ENGINEERING MECHANICS STATICS

Engineering mechanics is the science that deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces. It is further divided into mechanics of rigid bodes, deformable bodes and fluids. Rigid Bodies : Such bodies don't deform under the action of applied forces. However in many cases, it is negligible to affect the results. So it is assumed that bodies does not deform or the distance between two points on a body does not change because of external load. Statics : Study which deals with bodes in rest. Particle : efers to a ob!ect, whose mass is concentrated at a point. "his assumption is made when the si#e of body is negligible. Mass : $ass is a measure of resistance to acceleration. % $ore generally, mass is a measure of resistance to change & $ass is a scalar 'uantity associated with matter. (hen a system is composed of several ob!ects it is the total mass that matters. "he SI unit of mass is the )ilogram *)g+. Newton's Law : First law : Every body continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled by a external force to change the state. Second Law : ,hange of momentum is proportional to impress force and ta)es place in the direction of the straight lines, in which the force acts. It states that

acceleration is directly proportional to net force when mass is constant, and acceleration is inversely proportional to mass when net force is constant, and conse'uently net force is directly proportional to mass when acceleration is constant. -ewton's second law of motion is more compactly written as the e'uation ./ 0

ma The concept implied in Newton's Second Law of Motion are found in many places, as shown below Cause of change Resistance ! to change Rate of change of"""

-ewton's second law force rotational dynamics -ewtonian fluids thermal conduction ohm's law faraday's law tor'ue shearing stress temperature gradient potential difference potential difference

mass moment of inertia viscosity r1factor electrical resistance inductance

velocity angular velocity shear heat charge current

Third Law : to every action, there is a e'ual and opposite reaction. "his goes to say, that the force of action and reaction are e'ual in magnitude by opposite in direction. Law of G#a$itation : "wo particles are attracted towards each other along the lines !oining the, with a force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the product of masses and s'uare of distance between them. / 0 2 m3m4 5 r4 (here 2 is universal gravitation constant. %o#ce : It is a agency which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body. /orce has the capacity to impart motion to a particle. /orce can produce pull, push or twist. It is a vector 'uantity. /or simplicity sa)e, all forces %interactions& between ob!ects can be placed into two broad categories.

contact forces: 6re types of forces in which the two interacting ob!ects are physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces. Action at a distance forces: are types of forces in which the two interacting ob!ects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite a physical separation. Examples 3. 2ravitational forces % E.g., the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation, even when our feet leave the earth and we are no longer in contact with the earth, there is a gravitational pull between us and the Earth &,

4. Electric forces % E.g., the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus experience an electrical pull towards each other despite their small spatial separation &, and 7. $agnetic forces % E.g., two magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when separated by a distance of a few centimeters &. T&'es of fo#ces : !"ual and !"ui#alent force : "wo forces of the same magnitude and direction but having a different point of application is called as e'ual force. "wo forces are said to be e'uivalent if they produce the same effect on a rigid body. E'uivalent forces is based on some specific effect. $oplanar forces : (hen a number of forces lies in the same plane, then it is called as coplanar force. 8ther wise it is called as non coplanar forces. $oncurrent forces : "hese forces are those in which the forces have the lines of action passing through common point. Parallel force : "hese are a set of forces, whose line of action is parallel to each other, then they are called as parallel forces. /ollowing are the types of parallel forces.

Li%e parallel force : (hen two parallel forces have the same direction but may or may not have the same magnitude. &nli%e une"ual parallel force : when both the forces are une'ual in magnitude and act in opposite directions. &nli%e e"ual parallel force : (hen two forces are opposite indirection and e'ual in magnitude.

(a#a))e)og#a* Law : If two forces acting on a point are represented in magnitude and direction, by two ad!acent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of parallelogram passing through the points of intersection, represents the resultant force in both magnitude and direction.

T#iang)e )aw of fo#ces : If two forces acting at a point are represented by two sides of a triangle ta)en in order, then their sum of resultant is the third side of triangle ta)en in opposite order. (o)&gon )aw : (hen a number of coplanar forces are acting at a point, such that they can be represented in magnitude and direction by the side of polygon ta)en in order, then the resultant can be represented both in magnitude and direction, by the closing side of polygon ta)en in opposite order. La*i's Theo#e* : (hen 7 forces acting at a point are in e'uilibrium, then each force will be proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. (#inci')e of T#ans*issi+i)it& : It states that condition of state of rest or motion of body does not change if the point of application of a force is transmitted to any other point, along its line of action. "his principle is used to determine the external forces acting on the rigid body. 9ut should not be used to determine the internal forces and deformation of the body. Sca)a# ,uantit& : Some 'uantities li)e time, mass volume can be expressed in terms of magnitude alone and don't have any direction. "hey obey the law of algebra. -ecto# ,uantit& : :uantities li)e distance, velocity, acceleration and all are expressed in terms of both magnitude and direction. "hey obey the law of vectors. "o define such a 'uantity, we have to specify the

$agnitude, ;irection and <oint of application.

Resu)tant of se$e#a) fo#ce : (hen a number of forces acting on a rigid body is replaced by a single force which has the same effect as all the forces on the rigid body, then that forces is called as resultant of several force. Condition fo# e,ui)i+#iu* : (hen the resultant of all the forces acting on a particle is #ero, then the particle is said to be in a state of e'uilibrium.

Const#aint. Action and Reaction : 6 body is not always free to move in all directions. "his restriction to the free motion of a body is called as constraint. 6 action of a constrained body on any support induces a e'ual and opposite reaction from the support. %#ee +od& diag#a* : "o draw the free body diagram the supports are removed and replaced by the reactions the support exerts on the body. Mo*e*ent of fo#ce : 6 force can produce a rotary motion. "his measure of this turning effect produced by a force is called as moment of a force. "he moment of a force about a point is e'ual to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of force and the point % also called as $oment centre & -a#ignon's Theo#e* : "he moment of a force about a axis is e'ual to the sum of the moments of components about the same axis. Cou')e : 6 system of two e'ual parallel forces acting in opposite directions can be replaced by a single force. In such a case a couple is produced, which has a tendency to rotate the body. "he perpendicular distance between the line of action of two forces is called as arm of couple. Mo*ent of a cou')e : "he rotational tendency of a couple is measured by its moment. "he moment of a couple is the product of magnitude of one of the forces and arm of the couple. Cent#a) $a)ues : $entre of 'ra#ity : is the point through which the resultant of the distributed gravitational forces, act irrespective of the orientation of the body. $entre of mass : is the point through which the entire mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated. 9oth are different only when the gravitational field is not uniform and parallel, other wise it is the same. $entroid : is the point where the entire area of the lamina is assumed to concentrated.

%#iction : "he friction is a force distribution at the surface of contact and acts tangential to the surface of contact. (ry friction : Is the one which exists between two dry surfaces. Such a friction is caused mainly because of minute pro!ections present on the surface of body hindering relative motion. "he friction between li'uid surfaces is called as fluid friction. Limitin' friction : (hen a body of mass m is there with a weight ( a continuously increasing force < is applied on the body to move it. "his force < is opposed and resisted by frictional force /. 6s < increases / also increases. "he body also remains at rest. 6t a point / cannot increase, hence < = / and the body begins to move. "he friction force at this instant is called as limiting friction. >imiting friction is the maximum frictional force exerted at the time the body begins to move. "he friction that exists between tow moving bodies is called as )inetic or dynamic friction. Laws of dry friction : 3. "he total frictional force developed is independent of the magnitude of area of contact. 4. "he total frictional force is directly proportional to the normal force acting at the surface of contact. / 0 ?(here / 1 /rictional force ? 1 ,oefficient of static friction and - 1 -ormal reaction. An'le of Friction : "he normal reaction - and the frictional force / can be combined into a single resultant force called resultant reaction. "he angle which the resultant reaction ma)es with the normal reaction - is called as angle of friction "an @ 0 / 5 - 0 ?- 5 - 0 ?

? is called as coefficient of friction. An'le of repose : It is defined as the maximum angle of inclination at which the body remains in e'uilibrium at a inclined surface at the influence of friction alone, beyond which the body slides. Ro))ing #esistance : 6 ball is present on the ground. "hey are in touch only at the point of contact. "hat a large amount of friction is eliminated. 9ut then the when or ball starts rolling, the resistance increases. "his is mainly due to deformation over which the ball creates on the surface. "hus there is no longer a point contact but a area contact. "he area a is called as the forward length of deformation and is called as coefficient of rolling resistance. Enginee#ing st#uctu#es : 6ny system of interconnected members builds to support or transfer force acting on them and to safely withstand these forces. /ollowing are the types. Truss : It is a system of members which are !oined together at the ends, by riveting or welding at the ends. 6ll members are two force members. >oad is applied only at !oints. Frame : Here one or more members are sub!ect to more than two forces. Assumptions Made : 3. "he !oints are frictionless. 4. >oads are applied only in the !oints. 7. "he members are two force members with forces acting collinear to centre line of members. A. "he weight of members is negligible and B. "he truss is statically determinate. "o determine the axial forces on the members, there are three methods. "hey are 3. $ethod of !oints, 4. $ethod of sections and 7. 2raphical method. Mo*ent of Ine#tia :

9y analogy the role played by the moment of inertial in the rotary motion is similar the role played by mass in translatory motion. "he moment of Inertia of area is called as the area moment of inertia. "he moment of Inertia of mass is called as the mass moment of inertia. d6 is a element at a distance % x, y & from the axes. "he moment of area with respect to C axis is 0 Ix 0 D y4d6 "he moment of area with respect to E axis is 0 Iy 0 D x4d6 (o)a# *o*ent of Ine#tia : "he moment of inertia of a area of plane figure with respect to the axis that is perpendicular to x1y plane and passing through 8 is called polar moment of Inertia it is denoted by !o 0 D r4d6 !o 0 D % x4 F y4 & d6 0 Ix F Iy (a#a))e) a!is theo#e* : "he moment of Inertia of a lamina about any axis in the plane is e'ual to the sum of the moment of inertia abut a parallel centroidal axis in the plane of the lamina and the product of the area and s'uare of distance between two axes. (e#'endicu)a# A!is theo#e* : If Ix and Iy are the moment of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axis 8C and 8E. I# be the moment of inertia of lamina abut a axis normal to the lamina and passing through the point of intersection of 8x and 8E axes then I# 0 Ix F Iy >astly updated on .