Chapter 12 Solutions

12.1 Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more

substances.
Consist of a solvent and one or more solutes. The solute is dissolved in the solvent to make the solution.

Solute and solvent do not react with each other. Just mix.

The solute and solvent can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Nature of Solutes and Solvent in Solutions

Solutes
Spread evenly throughout the solution. Particles are not visible in the solution, but can give

a color to the solution.

Cannot be separated by filtration. Can be separated by evaporation.

Solvent If solute and solvent are in different physical states, solvent is the substance that determines the physical state of the solution.
If both solute and solvent are in same physical state, Solute is the substance present in smaller amount. Solvent is the substance present in larger amount.

Examples of Solutions Liquid Solutions solvent is a liquid

Gas dissolved in a liquid solute is a gas
Ex: soda solute: CO2 solvent: water

Liquid dissolved in a liquid solute is a liquid

Ex: vinegar solute: acetic acid solvent: water

Solid dissolved in a liquid solute is a solid

Ex: salt water solute: salt solvent: water

 Gas Solutions solvent is a gas

Gas dissolved in a gas. solute is a gas Ex: Air solute: oxygen solvent: nitrogen

Solid Solutions solvent is a solid

Solid dissolved in a Solid. solute is a solid Ex: Brass solute: zinc solvent: copper

Liquid dissolved in a solid solute is a liquid

Ex: silver mercury amalgam solute: mercury solvent: silver

Sample Problems

Identify the solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g sugar and 100 mL water

B. 60.0 mL of ethyl alcohol and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol

C. 55.0 mL water and 1.50 g NaCl

D. A gas mixture: 200 mL O2 and 800 mL He

Water As a Solvent
Water is the most common solvent. It is a polar molecule. Oxygen has a partial negative charge

(). Hydrogens have partial positive charges (+).

Like dissolves like
Polar solvents dissolves all ionic solutes such as NaCl. Polar solvents also dissolves polar solutes such as sugar (has

OH group) Examples: LiNO3 CH3OH I2 ionic polar nonpolar dissolves in water dissolves in water not soluble in water

Formation of Solutions
Ionic solutes (NaCl ) dissolve in water through hydration. Na+ and Cl- ions are surrounded by water molecules and break the ionic bond between Na+ and Cl-. Forms aqueous sodium ions and aqueous chloride ions.
NaCl(s)
H2O

Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

solid separated ions http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/pro jectfolder/flashfiles/thermochem/solutionSalt.html

 Polar solutes dissolve by making hydrogen bonding between polar -OH groups and water molecules

Sample Problems

Will the following solutes dissolve in water? Why?

1) Na2SO4

2) Gasoline (nonpolar)

3) CCl4 (nonpolar)

4) HCl

12.4 Concentration
Concentration is the amount of the solute dissolved in a certain amount of the solution.

Percent Concentration
Mass Percentage (m/m) mass of solute (g) in 100g of solution Mass percent (m/m) = mass of solute (g) x 100 % mass of solution (g)

Mass percent (V/V) =

volume of solute x 100 % volume of solution

12.5 Molarity (M)

Molarity is the number moles of solute in 1 L solution. Shows how concentrated a solution is. Molarity = mols of solute volume of solution (L)

Example: 1.0 M NaCl solution is prepared by dissolving 1.0 mol of NaCl in water to make 1.0 L solution.
Molarity = mols of solute = volume of solution (L) 1.0 mol 1.0 L = 1.0 mol = 1.0 M L

Examples: 1. What is the molarity of a 0.500 L solution that contains 0.150 mol of NaOH?

2. What is the molarity of 325 mL of a solution that contains 0.557 mol of NaHCO3?

3. How many mols of KCl are in 125 mL of a 0.720 M KCl solution?

4. How many milliliters of 2.00 M HNO3 contain 0.380 mol of HNO3?

From Textbook 12.1 Read pages 365 368 Concept study check 12.1 12.4 Read pages 379 380

12.5 Read page 382

Homework Problems: Go to FloridaOnline