System Effects

Matthew Spink, P.E.

Product Manager Centrifugal, Vane Axial, and Industrial Products Greenheck Fan Corporation

Design Airflow
6.0
Design System Curve

5.0 4.0

Ps

3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Catalog Fan Curve

CFM x 1000

Fan Curves
Show how a fan will operate in any system (installation) Based on standardized tests AMCA 210 Tested under ideal conditions

System Effects Defined:

Anything you place in close

proximity before or after the fan that effects the cataloged performance.

System Effects

Actual Airflow
6.0 5.0 4.0
System Curve

Ps

3.0 2.0 1.0

Catalog Fan Curve

Actual Fan Curve

0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

CFM x 1000

Why System Effect is Important

Can decrease performance Can cause excess vibration Can cause excess noise Can require more energy (HP) to achieve rated performance Takes time to determine and understand

Three most common causes of deficient

performance of a fan/system are:
Improper outlet connections Non-uniform inlet flow Swirl at the inlet

Fan Outlet Velocity Profiles

Blast Area Cut off Outlet Area Discharge Duct

25% 50% 75% 100% Effective Duct Length

Centrifugal Fan

Axial Fan

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

1 0

Effective Duct Length

Effective Duct Length = 2.5 Duct Diameters for 2,500 FPM or less Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 1,000 FPM
For rectangular ducts, the equivalent duct diameter is (4 x width x length / 3.14) ^ 0.5

1 1

System Effect
1

Curve
3

2 2
Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems. 1 2

System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts Centrifugal Fans

Blast Area Cutoff

Outlet Area

Discharge Duct

100% Effective Duct Length

No Duct

12% Effective Duct

25% Effective Duct

50% Effective Duct

100% Effective Duct

Blast Area Outlet Area 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

System Effect Curve P P R-S S T-U W-W -R-S R-S S-T U VW W-X -U U U-V W-X X --W W W-X ------------

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

1 3

System Effect Curve

1

+0.45 in w.g.

2
Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems. 1 4

Outlet Conditions

Good

Poor

Outlet Elbows

Better

Poor

1 6

Outlet Elbows - Centrifugal Fans

Position C

Position D

Position B

Inlet

Position A

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

1 9

Example: 22-BISW 12,000 CFM (4,200 fpm) 2 in w.g. blast/outlet ratio = 0.7 2016 rpm 12.35 bhp (15 hp motor) Outlet System Effect?

System Effect Curves for SWSI Fans

Outlet Blast Area Elbow Outlet Area Position A 0.4 B C D A 0.5 B C D A 0.6 B C D A 0.7 B C D A 0.8 B C D A 0.9 B C D A 1 B C D No Outlet Duct N M-N L-M L-M O-P N-O M-N M-N Q P N-O N-O R-S Q-R P P S R-S Q-R Q-R T S R R T S-T R-S R-S 12% 25% 50% 100% Effective Effective Effective Effective Duct Duct Duct Duct O P-Q S N O-P R-S M N Q M N Q P-Q R T N O-P Q S-T O N O-P R-S N O-P R-S P o s itio n D S Q-R S U Y Q R T S O Q S T O Q S E S T V M R-S S-T U-V Q R-S T E Q R-S T F S-T T-U W F S T V E R S U-V C R S U-V T T-U U-V W S-T T-U W F S S-T V A S S-T V C T-U U-V W T T U W O S T V R S T V Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

P o s i tio n C

P o s it io n B

I n le t

P o s iti o n A

AMCA International Publication 201-90

2 1

System Effect Curve

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

2 2

System Effect Curves for SWSI Fans

Outlet Blast Area Elbow Outlet Area Position A 0.4 B C D A 0.5 B C D A 0.6 B C D A 0.7 B C D A 0.8 B C D A 0.9 B C D A 1 B C D No Outlet Duct N M-N L-M L-M O-P N-O M-N M-N Q P N-O N-O R-S Q-R P P S R-S Q-R Q-R T S R R T S-T R-S R-S 12% 25% 50% 100% Effective Effective Effective Effective Duct Duct Duct Duct O P-Q S N O-P R-S M N Q M N Q P-Q R T N O-P Q S-T O N O-P R-S N O-P R-S P o s itio n D S Q-R S U Y Q R T S O Q S T O Q S E S T V M R-S S-T U-V Q R-S T E Q R-S T F S-T T-U W F S T V E R S U-V C R S U-V T T-U U-V W S-T T-U W F S S-T V A S S-T V C T-U U-V W T T U W O S T V R S T V Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

P o s i tio n C

P o s it io n B

I n le t

P o s iti o n A

AMCA International Publication 201-90

2 3

System Effect Curve

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

2 4

Outlet Elbows - Centrifugal Fans

Position C

+2 in w.g.
Position D

+2 in w.g. +1.3 in w.g.

Position B

Inlet

Position A

+1 in w.g.

2 5

Three most common causes of deficient

performance of a fan/system are:
Improper outlet connections Non-uniform inlet flow Swirl at the inlet

2 6

Inlet Conditions
Length of D uct

Inlet with 3-piece elbow

Inlet with rectangular inlet Duct

Inlet with special designed inlet box

2 7

System Effect - Square elbow and turning vanes

S ys tem E ff ec t C ur ve s R /D 0.5 0.7 5 1.0 2.0 No D u ct O P R S 2D D uc t Q R S- T T- U 5D D uc t S S -T U -V V S y stem E ffe ct C urv es R /D 0 .5 1 .0 2 .0 No D uc t S T V 2D Du ct T- U U -V V- W 5D D uc t V W W -X S ys tem E ffec t C ur ve s R /D 0.5 1.0 2.0 No D uc t S T V 2D D uc t T -U U -V V -W 5D D uc t V W W -X

H Sq ua re

H S q ua re

H S qu ar e

L en g th o f D u ct R

Le n gt h of D uc t R

Le ng t h of D uc t R

Square elbow no turning vanes

Square elbow long turning vanes

Square elbow short turning vanes

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

2 9

System Effect Curve

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

3 0

System Effect on round inlet ducts

System Effect Curves R/D 0.5 System Effect Curves R/D -No 2D Duct Duct N P 5D Duct R-S 0.75 1.0 2.0 3.0 D Length of Duct Length of Duct No 2D Duct Duct O Q R R-S S Q 5D Duct S System Effect Curves R/D 0.5 0.75 1.0 2.0 3.0 No 2D Duct Duct P-Q Q-R R R-S S-T R-S S 5D Duct T U

R-S T-U S-T U-V T T-U D U-V V

S-T U-V T U U-V V-W D

Length of Duct

R R

2 piece mitered round section

3 piece mitered round section

4 or more piece mitered round section

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

3 1

System Effect Curve

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

3 2

Three most common causes of deficient

performance of a fan/system are:
Improper outlet connections Non-uniform inlet flow Swirl at the inlet

3 3

Inlet Swirl
Pre-Rotation Counter-Rotation

3 4

Inlet Swirl
Best solution for inlet swirl is turning vanes.

3 5

The CALL !!!

My fan isnt performing, come fix it. I ordered 3,000 cfm at 1 inch Balancer said I have 2,500 at 3/4 inch.

3 6

What's the PROBLEM?

Fan? Motor? Inlet conditions? Outlet conditions? Let's Look at Installation!!!

Back to The CALL!

Givens:
Centrifugal Fan 3,000 cfm at 1 inch static pressure 13 by 13 inch fan discharge / duct size 9 by 13 inch blast area NO duct length after discharge 3,000 cfm / (13 x 13) = 2556 FPM Equiv. Duct Dia. = (4 x 13 x 13 / 3.14)^0.5 = 14.5 inches Effective duct length = 2.5 + 1 = 3.5 ducts = 3.5 x 14.5 inches = 4 ft

Blast Area / Outlet Area = (9 x 13) / (13 x 13) = 0.7

3 8

System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts Centrifugal Fans

Blast Area Cutoff

Outlet Area

Discharge Duct

100% Effective Duct Length

No Duct

12% Effective Duct

25% Effective Duct

50% Effective Duct

100% Effective Duct

Blast Area Outlet Area 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

System Effect Curve P P R-S S T-U W-W -R-S R-S S-T U VW W-X -U U U-V W-X X --W W W-X ------------

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

3 9

System Effect Curve

S

System Effect Factor (no duct) ~ 0.3 inches

2556 FPM
Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

4 0

Solution?
Increased BHP BHP
Ps

Expected Actual Increased RPM Final

CFM

Back to The CALL!

Givens:
Centrifugal Fan 3,000 cfm at 1 inch static pressure 13 by 13 inch fan discharge / duct size 9 by 13 inch blast area

What if they placed a 12 inch duct after the discharge? (1 ft of duct length = 25% of the effective length)

4 2

System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts Centrifugal Fans

Blast Area Cutoff

Outlet Area

Discharge Duct

100% Effective Duct Length

No Duct

12% Effective Duct

25% Effective Duct

50% Effective Duct

100% Effective Duct

Blast Area Outlet Area 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

System Effect Curve P P R-S S T-U W-W -R-S R-S S-T U VW W-X -U U U-V W-X X --W W W-X ------------

Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

4 3

System Effect Curve

No system effect with 25% effective duct length

W-X

2556 FPM
Adapted from AMCA Publication 201-202, Fans and Systems.

4 4

Nice Work!

Flow Probe System Effect

Plenum Fan

Typical Flow Probes

Mounted into the smallest diameter of the fan inlet venturi Use 3/8" to 3/4" tubing that is designed to measure total and static pressure components of airflow

Flow Probe System Effect Video

General Rules of Thumb

Minimum 2.5 duct diameters on Outlet Minimum 5 to 8 duct diameters on Inlet Avoid inlet swirl
If any of these general rules are broken, be aware of the system effect results

5 0

Thank You for your Time

Matthew Spink, P.E. Greenheck Fan Corporation