Extend mental methods for whole-number calculations, for example to multiply a two-digit by a one-digit number (e.g.

12 x 9), to multiply by 2 (e.g. 1! x 2 ), to subtract one near multiple of 1""" from another (e.g. !"#" $ %"9#) (Objective repeated in Block A Units 1 & 2 and Block E Unit 1)
&rite on the board' 1 x 12 (n small groups, as) children to use two methods to wor) this out. *ollect and discuss the children+s answers and methods. Q *an we rewrite 1 x 12 as (1 x 1") , (1 x 2).emind the children that we ha/e partitioned the 12 into 1" and 2 and multiplied each by 1 . Q *an we do this in another way.emind children that 1 x 12 0 12 x 1 and we can partition the 1 and write' 12 x 1 0 (12 x 1") , (12 x ). *onfirm that both ways gi/e 11". .emind children of the earlier wor) using factors to multiply. 2s) the children for the factor pairs for 1 and 12. .ecord the factors on the board' 1 01x1 12 0 1 x 12 1 03x 12 0 3 x % 12 0 2 x ! Q 4ow can ( write the calculation 1 x 12 using the information on the board Establish that the calculation could be expressed different ways using the factors of each number. 5emonstrate this by writing on the board 1 x 12 0 1 x 1 x 3 x % 01x1 x2x!

Q 2re there any more*ollect and record any the children offer. 2s) the children to select one of the number statements on the board and wor) out the answer using the factors. Q 4a/e we all got the same answer*onfirm that each expression written on the board gi/es the same answer, 11". &rite on the board' 3 x 1.

2s) children for factor pairs for 3 and 1 . .ecord on the board. &rite' 3 x 1 0 x # x % x 2. Q *an we rearrange the numbers to ma)e the calculation easierEstablish that a multiplication can be rearranged and the answer is not affected. &rite' x 2 x % x # 0 1" x 21 0 21".

6ay that replacing each number in a multiplication calculation with its factors can often ma)e a calculation easier. &rite on the board 1% x 1 .

Q 4ow can we write this calculation using the factors of 1% and 1 Establish that the calculation could be written as 2 x # x 3 x . Q 4ow does this help us carry out this calculation mentally*ollect children+s answer and record' 2 x x 3 x # 0 1" x 21 0 21".

2s) the children to wor) in pairs on multiplications that can be made easier by rewriting the numbers using factors. e.g. 1 x 1!, 1 x 2%, 1 x 2!, % x !, % x 12, % x 11, 3 x 12, 3 x 1!, 3 x 11. Q &hat are important factors to loo) forEstablish that 2 and are important factors as multiplying by 2 and then is e7ui/alent to multiplying by 1".

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