ResearchPaper

Organsarecomplexunitseithertissuesorglandsthathaveanorganizationofseveral differenttissuesarrangedsothatthecanperformaspecialfunction.Organsaremadeupof cellslyingwithinaintercellularmatrixoffibersandgelatinousoraliquidgroundsubstance.Your organsintotal,addsupto16percentofyourbodyweight.Internalorgansstartingatthebrain wouldconsistofBasalgangliabeingagroupofnucleiinthebrainandvertebrasthatactasa cohesivefunctionalunit.TheBrainstemthatjoinsthebrainandspineandisfilledwithalarge amountnerves.TheMedullaisalsopartofthebrainstem,specificallythelowerhalfofit.The midbrainisthecentralnervoussystemthatisassociatedwiththevision,hearing,motorcontrol, alertness,temperatureregulation,andcontrollingwhentosleepandwakeup.Ponsisapartof thebrainthatconnectsthemedullaoblongataandthethalamus.TheCerebellumplaysahuge roleinmotorcontrolandalsoplaysaroleinattentionandlanguage.Cerebrumcontainsthe cerebralcortexandmultiplesubcorticalstructures.Cerebralcortexistheouterlayerofthe neuraltissueofthecerebrum.Hypothalamusisapartofthebrainthatcontainssmallnucleiwith alargeamountoffunctions.TheLimbicsystemisacomplexsetofbrainstructuresthatis locatedonbothsidesofthethalamus,rightunderthecerebrum.Amygdalaaregroupsofnuclei centereddeepinthemedially,insideofthetemporallobesincomplexvertebratesinthebrain. EventheEyesareaorganthatreactstolightandhasmanyotherpurposes.Pinealglandisa smallendocrineglandthatislocatedinavertebrate.,Pituitarygland,locatedinthecenterofthe skullbehindthenoseandisaroundthesamesizeofapea.Itisamajorlinkbetweenthe nervoussystemandendocrinesystem.Thatisjustaprefeoverviewofthebrainanddoesnot covernearlyallpartsofit.Thebrainbeingoneofthemostcomplexandmagnificentorgansin thebody. Therewillbeamoreindepthanalysisabouttheorgansinthechestregion,becauseof thefactthatthecardiovasculardiseasesthataregoingtobeexplainedwillresideinthatarea. Thevitalorgansinthechestarea(Thorax)consistsoftheMammaryGlands,Lungs,Heart, Diaphragm,Esophagus,andtheThymusgland.TheMammaryGlands(Breasts)undercertain influenceproducemilkforthenourishmenttofeedinfants.TheMammaryGlandsarejust modifiedsweatglands.Inthechestcavityaretwolungslocatedoneithersidesoftheheart,they aresaclikestructureswherebloodandairexchangeoxygenandcarbondioxideallowingyouto filterairandbreath.TheHeartisthecentralorganthebloodvascularCirculatorysystemandthe Cardiovascularsystemthatisconstantlycirculatingthebloodinourbodys.TheHeartisa fourchamberedhollowbutmuscularorgan,roughlythesizeofamansfistthatpumpsblood throughthebodybyalternatelycontractingandrelaxing.TheDiaphragmisthemuscularsystem, thediaphragm(TheDiaphragm)isadomeshapedmuscleseparatestheabdominalbodycavity fromthechestcavity.SomewhatlikethehearttheDiaphragmcancontract,increasingthechest cavityvolumeandthereforeinhalation.TheEsophagusisamembranousmusculartube stretchingbetweenandconnectingthehypopharynx(partofthethroatlocatedbehindthemouth andnasalcavity)tothestomachintheuppergastrointestinaltract.TheEsophagusoutertissue

iscalledadventitiabuttheEsophagusestissueitselfhasnoserosallayer.FinallytheThymus gland,asoftspecializedorganoftheimmunesystem,thelymphaticsystemandthesecondary endocrinesystem.TheThymusisasingleandunpairedmainlymphoidorganthatiscomposed oftwoidenticallobes,thatislocatedinfrontoftheheartandbehindthesternum. TheAbdomencavityinvolveseverythingfromthediaphragm(alreadycovered)tothe pelvicbrimorthethepelvicinlet,aseparatethoughcomplexregionofthebody.TheLiver,a reddishbrownorganwithfourlobesofunequalsizesandisapproximately3.5lb.TheLiverisnot onlythelargestinternalorganbutitisalsothelargestglandinthehumanbody.TheLiveris locatedrightofthestomachandisconnectedtotwolargebloodvessels.Thestomachisa hollowsaclikeshapedorganthedealswithdigestionandismadeupofmultiplestrong muscularlayerslocatedunderneaththeribcage,inbetweentheesophagusandthesmall intestines.Thestomachconsistsoffoursections,thebodyofthestomach,Gastricfundus, CardiaandthePyloruswhichincludesboththegastricantrumandthePyloriccanal.The Pancreasisanodularglandularorganwhichcontainsendocrineglandsandexocrineglandsthat secretedigestiveenzymes.ThePancreasisayellowishcoloredorganthatisroughlyabout7 inchesand1.5incheswide,itislocatedbeneaththestomachandisconnectedtothesmall intestine.TheColonisapartofthelargeintestinebetweenthececumandtherectum.The colonisthelastsectionofthedigestivesystemthatextractsthewaterandsaltfromthesolid wasteobtainingasmanynutrientsaspossiblebeforeelimination.Thecolonconsistsofthree segments,theascendingcolon,transversecolon,andthedescendingcolon.Themainpurpose ofthecolonistoabsorbwaterandsodiumwhileconcentratingfecalmattertoeventuallyleave thebody.TheKidneysareplacedbetweenthetwelfththoracicandthirdlumbarvertebrae,one oneithersideofthevertebralcolumnandtherightkidneyslightlylower,adjacenttotheliver.The Kidneysarethemainfunctioningorganthatfilterblood,removewastes,andexcretesthewaste intheurine.TheAppendixisawormlikesacattachedtothelargeintestineandactsasan extensionfromthececum,locatedonthelowerrightsideoftheabdominalcavity.Itisoneofthe feworgansofthebodythatcouldberemovedandwouldhavealmostnoeffectonthebody.That coversabouthalfoftheorgansintheupper,chest,andabdominalregionofthehumanbody. Focusingmoreonthecardiovasculardiseaseshavingtodowiththeheartandlungs, therearemanytypesofdiseasethatcaneitherbehereditaryordevelopovertime.Chronic ObstructivePulmonaryDiseaseisalungdiseasethatmakesithardforyoutobreath.Oneof thefirstsignsisoftencoughingupmucus.Attheendofeachoneofyourlungsthereisa balloonlikesacsandinhealthypeople,bothairsacsarespringyandelastic.Whenyouinhale theairsacfillslikeasmallballoonandwhenyouexhaleindeflates.Cigarettessmoking,being oneofthemostcommoncauseofCOPDcausesyourairwaysandairsacstolosetheirballoon shapeandbecomefloppy,likeastretchedoutrubberband.ChronicBronchitisiswhenthereis inflammationoftheliningoftheairway,orbronchialtubes.Whenyouairwayisinflameditaffects howmuchairisabletoflowfromthelungsandwiththesamesymptomsofCOPD,coughingup heavymucusorphlegm.Acutebronchitisusuallycomesonquicklyandlastaround2or3 weeksandisusuallycausedbyavirus.Symptomsofacutebronchitisiscoughingthatisdry andhackingafterafewdaysmaybenoticingsomemucus.Italsomaycausealowfeverand tiredfeeling.Cysticfibrosisisaninheritedchronicdiseasethataffectsthelungsandeventhe digestivesystem.Itaffectsabout30,000childrenandadultsintheU.S.Cysticfibrosisclogsthe

lungsandcanleadtolifethreateninginfections.Italsoobstructsthepancreasandstopsnatural enzymesfromhelpingthebreakdownandabsorbthemineralsinfood.Peoplewithcystic fibrosishavelifeexpectancyoflivingintotheir30s,40sandbeyond.Pneumoniaisalsoan infectionthatcanmakeyouveryill.Someofthesymptomsarecoughing,runningafever,anda hardtimebreathing.Pneumoniaattacksthebodywhileyouimmunesystemisdown,for example,ifyouhavediseaseslikeasthma,heartdisease,cancerordiabetesyouareallotmore likelytoobtaintheinfection.Tuberculosis(TB)isalsoainfectionprimarilylocatedinthelungs butitcanalsoaffectorgansinthecentralnervoussystem,lymphaticsystem,andcirculatory system.WhenapersonbecomesinfectedwithTB,bacteriainthelungsmultiplyandcausea chestpainandpneumonia.Lymphnodesneartheheartandthelungsareenlargedwhichcause thepersontocoughupblood.TBtriesspreadingtootherpartsofyourbodybutisusually stoppedbytheimmunesystem.Iftheimmunesystemisnotabletofighttheinfectionthe diseasereturnstoanactivestatewithpneumoniaandwillbeingtodamagethekidneys,bones, andmeningesthatlinethespinalcord.TBkillsalmost2millionpeopleayear.Acuterespiratory distresssyndrome(ARDS)happenswhenfluidbuildsupinthetiny,elasticairsacsthatwere earlierondescribe.Whenthereismorefluidinyourlungsitmeansthatlessoxygencanreach yourbloodstreamanditdeprivesyourorgansofthevitaloxygentheyneedtofunction.ARDS usuallywithpeoplethatarealreadycriticallyill.AmainsymptomofARDSissevereshortnessin breaththatdevelopswithinafewhourstoafewdaysaftertheoriginaldisease.Manypeoplewith ARDSdon'tsurviveandtheriskofdeathincreaseswithageandtheseverityoftheillness. PneumoconiosisotherwiseknownasBlackLungDiseaseisaoccupationallungdisease causedbyinhalingcoaldust.Therearetwotypesofpneumoconiosis,simplewhichisknownas coalworkerspneumoconiosisandcomplicatedwhichisknownasprogressivemassivefibrosis. Theairsacsareinflamedandthelungstiffensfromallofthescarringoftissuebetweentheair sacs.thereisnotreatmentyetforpneumoconiosisanddoctorsdothebestthecantotreatthe symptomsandcomplicationsofthedisease.Thoseareonlyafewdiseasesandinfectionsthat affectnotonlythecardiovascularlungorgansbutalsointerferewithoperationandfunctioningof organsinotherpartsofthebody. Heartdiseasesandinfectionsarenotonlymoreseriousbutitisalsotheleadingcauseof deathforpeopleofmostethnicitiesintheunitedstates.Forexample,Atherosclerosisiswhen thearteriesintheheartbecomenarrowandstarttoharden.Itisaprogressiveprocessthat silentlyandslowlyblocksarteries,puttingbloodflowatariskandraisingbloodpressure. Atherosclerosisistheusualcauseofheartattacks,strokes,andvasculardiseasewhichallfall underthecategoryofcardiovasculardisease.Heartattackaffectingoveramillionamericansa year,iswheninflammatorycellsbuildupwithinthearteriestoformplaquesofdifferentsizesand hardens,crackingtheoutershellandcreatingbloodclots.Thereforeovertimebuildingupand blockingtheartery,starvingtheheartofoxygen.Withinashorttime,deathoftheheartmuscle cellsandcausingpermanentdamage,calledaheartattack.Notethatheartattacksareusually causedwhenthereisanotherarterydiseaseinvolved.Heartfailureissomewhatlikeaheart attackinthewaythatthecellsarenotprovidedenoughoxygentosurviveanditcauses permanentdamage.Thedifferencewithheartfailureisthattheheartinphysicallynotstrong enoughtopumpthebloodthroughtomeetthebody'sneedsforbloodandoxygen.basically,the heartcan'tkeepupwithitsworkload.Congestiveheartfailureisthesameasheartfailurethe

onlydifferenceisthatthekidneysmayrespondbycausingthebodytoretainfluid(water)and salt.Ifandwhenthefluidbuildsupinthearms,legs,ankles,etc,thebodybecomescongested andtheyusethetermcongestiveheartfailureforthis.Endocarditisisaninfectionoftheinner liningofyourheart.Endocarditishappenswhengermsandbacteriaenteryourbloodstreamand attachestodamagedareasinyourheartthatiswhyitisuncommonforpeoplewithhealthy heartstohaveendocarditis.Arrhythmiaisanirregularheartbeatwhichcausesthehearttoeither beattoofast(tachycardia),tooslowly(bradycardia),tooearly(prematurecontraction),ortoo irregularly(fibrillation).Manyarrhythmiasareharmlessandshownosymptomsatall,eventhe arrhythmiasthatarelifethreatening.Whenelectricalimpulsesthatcausethehearttocontract areinterrupteditiscalledarrhythmia. Therearemultiplecollegesandresearchlabstryingtobetterunderstandcardiovascular disease.TheScrippsResearchInstituteisoneoftheworldslargest,private,nonprofitresearch organizationthathasavarietyofrecentheartdiseasenewscoveringwaystopredictheart attacksandcreatingdrugcandidatesthatcouldleadtonewwaystohelptreatcongestiveheart failure.TheNationalheart,Lung,andBloodInstitute(NIH)hashadtremendousadvancesover thepast30to40yearsinpreventingcardiovasculardisease.NIHhaslaunchedamajorinitiative toimproveandadvancepublichealthbytargetingnewtechnologiestohelpdiagnose,treat, manageandpreventheart,lung,bloodandsleepdisorders/diseases.AgencyforHealthcare ResearchandQuality(AHRQ)isanothercardiovasculardiseasesponsoringprogramtofind curesandtreatments.Recentstatisticsshowmajorsurvivaldifferencesbetweenmenand womenfollowingaheartattack.Accordingtoa16yearresearchofnearly20,00womenthat weregettingtreatedforbreastcancerhadahigherchanceofcongestiveheartfailure.AHRQ alsodiscoveredthataspirindecreasedthechanceofheartattackinmenandthechanceofa strokeinwomen. Thereareavariousamountoftreatmentsforcardiovasculardisease/infectionsthathave beendiscovered.Amajoroneischangingyourlifestyle.Whetheritbeamildorseverediseaseit islikelythatyourdoctorisgoingtorecommendalifestylechangeeitherinhavealowfatdietof addingmoreexercise,possiblyevenboth.Iflifestylechangesarenotenoughthenyourdoctor mayprescribetoyoumedicationstocontrolthedisease.Afewmedicationsavailableare,blood thinningmedications,bloodpressuremedication,orcholesterolloweringmedication.depending onthediseaseapacemaker/cardioverterdefibrillatormayhavetobesurgicallyimplantedto shocktheheartandmaintainaregularrhythm,thisprocedurewouldonlyoccurifthepatienthad aseverecaseofarrhythmiaorjustasaprecautionary.Heartinfectionsareusuallytreatedwith antibioticsorangiotensinconvertingenzyme(ACE)inhibitorsthathelpnormalizeyourheart beat.Alldoctorswillsuggestquittingsmoking,andlimitingtheamountofalcoholyoudrinkto preventandortreatyoucardiovasculardisease.Valvularheartdisease,ifmild,canusuallybe managedwithmedications.Commonmedicationsprescribedforvalvularheartdiseaseis medicationthatopenyourbloodvesselsallowingmorebloodtotheheart,andbloodthinning medicationtoeasilyallowthebloodtoflowthroughoutyourbody.Anothertreatmentwouldbe whenthedoctorthreadsasmalltubethroughtheopeningofthenarrowpulmonaryvalveand inflatesasmallballoon,openingupthenarrowpulmonaryvalveandincreasingthethearea availableforbloodflow.Iftheconditionissevereenoughyourdoctormaybeabletoreplacethe valvewithsyntheticmaterials.Thereisnotnearasmuchmedicationforlungdiseaseswhenthe

lungshavescarring,wheninterstitiallungdiseaseoccursitcannotbereversed,sotreatment mayimprovesymptomsandtemporarilyslowthedisease'sprogression.Peoplewithscarred lungsareinitiallytreatedwithcorticosteroidwhichissometimescombinedwithotherdrugsthat suppresstheimmunesystem.Noneofthemedicationshaveprovedveryeffectiveoverthelong run.Themaintreatmentispulmonaryrehabilitationnotonlytoimprovedailyfunctioningbutto helppeoplewiththediseasetoliveafull,satisfyinglives.Alastresortforthediseaseinalung transplantationwhichisveryinvasiveandonlysuggestedtoyoungerpeoplewhohaven't benefitedfromothertreatmentoptions.Therearemanyothertreatments/medicationsforthe endlessamountoforgandiseasesresidinginthecardiovascularregionbutmostinfectionsthat arenottooseverearetreatedwithanantibiotics.

ContactableCardiovascularHealthClinicDoctors JosephL.Blackshear,M.D. GeraldFletcher,M.D. MohamadH.Yamani,M.D. MichaelJ.Ackerman,M.D.,Ph.D. JohnC.Burnett,M.D. AllisonCabalka,M.D. LeslieT.CooperJr.,M.D. Benjamin(Ben)W.Eidem,M.D. W.BruceFye,M.D. ThomasC.Gerber,M.D.,Ph.D. DonaldJ.Hagler,M.D. SharonneN.Hayes,M.D. AllanS.Jaffe,M.D. MichaelD.McGoon,M.D. SharonL.Mulvagh,M.D. LyleJ.Olson,M.D. SteveR.Ommen,M.D. MartinG.RodriguezPorcel,M.D. DouglasL.Wood,M.D.

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