424.8
605.2
439.0
458.9
485.5
691.7
493.8
516.3
546.2
778.2
548.7
573.7
606.9
864.6
603.6
631.0
667.6
951.1
658.5
688.4
728.3 1037.6
713.3
745.8
789.0 1124.0
768.2
803.1
849.7 1210.5
823.1
860.5
910.4 1297.0
877.9
917.8
971.1 1383.4
932.8
975.2 1031.7 1469.9
987.7 1032.6 1092.4 1556.4
1042.6 1089.9 1153.1 1642.8
1097.4 1147.3 1213.8 1729.3
1152.3 1204.7 1274.5 1815.7
1207.2 1262.0 1335.2 1902.2
1262.0 1319.4 1395.9 1988.7
1316.9 1376.8 1456.6 2075.1
1371.8 1434.1 1517.3 2161.6
1426.7 1491.5 1578.0 2248.1
1481.5 1548.9 1638.7 2334.5
1536.4 1606.2 1699.3 2421.0
1591.3 1663.6 1760.0 2507.5
1646.1 1721.0 1820.7 2593.9
1701.0 1778.3 1881.4 2680.4
1755.9 1835.7 1942.1 2766.8
1810.8 1893.1 2002.8 2853.3
1865.6 1950.4 2063.5 2939.8
1920.5 2007.8 2124.2 3026.2
1975.4 2065.2 2184.9 3112.7
2030.2 2122.5 2245.6 3199.2
2085.1 2179.9 2306.3 3285.6
2140.0 2237.3 2367.0 3372.1
2194.9 2294.6 2427.6 3458.6
2249.7 2352.0 2488.3 3545.0
2304.6 2409.4 2549.0 3631.5
2359.5 2466.7 2609.7 3718.0
2414.3 2524.1 2670.4 3804.4
2469.2 2581.4 2731.1 3890.9
2524.1 2638.8 2791.8 3977.3
2579.0 2696.2 2852.5 4063.8
2633.8 2753.5 2913.2 4150.3
2688.7 2810.9 2973.9 4236.7
2743.6 2868.3 3034.6 4323.2
22.9
95.2
190.4
285.6
380.8
476.0
571.2
666.4
761.5
856.7
951.9
1047.1
1142.3
1237.5
1332.7
1427.9
1523.1
1618.3
1713.5
1808.7
1903.9
1999.1
2094.3
2189.5
2284.6
2379.8
2475.0
2570.2
2665.4
2760.6
2855.8
2951.0
3046.2
3141.4
3236.6
3331.8
3427.0
3522.2
3617.4
3712.5
3807.7
3902.9
3998.1
4093.3
4188.5
4283.7
4378.9
4471.1
4569.3
4664.5
4759.7
24.5
101.8
203.7
305.5
407.4
509.2
611.1
712.9
814.8
916.6
1018.4
1120.3
1222.1
1324.0
1425.8
1527.7
1629.5
1731.4
1833.2
1935.0
2036.9
2138.7
2240.6
2342.4
2444.3
2546.1
2648.0
2749.8
2851.6
2953.5
3055.3
3157.2
3259.0
3360.9
3462.7
3564.6
3666.4
3768.2
3870.1
3971.9
4073.8
4175.6
4277.5
4379.3
4481.2
4583.0
4684.9
4786.7
4888.5
4990.4
5092.2
27.6
114.7
229.5
344.2
458.9
573.7
688.4
803.1
917.8
1032.6
1147.3
1262.0
1376.8
1491.5
1606.2
1721.0
1835.7
1950.4
2065.2
2179.9
2294.6
2409.4
2524.1
2638.8
2753.5
2868.3
2983.0
3097.7
3212.5
3327.2
3441.9
3556.7
3671.4
3786.1
3900.9
4015.6
4130.3
4245.0
4359.8
4474.5
4589.2
5704.0
4818.7
4933.4
5048.2
5162.9
5277.6
5392.4
5507.1
5621.8
5736.6
34.5
143.4
286.8
430.2
573.7
717.1
860.5
1003.9
1147.3
1290.7
1434.1
1577.6
1721.0
1864.4
2007.8
2151.2
2294.6
2438.0
2581.4
2724.9
2868.3
3011.7
3155.1
3298.5
3441.9
3585.3
3728.8
3872.2
4015.6
4159.0
4302.4
4445.8
4589.2
4732.7
4876.1
5019.5
5162.9
5306.3
5449.7
5593.1
5736.6
5880.0
6023.4
6166.8
6310.2
6453.6
6597.0
6740.4
6883.9
7027.3
7170.7
Table 12: Three-Phase Line kVAr vs. A Reac Jack Vdc Reading: 50:5 CT, X1 Range
Table 20: Three-Phase Line kVAr vs. A Reac Jack Vdc Reading: 200:5, X4 Range
9.5
Power Factor vs. A REAC Jack Vdc and Line Current Vac
The power factor of the load can be found from two voltmeter readings taken from VAr control test jacks,
assuming that the load is balanced. The first reading is the A REAC Vdc reading; the second reading is
total line current and is a Vac measurement. When taking the A REAC reading, it is important to observe
the VAr control range setting and to observe the overrange precautions in section 3.
For 1301 current sensors, the line current reading is taken at the sensor input to the capacitor control,
which is before the sensor signal is corrected for harmonic emphasis. Consequently, load currents with
high harmonic content may cause reading errors. Nevertheless, for most applications, the readings are
valid, especially for power factor above. 0.9.
There are two sets of tables for CT input controls: All Fisher Pierce modular controls use a 0.1 ohm CT
load resistor, and the line current test jack is connected to that resistor. Low profile (also called 70 or 80
Series) controls isolate the CT secondary circuit through a small transformer on the circuit board. This
transformer has a low burden, and a separate set of tables is provided for these controls. Unfortunately,
there is no test jack connected to the internal transformer secondary, and the Line Current Test Jack
Vac reading must actually be taken from the right hand lead of R1, which is located just below the lower
left corner of the circuit board cover panel. It may be necessary to scrape through the conformal coating
to make contact with R1.
Table 30: Power Factor vs. A Reac Jack Vdc and Line Current Jack Vac
All 1301 Sensor VAr Controls, X1 Range
All Modular CT VAr Controls, X1 Range
All Low Profile (70/80 Series) CT VAr Controls, X1 Range

Why How Capacitor Switching How Capacitor Switching

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AG 001

The Why and How of

Copyright 1991 Fisher Pierce

First Printing November 1990

There are four reasons for using power capacitors:

Reducing avoidable losses caused by reactive load current.

Figure 2.1: Feeder Resistive Losses

3RLINE [2IIND ICAP) ICAP2], W,

kWSAVE x h/year x $/kWh

80.5kW x 1,500 h/year x $.05/kWh = $6,038

Figure 1.2: Loss Reduction versus Bank Size

Figure 2.3: Losses for ICAP Greater than IIND

Reactive Current Without Capacitor

Loss Reduction = 89%

ICAP = 2/3 ILAG MAX

Figure 2.4: Effect on Power Capacitor on Daily Reactive Load

and the demand is:

Figure 3.1: Demand Reduction vs. Bank Size

Figure 4.1: Conductor Voltage Drop

Figure 4.2: Voltage Profile

Total Cost Benefit

Capacitor System Considerations

Figure 6.1: Effect of Multiple Banks on Reactive Current

Time and Temperature Controls

Power Factor Controls

Summary of Capacitor Control Attributes

Fisher Pierce Capacitor Switching Controls

VAr Controls (4600 Series)

1301 Sensor Wye

1301 Sensor Delta

Figure 7.1: Types of Fisher Pierce VAr Controls

Figure 7.2: Low Profile 4604 VAr Control Block Diagram

Current Controls (4800 Series)

Voltage Controls (2400 Series)

Time Controls (5600 Series)

Temperature Controls (5700 Series)

Power Factor Controls

Fisher Pierce does not offer a power factor control.

Neutral Current Relay

Summary of Fisher Pierce Capacitor Switching Controls

1301-X1 sensor, 4-wire, Wye

1301-X1 sensor, 3-wire, Delta

CT, 4-wire, Wye

CT, 3-wire, Delta

4604 with reverse power disable

4604 for 1301-X1 or X7 sensor

4605 for 1301-X1 or X7 sensor

4615 with reverse power disable

1301-X7 sensor, 4-wire, Wye

1301-X7 sensor, 3-wire, Delta

7-day repeat cycle electronic clock

365-day programmable electronic clock

Close on increasing temperature, electronic sensor

Close on decreasing temperature, electronic sensor

1301-X1 refers to the standard current sensor.

Size AWG or KCM

Single-Phase Line-To-Neutral Capacitor Current

Capacitor Bank Size, kVAR

ICAP = 1/3 x KVAR = 1/3 x

Capacitor Bank Worksheet

List Line Conditions

2. Conductor size and type:

List Values For Computation

15b. _ 2 - __ 2 =