^BSs

THE

SIKHS
OF THE

PUNJAB.

By

R.
Late Indian

E.

PARRY.
of Officers
time ; some-

Army Reserve Acting Captain and

Sikhs.

Adjutant
attached

2/15th
35tli

Ludhiana

Sometime

Sikhs.

London

DRANE'S,
Daneceld

House,

82a, Farringdon

Street, E.C.

4.

Dedicated

M.C.
Tc Col. C. F. W.

Hughes,

CONTENTS.

-o

Page
9

Preface

Chapter

1
"

Religion

and

History

11

2
"

Characteristics
Sikh

of

the

Jat 20

ii

3"

Sikh

Village

Life

43

'1
"

The of

Economic the

Geography Punjab
of
"

"y

(i)

The

Control

ment Environ62

5
"

(ii) Agriculture

and

tries Indus87

,,

G
"

Recruiting

Methods

104

,,

Index

123

Bibliography

128

PREFACE.

This of
one

little
to
most
are

book
the

is written

with
some

the

object
idea of its

giving
of
our

general loyal

public
sects

Indian

though
it

numbers
no

small British
war.

comparatively share in upholding

Empire
in
no

few,
the than

yet
six

played
of

traditions

the of

less

theatres

No
some

true

picture
of the is mould

would the

be

complete
that

out withhas This in the that

are

account
to

environment character.

helped
Ludhiana
some

Sikh

environment

especially
and of it

typical
is there manhood Sikh

district,
of the finest

types

met

with. Some

attempt

has

been of

made

to

give

the

imitated used. I Professor with

some

pronunciation

the

Punjabi

words

take L.

this W. of and

of opportunity Lyde for having the ideas

on

thanking
imbued Economic for
me

Geography,
me

Captain
of will

Burgess,
Sikh be

giving

three Notice

photographs
of
errors

wrestlers. welcome. E. P.

most

R.

Oct.,

1921.

The

Sikhs

of

the

Punjab.

CHAPTER

I.

KELSGION

AND

HISTORY.

The orde* is did

to
a

Sikhs of

are

not

tribe

or

race,

but Sikhism
the

an

military

Hindu

dissenters. since
true
upon

religion1 of the
its
success

sword,

steel

depend.
or

All

Sikhs of the is
"

belongElect. tained obor

the

"Khalsa,"
into

brotherhood brotherhood
"

Initiation

the the

only

through
baptism
virtue
a

Pahul
one

(gate),
a

of

water.

No Thus

is

Sikh

by
for

of birth. father
to

it is quite several five Hindu

common

Sikh These

have
the

children.

are

outward with the

"

signs
letter
:"

of

Outward

Sikhism,
and known

each
as

beginning
the five
"

K,

liSism!

Kukkas

ii

12

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

(1)
or

"

Kes,"
comb

or

long hair; (2)

to
secure

"

Kung-a,"
top-knot
worn

wooden
"

used
or

the

(3)
next

Kachh,"

short
"

white

drawers
or

to the skin ; (4)

Kara,"
or

iron bracelet;

and

(5)

"

Khanda,"
true

short

two-edged
the title of
must

dagger.
"

All
or

Sikhs The

bear

Singh,"
meatl

lion.
:
"

following also
from

be observed, viz.
no

Abstinence
eaten

tobacco,

must

be

except

the flesh of blow

or

animals

decapitated
caste

by
to

one

"Jhatka,"
"

is
or

not

be

recognised;
food taken
down
must caste

Kara
a

Parshad,"
common

sacramental
to

from
must
worn

dish
;

break

be eaten
;

the

steel and

turban and

be

the hair must

a

be let down
;

combed

at least twice

day

the

body

must

be bathed and

frequently during the day in cold water,

the
must
"

Granth be read

Sahib," morning
meals.

or

sacred

writings,
and, if

and

evening

possible, before
The
The

Gurus.

spiritualteachers
"

of the
names

Sikhs

were

the

ten

Gurus,"
as

whose
:
"

in order

of

living are
1.

follows Nanak

Baba

1469 1539

to to

1539 1552

2. 3.
4. 5.

Angad
Amr Ram Das Das

1552 1574

to 1574
to

1581

Arjan

1581

to 1606

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

13

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Har Har Har

Govind Rai Kishin

1606 1645 1661 1664 1675

to
to

1645 1661

to 1664 to
to

Tegh
Govind

Bahadur

1675 1708

Singh
Baba

The
near

first Guru, in the

Nanak,
amid
an

was

born

Baba -^anak-

Lahore,
of imbued

Punjab,

environThus he

ment
was

Mohammedan
with

influences.
He
"

monotheism.

preached
All
men

very

mild

and
in

gentle belong
were

doctrine:
;

were

equal
and

sight
not

of God

God
any

was

sal univer-

did

to to

particular
an

religion.
life, but
amid
were

Men
to

not

live and

ascetic

live
scenes

upright

pure

lives,

every-day
Nanak'
s

of business of God the

is

and

sure. plea-

conception
of

expressed

by
prayer

the
:
"

beginning

Sikh

morning

'

God

is one,

His

name

is true, He without

is
mity, en-

the

Creator, without
Timeless

fear,

Being,
a

Formless,
is

has

never

come

into

womb,

self-existing,

great and
Under ascetic

merciful."*
Sikhism
among

Angad, tendency

relapsed

into

an

Angad.

its

disciples,but
East
"

this

Candler,

"

The

Mantle

of

the

p.

141.

14

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Amr

Das.

was

keld Ram

in check
Das
"

by
the

Amr

Das, his

successor.

Ram

Das.

was

founder

of the
at

Goldcu
"

Temple,
"

or

Darbar
of

Sahib,"

Amritsar Amritsar

the

Lake

Immortality."
Sikhs, who
or

is

the
the

Mecca

of the

flock
in

to

worship
Golden

holy

book,
and
to water

Granth,

the

Temple,
in the

purify
of

themselves sacred

by washing
tank.

holy

the

Arian.

x\rjan was
he
set

the
a

great organiser of Sikhism foundation,

Granth contain from and
was
or

it

on

firm
"

the
Sikh

compiler

of

the

Sahib,"
the

rT'k^

scriptures,
Nanak,
and book
to

which
extracts

writings

of

with

the works saints.

the Daswen

of Kabir This

Ramanand,
was

contemporary
called the

afterwards it from

Adi

Granth Bad shah

the is
are

distinguish
Granth,
and in
as

ki

written
last

by

Govind The Adi

Singh,
Granth
which

tenth
written

Guru.

Punjabi

characters,
or

known and

Gurumukhi,

writing

of the Guru,

is metrical

throughout.
could with
not

Arjan,

however,
to

resist

the
as a

temptation
result
was

meddle

politics,and by
the

imprisoned
at

Emperor
part
in

Sahangas

Delhi

for

having

taken

aiding
This Guru's

rebellion

against the Emperor's

hastened marked
a

rule.

severe

imprisonment
This
very

the
turn-

death.

factor

fe II.

Some

of

Recruiting

Staff,
uudhiana.

Regimental

Depot,

.chlon

Note

Outside Wall Kulhur. houses of menials.

of

Road

Typical
in a

"

Gali Sikh

"

or

Street

Village.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

15

ing point in
now

the

history
a

of

Sikhism,

for from

onward Har

it assumed

military aspect.
was

Govind,
mercenary

his successor,

little

more
was

jjar

G0Vrjll(j

than

soldier, whose Gurus,

Bahadar
in the Har
was

policy
and
more

continued
Kishin.
a

by Tegh

Eai,
little
was

Har than and Tegh

robber

chief, and
at ])elhi
was

end

caught
His

executed

by

the

Moghuls.
three

body,
who

however,
as a

rescued
were
"

by

sweepers,

reward the

admitted

by
with

Govind the

Singh
title of the

into
"

Khalsa,"
or

Mazbhi,"
of the

faithful.

These who

were

origin
the

Mazbhi of the

Sikhs,
Sikh
the

form

to-day

backbone Govind

Pioneer and

regiments.
last

Singh,
of

tenth

Guru,
prea

was

man

different
was

calibre

from

his

gj

,-,")"'

decessors. keen

He

intelligent, well
an

read,
His

sportsman,
was

and
to

adept

at

arms.

great work
Islam. the
"

consolidateSikhism

against

This

he

accomplished

by preaching

Khalsa,
"

attacking caste,
and five outward

Pahul

instituting the signs, and thus

together by
the the
took
on

forming
sword.

brotherhood
Sikhs from

bound
now

onward

distinctive
the Pahul. of Nanak,

title of Govind

"Singh"
did
not

(Lion)
attack

taking
wrote

the doctrine
also Daswen
a

but
the

added

to

it.
"

He
the

portion
shah

of

scriptures
which had

Bad-

ki Granth,

great

stimulating

16

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

effects Govind

on

the

fanatical

mind
the
rest

of his followers. of his

Singh
numerous
so

spent
wars

life in

waging
but
to
was

with

the
he
on

Moghuls,
was

badly defeated
the desert

that

forced

fly

to

country
few the

the

Patiala
the

border

with

only Moghul
to

followers.

After

death, however,
17.07, the

of

Emperor
in

Aurangzeb,
fell to

Empire growth
the which

gradually
power

pieces owing

the

of provincial

governors,
"

produced
Mahrattas.

rebellions Govind

especially Singh,
Bahadur and Mahrattas.
on

among

being approached Shah,

was

by the Emperor
under

took
to

service

the

huls, Mog-

sent

put down

the

rebellious he
never

From died

this
at

expedition
in the wound

returned, and
from the

Naderh,
a

Deccan,

results who
next

of

given
death.
among

by

an

Afghan,
The blackest

avenged thirty
Sikh in

father's
were

years

the
were

in death

history, for the

hundreds

Sikhs

put
This

to

by
Sikhs. them

the

Moslems. the
a

oppression, thing

however,
the

only roused
It
to
was

latent
common

qualities of
among

indulge
lines

in
to

night-rides through purify their bodies

tank
at

the

Moslem

just

by

plunge into the raised

a

Amritsar. the

Only

few

ever

got

away

again, since
with their

majority paid for this daring

lives.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

17

In 1738

India

was

invaded
over-ran

by

the Persians

under

Nadir
with

Shall, who

the'Punjab,
save

?.nv?i910n
Persians,

meeting
of

little resistance harassed the

for bands

Sikhs,

who

plundered
Nadir Shah

the
was

baggage

stragglers and wherever possible.

Ahmed

Shah Abdali

assassinated, and

succeeded
The

him, having

his capital

at Kabul.

latter invaded

the Punjab,

but
to

was

defeated

retire. leader

Sikh

by the Moghuls and forced the Jussa Singh, a distiller, was He took advantage at this time.
to erect
a

Singh,

of the fort

general disorder
Amritsar.
the

small

mud

near

Three

times but
no

did Ahmed
sooner

Shah
he

invade

Punjab,
when

did Mahat
a

retire to Kabul

the Sikhs

and

rattas

besieged his garrisons. The

consisted of robber mud his

Sikhs under in
some

this time
chief

bands

who

had

fort erected

suitable

spot
of the

for
common

danger
a

union

of these

bands
a

headquarters. The brought about enemy into confederacies, or

powerful chief.
so

Misls," under
1763 the Sikhs

more

In
on

M-

became

powerful that
town

uniting they captured the

one

of

Sirhind,
Govind Capture of
Sirhiml-

of the most
was

hated of Moslem
of

towns, since
of

it

the

scene

the

murder
town
was

Singh's children.
and

This

plundered
of

destroyed.
From
now

onward

until the time

Eanjit

i$

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Singh
power

dissension, owing
between of the

to

the

struggle for
the

petty
to

chiefs, robbed height

deserved. of

Sikhs

attaining
which

that
so

self-

government
Ranjjt

they

However,
cleverness
of the
and

Smgh.

by 1808, Ranjit Singh, by his iron will, made himself master

and
as

Punjab,
so

gradually extended
include Multan.
army,

his

conquests

to

the He

Peshawar

Valley, Kashmir,
about
on
a

and

brought
modelled
were

disciplined regular
system.
from
His

the European

battalions East India British

drilled

by

deserters

the

pany's Com-

service.
he

Following infantry
was

the

idea,
of his

made

the This
on

the done

backbone
without

army.

not

much

opposition
cultivators,

the but

part of the free4iving Sikh

liberal
pay

and his famous

helped infantry
endurance death in and

him

to

attain

fluence personal inobject. His for On their his

time

became

steady
rulers,

discipline.
became
and

in 1839
to

the army

unmanageable general by
recover

owing
resulted. of lost
w

weak The

disorder their
loss

sirdars, alarmed
to

power,

decided

try and

their

prestige by invading
brought
a

British

territory.
Sikh
_ .

JTirst

and A
.

This

about
in

the First the

and

Second
of
were

Second Sikii
Wars.

Wars,

ending
the

annexation

the
so

Pun-

jab by

British.
the

The

latter

pressed im-

by

stirring fighting qualities of

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

19

the

Sikhs

that

orders Sikh

were

given
for

for

the

raising of
service. 15th

several
the
were

corps
were

British

Among
who and

first

the

14th

and
at

Sikhs,

raised

respectively
The latter

Ferozepore
is
one

Ludhiana. for its

ment regiin

famous

discipline and
It recruits

splendid physique
the Ludhiana This class.

of the

men. men

district, tall

of the

farmer
in
paigns; cam-

regiment
and

did N.W.

splendid work
Frontier
at Neuve

Egypt,

Chitral,
in

France,

especially

Chapelle, and
The
too

against the Senussi

the be that Sikh
as

in 1915-16.
a

qualitiesof
known
to

soldier
but has

are

well
to

enumerated,
"

it is

well been
tenets

remember

Sikhism

only

kept alive by fostering Govind

in

Singh's

the

Indian

Army,
which

and have of the

especially in
done
so

the
to

Sikh
preserve

regiments
the

much
"*

traditions

'Khalsa.'

Col.

F.

W.

Hughes,

M.C

CHAPTER

II.

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

THE

jAT

SiKH,

The be
summed

characteristmes
up

of three
words

the

Jat

Sikh

may

in

"

stubbornness,

patience,
both

and

courage.

These derived

qualities
from ment environ-

are

hereditary
and

and

occupation.
task
from his of the dawn

The
he

cultivator
to

is

no

easy

one

works

dusk

throughout
needs his

the

year,

as

irrigated
attention. is
seen

land The
in

whole trait

and of
j
f

constant

stubborn love
of

his

character
He

his

litiga-

Litigation.

tion.

will and
will

never

yield
never

point,
his

however
if

trivial,
there
is

abandon

case

the

slightest

loophole

or

glimmer

of

success.

20

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

21

The

religion
that

and

precepts
which

of

the

Khalsa
him
out

engender
from
He his

freedom

marks

Mussulman inherited

confrere. from
his ancestors

has

great

soldierlyqualities.In battle,when
British

trained

by
to
a

officers, he
never
can

never

shows
to

his and

back
in
a

foe, is
corner

addicted be

panic,

tight

absolutely depended
of the Ludhiana

upon.

The

J"t

Sikhs

district

are

especially renowned
and

for their
fame

ties, soldierlyqualito

have Sikh

brought
Ludhiana
of

the
was

15th

hiana Lud-

liegiinent, which
in

recruited

and

raised The

in 1824. Jat Sikh the consists

dress
or

the

of

"

dhoti,"
or

kilt, round
on

loins,
and
feet.
"

cloth of

Dress.

Bafa,

turban,
or

the

head,
on

pair
Around

Punjabi juta,
the

shoes,
thrown

the
a

shoulders
The

is

chaddar,"
to

or

cloak. knees social blouse

or

dhoti
wrorn

usually longer
a

reaches
a

the

but rank. with

if

is

sign
a

of

high
of

Sometimes

Kurta,
worn.

kind

baggy Formerly
"

sleeves, is
are

Kachh,
now

short

white

drawers,
the

only

worn

by
was are

soldiers.

wearing
or

of them

compulsory.
seldom
worn

Paijanias,"
the
army,

trousers,
and

outside of
some

only

then

by

person

social

rank.

For

walking long

distances

the shoes

are

22

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

taken

off to
when

save
on

the
a

leather.

I have

seen.

Sepoys,
boots
"

route

march, take
In razai
"

off their time

worn.

and chaddar

walk
"

barefooted.
like is
a a

winter
"

is

Sometimes
I
saw one

this with It
was

beautifully embroidered.
on

tiger worked
life-size.
sirdars
of

it in natural

colours. N.C.O.'s

and fond
are

in

Sikh

regiments

Pilgri.
are

extremely
These

coats. bright-coloured waistseen

seldom
may

in the

villages.
white,
wear

The

safa,

or

turban,
or

be

green,

blue, yellow,
an

pink.
"
"

The
pag

better
"

class
a

inner

"

pagri
"

or
"

of

different
a
on

colour.

The

safa

is
"

so

folded
"

that

small the

triangle of the
forehead.
in
A

inner

pag
"

shows
"

full-sized

safa nine
"

is ten folds is of
on

yards
each

length, and
of the

usually has
The
to
"

side

head.

pag

military
from
wear

origin, designed
sword different
wear wear a a

protect

the

head

cuts.

Different
"

regiments
"; the
the 35th 15th

coloured
"

pags

Sikhs Sikhs

yellow
"

or
or

pihlapag,"
red
on
"

lal,"

pag."
a

All

Sikhs
a

when

journey
sometimes the
as

carry
a

long

stick,
sword. under

short
I

knife, and

curved carried
over

have

only
of
a

seen

latter swords

the

saddle
are

camel,

certain

length

forbidden

by law.

Money

"~

1 11 IC

ill

Zaildar

and

Safed-Post,
DlST
:

An

Old

SlALHUR,

LUDHIANA

"Haqr."

Sikh Holding a Ladder in ground backLEADS TO

ROOF.

Nand

Wearing Singh Kurta and Safa,

White Dhoti.

Typical

Edge on Scene Desert. Thar

oh

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

23

is
"

generally carried
chaddar."
Men
very
are

tied up

in

comer

of the

rarely

wear

ornaments.

sioners Pen-

extremely
often
worn

fond
on a

of

their

medals.
the

These

are

string

round

neck. Sikhs
are

extremely
have
to

careful
watched

with
to

money.

Moneylender
or

They
them

often

be

prevent
been

Sahukar-

hoarding
on

money

which

should
is seldom

have

expended
but
any

food.

Money
is lent has

banked,
in

surplus

out

or

invested

camels.

Every village 2|
cent.

its Khatri

Sahuat
a

kar,
of

or

money-lender, who
per

lends

out

rate

about

Surplus
the this
war

money

is

generally
came

buried.
scarce use
a

During through
of
one

silver

be*

very

habit,
notes

sitating neces-

the

rupee

and

the

re-adoption of
All

gold coinage.
are

natives

of India

extremely
They police
to

fond

of
see-

travel, particularlyby train.

love

*gr^*i

ing
Honk

the

world.

Sikhs

find their way

on

China,
at

where

they Kong,
are now

are

employed
to

work

and

East

Africa.

Sikh

diers sol-

being rewarded
with
came

by grants
same

of

land in East! Africa.

may

Possibly the

be

adopted
Sikhs

regard
to
war.

to

policy Mesopotamia.
as valescents con-

Many

England They

during

the

stayed

ai

24

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Brighton,
the

and and
at

from
London.

there

were
were

taken

to

see

King

They

especially

delighted
The
1914

this honour. is

Sikh

quite

campaigners
French.
I
was

old linguist. Many brought back a smattering

a

of

astonished

once
"

to

be

addressed

by

my

new

orderly as

Bon

soir,

mademoiselle." Sikh
Sikh "Woman.
women
are

difficult to get
of
a

good look

at,

as

at
or

the

approach
cover

stranger
faces. but
of

they

dis-

appear
are

hastily
handsome
silver
nose

their

They
corated de-

often

enough, bangles
is The silver

heavily
and neck

with

all sizes and

tains conare

shapes.
some

The

always pierced
ears

ornament.

and and

covered The silver

worn.

with

heavy
are

bangles
hidden

chains.

ankles

generally
The

by heavy
colours
are

anklets.

brightest

The dress.

Gujars,
The with

or

herdsmen,
wear

wear
a

distinct dress

womenfolk
orange,

red

bordered
black

and

European-like
The head
is

bodice

with and

short

sleeves.
return

rarely covered,
stare

they

the stranger's

with

total indifference.
women

Sikh

perform
lot of

the

work
women,

usually viz.,
and

befalling

the

all native

grinding of

corn,

preparation

of food

the

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

25

takingbrothers

of

it

out

to

their

husbands

and

in the

fields,cleansing of the house,

and

cow-dung, drawing the village well of water from sidered (as it is conto draw wrater), degrading for a man Heinto raw cloth, "c. spinning of cotton in the sides all this, they help their husbands hoeing, picking of field, especially with
collecting of
firewood

cotton,
bundles
"c.

carrying
of

home

on

their

heads

huge

jowar

(millet) and

cheiri

(maize),

Women
their

must

not

eat
must

in

the

presence

of

husbands,
after
on

but

have

their

meals theirs. walk

apart
When

the

men-folk
man

have
and

had
never

journey
woman

wife

abreast;
She is not

the
a

always
but

walks is is
or more

in

rear. a

companion,
her Sikh

-like

servant;
treated In
swarms

nevertheless,
than

she

far

better
sister.

Mussulman

Hindu

every

village

one

meets literally

of

partiallynaked
in the water
mud
at
on

children.
the

These
the

Sikh

paddle about pond

are or

fringe of

throw round

each

other.
or

Others the dung

"very
cane

found

the the

village well
sugar-cane
a

heaps.
child

During

harvest
of

habitually sucks
of

long piece
have combed

Many
parted
in

the

children
and

their

hair
to

the

middle

back

26

THE

SIKHS

OF

TH"

PUNJAB

form
ribbon tied
one

single plait adorned

; but to

with

bright red
are

in the

addition head
"

plates of metal
on

on
on

one

the
at

crown

and back
of

each

side

of the

plait

the

the

head.

Girls have
young.

their
seen

noses

pierced when
with

quite rings

I have inches

several

silver
noses.

of two The
taps,

diameter

in their

wealthier

babies

wear

velvet silver.

cal cylindriThese
are

embroidered
worn

with

exactly like those

Food

by Pathan
two

children.
one

The

Jat
to

Sikh
our

has

meals,
and
one

ponding corresing even-

breakfast
to
our

in the The three

at dawn

corresponding
is eaten in the for the

dinner.
or

first hours' and

fields after two Sikh

at
once.

woik,

always rises
This meal

begins work
out

is

brought

by the women-folk.
**

It consists of

generally
or

of

chapatis," flour, mixed

made with
"

barley, wheat,
and red salt
"

maize

millet
or are

and
is
cakes, pan-

dal.
used.

Plenty
The which

of
"

mirch,"
"

pepper,

chapatis

flat-like
on a

are over
"

grilled brown
a

flat iron in the

plate

placed
The

fire

in

hole

ground.
and

dal," which

resembles

curry
on

porridge
The

mixed,
is

is

spread

the in
one.

"chapatis."
the

evening meal, when

a

work

fields is over,

most

substantial

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

27

In

addition

to

"chapatis"
are

and
These and

"dal,"

meat

and

vegetables
The

eaten.

vegetables
mixed
is

comprise onions, carrots,

together.
eaten

potatoes

only
flesh.

meat

that

generally
have
J'latka.
manner.

is

goats'

All in
as a

goats

must

been This
the

slain by the
ceremony

knife

certain
"

is known
must

Jhatka,"
at
one

i.e.,

goat's

head
at

be severed back
of the

stroke

of the

sword

the

neck.
may

Animals without the

killed in the
ceremony

chase
"

be
"
"

eaten

of wild

Jhatka
and

such

animals
Some
"

include

the

boar

hare.
bakehsuses
or LanguKhana.

villages have
the

communal

Lunga-Khana,"
prepare

where
"

the

"Jhinwars,"
"

or

bakers,
hot
A

chapatis

during

the

weather.

Sikh
an

fireplace is made
earthen
out.

of

mud,
part

and of

re-

^hardi,

sembles
surface

pitcher
Two

with
serve

its

taken

holes

for added This place fire-

ventilation

and

escape
"

of smoke.

is known In
a

as

Bharoli."
the
men over

native

regiment
as

sit round
their

in

circles known

"Pangat,"
the meal

meals.
of the

N.C.O.'s
food. and The such

superintend evening vegetables

distribution
consists
as

of

chapatis
potatoes,
or a

(Saluna)
"

badgan, tori, and rice,

is eaten

tindo.
or

Chawl,"
times

boiled month.

three

four

28

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Maha

Parshad

(ghi,

ata is

and
eaten

chini, melted
three times
a

butter, flour, sugar)

week. The is not
milk
a

Sikh

loves

this sweetmeat. he

If

Sikh oi

meat-eater,

gets

an

allowance

instead. Sikh

Cooking
Utansilfe.
"

cooking

pots

are

made

of

brass,

or

pital." They
Thali
"

comprise:
a

"

brass

plate

on

which

food

is

placed.
Katora Garba.
" "

small

brass
bowl

cup.

brass

used

for

boiling

milk. Garbi Tawa

"
"

small iron

brass

bowl.
on

an

plate
are

which

the

chapatis
Chamcha
Garra
All every
"
"

cooked.

spoons.

an

earthern brass the

water

jar.
are

the

above
in

utensils

scoured
or

evening by
the

village pond

at

the

well

women-folk.

In \'illag" of
Gurm.

the

covered of

porchway
Gurm
may
some

of the

main
a

gate
very

of

the

village

be

seen

large- iron

cauldron

four

feet

in

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAR

29

diameter.
used
"

This

is the.
rice

"

Earaha,"
on

and

is of

for

boiling-the
or

the

occasion

a means on can

shadi,"
the surface

marriage.
which
of the

It is carried
pass
so

by

of two) sticks

through rings
that
two
men

vessel,

easily move
One

it.
a

morning
"

big

Sikh
or
"

ceremony

was

,."

,,

held

in the the

Gurudwara,"

church.
"

This

Palml.

is called
"

taking
of

of the

Pahul

(Gate),
into

BaPti,ra-

the

ceremony

initiating
"

converts

the
"

Sikh
"

Brotherhood,
is thus the
were

or

Khalsa."

The

Pahul

Sikh

baptism.
All
were

Fifty
clothed

recruits

baptised.
iron The
wore

in white

safas, with

quoit, white
feet
were

kurta
bare. The

and Each

shorts. novice

legs
a

and

bayonet.
raised

altar consisted
a

of

dais,
founder

taining con-

large
of In

coloured

embroidered
the
was a

picture
of

in

silk

Guru front

Nan"k,
of

Sikhism.

this
were

large pink by
the

cloth,

on

to

which from

coins
time
or

thrown
as an

worshippers
The
sat

to time

offering.
in

GrSnthi,
it from

priest,
the

switch sacred

hand,
Granthi.

cross-legged behind
which
He

picture,
host of

protecting
flies

defilement

by

the
to

vainly
was a

endeavoured venerable
streaked

alight
with

thereon.
S

old man, with

grey,

long

white

beard

and

30

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

wrinkled
the with he

face

with

intelligentmien.
he
sat

During"
and which would

initial ceremonies
eyes

immovable

closed.

If not

for the switch

to

waved

mechanically
him
to

and

fro, one
idol
the
or

have

thought
Some

be

some

god.
was

three
a

yards

above

altar
two

suspended
stood The formed
at

white
one

canopy,
on

while side

sepoys

ease,

each

of the in round One

dais.

novices,
three

with sides
the

hands of front
a

clasped
square
open.

front,
the
one

altar, leaving
each
and with
knee.

by

kneeled
at

on

the left knee time

facing the alt'ar,

a on

the

same

forming
both

cup-shape
the

the

hands, and

resting
from

right

In this

cup-shape
called Wa Guru

the assistant
a

Granthi
and
at

poured holy
the
same

water

brass
:

bowl,
Guru
"

time

aloud

"Wa

ji ka (the
Hail

Khalsa Guru Five

times

Siri of the times

water

ji

ki

Fatten

brotherhood the
was

and drank
on or

victory,
the

!)

novice

water, "Jurah,"
and

five
or

poured
Kes into

to the

top-knot,
times times the

of

the

long hair,
the eyes.

five

it is dashed novice The threw the

a
"

Fifteen after the

repeated
recruit
a

the

cry

initiator.

kissed
on

the red

floor, stood cloth,

the
peated re-

upright,

coin

the and

aloud
as

greeting, Singh,"

joined

gregation con-

fully-fledged Sikh,
or

with

the

added

title of

lion.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

31

All

were

initiated in turn.

Meanwhile
on

the the
a

congregation,
'*

sitting cross-legged
on;

durried

"

floor, looked
entered. He the

occasionally
the murmured

worshipper flung
prayer,
a

approached ground,
and

altar,
a

^gh
Lion
.

or

coin, kissed

repeated

the

war-cry,

joined

the

congregation.
We

occupied
the covered
a

post of honour
on

on

the left,
cloth

facing
which off

altar, sitting
the
were

white

floor. left
was

Our

shoes, taken
with
us our

by

sepoy,

together
easy

topees

outside.
an

It

not

for

to sit

long
soon

in such
we

uncomfortable
to

position, length

and

began
hours
up.
"

feel

cramped

long before
of time

the
"

two

the

estimated

were

All

the

principal officials wore suspended

from
a

long naked
white After scarf the

scimitars thrown

round

the

right
were

shoulder. taken

first ceremony

these the

off, and
and

lay,
two

together
sacred
A

with

scattered

coins
on

steel

miniature
iron

trowels,
was
now

the

floor. with
Amrit.
a

huge

bowl
"

filled

sweetened knife.

water,
Each
his

or

Ann-it," stirred with

drank
same

recruit in the

twice

of the
was

this,
one

putting
before break

lips
had

spot
ceremony

as

him

done.

This

to

down

all caste.

32

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

The

novices
on

were

now

addressed
and

by
it

the
of

Granthi

the

precepts
the

principles
as

Sikhism, began.
small

then Two

music,
one

such

was,

tomtoms,

cymbal,
the
very

and

harmonium
to
a

provided
but music

ment accompani-

monotonous

rhythmic clasped

chant.

To moved

the

the novices the altar. the

with

hands
Kara
Parshad.
"

round the

Before Kara

departure
was

sacred
to

food,
all
a

or

Parshad,"

given
caste.
sugar,

Sikhs
white

present,
sweetmeat,
A

irrespective of
made
from to
us
"

It is

flour, and
the
we

ghi.

lump

was

given
taste

to

great delight
could do little

of all the
more

congregation,
it.

but

than For
the

final ceremony
from the

all stood

while

the
the

Granthi, Gurus,
"Fattens" Sikh
Knrmai
or

rising

dais, addressed
Three the

invoking

their

spirits.

ringing

(cheers) concluded girls are

betrothed The

ceremony.

between

the

ages

Betrothal.

of four
a

and

twelve.
sum,

girl'sfather
as

obtains
much
as

considerable
rupees,

sometimes

1,000
"

for his

daughter. by

The

betrothal of both curious

ceremony

or

Karmai,"
is

is

arranged by
of

friends
many

parties, and
rites
is

accompanied by

and

exchange

gifts.
a

The

generally concluded the girl'srelations.

feast, given by

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

33

The
lows to
pay

marriage,
"Karinai,"
off all his should take

"

or

Shadi,"
the
man

quickly fol- Marriage

is unable
A
riage mar-

"r

the

unless

betrothal

money.

place

on

the

third, or first, lucky.

fixed dressed round
on a

fifth year
odd

following
years
are

the

betrothal, because

number When

considered
has been

the

wedding

propitious day, the yellow, with

neck,
sets out
a

bridegroom,

in his

ringlet of flowers
mounted
on
a

mare

for his
him
are

betrothed's all his male

house. friends.
are

Accompanying
At dusk

they reach

the

village and
with
a

met

tions by the girl and her relaand

much

noise

rejoicings. After
the and
"

feast

given by the
take

bridegroom-elect, the
place in
bride

final
house.

ceremonies

girl's
groom bride-

Facing
sit before then
to
a

east, the
the ties cloth. shoulder the sacred At

sacred
a

fire,or
of the

agni." girl's
wife

Granthi

corner

the

"chuddar"

This

bridegroom
his

places

over

his round

and

leads

four times
prayers
are

fire. All this time last the

chanted.
the

girl'shand marriage

is

given

to

bridegroom, and

the

is consummated.

The wife

bridegroom
is grown

does
up,

not

live he

with
comes

his

Leave-

till she

when This
"

and

Jj^J^w"ar

fetches
ceremony,

her to his home.

marks

another

leave-taking,

or

Miiklawa."

34

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Marriage
man

ceremonies unable
to

are

so

costly that

is often

pay

for its cost

all his

life through.
Widow

Once
or

wife
as

has

been
to

purchased
the

she

is If

Marriage
Daina.

considered
*ne

belonging
elder This

family.

husband
to

dies childless, the widow the

is often

married
he
so

brother
is known the that red
same

of the
"

family, if
Chaddar
There done
over

desires.
"

as

Dalna
no

(throwing
All throw
a

sheet).
is to be "chaddar" time of

are

ceremonies.
man

is for the

the

to

girl'shead
on

and
in

at

the

put wristlets
relatives

her

arms

the

presence

of

both
D9atli
Ritos.
severe

parties.
The in
recent

influenza

epidemic
I had

was

so

the

Punjab

that

exceptional
rites.
at

opportunities of witnessing funeral

In
,r

Kulhur
to

some

hundred

lay sick;
ill

the
than

Village of
Kuihur.

,.

entrance

the

village

I counted

no

less

eighteen
broken

burning pitchers
that
many

pyres,

while

remains

of

lay

thickly

about

them,

showing
died.

in the

prime

of life had

Funerals

take the

place body
Pahir
one

on

the be

same

day

as

Pahtf9

death,
sunset.

and

must

burnt
a

before

Outside
In

I watched
went next

typical
straw

procession.
and

front the

carrying
followed

wood

for

pyre,

the

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

35

mourners

two
came

abreast, carrying brass Teasels.

corpse,
men.

Last

the

wrapped
This
to corpse

in

red, and
was
on

carried

by

four

Wooden, Qjrhi.

charpoy,
custom, be placed
The that
an

quite contrarywhich
on a

the the
"

usual

Sikh

ordains
wooden of the had
at
a

that

body should
sirhi/' denoted

bier, or
brass

carrying
old which
man

vessels

died.

These

contained

water,
in
a
a

certain the

spot
; at

was

sprinkled
same

circle

round
was

bier

the the On
a

time

brass
was

vessel

dashed

to

ground
the

and other
man,

there

general
the

rejoicing.
been have would

hand,
an

had

deceased

young

earthern

pitcher

been

broken,

amid
On

great

lamentations. the
a

reaching
is laid and
on

place
wooden

for

cremation,
with heir.

the

body

pyre,

straw

beneath,
relatives

fire is
some

applied by
distance heir
pyre

the

The is

sit at

till the takes

body
a

half-consumed. from skull. the

All

The

then and

stake the

smouldering
wash the
was

breaks
home.
I

before
influenza well

returning epidemic
up

During
every

noticed

body
that
no

covered

with

earth,
corpse

outbreak
1918 Autumn.

and

relations

remained
the

by

the

for fear

of

catching
in

epidemic.
soon as a

Diseases
native takes

villages

spread

the
of

everything

visitation

36

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Allah

or

the

Gurus,
The

and

often
of

refuses

to take
were

medicine.

effects

the
in

epidemic
hundreds.
one

terrible;
Ludhiana
a

the the

people
deaths

died often

In

exceeded

dred hun-

day. villages
assistance.
were

Some

miles
The

away

from
of

any

medical

villages
Gurm,
clinic

Kulhur,
Jandiali,

Sinlhur,

Jharmat,
had
no

Pahir,
medical the

Gopalpur,
Dehlon.

nearer

than
took of these

However,
action
and

Government
circuits

prompt

organised
British

villages.
assisted

x\ll

recruiting
of medicine.

officers
The when
to

in the
came

distribution
after
a

epidemic
the

heavy

drought,

village

folk

were

half-starved

owing
universal.
their

shortage
The

of food.

High
are

prices were
noted for
prowess. encourage

Sikhs
and much
way. mo9^
"

fine

physique
life does in
every

their
to

athletic
and

Army
sport

foster

Sports
Games.

^ne
and

universally popular
Kursti ka

sport
The

is

wrestling,

or

Khel."

batants com-

strip practically naked,

save

for

triangular
a

loin

slip made
of
.

of

stout

cloth, and
from dirt.

cap

which

protects the
soft

long hair
earth
.

The
Vv resume.
over.

ring consists
m,
.,.

freshly dug
P
.

Ine
"

wrestling

point
"

ot

style

",

savours

of

catch-Ss-catch-can

methods.

Before

J
"

The

Start.

"r
' t

"r**\

fisssii;

The Sikh

End Officers

in as

Sight. Umpires.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

37

the of

start

the

combatants

are

extremely
to

fond

showing-

off their

physique

their
of

ing admir-

friends, and
takes

much

slapping
man's One
seen
a

thighs
taken

place.
when

A the

fall ia declared

to have

place
are

vanquished
the earth.
I have

shoulders fall is sufficient

square

with
a

for

victory.
an

wrestling
fall
was

matches

last
so

hour is the

before wrestler's

obtained,

great

stamina.
"

All guest-houses

contain in various have

pictures

of

kursti-

log

"

wrestlers

attitudes. the
and

Sikh

youths
both

right

build

for

Jumping.
at the

jumping They
well

high
more

long jump.
the

The

latter, however,
have into Sikhs
distances.

is

usually practised.
of

the the
run

knack

lifting

knees

air.

well, but
..

are

useless
hold

at

loner
"

Running,

In

sprinting

they

iiiTi-

their

own

with
A
"

anyone. most

curious

game
or

practised throwing
stick

is known the stick,

seen

as

Sauti

Phankna/'
by
50

p^nkua

This
a

is thrown

the feet alone. The

I have

throw

of
cane.

yards.
One
end

is

stout
on

bamboo
a

of this is stick
to toe.

placed
A

stone

to

enable

the and

be

gripped
sault somer-

between

the is thrown

big
stick

index

by the competitor,
at

who

leases re-

the

the

zenith

of

the

arc

38

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

described, thus
air. either
Heavy
Clubs
'

propelling- the. stick

I
saw

into feat

the with

One
toe.

man

performed

the

Many heavy
These
enormous

Sikhs

have and
"

passion

for

lifting
clubs.
of

weights clubs, huge

himself
or

swinging Mugdars,"
One Sikh

heavy
are

often
I knew

weight.
"

officer with

kept

one

Mugdar,"
every

which

he

exercised
Quoit

morning.
fallen into disuse
"

Quoit
in the
are

throwing
of thin is
some

has

save

Throwing.

Army.

These

quoits,
a

or

chukars,"
outer

made

steel with

razor

edge
from threehand under-

the

quoit
to

11" inches
and

in diameter
measures
are

edge

edge,
of
an

the

blade

quarters

inch.

These

thrown them
to
on

with
the with
a

twist, causing
idea neck.
form

spin in
a

air.
a

The

is to
All
as a

keep them
Sikh

level
wear

man's
in
some

regiments

quoit
The

badge.
to

Hockey.
is
a

Sikh

takes
;

very

kindly
weak

hockey, and
speed stand
are

great player
combination

his stamina His

a

and

him of

in good stead.
and

points
to

lack
too

tendency

hit

hard. Sikhs
love
a

chorus The
songs

together
to range
a a

after

the

?nd*Native evening
Music.
ears are

meal.
most

European's
of notes
is

weird.

The

small, and

rhythm

plays

large part.

One

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

39

invariably sings the air and the take up the chorus sitting round
clapping
of
or

semi-circle
with of

much bodies.

hands

and

swaying
are

Minstrels,
"niela,"
of small the The and
or

"Ghlte-log,"
fair. Sikh The violin former covered
are

found

at every

instruments
or

used

sist con-

the

guitar and
has
with

very

drums. bow small used drums

The
is

eight strings ;
small the bells.

played with
The the
At

fingers,
is
to

resemble

tambourines.
done. the times make

singing singers,
use

usually well emphasise

motions

words,

great
arms.

of For

of the
at

head, body, and

I

instance,
towards of
then with

times

have

seen

players lean
the

their

audience,
of the

whisper

ning beginerect

lines
a

chorus head

confidentially,
assume

toss

of the These

the

position again.
exhibit facts
It

wandering making
them into
use

minstrels,

much and

skill in

of
song.
a

local

interweaving
custom to

is the

when
meet
so

entering
the
to

village Entering
at

for

the

headman
and in

stranger
extend the

the both of

Sikh

entrance, hands
one
as

doing
visitor.
rupee,

towards

the
a

In

palm

is
a

always
wealth

silver

which

is offered
sonal per-

sign that the headman

at

lays all his

feet.
a

the the

visitor's coin
not
as

The

latter

must

then

touch

sign of acceptance,
take

being

careful

to

it,

or

the

40

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

headman
Fairs Melas.

will expect
"

present.
or

Village
or

Melas,"

fail's, are
vast

very

popu-

lar, and
amusement
'

always draw
or
"

crowd
A
trees

either

for

business.
shaded with

suitable
is chosen
forms

maidan the

well

near

village; usually the "maidan"

common manner

part of the
where
may

land.

All

kinds

of stalls,
drinks

all

of

sweetmeats

and
on

be

purchased,

are

erected

its outer

edge.

Jugglers, quack
strong
men,

doctors, wandering*
cattle

minstrels,

and

horse

dealers, Hindoos,
are

Mussaimans,
up
on

iSikhs, "c,
mass

ali

jumbled

in

one

seething
move

of

humanity,
one

always good
seems

the

and

jostling
Everyone
the

another and

humouiedly.
to

smiles full.
to

be

enjoying
take

life

to

Village folk always

fairs,
and
so

then

families
of

these

outside

all kinds
conveyances

quated antiare

broken-down
"

dumped by
for
one

together
or

the

country-tonga

drawn
ponies,
save

two

wretched
with
no

looking
head-cover
"

sprmgiess,
a

shaky,
solid

ragged by
whose

piece of faded
wooden

durree

"; the byles ";

"

cumbrous
drawn
and

agricultural cart,
"

monstrous

black-hided almost obsolete

sometimes

the

rath,"
women

from
peep.

curtained huddled

interior

veiled

Camels
on

together by
with

the dozen

crouch

their

haunches,

their

heads

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

41

beribboned

and and

beflowered,

sporting

their

gayest

richest with

caparisoned
"razais"
of the

saddles,

heavily padded
colours. The held
in

brightest

following
the

is

list of
:
"

Sikh

festivals

Festivals,

Ludhiana

district

BHAIWALI
is
.

"

usually Bala,
a

held

in

February,
of Guru

Bhaiwali.

in

honour

of

disciple

Nanak.
HOLI

"

usually
identified

held
with

in

March,
the

is

Hindu
of

Holi.

Saturnalia

rocking
the Sikhs
to

the

image
fairs
"

of Krishna,
are

but and and

among

great
local

held,
"

processions
shrines held
a are

Ghirudwaras
BAISAKHI

made.
at

(May)
into

"

Amiitsar,
which done. of

Baisakhi.

has much

now

developed buying
nock

great
of

fair, at
cattle all
is

and
to

selling
Amritsar
for this

People
Ludhiana

from fair. He

parts

district PLR the

(jMJGA
man

(August)
greatest
at

"

was

Mussal-

Guga saint,
fair of

Pir.

snake-kings.
near

great
in his

is held

Chhapar,

Dehlon,

honour.

42

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Oiwali.

DIWALI,
is

or

Feast
New

of

the Year's

Lamps.
"

This
All minated illu-

held

on

the

Hindu

Day.
and

houses

are

freshly
at

whitewashed
with candles the

dusk

and

lamps.
of the flat

These roofs.

latter

on

places

on

edge
ends

Sometimes the

candle
of

are

seen

alight
are

on

edge

the

main

road. this

Thieves

particularly they
consider

active

during
successful luck for

festival,
mitted com-

as

robbery
the
rest

brings
year.

good

of

the

CHAPTER

III.

SIKH

VILLAGE

LIFE.

When

viewed Sikh,

from

some

distance
very
are

away

Punjab
and
some

village
All the each

looks

dignified.
Norman

buildings
other with

imposing and rectangular,

tier, like

rise above

tier above its

castle

ascending
is almost the

embattlements,
in for the

culminating
;

concentrically
there
none,
clusively ex-

keep
of

colouring
are

all the

houses mud
a

constructed from

gathered
white-washed
the

village
stands
of

pool.
up,

Sometimes

house

towering
the

above

background
the
such
to

mud and
the

colouring,
catches
eye

throws
eye.

back
From

sun's
a

rays

building
village

naturally descends

the

wall.

43

44

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

This

is not
as

wall

in of

the

Roman

sense,

built

purely
back
form

means

wall
a

of

houses

defence, but simply the built together so to as irregular height.

one

continuous

line of

Village
ja

All each
of
"

villages have hissa,"

and
or

gates, generally
These
are

for

es-

ward.

gates, made
of immense is and
a

roughly

turned breadth

timber,
;

height
massive

supporting archway
made of
from

them mud
a

rectangular
with
a

brick,
tree

cross-beam

single
with these

trunk.

{Sometimes
or

this i" decorated animals. from

and the from All

crude

painted figures
scenes

figures represent
Gurus,
national

life of the
the

games,
scenes

field. battlecombats

Wrestling
between

depicting
great

struggling "kursti-log" (wrestlers)

to

stripped
then
come

the lines

waist,
of

are

favourites,
in old-

warriors

dressed muskets.
narrow
.

fashioned
i'roru
"

uniform,
these
'

carrying
radiate
some

gates

winding
.

Galis

"

or

Streets

alleys

or

galis,"
in

eight
walls

to of

six

feet

wide,
As

shut
are

by high mud

houses. mits, per-

these

simply
any of

built

where
to

space

without

regard

the
"

general galis
'

arrangement twist and At

turn

the

village,

the

in every these
are

conceivable

direction. for cud

times

barely passable,
their

heavy

cumbrous

byles chewing

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

45

Gateway feeding
the

Entrance

to

Ga!l

or

Streei.

or

on

"niukhi"

or

"cherri"

(maize)

block

way.

Here

and fixed

there

rough
the

ladders,
front
across

permanently
the houses

against

of the
access as a

project
ladders in

half-way
are
summer a

alley.
to

These

used

for
serve

the

flat roofs, which

and for

bedroom,
storehouse

in

the

winter
crops.

as

drying

and

the

The

46

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Bhisti.

quickly moving
one

bhisti, with, his

and

"

bangi

"

on

shoulder
"

carrying
is
"

four

earthern
water

pitchers,
from
the

or

gharras," ragged
"

filled with
met

village well
in
a
"

everywhere.
"

Lightly clad
sleeveless

dhoti

(kilt) and
bare
feet demand
water but

kurta

(blouse), with
are

and
to

legs, his services

The
rich

in constant

keep filled the domestic

pay

drinking and
him
for
own

vessels. the
"

his work,
water.

poorer
"

class is

fetch like
a

their

The
"

Bangi.

bangi

pair

of

scales

the

cross-beam but

is made
so

of two

pieces of strong,
lap over-

pliable wood,
in the where
are

arranged that they

and strain
so

centre,
the

give additional
The

strength
scale
pans

is greatest.
a

replaced by
a

wooden
square

work frameto

in the
corner

shape of
are

hollow

each

of which

fastened

grass rests

supporting
an

strings. In this framework pitcher

on
"

earthern

or so

gharra,"
the

with

another load

usually
sists con-

top,

that

bhisti's
in front

usually
in
rear.

of four, two Halfclad

on

and

two

veiled

women

move

silently along,
and

in the

brightest of colours
all kinds of view the

carrying goods,
Old

their from from

heads

mysterious wrapping.
fields under

hid
men

by

cotton

surrounding
cherri
"

shuffle
a

by,

their

faces
or

completely hidden
"

bundle

of maize,

children

of all sizes

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

47

48

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

"

the
among

smallest
the fowls
"

entirely
"

naked

"

gambol
lean

byles

half-starved inhabitants

dogs
the

and

complete

the

of

streets.

The
"

fronts
"

of

most

houses
those
a

open

on

the
more

galis

direct, except
who
possess

of

the
or

well-to-do,
wall

courtyard
for
and the

mud

enclosure.
of the domestic
out

This

serves

ing housA

animals
of

carts.

mud
runs

trough,
along
two

which

the

cattle

feed,
thin,
about

opposite
and

sides.
children

Fowls,
run

half-wild

dogs,

promiscuously.
Most
Houses.

houses

possess two

only
rooms,

one

storey,
to

generally containing
air
on one

open

the of

side,
and

so

that A
"

there few

is

no

need

windows those
of

doors.
"

houses,

chiefly
possess

the

Sirdars

(chiefs),

well-fitting wooden
size.

doors, usually of immense

on

lofty roof, consisting of rushes, is supported by rough

The each
other rushes
a

earth

placed
ing cross-

logs,

at

right angles.

Sometimes

over

the

is

placed

thick
can

layer
be used

of mud for
a

forming
summer

flat roof, which,

or

bedroom
The

an

autumn

store-house.

only
or

furniture

is the the

string

"

char-

poy,"

bed,

and

usual

earthern

and

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

49

biass
room

cooking
stands while of
a

pots.

In

one

corner

of

the

gharra
the the usual
a

containing
side

drinking form platof the mud

water,

against

is

raised

mud,

resting-place
low from the

charpoy. partition by.

The the
wrap

Sometimes
screens

perforated

the

sleeper

passer-

Sikh

always

sleeps

in

the
a

middle
tree.

of All

day,
head

often

outside
up

under

themselves
as a

well, completely hiding against early

the with

the

prevention
Sikh

mosquito
to

hites.

The
but.

retires

bed

at

nights,
In

always rises

dawn.
are

small
at

villages guests public

Here brick
on

and

travellers

lodged

the

cost

in the

huge
of

porehed
the
way

gateways.
are

either

side

raised

platforms
and sometimes

furnished with
serves
are a

with

straw

matting,
bed.

large
for
a as

wooden

table-like

affair, which
gateways
the latest

general
love other If visitor
to

These for the the

used

meeting-places
discuss with and the is
an

village elders, gossip

with

who each

guests.
are
"

guests

important, charpoy
to
"

or

if

the

official,a
for

is
;

usually
the sit

brought
elders
on

out

them

sit

on

then

and

Lumbadars
heels in
a

having

assembled,
to

their

semi-circle

receive

5o

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

official notifications
or

or

the latest with

news. an

One*

twice this

was

provided
rare.

armchair,
recent

but

is very

During
which
in

the

fluenza in-

outbreak,
reached its maximum
were

October,

1918,

lages effort, the outlying vil-

cut

off from
for

communication weeks
was

by
a

post and

telegraph
on

three

at

time.
more
news.

My
"

visit

this

account

all the the end do latest ?"

my
was

welcome,
When

because would
the

brought
Great
War

the
to

I would question. Then explain the situation, but the first

best

geographical
of
"

knowledge
One

of

the

villagers
if

was

the

tiest. scan-

big
"

local
me

magnate

an

honorary
was

magistrate capital
P"harm-

asked

Bulgaria

the

of

Germany.
village
"

If the
Sala. proper,
or

is

large

one,

guest-house
gateway.

dharni-sala,"
near

is provided; this is
the main

generally
These
with
"

situated

guest-houses
proper
'

are

usually
doors.

built of brick,

rooms

and verandah
of

Facing
some

the feet

galis

is

raised and

above

the

level

the

ground

supported

by pillars.
In
Lahra.

the

village
in

of

Lahra
are

the

pillars

are

hexagonal
way up

shape, and

decorated

all the

with the

Amongst

quaint figures in bright colours. kursti-log," or figures were

"

wrestlers, stripped

to

the

waist, files of sol-

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

5i

I,

Pillar

of

Dharmsala.

Lahra,

diers ancient
sahib

with,

old-fashioned
at

head-gear slope, drilled

and

muskets
on

the

by

horseback,

conspicuous by his huge

green
"

baggy
wings,
"

breeches, figures with

scenes

feathered Gurus
round
"

from

the

life of the
a

the
"

latter birds
or

conspicuous by
and

halo

the

head
"

animals,

chiefly parrots,
I endeavoured

heron,"
to

deer, and
the

elephants.
figures,
idea
which

obtain

opinions of the
of

Sikhs

regarding the winged

represented
the
Western

exactly

angels, but

52

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

all I got
Frishta.

was

"

"Oh

they
"

are

simply fairies."
This
is
a
"

The

Sikhs

call them

Frishta." the

Persian The
them

word,
have
"

meaning
the
same

invisible." call

Hindus

ideas, but
which
are

Chandar for
"no

Gupta,"

Sanskrit
or

words sacred and

light."
of the

In

the

Puranas,
The evil

books
are

Hindus,
met

spirits,demons
with.
in
an

fairies
in
are

frequently
to

Sikh
sense,

believes
as

spirits,but supposed

only
harm
are

they
These

mankind.

guest
and
are

houses

kept scrupulously
lagers. vil-

(lean,

the

special pride of the

the
"

Sometimes
to Sant.

Sant
"

"

comes

here
to

read

the and
'

"

Granth
others

Sahib
who
care

(Sikh
to

Bible)
found "Granth

visitors
'

listen.
is

The
in

Sant

or

religious
is well
most

teacher

every

village. He
and

read

in

the time

Sahib,"

spends
on

of his

in seclusion

meditating
his cell to

holy things.
gateway
was
save

People

visit
to

receive
In
one
no

instruction, advice, and

the

bring food.
Gurra,
in

of the built
a

village of high
who

corner,

little cabin
up.

possessing
This
'

outlet
to

hole of
a

proved
or

be

the

cell

wandering
had Here

Sant,"
to

religious mendicant,

retired he
no

the

village
months

to

end

his

days.

lived

for

six

in seclusion, the his

holding
he

communication him
food.

with On

villagers who
death
was

brought

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

53

buried The found

with

great

ceremony.

Pipal Tree

(Ficus Religiosus)
outside
its

is often

Pipal.

growing
sacred
one

the

"

Dharmsala,"
This Under will
swear

protecting
held

it with

shade.

tree

is
or a

by
of

the its

Hindus.

it

touching

leaves, he
Sikh, who
learnt
the

binding
many

oath.

The old

still possesses

of the

ideas
upon

when
as

he
a

was

Hindu,
tree.
are

still looks

Pipal
native
no

sacred

From

its

juices many
this

medicines

extracted,
its veneration. Few

and

fact,

doubt, adds

to

villages
This
one

possess
was

schools; I only
at

saw

Schoolsone.

Sialhur,
The

and

was was

situated

outside
in

the
"

walls.
new

school which

simple
its

design
to

building
just
on

owed and

origin

the of

enterprise of the Zaildar

Schools
"

Inspector
nairow

one

long
low

room, to

with and

a a

mat

the

floor for the

a

pupils
desk In

sit on,

charpoy fronting
the

without

legs, for
corner
on

schoolmaster.
was
a

one

the

wall

rack
"

taining con-

fourteen

rolled-up
of the and

maps

one,

noticed,
Urdu.

was

map

district printed in
for board card-

An

abicus

apparatus
the
of
me.

modelling
This modern

completed
"

furniture. the
most

last

acquisition
"

sign

curriculum

astonished

In

an

54

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

alcove

wefe

number

of

completed cardboard
made.
easy to

models, all of boxes, quite well

Near

the-

schoolmaster's

desk,

hand,
to

lay

"

haqr
he
number

"

(pipe), which
smoked of
while

seemed he
on

suggest
A

that

structed inthe

clay balls lay

floor, obviously used

The
square

for counting.
situated
on one

school

was

side

of

compound along

used

as

playground.
a

little

plot of garden
ran one

with

few

flowers
A

in low

bloom mud Jangpiir.

edge
the

of the

wall.

wall
After

surrounded

whole.

seeing the mela

to

(fair)at Oangpur, I
to

decided Subadar who

pay
"

visit Narrain

the

house

of

my

Major
in

Singh
of

by

name,

lived

the

neighbouring
a

village
one

of

Mullanpur,
from camel
the

situated

distance main take

as

mile The
cover as

the
I

Ludhiana-Jagraon
was

road.

riding did
as we

not

long

to

distance,
crops

went

straight

the

objective. permitted for our The approached ultimately by a village was led straight to the heart lane, which narrow usual The pool lay of the place. stagnant standing
here

close
source

to

the

buildings, providing
used
for
houses.
an

stant con-

for mud

repairing and sharply

entered Sirdar
to
a

building of the
the
narrow

Bearing
we

left

under
court.

archway,
visit took

My

the

by

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

55

surprise, but he Entering a low courtyard, where

taking
here
a
a

wa"

delighted
gate,
I number

to
was

see

me.

wooden
a
"

in

the

of Our

byles
camel

were
was

feed

of and

cherri."

tied up,

I entered

the house of wood.

room
a

through
I found with

large double
in
a

door

made
square

myself
It

large
bare

mud roof.
trast con-

walls, earthern
was

floor, and
;

lofty
walls

delightfully cool
to

such

pleasant

the

outside

glare.
and had

The the

inside

were

quite smooth, having

with
on

appearance

of

been

distempered.
and itself. These

They
white

were

adorned

quaint black
wall
and

pictures dog,
had
a

painted
local

the

represented
a

animals
two

birds;

I noticed Each

deer, and
frame of

parrots.
over

picture

white, and
was

it in the

Gurumukhi
such
ajei

characters
"

written "c. of therooru

name,

TheDogTolim,"
The furniture
one

consisted
a

of three

charpoys,
table, brass

armchair,

rough
a

wooden of
were

cooking

pots, and
armchair
the

number table

The glass bottles. entirely English; had

I

and

these

Subudar

Major

copied
was

from

the Sahibs the

of his

regiment.
as

given
while He he the

armchair

post of
on

honour, eharpoy.

Subadar

Major

sat

the his
;

was

especially proud
off to his

of

table, which

showed

friends

it

56

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

was

now

carefully covered
was

with; a white
liot milk
of in the
a a

cloth,
bras*

and
cup.
came

given the usual by

one

One

the there

elders
was

village
of

in, and

soon on

quite They

crowd

them their

squatting
eyes
on
'

the floor. but

never

kept
time

off me, their

remained

all the in
me

sitting
"

heels

wrapped

their
in

Chaddars local Outside

"

the

(blankets), discussing Jangli bat (dialect).

"

all

villages is found village. This

One into

an

evil-

smelling
Toba.

stagnant
size of the the

pool, its size increasing

is the Toba,

with, the from build

over

which
their

villagers obtain

the

mud

to

houses.

evening

I wandered

the

border
the
a

Maler-Kotla

territory,
Outsida
full of
were

and
Jandiali.

entered

village of Jandiali.
Naked

t^-is

village is

particularlyevil pool,
Sikh children
mud

loathsome
at

slime. its

play round
at

edges, throwing

at

each

other, and twenty

other

the

yards byles lay

byles wallowing in it. Not the village well was away

on

the

edge of the pool. planned than

gates
were

This
I

village was
seen,

better its main

most

have

for

fairly
a

wide brick

and

straight.
of two
met
revenue a

It also

possessed
Here,
He the the
a

few

houses I in

storeys.
local

by good
State

fortune,

official of

engaged knowledge

work.
In

had
course

good
of
our

of

English.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

57

conversation allowed
the such

I asked
a

him

why
pool

the
to

villagers
under
he

loathsome
He
to

exist

cottage
this

walls.
out

replied that

had that

pointed
there
one

the

villagers, but
it

they always
when
time

replied indifferently that

their

was

grandfathers
were

were

alive.
in
up.

At

all hides
custom

washed

the

pooi,

but

this For

had

been

given

administration
like that
or

purposes

every

proup

Administration.

vince,
into

of
"

the

Punjab,

is divided of

districts,

Zilas," like that

is

Ludthree
Saniinto
Xeh.sil

hiana.

Ludhiana

again divided Jagraon,

The

into and

tehsils, viz., Ludhiana,

rala.
Each
areas

Tehsil
"

is

again sub-divided
the and is

police
him

or

Thanas."

Deputyunder
Thaaa.

Commissioner
are

controls

Ziia, and
Thanadars.

the

Tehsildars
unit

Each
manages

village
its into
own

self-contained, and
Each
or

affairs.
or

village is
"Patti."
or

^yard
or or

divided
Each

wards,
is

"Hissas,"

Hissa Pattx-

ward

managed
His

by

headman,
collect

Lumbadar.
revenues, cent,

business
service and

is to

the
Lumbadar.

for

which

he

gets
them

five per
to

of the

takings

remits

the

Tehsildars.
If the

village is
"

large
head
"

one,
"

it may

tain con-

half-a-dozen
In such
a case

Lumbadars

(headmen).
"

the

Lumbadar

i"

58

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Zaildar.

teimed control
as

"

a over own.

Zaildar." several

The smaller

latter

ha"
as

often

villages

well

his

Often Saicdpost.
dar
'

in

large

"

Tehsil
"

"

the

"

Tehsilwho

is

assisted controls

by
some

Safedpost," villages.
the and
" "

generally
The
P.itwari.
are

dozen often
to

headmen

and
unable their

Zaildars write.

"

generally
them

read

To
or

assist

in

work

Pfttwaris,"

village clerks, are village records,

or

appointed.
as

They keep
records,
in Urdu

the

such land and

lists of "Zamindars"

land

owners,

boundary

gister re-

of births

deaths, "c,

and

Gurumukhi.
1 found
Gurm

the had

"

Patwaris been
the

"

very

intelligent
Indian
I
was

Village

men

; many

educated

in the of Gurm
were

universities. shown
in the

In

village
in the

the

village records.
room were

These
eastern

kept
gate
of
on

Patwari's and

the

village,

written

in

Urdu

khaki-buff

paper.

The this
"

only armchair
room.
"

in the

village
The Kanuungo.

came

from of the

work
"

Patwari
who

ie

inspected charge
of

by

the

Kannungo,"

has

several
Zamindar.
"

villages.
true

All

Sikhs
"

possess

land

and

are

termed

Zamindars

; as

Panchait.

of

voting

in

the

they have village council,

euch

the right
"

or

Pan-

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

59

chart."

Only Zamindars Tillage

members
acta
as

pay

land
of

tax.
some
one

The
a

council of

consists
the

half
of
upanc

dozen

community,
"

which This
power,

the

chairman,

or

Sirpanch."
no

Council,
exercises

although
a

possessing great authority

are

legal
the

over

brotherhood, and appealed against.

of caste, and all

its decisions It deals

very

rarely
land,

with

all matters

grazing rights on the disputes. Punishments

in extreme the
cases,

common

take

the

form

of lines, and
"

of ex-communi-

at ion

from

brotherhood.
the

Everyone
the
"

is free to attend which

are

meetings

of

Panchait,"
the
a

outside
or

"Dharmsala,"in large Pipal

vote;
the
tree.

under
may

generally held the village gate, dars Only the Zamin-

ceorls

village menials press exmay their opinion with their voices, like the in the Witenagemot. Their opinion
some

ajsc carries
The is of
no

weight.
land,
with
"

village common
fixed size. studded All The

or

Shamlat,"
of

ghamlat
or

It consists

grazing
and
a

Village

land, generally
burial

trees,
have

""draon

ground.
the
are

landowners

equal
decides

gracing rights.
when land used
trees to

village
grow

council the
so

which

upon

common

be cut.

The

money

obtained

is

for the entertainment

of strangers

in the

guest-house.

6o

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

The

village menials
whose
"

are

divided

into
to

two
clean, un-

classes, those
like

calling is said
or

be

the

Chuhras,"
"

sweepers,

and

the those scale.

"

"

Chamars
whose

(leather-dressers), and
not
so

calling is
latter
"

low

in the

social
the

This
"

class,
Lohar
"

comprising

Nai
"

(barber),
"

(blacksmith),
are

and

Tarkhan
in

(carpenter),
houses

housed

small
former
"

generally adjoining the village

the walls

gates.
in
a

The

class live outside

or

special
The
"

abadi,"
"

abode. of
the
most

Nai of

is

one

useful

members

the

village community.
but
among
or

He Sikhs

is is His the

really
Naherna or Nail-Cutter.

barber,

the

known duties
ears,

asa"

Naherna,"
the

nail-cutter.

comprise shampooing,
and
As

cleaning of
of

looking
and
as

after

the
some

village
ledge know-

guests.

rule, he professes
medicine. the
runner

of surgery demand between

He of
an

is in great
messages

socially
at

villages, and
all marriages.
"

takes

important

part

The
Tarkhan
or

Tarkhan,"
the

or

carpenter,

ranks

highest
the
a

RamgarSikhs

among

village menials.
asa"

Among

hiaa.

he

is known

Ramgarhias,"
"

descendant of

of Jassa the The

Singh, the leader of the

or

builders Amritsar.

citadel,
carpenter

Ramgarh,"
all kinds wooden

at

makes the

of

agricultural implements,

carts,

Oh

P
o

Q
"J
t" i

a!
H H
"

h-1

.-"

2;
"

^"

ft
to co

I" I

Oh
"

u
o

2
iJ H
CO

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

61

sugar very

presses,

and and

Persian well

wheels. educated.

He

is

intelligent
The

Mazbhi,

or

sweeper,

is

the

lowest
of

on

the

social
useful

ladder,
members

but

nevertheless of the

one

the
or

gweeper.

most

community.
and the

His

duties of of
is is the

comprise
houses and

the

cleansing
streets,
This and latter

sweeping collecting
however,
The the

the

cow

dung. usually
kneaded When
"

task,
wife.

more

done

by
and

his

dung village ready

carefully
to
cure.

placed dry
it
"

on

wulls for

is

stocked

use

as

fuel.

Mazbhi Govind
of Guru Guru

means

faithful,

title

given
of the where the

by

Guru

Singh Tegh
was

to

the

rescuers

body
the

Bahadur

at

Delhi,

cruelly

cuted exe-

by
sweepers to

Emperor
the

Aurangzeb.
Guru's
reward

Three from Delhi

brought
and

body
were

Amritsar,
the

as

baptised

into

Brotherhood.

CHAPTER

IV.

THE

ECONOMIC
THE

GEOGRAPHY

OF

PUNJAB.

(i)

THE

CONTROL

OF

ENVIRONMENT.

The

climate with the

of

the

Punjab
climate

closely
of

ciated asso-

general by
its

India,
from

but the

it

is

modified

great
to

distance
very

ocean,

by
ranges,

its

proximity
and

high
Thar

tain moun-

by

the

adjacent

Desert

on

the

south.

The

economic

conditions

and
a

possibilities
extent
on

of the

the

Punjab
of the

depend
environment,
human

to

great
but

control of

also

on

the

quality
The

factor.

control of

of

environment

is

really
such

an

aggregate

component

controls,

as

62

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

63

that

of

size, position,
"c. These from
one

nature

of

the

soil,
are

climate,
not

component
ea-ch! other,

controls but

isolated
on

depend

directly
the
nature

another. soil

Thus,
on

for example, the

of the

depends
to

position

of the The
square

Punjab Punjab
miles,
the United

with has
so

regard
an area

the

mountains.
Area,

of
a

nearly 100,000
little has smaller
an area

that

it is

than of
size

Kingdom,
Indian that

which

121,000
with

square

miles, and

ranks

sixth

in

the

other is like

provinces.
of the mainsail of
as

Its shape

of 75"E.
one

Shape.

full-rigged ship,
as a

with

the

meridian

mast,

and Thus
. ...

the

parallel 30"]^.
world
, .

of
sub"

its

yards.
,
.

its
.

position nearly
from
It
a

is

Position.

.,.

tropical
of the

in

latitude

and

very

quarter
United
some

way

round in the for

the

world

the

Kingdom
share
as on a

Longitude.
the

derives

from

longitudinal position of India ships of the

world focus

whole,

the

peninsula. position is mid-way

civilisation
an

Its Eurasian
for it is situated

important
the West of the

one, perate tem-

between

anti-trade the monsoonal

and
at
a

civilisation
the
are

of and

the

East,

point where
of
and

western at

eastern

lobes

plateaux
most

their

narrowest

breadth,
passes.

easily crossed

by mountain

64

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Its ppsition is then stands like

transitional
on a

one,

for

it

linking East and West. The breadth of this highway is strictlylimited, for its edges are high
mountains south. The
on

Poland,

highway

the

north,

and

desert

on

the

regional position of the

for

Punjab
Kashmir

is

unique,
The coincides
in the

its boundaries northern

are

mainly
with

cal. physiexcept

boundary
outer corner,

with

the

Himalayas,
where
it of Chamba
and

north-east
the

narrows

between
to embrace

hill states
the
upper

Simla

Beas

and

Sutlej valleys,
Such
a

in the

Kangra
and
is
up

hill

district.

tain moun-

wall Kashmir
route

effectivelycuts
Ladakh. the
new

off intercourse

with

The

only practicable'
the is the
to

via

Rawal-Pindi-Murree

road,

the

Jhelum

valley and
electric

over

Abbottabad
route

Pass the The

may

(5,000 feet). impossibility of

be

This

of

proposed

railway
the
use

Srinagar.
other the
passes

of

gauged

by

the

height of

Pir

Panjal Pass
western

(11,400 feet).
is
"

The
D , Boundaries.

boundary
Indus in
in

now
i

equally
and
j

shared the old The

by

the

the

north-west

Sulaimans

the
was

south-west,
the

but

in the

days the Indus

nature

frontier. political

of

the

passes

of the

limestone

north-west

plateau-border ranges

is such

that

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

65

they
into

invite the

descent

from

the

Iranian

Plateau
The that
it

fertile lowlands
is
an area

of the
easy

Punjab.
so

Punjab
attracts

of

life,
in

invasion This

by
influx

dwellers

regions
taineers moun-

of

hard

life.

of virile, hardy the the

has

stimulated
so

plain-dwellera
man, Mussuland dwell

periodically,
and in walled It
ancestors
seems

that
are

Punjabi, warriors,

Sikh

still

villages. probable
of the that who the
"

Aryan
tw"came

"

Jats,

constitute

thirds

of the

population
passes

of the from

Punjab,
their home

through
Central
The Thar

these Asia

in

(circa 2,000 B.C.). physical

bars natural the
to

southern

Desert,
so

which,
the

boundary expansion
for
a

is the
ward, southcrowded

that

outlet

population
down
the

is to

south-east, Ganges

across

a"d

Jumna

the

basin.
have
very

These

physical
effects of the north
on

boundaries
the

important
and climate
On
area,

soil, water

supply,

Punjab. Punjab
and the
with,

the

of the

is

vast

land
Mountain*.

high
stretch

plateaux,
feet,
run

Himalayas,
an

which

for 1,700 miles

average

height
Sulaiman

of 20,000

The
in

Hindu
a

Kush

and
to
a

Mountains

north-east

south-westerly

direction, roughly

parallel

66

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

with

the

River
on

Indus,
three

so

that

the.
a

Punjab
the

is

enclosed snow-clad

sides

by

horseshoe

of
turned up-

mountain

ranges,

really
which
are

edges
the

of

plateaux,

among

highest
steeper
a

in the face

world, and
towards of the

which

present

their
Rivers.

plains.
capped snow-

Such

proximity
has

perennial
rivers,

mountains
many

led to the

formation which

of

large constant-flowing
the

drain These

Punjab
Its very

towards the
means

the
very
"

south-west.
life of the land
were

rivers

constitute
name

the

Punjab.
the the down five

of

rivers," and
of river
from

its alluvial

plains
has and

results

action, which
the

brought
denuded
rise

sediment

eroded
and

The highlands. from glaciers in

Indus
the

the

Sutlej

Manasarowar

Lake
are

region, and
fed
from

all the

remaining
All

tributaries steep
tain moun-

snow-water. As

have

tracks.
their

the

rivers

rise and with the

overflow

banks

in

sympathy
snows

seasonal
soon mon-

melting
Soil-

of the

and

the

fall of the
are

rains, layers of sediment

the
so

spread
on was

on

plains.
that of the the

This

action

has

gone

for ages,
once
a

present

surface

soil

highlands. This soil is rich in plant-food, so that given an adequate water supply the Punjab is capable of producing
part

heavy

crops.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Another

great advantage
to

derived

from
ranges

the is

proximity
the fact

snow-capped

mountain
water

that

underground
whenever of well
a

is

ubiquitous
The

and usual which than

is found

well

is sunk.

type
works
one

is the

Persian

pattern,
is cheaper
ideas. the Thar

very

effectively,and
on

constructed
water

Western

Underground
Desert
.

is present

under

Persian
vinces Their

wells

are on

found the

all

over

the

pro-

pers;an
Wells.

bordering
construction
consists

N.W.F.

Province. crude. The

is

simple and
two

machinery
wheels,
The
former
one

of

wooden
the other

skeleton
vertical. while has
a

horizontal
is

and
well the

latter

in

the
over

mouth, side, and

the

projects
:'

poia

fastened
"

to its axis.

To
a

this

pole

is harnessed

byle
motive
on

(ox)
power

or

the

supplies camel, which to revolve; causing the wheel

wheel which
are

the

horizontal
pegs,

fitted projecting slots

in

wooden
the

fit into
to

vertical this ladder fastened

as

wheel, causing it
latter with wheel wooden
"

revolve

also.

Round
rope
are

is

kind

of endless To
"

rungs.

these

earthen
the wheel which
to

ghurras
is

or

jars,
into

which,
fill with

revolves,

successively
a

water,

emptied
Thus
a

trough

leading

the

land.

field is creak-

cheaply and

effectively irrigated. The

68

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

ifi/ltj
OH

Tl//?rM"0

/JV

\/Wt*

T"(ji/ft-i

Person

Wlll

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

69

mg sunset

of these
can

wells heard

at

work

from

sunrise

to

be

for

miles. land is from east northto

The

general

lie of the As
a

to south-west.

the rivers

conform
way,

this

direction the

in

very
up

striking
into

they
or

divide
"

Punjab
These

districts

d5abs."
of

elongated
land north favour and

latitudinal cations communi-

Doabs.

strips
tend

alluvial
between

south,
one

but
with

to

promote
in
a

isolation

another
found in

clan

slight degree, chiefly characteristics, such as liarities pecuvery

of dialect Each
name.

and

idiosyncracies
bears
"

of temperament.

"doab"

distinctive the
"

The and the

"

Bari

Doab
"

lies between Doab and the and

Sutlej

Ravi,
Chenab

the and

Rechna

tween be-

Jhelum,
the

"Sind

Sagar Doab"
Fords
upper
courses

between
occur

Jhelum

Indus.
in the

only
in the

with the

frequency
so as

reaches

of

rivers,
served

that

their

plain have
to

defensive from

lines the the

and

obstacles
The

foreign
trunk is the

invasion

west.

only large
system

road

crossing
tary milifrom and

whole
one

river

strategic
This
runs

built by the British.

via
to

Delhi

Ludhiana,
Peshawar
may

Amritsar,
and
to

Lahore, Khyber

Jhelum
Its

the

Pass.

importance along

be gauged
It is

of forts

its route.

by the number significantthat

7o

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

the

building
the

of such

fortresses

was

facilitated All

by
and for

ubiquitous alluvial
are

soil. from

villages
mud,
sists con-

earthenware
stone

made exist.

such

does

not

Road-metal

of This roads in
Canals.

nodular
the

concretionary dusty
appearance

limestone of bad
the
state

explains
in the
wet.

dry

season,

and

their

the All

the

"doabs"

are

admirably
follow from the
a

served

by
lie

perennial canals, which

of the

general
river in
a

land, emanating
reaches Thus of
serve

its

upper

and the

again joining
combined

it at

lower
and

level.

lie of the favour

means

land

absence

high
as
an

ground

irrigation.
of
munication com-

Canals

additional
a

both
the wide roads
ways

as

waterway
bank

and

owing

to

fact

that

on

either

third-class

roads Such

enough
drain often

for into

tonga
the

traffic exist.
are

canal, and

in

many

the

ways, preferable to the ordinary highweather. The especially in wet sence preis nearly always indicated of canals to miles ordinary traveller by the extraaway many
dense line The

of trees dense

and shade
with

foliage
and
many

that

mark

their route.
contrast

absence
of the

of dust

markedly

public highways.
The
",

Punjab
One

is

country

of canals, for rain

is

Canal

is

st-anty.

of the

largest

the

ISnatinda

"

06 W

X
o

P
O

H W

05

ij
"

z
":

U
"

o z
""I

H
"

"?*l

"J

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

7,

Can

a], which
in
a

runs

through the Ludhiana

N.E.

tinct dis-

S.E.

to

direction.
the canal The

At is

Bassian
as over

and
a*

at

Nanakpur-Jaghera
Wye
the
at

wide

the

Ross.

bridges
well

it,

carrying
and of stone.

main

roads,
are
on

Ludhiana-Raikot
constructed side
are

Ludhiana-Jaghera,
The well

footpaths
in

each

of the
more

canal
easy

are

patronised, and
a

often than
many

to

negotiate
roads The

tonga

several
of

of

the

so-called

connecting
banks
are

the

villages.
with
a

canal

well

covered

flourishing trees of all kinds, serving as The for many species of wild fowl. cover
rest-houses
at

canal
are

Bassian far

and

at to

Jaghera
any

excellent, and

superior

dak-

bungalow.
A

striking
the The

feature and

is

their
extent

cleanness of arrive drive

the is in

Und

beauty
best

gardens.
in the

time
a

to

evening
sun,
seems

after
for
to

long
dense
an

the
woven

afternoon

the oifer

closelywhile the could and

chair arm-

foliage
meal

open-armed

welcome.

Water
is

is

and plentiful,

evening
be
swim
more

being prepared, what

a

refreshing than
in the and
a

quiet plunge
over,
an

canal

The

meal

well-loaded
company
one

pipe
has

have

added
one's

charms.

For
and

always

thought?

the

deep

impenetrable silence,

72

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

aiilybroken
and The increased

by quaint hoarse

notes

of waterfowl

night birds.
inconstant

breadth

of

the

rivers, has

the difficulties of the

All

railway bridge
are

engineers.
size and

the

bridges

of immense"
to

strength, since
pressure to

they

have

stand withflood

enormous season

during
contraction
has
to

the

owing

the

great range
and and

of temperature of the

the Metal for

Influence

expansion
great,

is very

be

allowed

accordingly.
The
vast
on since

sandy
the
the

Thar southern

Desert

has

great
of
the

2*

^^

influence
.

districts
winds
are

Tha*" Desert.

Punjab,
from the

prevailing
or

either

north-east
to

from On

the the the

south-west,
desert the
are

according
heat oold.
This

the

season.

is intense wide the

by day, but
range

nights
of
so

of temperature,

bined com-

with

disintegrating action
erosion,
of and

the that

winds,
wave-like which
are

have

produced intense
barchan

dunes

ripples with
very

rolling sand, of air, the slightest breath

The the sand is
tinually con-

characteristic.

encroaching
borders of of the

on

fertile

southern

Punjab.

In spite of the
grasses,

ing planttinues con-

sand-resisting
to

the

sand

gain ground, and dunes, like fingers

hand of the desert

from

the

penetrate
All
dunes

siderable conare

distance

inland.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

73

elongated
a

in the

direction
near

of the

wind. covered

Such with often

dune

is found

Kulhur,
Such covered with the

tall

feathery

grass.

grass

is

fifteen feet which Sand

are

high and
concealed
to

tiny spines,
to
are are

by
the

inflorescence.

tends

affect and

rivers, helping
The the canals rivers

produce ox-bows frequently

little cared tends for.
to

islands.

cleaned
As

out,
a

but

result, water-vegetation
which
as

choke
Such
a

channels
scheme
and

could

be

navigated.
up with of the

the

opening
them failure deltaic land hinterfew
a

Punjab
sea

rivers

connecting
to

the
to

would continued desert

be

doomed
presence

owing
Indus

the
a

of

and of the

hinterland.
is
a

The

Indus the

desert

possessing although
rich

towns,

while

Ganges,
a

also

deltaic-river,
which contains is its most
case

possesses

hinterland,
of India and
a

the

largest

towns
area.

thickly populated
to to

In such

it pays and

keep
while

open

the

mouths its

of the

Ganges,
of

daily charter
a

ing ever-changin

channels,
case

similar

project
to

the

the

Indus

would

lead

financial

disaster. India
on

the

whole

is
is

tropical

monsoon

country

the

Punjab
same

sub-tropical, but
summer

it

depends just the directly

on

for its of

rainfall and

the

force

the

Arabian

74

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Bengal
is the

monsoon

currents. in the world

The

Indian

Ocean

warmest

(mean

temperature

80"F.),
land
masses. on

since

it is Thus

surrounded land has

a

by

tropical
fluence inof the

double that with

the

climate

of India, while
As

the

ocean

is halved. of the
summer

the

sun moves

approach
land

months

ward north-

towards
mass

the

Tropic
beneath The

of Cancer, its rays Thar

the

vast

directly
heat.

receives
with the

its maximum
its low

Desert,
some

altitude, experiences

of

highest temperatures,
around

especially
where in the the

in the

basin

Jacobabad,

thermometer shade.
summer

often

registers
also
due

128"F.

The
peratures, tem-

Punjab

experiences
to

high

its

position
it lies open

in

a on

horseshoe the south

of mountains,
side
to

while full this

the June

breath
desert
an

of and

the
the

Thar

Desert.

During
of
the

greater
shade 93"F.
was

part
perature tem-

Punjab
of

have

average

90"F.;
1918,
at

Lahore
4
at p.m.,

gets
it

On

July

5th,

104"F.

(shade)

in the land

train
masses

Lahore.

Other
a

bouring neighJune Plateaux

experiencing
of 90"F.
are

mean

temperature
and Tibet. land

the

of Iran Over
over

these Thar

masses,

and

especially
the in
a

the is

Desert

around

Jacobabad,
outwards

air

always

rising spirally

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

75

counter-clockwise
area

direction, producing
a

avast

of

low-pressure with
inches
on

barometric
and
a

ter regiscentre
area

of 29.5

its

margin,
a

of

29.4
in

inches.
with
over a

Such

low-pressure
winds miles all the that

draws

flue action

have

travelled
ocean,
an

five thousand moisture with

the
over

of warmest
way. annual

absorbing
happens
and

Such
larity, regu-

action

marked
wet

produces
advances

monsoon.

This buting distri-

monsoon

the

country,

rain media
exist
;

in

its

path

where

precipitating

cyclonic storms, which in occur Rain pulsations, precede its advance. falls
every

afternoon, due
of the
As

to

the

daily upward
the

culation cirheat

air

during

mid-day
heat is
to

maximum.

it rains, latent

given
be is

out,
anested carried
The Deecan

which for far

enables
the

precipitation
and
so

moment,

moisture

inland.
is
into

monsoon

divided
two

by
Arabian

the

lofty
the
m.

plateau
and the

currents,

Arabian

Bay.
' m

The

current

1 tie

A Arabian

",

"

during the first fortnight of June

the

first meets Ghats

Current.

lofty barrier Nilgiri Hills

of the

Western

age (aver-

height 5,000 feet) and

the
vaneoie.

its continuations,
mountains of
so

and

the

Tra-

Because
at

these
to

hills

are

lofty
rain-

and

right angles
are

the

wind
and

direction, the
maximum

clouds

rapidly cooled

76

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

fall results.
inches

On
rain

the

narrow

coastal
on

plain
Ghats
cent,

100 300

of

fall,

and

the
per

inches.

Bombay

receives
monsoon

97

of its

rainfall during the

The the Thar south-west

period. brings
is
to
an
no

monsoon as

rain

to

Desert,

there due

absence

of

precipitating media,
low wind such

the

great

heat,
This

altitude, and
off the
towns
sea as

absence
is very

of mountains.

cooling at nights to Hyderabad Sind, where manent peron

wind wind and

screens

the flat roofs cool

trap the
the
is
now

distribute
below.

the

air among

apartments
reached rises heat rain

When
to

the
the

Punjab
land and

begins
to

fall, as

gradually
is less

the

mountains,

the

oppressive.
the Bay current,

Meanwhile,
Current.

having spent
works
up

one-third
Burmese Gulf of

of

its

force, which
has

the

valleys, and
Martaban
and

been
in

caught by
the delta.

in the

shut the

Chin
Its

Hills, has approached

first obstacle where
a

Ganges
and and

is the is

Khasi

Lushai forced

Hills,
to rise

portion
Here heaviest

trapped

rapidly.
second

at

Cheirapungi
in the hundred and

falls

the
a

rainfall of four
At

world, with
twenty-

yearly
five

average

inches.

reach
current

Darjeeling the Himalayas Here the their furthest point south. putra is divided, part going up the Brahmathe main

valley, and

current,

which

is

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

77

the

stronger,
is! well and June

up

the

Ganges
both

valley.
from

This

valley
storms

watered

cyclonic

from 30th and

relief rains. the

On

Bengal
the

and

Arabian
up

rents cur-

meet,
between Simla

together
and

rush

the

passes

Ninetal
towards where the rise

neighbourhood

of

Lakes,
and

region of the Manasarowar the Indus, Sampo, Sutlej,

Ganges.
Thus the

Punjab,
and

although
Arabian

on

the

edge of
of Most and

monsoonal both
of the is

influences, receives

the

benefit

the

Bengal
falls

currents.

rain

during July
in the in the

and

August,

slightly heavier plains

than

S.E.

districts of the
e.g.
:"

doab

centre,

ins.

Total

Rainfall.

Delhi Patiala Lahore

has
...

23

June-September
"

85
77

19.8
15
,,

76 65
,,

Rawal-Pindi Multan

22.5 4.7
"

70

Note. the

"

The

rainfall
of relief
.

of Rawal

Pindi

shows

influence

The

rains

leave

Punjab

on

the
on

15th the

of

tember, Sepof

the

United

Provinces

1st

78

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

October,
This

and

Bengal
the

on

the

15th. of October.
monsoon,

is called

retreat

of the
harm

Droughts
famine is

only

cause

when

the

mal nor-

rainfall is only just enough.

no

jab In the Pun-

longer

dreaded and

owing
abundant
can

to

the terranean subnow

splendid irrigationsystem
water.

Famines

in India

be forecasted Asia with

by comparison
over

of pressures

over

that in

the

southern in

continents. shows
lowing fol-

Pressure
what the

January
Heavy
in

St. Helena in India

rainfall will be July.

in the in
versa.

snowfall
vice

Siberia cent ReChilian

means

light rain
observations

India, and
conducted
Weddell

by
Sea

the have

Government
to

in the

brought
the
a

light

the

fact

that
a

shortage
year

of ice in the

Antarctic

followed in

later

by

same

phenomenon
in India.
In winter

Spitzbergen denotes

famine

owing
pressure

to

the
rests

intense

cold,

gion re-

of the

high

permanently region
of the diameter this vast

over

centre

of Asia This
area

in the
has
a

Gobi

Desert.
a

of about

thousand
area

miles. cold downwards direction.

From air
is

high

sure pres-

always
On its
is

gravitating'
in
a

spirally
clockwise the that

and

outwards south

side
so

barometric winds

gradient moving
away

steeper,

towards

India

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

79

blow

with, reinforce
so

increased the

intensity.
blow

These trade India

winds

ordinary north-east
across

winds,

that
low from Such

winds
pressure

seeking, the
the of

belt in the 15th

are

region

of

Tropics
March.
monsoons.

December
winds
As

until the end

as

known
from

the

dry
vast

they

blow
no

cold

land
to

area,

they bring picked

the

rain

to

India,
ture moisof

except

the Coromandel been

up

coast.

This the

has

from
across

Bay
it of

Bengal dry

during

passage

the

winds. India
possesses
a

local

high

pressure

area

of 30.2 between

inches, which
the

is located Mountains around

in the and

angle
the

Sulainian
and centred

Himalayas,
From this

Peshawar.
area

local

high
the

pressure

cool

air

gravitates spirally
direction. the
north As

outwards mountains the cool

in

clockwise outlet down

to

bar
air

and and

west,

works

the Ganges
the

Indus trade

valleys,then
winds. of the and
year

reinforces

north-east
At

this
the
so

season

the

sun

is

between

Equator

the winds

Southern from above air for the

the

Tropic,
Atlantic Northern
constant

that
exert

anti-trade
some

influence and

Tropic,

supplies

the
area

emptying
north-west.

local

high-pressure

of

the

80

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Cyclonic
Rain.

These reach the

some

anti-trade via. the

winds

are

cyclonic,
Sea

and and up]

India Iran

Mediterranean
In
so

Plateau. from

doing they pick

swamps

moisture

the rain
on

of
western
snow

Seistan, slopes
on

and

deposit

winter

the

of the

Sulaiman

Mountains

and

the

Himalayas. bring
is rain and
near

Occasionally
to to

cyclonic
Frontier

storms

the

North-West part
of the

vince, Prowhich is very winter

that

Punjab
rain
as

to

the
to

mountains. the winter

Such
crops,

beneficial wheat. This

such

winter the

rain

is

fairly well distributed

but falls most It in

during January

winter least

months,
in

and in

December.
the the

also
the the

diminishes

intensity from
to

N.W.
line

to

S.E., and

seems

follow
:
"

of

Himalayan

foothills, e.g.

ins. Raiufall

Rawal

Pindi

has

Dec. -March

Lahore
Delhi Multan

3.2
,,

2.6
1.5
,,

During
wind

the

winter

the
snow,

mountains
and the in

are

heavily covered blowing

"

with off

west

these" the cotton

especially
garments

the

evening

searches

of the

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

81

natives.

All

wear or

heavy

dered blanket, embroiout

"chaddar,"
the cold. and Fires

quilt (razai),to keep

evening
a are

in the

very

sary, neces-

wood
the

is in

great demand.

In

the the

foothills

characteristic
of

covering
and

is

"posteen"
with the wool

coat, made
two

sheep-skins padded reaching

at
to

inches

thick
are

knee.

The

margins
Frosts

ornamented

with and the

coloured radiate

fringes.
in This
town

occur

night,
to

intensity from
often

Peshawar

plains.

gets
often

eighteen
gets five.

grees de-

of frost ; Ludhiana

During
weather
average

the

day-time
For

muggy,

warm,

is

experienced.
and
sun

the

Punjab
to

the is

daily temperature
50"F.
but in the it is

during January

between

60"F., according
The
summer

tude, lati-

always hot, and light Punjab

winter is in the

clothes hotter

are

essential. the

by day than
the

London is

Basin, but
much

daily

range

of temperature

greater.
After

the

spring equinox
the

the

sun

moves a
a

northward,
pressure pressure
air over area one

land

becomes
over

hotter, land, and

The

low

forms
over

the
sea.

high
warm

the
no

light,

the

land

longer gravitates, and

occur,

anti-cyclonic movements
to

bringing
Hills. No
as

rain suck such

such

regions

as

the

Assam

rain, however,

visits

the

Punjab,

82

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

movements

originate
heaviest
mean

over

the annual in

sea.

The
Rainfall. ^n"

rainfall the

is in

Rawalpindi
has
some an

District
average

north-west. which trict dis-

This shows

of

34

inches,
The
around inches.

relief the
an

influence.

driest

is which

in

south-west,
average
an

Multan,
The

has

of

6.7

south-east while
average
one

has

average

of 25, e.g.,

Patiala,
has
an

the of
an

centre

around

Lahore
these

19

inches.

Using
of London. intense

figures,

gets

average

rainfall of 21 inches, i.e.,

that When
one

4 inches

less than
account

takes
and that

into the the

the

evaporation by
this

sandy

nature

of the
to

soil, it is obvious
bei augmented
wells.
seen

rainfall

has

irrigation water
respect
is well the

and

that from
as we

In

Punjab,
and

have future

above, likely
to

supplied,
a

the

is

be
such
are

in

better
a new

position

still when Sind

projects,
Canal,

as

perennial

Sagar

realised.
The north of India, which
nearer

lies within land

mass

the

sub-tropics, is
Asia
than

to

the vast

of

the the

region

within

sequently thei tropics. Con-

the lies within Punjab, which cally sub-tropical area, is greatly affected climati-

the

by this land Punjab is too

too

mass;

so

that

in

summer

hot for

for

its latitude, and In

in

winter

cold

its latitude.

other

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

83

words,
the

the

Junjab has

"

with

the

exception,of
"

Xorth-West

Frontier

Province

greater
other
out

of temperature than yearly range any This fact is borne province in India. the

Yearly

by

?emporature.

following table

of average

climatic

data:

The and marked

exhilaratingcold
its effect
on

weather air

of the Punjab

relatively thin

have
and

had

the temperament 0% the Sikhs. the

cal physifurther

characteristics
one

The

journeys down
the of the

muggier
climate

climate

(ranges valley the becomes, so that the

of

Punjab

and

Bengal

contrast

strikingly. The inhabitants

adapt themselves
The
with short the
contrast

ethnologically to
Bengali offers
Sikh. and
a

their

environment.

striking

The
wide

former

is stunted, with
the latter

hair

nostrils,while
appearance,

is tall, of
a

martial

and

possesses

greater

degree
hair and

of

intelligence. The
beards
shows

wearing
the Sikh

that

long belongs

of

84

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

to

more

northern

clime. several but well-marked have had

as

The climatic
no

Punjab
zones

possesses

of its own,
on

these

great

effect

the

Sikhi population

regards peculiarity of temperament. since they inhabit the foothills, Sikhs agricultural
the

Few
are an

and

pastoral people, preferring markedly

the the influence than of climatic

plains.
has

More been

features

isolation
try coun-

brought
into

about
"dSabs" of

by
the

cutting
the

up

of the The

by

rivers. of The
as
a

Sutlej,
Indus,
north

the has

largest
had
the

tributaries effect. known is

the Sikh

greatest
is often

of this river

Manjha
a

Sikh,
of the

although
"

the

Manjha
the

really
south

part

Bari

Doab,"
of

strictly speaking.
districts Sikhs. of

The
the

habitant inriver

are

known

as

Malwa

These

southern

districts

comprise

Ludhiana,
and and

Ferozepore, Jhind,
and

Malerkotla,
are

Patiala, Nabha,

more

densely
northern Malwa

populated
districts.

extensive

than

the

The
., ,

Sikh,
of less the

owing
Thar

to

living
is

under
more more geous, coura-

Sikh.

tne

influence and

Desert,
than bit
a

stolid northern

intelligent
is every
as

his
as

brother, but
and makes excels he
the

quite

good

soldier.

In

physique
The

Manjha
to

Sikh. intelli-

latter, owing

his

increased

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

85

gence, I had the in

a

generally

makes

good
once

native of

officer.

good opportunity
of the
two

contrasting
of Sikhs

characteristics the
persons

two

kinds Jemadar

of

Sikh

tants. Adju-

The in his

more Manjha was alert, slim, neater dress, and quicker in his movements

g^!

than

the

Malwa,
and

who wielder latter

was

tall, clumsy, huge

never

strong
"

man,

of

club make

or a

mugdar."
'

The

could

neat

'about-turn"
all

without

fallingover
was a

self; him-

for still,
as

that,

he

born

soldier,
testified. from

the
"

ribbon
Malwa

of the
"

Star be

of Valour

The the
"

may
"

distinguished
have
no

Manjha
and

by

certain

peculiaritiesof
no

speech
each

of dress. such from

'

They
Sikh

love is

for
an

other;
'

antipathy,
the

doubt,
when
to

inheritage
"

wars,

the

Malwa

was even

the
to

first to submit aid them

British
his
own

rule, and

against

people.
In the

Malwa

zone,

Sikhism

is

declining
Caste
still It is

and

Hinduism and

regaining ground.
Hindu

counts,
Hinduism.

superstition is
foster
a

rife.

the womenfolk

who

tendency towards

Another

class

of

Sikh,
This Rivers

the

"

Doaba,"
inhabits
and

is the

j"0aba

often

described.
the

class Beas

Sikh.

region between

Sutlej.

86

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

The

soil

is

intensely
keen

fertile,

so

that

the

folk men-

are

agriculturists.
that of
"

Sikhism
"

is has soldier

rather
the

lax,

so

the

"

Doaba inferior

Sikh

reputation
either Doaba
the
"

being
"

as

to

Malwa
"

or

the

"

Manjha."
a

sirdar shunned

knew

in the
he

certain
of

regiment
his

was

by
so

remainder lived
smartness

fellow-officers,
existence.

that Neither of
his

very
nor

lonely

intelligence
yet
he
was

was

one

characteristics,
and had earned

bom the field

soldier
for

distinction

in

bravery.
stick
to

As

rule,
and do Sikh Malwa

regiments
not

one

class

of

Sikhs,
the

mix

them. recruits

For

instance,
almost
clusively ex-

15th

Regiment
Sikhs.

CHAPTER

V.

THE

ECONO^BC
PUNJAB

GEOGRAPHY

OF

THE

(Continued).

(ii) AGRICULTURE

AND

INDUSTRIES.

The Men

Sikhs and
women

are

an

agricultural
the

people.
fields
to
versation con-

work the

ancestral

surrounding
dusk.

villages
forms
root

from
the

daybreak
basis
of

Agriculture
;

all

it is the

of

their

national

life.

Disputes
use

connected

with

boundary
and land

marks,

of
very

irrigated
common.

water,

inheritance

are

There cf the
sons,

are

two
; one

customs
.

relating
i

to
""

the

law
i_i

La^* 9*
Inheritance.

inheritance

. '

is

bhaiband,
divided

",

"-,

by

winch.

property
and
which

is

equally

among

the

the
it

other
is

is called

"Chadar
among

Band,"
the

by

equally

divided

87

88

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

mothers.

The

former

custom

is and

generallythe latter

practised by the Malwa

Sikhs

by

the The

Manjha Punjab
to

Sikhs.
may

be for

described the
seasonal

as

tropical sub-

grassland,
eliminates
and Forest.

drought
the

any

considerable
trees
on

extent

S"rowta

of

social

the

plains.

The

be gauged from the fact scarcity of trees may that the Pipal (Ficus religiosus)is a sacred

tree, and

oaths Some this

made

under

it

are a

legally single
house guest-

binding.
tree, and
or

villages only
stands

possess
near

usually

the

village well.
in the second

However,
when

millenium

B.C.,

the

migrating
eastwards which then

peoples were Aryan-speaking their into the Punjab, progress hindered forests, by dense was the middle covered plains. This
the desiccation
of the

fact points to
since
At of
or

Punjab

that the

date.* present
is

day

the

total

forested
square

area

the

Punjab
9%

nearly 9,000
area.

miles,
to

about

of the total

Owing
with
are

the

increased

rainfall
of of

compared
forests

that

of the
on

plains,
the

most

these
outer

situated

slopes

the

Himalayas.

These

Haddon,

"

The

Wandering*

of

Peoples,"

P.

27.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

89

hill forests
the

have
now

been

ruthlessly exploited larger

and
preserves

in

past, but

several

of

Deodar

(Cidrus deodara)
On the
sense

Chil
there

(Pinus
are no

longifolia) exist.
forests isolated found Phulkian
trees

plains
of the

in

the

true

word,

but
are

woods
on

of Sal, the

Shisham,

Tamarisk of

northern

borders

the

States, while
on

plantations
of the

of similar Indus The

exist
near

both their

banks

and Sind

Chenab, Sagar
Lahore

confluence. of is the
area

Doab and

and
Mult

most
an

between

mere

sandy

waste,

supporting
was

half-choked
cut

thorny
for
use as

scrub, which
firewood in

extensively

Mesopotamia.
In

the the

district

to

the

north

of

the

Salt

Range
action

network of nullahs ground is one (seasonal,dry, steep-sided valleys),due to the of

seasonal

torrents

on
a

recent,

soft,

geological deposits.
is

In

such

country
It that

culture agriseems

well-nigh impossible.
to
once

reasonable
area was now

suppose,

however,
with the

this

well
to

clad

timber, which
needs
dered engen-

has

vanished

supply
Once
away

by
the rains

cold
soon

season.

bare

of timber, soft soil

washed
the
roots

the bound

particles that
The the

had
a

together.
favours

Punjab, being
of

grassland,
grasses
"

growth

cultivated

plants

90

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

with

shallow with

roots,
the with

with

span

of life that rains the hot

begins
and

advent the

of the

monsoon

ends

approach

of
grasses,

weather.
Wheat.

Of

these

cultivated

wheat
a

ie of paramount

importance.
a

It

is

grass

first,and
to at
or once

secondly
to

grain.

Being
climatic

ous indigen-

the

Mediterranean
a

basin, it responds
regime

Mediterranean

semi-regime.
The

Punjab
half been

is

in

the

latitude

of

the and
ceives re-

eastern
"

of the

Mediterranean
shown and above'
"

basin, actually light

These

as

it has
in

January by

February
winds.

rains

from
are

anti-trade followed the

Atlantic
a

rains

long period of drought.

may

Thus

Punjab
a

be

considered of

as

periencing ex-

semi-regime

Mediterranean

climate. The
autumn

Punjab
and
so

wheat
at

is the

sown

in

early
cold

reaped
that of the

end

of the

weather,
At the

it matures
monsoon

very season,

quickly.
when
the
minate, gerto

end

ground
showers the

is moist the and

enough
is

for

the

seed The

wheat

planted.
and

winter

irrigationdevelop ripens
rain winter it the of the

the

stalk, and
the

early drought
The without

colours

grain.
for

is most

the

quality

grain, which staJk, would

important, depends on
suft'er. The

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

91

cold
roots

weather
to sink

is beneficial, for

it

causes

the

deeper
under

into the the

that they soil, so

of

do

net

wither

heat

the

early

drought.
To

quote
be

Mr.

McFarlane: about
15

"

mean

annual

precipitation of

inches

may

generally
under
when
season,

regarded as a minimum, except special conditions, as, for example,

rain falls

all the
or

during

the

growing
is

when
At

irrigation or dry
present,
of the Multau Sind

f aiming

practised."*

therefore, without Sagar Doab

Lahore

irrigation,most
the

and
is too

land
to

between
grow

and

dry

wheat, but when irrigation facilities improve, these be regions would wheat capable of producing an average crop.
Colonists that
would
soon

follow be

the

canals, so
into
fields. corn-

semi-deserts In 1889 canal

would the
"

turned
now

region
the

watered
"

by
was

the

Chenab

largest in India
the years
were

semi-desert, but between

1892-1901
to

nearly
the
area.

million

colonists

attracted

It should

be

noticed

that
two

wheat
or

is

i:nly
time*

irrigated (when

required)

three

during growth, while

cotton

and

sugar-cane

"

Economic

Geography,"

P.

24.

92

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

require
fourteen There wheat

to

regularly days.
is
one

be

watered

every

ten

to

disadvantage
of

in

growing

in

low

latitudes, namely,
blue
and violet

that

the is

large percentage
adverse In
to

light

the other
in

plant.
areas

the
poor

of the

Punjab
in is
not

hard and

wheat,
therefore

starch, but rich

for
is

gluten,

valuable
its

milling, being
acre.

grown.
more can

However,
than be eleven

yield
bushels the

poor,

to
use

the
of

This

explained by implements,
The

tural primitive agriculnative

primitive ideas, and (hal)

the
is but
an

labour.
wooden

plough
board

iron-shod

contrivance;
a

harrow down

(suhaga) by
over

simply weight
clods the

flat

weighed
seed the

the the and

of

the
oxen;

driver, and
the with
not

dragged
is hand sickle. for

by
wheat

sown,

is cut fields cattle wood

are

The
from the

manured,
in the
sun

the

dung
as

is dried
is
scarce.

and

used

fuel, since
The
square

wheat miles
area. on

crop

covers or

some

20,000

the

average,

about

22%
was

of

the

total

Originally
export,
maize.
or

all the the the and

wheat

intended
on

for and

while
At

people lived
present

millet and

day,
are

wheat

millet,

wheat

maize,

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

93

mixed

together

to

make

the

usual

tlat bread

(chapatis).
The fluctuates

export

of

wheat

from

the
at
was
a

Punjab
minute

annually, but increases

increase of

rate;
the

the rise

during the

war

due

to

prices following

the

European

demand.
In

1917

India

produced
of which about

376

million

bushels
were

of wheat,

two-thirds
on

consumed
of eleven
on

locally.
bushels the
to

Working
the
acre,

the
jab Pun-

basis

the 140

produces
In

average

about

million

bushels, of which
1917 the

about

one^-third is exported.

United of

Kingdom wheat,
so

imported
that
the

168

million
is

bushels

Punjab
of the

capable of supplying
our

at

least

one-quarter

of

needs.

Karachi,
nearest

the

grain port
port
to

Punjab, is the
It takes the
two

Indian

Europe.

days grain
late

by rail for the

three
to

grain
(via

to

reach

port,

and

weeks

the

Suez) for the

it arrives In
on

reach

England,

where

in

spring.
or

the the

Thanas,
Phulkian

ing police districts, border-

States, little wheat

food
names

is
Maize

grown known

; the

staple
Maize

is maize.

This

is Millet.

by the various
Cherri.

of Muki,
Millet

Chilli,
are

and

and

(Jawar)
in the

planted in July and

harvested

middle

04

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

of

November. roasted the

The

heads
or are

of

the

maize into

are

either
to
"

whole

ground
flat

flour
or

make

universal

cakes,

chapatis."
Ghanna,

SugarCan".

Kamad,

Kaniadi,
March
some

or

sugar-cane, to

is
A
;

usually planted
shallow into and this the

from
is made

April.

trough
is laid whole

six inches

deep
cane,

pieces
well

of last season's The

irrigated.
and the

young
at

plants shoot
nodes,
the

upwards juice
of

downwards

the

pith supplying
The
crop

the
in

required
October.
Ahmedgarh. Near

notlrishment.

is cut

Ahmedgarh

Station,
and

on

the

13th

October,

1918, the standing

peas,

crops

comprised

maize, millet,
Minerals.

sugar-cane.

Being
almost
very

an

alluvial
from

plain,
is found

minerals

are

absent
inferior
at

the

Punjab.
near

Coal
the

of

quality

Salt

Range
the

Dandot.

This

is used

entirely by
in is found

N.-W. Salt
a

Railway. Range,
of and
some

Rock

salt is mined

the in

petroleum
from the

number where

places

in the

Rawalpindi

sion, divi-

it is collected from

surface

of
Cotton.

pools
The

or

shallow
cotton

pits.
is
a

Punjab
that

quick-growing
after about

variety

matures

in

October,

five months

of life. Most

of it is of the short-

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

95

stapled variety
a so

known in

as

Bengals,
but

which

is in
is not

great demand

Bombay,
an

which

important
a

from for

European Japan.
cotton

point Owing
can

of view.
is its

It has

value demanded

adulterating wool, and by

to

keenly

sensitiveness
grown

to

frost3,
and
The

only
is

be

in

the

south

south-eastern which but of the

parts

of

the

Punjab.
with salt and the

soil

nated impregsive exces-

is favourable, cloudiness
factors.

the

heat
season are

monsoon

adverse
at

Irrigation fortnight.
much
is

is

necessary, cotton

least, every
the

The

is of poor
to

variety, but

being

done

improve
of seed. the canal

quality

by

careful

selection Near

between and The

the

villages

of

Nanakpur-Jaghera,
many
are acres

Jandiaii
cotton

are

of

cotton.

fields
tected pro-

usually
from
the

the the

largest,
goats
this
in

and

are

by hedges
and the the

of

thorn.

All

cotton

from

Chhapar gin,

district
carts
"

is

conveyed
Ka Khana."

large agricultural
there is
a or

to

Ahmedgarh,
and
are

where

Karpar

Here

the

seeds into

are

extracted
There

the

wool

pressed
at

bales.

also

gins

Dehlon

and

at

Ludhiana.
The tion
is

land

which

doe?

not
a

admit

of

irriga- ganc|
to

usually sandy,

with

tendency

de-

Dunos.

96

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

velop
road,

into
some an

dunes. five miles

open

The from with and

Ludhiana-Jagraon Ludhiana,
few
a

passes

through
skinned
Deer.
seen are on

plain
cattle

trees.

Blackare

native either and far

few

goats

hand, but
between.

the
At

standing
one

crops

few
cuts

point

the

road with herds

through a large sand dune clumps of tall feathery grass.

of
"

covered

Several
seen.

Heron,"
sand
east

or

deer,

are

to

be

Another
Dehlon.

dune of

region
I
to

exists
set out

some
one

four

miles

Dehlon.

morning
of Kulhur
Kulhur
Sialhur. and
us

late in October and the Sialhur.

"

reach

the
were

villages
three of

There

besides

tonga-walla,"
Never
we

in

brokenI

down
the

country

"tonga."
ride in almost

shall
!

forget
lages vil-

cross-country
are

had

Both

the

situated roads.

inaccessible
we

spots
were

as

regards
with
fine

The
full

tracks

used

deep
with

ruts,

of hidden almost

holes, choked
at

sand, and
and

buried forest

times

in
At

undergrowth
one

feathery
the

grass.

particular spot
gave

track

ended

abruptly,
dunes, into

and which All

place

to

region
of
our

of sand

the

wheels
us was

tonga
tall

sank

deeply.
grass

around

the
a

forest

in feet.

huge clumps reaching

This shut
out
our

height
of the

of fifteen

view

surrounding
Of the

country
course,

and

obliterated became

all landmarks.
a

walking

necessity, for

(Si

"

o
H
in

"
w

K
H ": u

fn
Q
"
(S)

Id

Q
D
" C/5

Z,
" i

a
"H

"

o o

"

"

H
C/5

ft!

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

97

pony

could sand.

hardly drag the tonga through Suddenly

we no

the
to
a

iine

emerged

on a a

huge ploughed field with

There
line
was

sign of
to

path.
beeI

nothing for it but

the distant
trees.

make

for

JJever

shall

forget that
boots with
one

tramp

with

my

heavy

marching

sinking like lead into the fine sand, and the sun Luckily, scorching one's back.
of my recruits
us,

who

had

come us

out to

to look

for

us

found

and

conducted
oxen,
or

Kulhur.
Oxen
or

The
an

black-skinned
as

"byles," play
The
At
two.

important part
the
"

beasts

of burden.
at least
are

ByIes*

poorest cultivator

possesses!

evening time
from the the
naiTow
"

byles
"

"

brought home
the

fields, and
Galis

either
or

pass
one

night in
yards. court-

in

of the

Camels zamindar

also
as a

are

used

by the
mode

more

wealthy
transit
even
seen

quicker
the that

of

of Camels,

goods between
camels
one

villages. I have
to
case

harnessed

Persian
came

wells.
to
so a

In

particular
was

my

notice
no

the camel attendant.

pace

blind-folded, and
He
went

needed measured

round the

at

until
went

he

approached
This

main

axle; he
it, and
creased in-

then

slower, stepped
pace.

over

the

would

continue

all

day.
To be

mounted,

the

camel

squats

on

all

98

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

fours. the
a

When

one

is seated
a

behind
cry,

the

driver,
up

camel,

with

gurgling
to
on

stands
on

by

succession
which

of movements,
causes one

first

its forelegs,

be
all the

wards, jerked back-

then
causes

upright
to
assume

fours,

which

one

perpendicular

again.
The becomes
does
on

motion

is very

peculiar, but
to

one

soon

accustomed
or

it. miles

A
an

good

camel

five "kos,"
any

ten

hour, easily Punjab,

on

broken of its
use.

ground.

The

account

sandy soil, is especiallyadapted

for its The

Sikh

thinks
its head

great deal
streamers

of his

camel,

and

adorns

with The

of

brightat the
passes

coloured

ribbons.

camel
to the

is controlled

by
end

means

of reins fastened
a

rings

of

short

silver

bar,
bar

which

through the nostrils.

the
centre.

This

is thickest

in

The
the

driver with faster.

simply belabours
a

the

camel he

on

neck
go

bamboo
The
to

rod camel's

when

wishes

it to

tail is usually
cloth.

tied up
I
one

by its end
seen
"

the saddle
many
as

have

as

four
two

people
; it

on

camel

mother,
is

father, and

children. is of

The

saddle
with
over

usually made pommels

of the
seat

for two in front

wood, rider;

raised the

of each is

saddle

spread

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

qq

"

razais

"

(kind
the

of

quilts) and
cloth Sikh is

mats.

Beneath
a

saddle
or

usually kept
"

long

"

kirpan,"
a

knife of

long
two

curved inches natives

affair with wide. who

broad
knife

blade

some

This dwell

is carried
Raikot

by

tho and

around

Bassian.
The

agricultural implements
and
a

are

most

Plough

primitive only
than is rakes
a

made

of

wood. and

The

plough
This the

single furrow,

is little better

sharpened stake shod with iron. called a hal," and closely resembles
"

Roman The wooden This hard

plough.
harrow,
"

or

suhaga,"
which

consists

of

Harrowor

platform,
is drawn
over

on

the driver

stands, the

Suhaga.

the

ground, crushing

clods

into fine soil.

is called
a

The

It is drawn

agricultural cart slow, cumbrous by

oxen.

"gadda."
affair,
in
a

four-wheeled of the

cart Gadda. or

The the this is

body

shape
house.
made The whole
to

resembles Into

inverted

gadda gable of
of

placed

kind

bag

of matting.
Sikh

villager often
from
one

wishes

to take

his
or

family
some

village to another,
"

visit

well-known
many
are

Mela
as a

"

or

fair.

Railways
if
transit.

are

miles
a

away

rule, and
of used.

convenient

too

Accordingly,

the

costly means "gadda" is

100

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

family ride inside, and huddle The together like herrings in a barrel.
household
cart.

The

whole

utensils

are

slung sleep
the

on

behind
of the
as

the

The
and

travellers sometimes
such
a

most

ney, jourI

driver

well.

have
oxen,

met

cart

guided willy-nilly by the

route

following a
road
to

devious other.

from

one

side

of the Carriage
or

the

The

almost

obsolete

Rath,

or

low

four-

Rath.

wheeled
with red

carriage, with
cloth
and

its covered-in
may

body,

curtains,

still be met

with, but only in the out-of-the-way districts.

It is used

for the

conveyance at

of women-folk the side the The

pants occu-

by drawing the curtains

are

completely hidden.
with
to

interior and

is

quite comfortable

'-ushions

mats,

enabling the travellers

The
Industries.
an

sleep at full length.

and finds

Sikh

is

essentially a landowner Consequently,

in industries.
one

agriculturist.
little engaged
The
are

him

only factories in the

those in Dehlon, where the
raw

Ludhiana

trict dis-

Ludhiana district

City, and
cotton

Ahmedgarh,
sent to

is
sesses posplying sup-

be

ginned and
to

pressed.

India

1,709 ginning and

work

pressing mills, operatives. majority

Journal,

124,506
120 such The
Commerce

The

Punjab
7,728
*

possesses

mills, employing
of such

operatives.*
London Chamber of

36/6/20.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

101

workmen

are

not

Sikhs.

Villages
In them the
toe

are

practically self-supporting.
brass

local heelless

cooking utensils,
shoes, the
other like
any
wants

the

curved

Punjabi
and cities of
in

cultural agriare

implements,
made. Amritsar
are

It is that
on.

only

Lahore

and

industries

importance

carried
Amritsar

manufactures
"

large quantities
are

of the

"

Kashmir

shawls, which
hair of the

made

from These

cream-coloured
are

goat.
with

shawls threads.
men

locally embroidered
This

coloured

embroidery
Cotton
at

is all done silk stuffs and

by
are

the also
to

by

hand.

and

manufactured

Lahore

Amritsar

supply

local

needs. that
appear

Many
as

goods
of made.

in

bazaars
are

such
not

that

Ludhiana
The

and

Amritsar and silver

locally

gold
the

deries, embroivases

filigreework,
come

ornamental

brass

from
and

Benares,
the

ivory carving
and furs

from from

Delhi,

carpets

Afghanistan.
Lahore of overland
in from and

Amritsar

are

large entrepots
which

and all of

local

merchandise,
of the
compass.
are

flows

points
the

Some

60%

people

engaged owing
to

in
a

agriculture.

This

percentage,

io2

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

more

adverse
of

climate

and

to

the

greater

growth Ganges
The

industries, is

less than

that of the

basin. trade of

the

Punjab

depends
the main
is the
a

almost feature
ment move-

entirely on
of

agriculture, and
in
to
a

the

trade of wheat

normal

year

Karachi.

In this

bad

season,

when checked. and

the

rains There
is

fail,
a

movement

is

considerable
The

provincial

trans-frontier

trade.

latter is with
and

Kashmir,

Ladakh,

Yarkand,

tan. Afghanis-

Papulation.
some

The

population
twenty
are

of

the of

Punjab
which

comprises
some

millions,
a

two-

thirds whose Asia.

with

Jats,

pastoral-agriculturalpeople
came

ancestors

probably
areas are

from

Central

All the fertile

some

densely peopled
mile, while population
is in
as

400

to

the

square

the

less
as

fertile
to

regions
square of

the

low

150

the

mile.
means

This

density
the
are

population
The

dant abunis

cheap
because

labour.
cost

labour is very

cheap
The
vative conser-

of

living

low. and

people

primitive, uneducated,
ideas,
will
area.
so

in their

that

western

tration adminis-

is, and
to

cial be, progressively benefiWestern

contact

the
out

has of

stamped
local

famines

by
and

the

improvement
establishment

native

canals

by

the

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

103

of
in

an

irrigation
whole

system
world. which

that Western

has

not

its

equal
was

the

contact the

the

stimulus and
to

originated

growing
carry

of
this

wheat,
wheat

western-built Karachi
for

railways European building

about the that
at

markets.

It

is

said

that

the

of

the

great

wall fall
the

of of East
the

China
the
Roman

brought Empire,
the the West

premature
in the the

so

the

past

influenced needs of

West;

present

day
and

influence
to

East,

the

Punjab
wheat. the
"

responds
The desire

this

influence in

by
cases

growing
is the
same

stimulus for food.

both

CHAPTER

VI.

RECRUITING

METHODS.

The

majority ignorant adopted regiments

to

of of
to

people
the

in

England

are

entirely
methods

procedure
recruits for

and the

obtain
of demands the

high-caste Owing
Indian

Indian
made

Army.
upon

the

great
in

the

Army

Palestine,
and

Dardanelles,
even

East

Africa,
the conduct

Mesopotamia,
Government

in

France,
upon

Indian

was

called

to

recruiting attempted.
races was

campaign
The scoured

upon

scale
of the wide

never

before

country
far of the

chief for

war-like

and

recruits,

and

many
so

parts
that

Punjab
left
to

were

over-recruited,

few

were

104

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

105

till

the of

ancestral

fields. then white another with the

The divided

greater
into

part

India
mder
a

was

districts who These

recruiting
white
aid of

officer,

usually
native

had

assistant.
minent pro-

officers,
to

established officials,
recruits
were

central
to

depots brought

which

be
were

for
to

examination
the

before
units.

they

despatched During
formed
was

various
new
so

1918

regiments
that the

were

being
recruits

weekly,

call for

always persistent.
The

founding

of

new

unit
a

usually began
The
some

The

with

the

appointment

of

Colonel, followed
parent
three

1""^^.

by that of other white officers. of nucleus regiment furnished a

hundred
men,

then
own

the

new

unit
to

was

brigaded

and

left to its The

resources

find recruits.
to

plan usually adopted

wa3

send

under native officers to parties of trained men These parties had their own neighbourhood
.

to

report

for

instructions

at

the From

office

of

certain
men were

recruiting officer.
sent
to

here, the
with

their

own

villages

orders with

to any

parade again on a pre-arranged day ducing succeeded in inrecruits they had

accompany

to
were

them.

These British

recruits

then

examined

by

the

recruiting

io6

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

officer,passed
the

by

the

doctor,

and

sent

to

regiment.
A better

plan

was

to

establish

tal regimenof
ceive re-

recruiting depot in
the

the

neighbourhood
could

main
a

depot.
little
on

Here

all recruits

preliminary
to

training before

being

sent

regimental headquarters.
depot
in of
a

Over

such
was

regimental British
He local
to pass
was

officer
under

placed
orders

charge.
the

always through

the

recruiting

officer,and
the
A

all recruits
at

had main of

latter 's hands

the

depot.
a

Main

Imagine
iined
with

three

sides

hollow

square

Recruit*ig

cottage-like mud-brick
a

buildings,
and

boasting of
a

columned

verandah

lacing
on

gravel-strewned courtyard,
side

bounded wall

the

open

by
babus

high
"

mud
On
one

containing

double
rooms

swing-gates.
"

side in the
were

tiny busy

(native clerks)
and done under

with

official

correspondence
was

statistics.

Sometimes
as

work
on

the verandah On the

well,

rickety-looking tables.
were

opposite^side
officer and
the

the

offices of the
room

British

examining

of the

native

doctor,
At

a'

member

of the I. M.S. the

an

early hour

courtyard and

the

filled with medley a beyond were of sepoys, sirdars, babus, loafers, and mass impresgot a confused recruits, so that one

compound

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

107

sion
muiti

of khaki

uniforms, white
with
a

kashmir-clothbrilliant

suits, relieved
or

hued

waistcoat

safa, and
dhotis.

dirty, dust-covered,
The

travel-stained huddled
the their At

recruits
one

generally
corner

squatted together in
with
a

of
on

courtyard
faces.
a

vacant

expression

fixed from

hour his
to

the office
measure

recruiting
and with the

officer

emerged
speed
take
A the

amazing
recruit.

proceeded
chest

height and
took

measurement

of each

temporary
a

check

sometimes

place
told To

when the
"

recruit
from

would his
'

persist in expelling all lungs

skins
on

air

being
would the
"

to
a

kinch
a

peth
row

(expand

your

chest).
have

novice

of

dusky

little

discriminative officer clan The

eye,
can

features, but single

another of
of the
are

recruiting
got
"

out

one

or

from
coarseness

with the

unerring
look

skill.
of
name

skin, the

the of

position
individual
If

cheek

bones, the

the

all clues.
as

successful the

to

height
were

and
on

chest
to be

measurement,
examined
1918
"

recruits

passed
the

by the doctor.
as

Towards
the best the
men

end

of

in

England

"

had threw
who

earl}
out
were

obeyed the call, so

many

that

doctor
men,

promising

looking

suffering from

several

complaints.

The

sue-

108

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

cessful

recruit
a

received

fiftyrupees,
was

woollen,
over

jersey, and
to

blanket, then
sent to

handed The

the

local
was

regimental
on

depot.
the sometimes

recruit's

sheet-roll

quarters, regimental head-

which

were

three

days'

journey
The
we'^

away.

recruiting depot I have

It
was

in mind

was

Regimental

cnos"n-

situated

alongside the
on on a

Recruiting
ep0

Jullundur-Ludhiana
"

Road,
A
out

green

maidan

"

(plain), overhung
trees.

its margins

by giant pipal
The
camp
was

good
in
on.

well
rows

lay
of

near.

laid

gableflag

shaped emblem,
of the

tents
a

placed end yellow

to

green

containing

quoit, the

regimental

announced
:

camp
a

beneath
and
a
"

passers-by the object the flag paced a sentry.

a

After

wash

meal

the

recruit

was

furnished

with
"

uniform,

shorts, boots, began

drill of how
to
a

kurta

and for
very
wear

safa him
a

consisting of (drill tunic), puttees, Then (head dress).

month's He
to

simple
his

nature.

preliminary was taught

salute
his

uniform,
The

to make officers,

simple military movements,

matters.

and
the

many

other

sports' side of

training was

games

the

forgotten. In the evening were ture organised. The most popular feawas wrestling : to enable this to be played sods were stripped off a patch of ground
not

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

109

and

the

soil well
races,

dug

up.

Long
turn.

jump,
the

high
to

jump,

all had

their
It

I tried

introduce

football.
no

amused
at

players
re-

highly, but
suited. The

great

skill

the
not

game

Football,

players would they pushed approached

on a

keep
a

their

places, but
mass,

preferred getting in
and This
"

jumbled
one

in which

kicked
scrum

another like
mass

indiscriminately.
never

"-

the

goalposts, but
of
the of

generally wandered
field, where
abounded

the

confines

plentiful growth
took

prickly cacti.
a

I sometimes
was

part in such

game,

and

often

laid low
who
up my

by the tactics frequently

short

of

the

Subadar-Major,
my

brought

headlong

rush

by the
with
game
tured punc-

simple expedient of hooking

his curved-handled

ankles
The

walking-stick.
with the

generally ended by
Some
a

ball

being

thorn.

evenings
for
my

"

sing-songs
trees

"

were

ranged ar-

special benefit. pipal

men

These
a

took

"

Singongs-

place under log fire.

meal,
The
so

the The

around had
was

blazing evening

'

had

their

their
was

enjoyment
led

spontaneous.

singing
of the

by

the

acknowledged
chorus. the

experts
The whole
range

art ; all
was

joined in the
very

of notes

limited, and
of
a

performance
chant,

savoured
to

rhythmeticby

monotonous

which

all kept time

no

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

the

movements

of

their
was

bodies. the feat

One

liarity pecu-

of the the

singing
Such

prolonging

of

high

notes.

always produced

great
Administrat*ve

applause.
whole fell
to
on run

The

administrative the the head whole

work white
"

of

the

Work,

depot
He
any

of the
"

officer. without of of

had

show the

clerical

assistance.
extra

All

records

clothing issued,
goats, and
connected the with and

milk,
and
were one

purchasing
other written

hundred the camp

things
in GuruThese
were

makhi
men,

kept by the good

In
as

Havildars.

however
to

soldiers, yet
without the and Havildar had the

unable

keep

accounts
one

constant

supervision.
not

case,

could trick of he

draw

straight lines,
pages to

missing
went

which, fill, so
had

when his

discovered,
records
or

back
no

that

finally
It

had

semblance
as

of sequence

of order. the and

pages

looked while
at

if

one

idly

turned

another

had

thrown

words

figures

them.
The

above

case,

however,
for of when

is

an

exception
trained,
are

to

the

general rule,
in

well

Havildars

charge
and

accounts

oughly thor-

competent
Recruiting
Tours.

trustworthy.
British officer
was

One
t0 tour

of the duties the

of the

surrounding

country

in company,

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

if

possible, with
I received

local native
an

magnates.
to

One

Friday
at
a

invitation and

be

present
Loan 27
mile3
pelled com-

combined
to

recruiting
held
was

War
some

meeting,
away.

be

at
no

Kaikot,

As to
go

there

railway,
stay
one

was

by tonga,
with

night,
tonga

and
was

return
a

on

the

following day.
one

The

rough
with

country
a

indifferent

springs,
the

and

piece
canes,

of

ragged matting, supported

as a

by
sun.
were

bamboo Four

protection against
addition
to

of

us,

in

my
pony

valise,
knew
way,
near

packed
work,
the

into

that

tonga.
every

The inch

its with

and

trotted

of the

exception
The
open,

of

half-way
of the
up to

halt

Mullanpur.
country
and
was

first half

journey

the
Mullanpur.

given
Sand

tall grasses
were

rough
and

pasture.
their presence of tall

dunes

quent, fre-

was

always denoted
grass.

by

their

crop

feathery
to up

The of
a

remaining

half, owing
was

the
to

influence

large canal,
the

given
cattle.
white

agriculture and
road-side
"

breeding
save

of

The

lages, vil"

for
were

the

gleaming
The

ziarat
wa3

(mosque),
excellent It
was
so we

all of mud. and

to
was

road

in

condition,

without

holes.

impossible
put
I
was

stay in Raikot
canal
so

that
at

Ba9Slftn,

night,
to

up very

at the

rest~hou"e
sent

Ba.ssian.
the

hungry,
He

my

boy
after

village to forage.

came

back

ii2

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

an

hour
a

with

some

coarse

flour
some

made

from

millet,
Needless have of
"

chicken,
to say,

eggs,

and

artichokes.
a

after I had
A

had

tub,

I could

eaten

anything.
drink

dinner

was

produced
milk

chapatis," chicken
for

cutlets, artichokes,
tea

and
sugar.
mug,

strong
tea
was

without
in
an

or

This which

was

served of
my

old enamel

part

shaving
course

sites. requiwas

Being without
brought
had
Raikot.

plates, each
even

in

on

plantain leaves;

the

salt

its ^ne

piece of leaf. following morning I out for Raikot, where

magnates,
Ludhiana who had from
was

up

betimes,
before

and the

set

I arrived

local

intended
in the
I

neying jourcool
the who

of

the

morning.
of
in

by tonga Meanwhile,
local Mussulman red

made

acquaintance
was

the

magistrate,
fez.
some

attired also
wore

the
a

usual

clothes,

but

ceremonial

Outside

the

magistrate's house
or

fifty
their of the

village headmen
A

lumbadars
On the

with arrival The

were

War

Loan

frjen(}a j^

assembled.

Meeting.

speakers the meeting leaving

under who first had their shoes the in turn

opened.
outside,
to
a

headmen,
massed

verandah
mounted

listen kind

to

the

speakers,
The
;

of rostrum. Loan
men

speakers explained the War

obtained
a

they
the

list of all the

chief

of the

district, and

had

already placed opposite

Plate VIII.

i i

Kid.

Pet

Deer,

Recruiting Ludhiana.

Camp,

Goats

Eating

Young

Tree

Grounds

Rest

House,

Bassian.

Shoots.

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

113

names

certain

sums

which

were

supposed

to

dual. to the wealth of each indiviproportionate The native speakers possessed a wealth of picturesque and vehement language; all to the driven home the salient points were accompaniment of loud bangs and shaking of the fist. One were by one the chief men singled out and asked what they were pared preand tried to to give. Some hesitated, skill how with all an Eastern's heavy prove be the burden of poverty
were was.

Such

confessions,
the

however,
number

fruitless, for
and
oxen or

hearers,
the

being rival villagers,could

of camels
was

testify to
to

the extent
mised pro-

of land that
to
a

held.
a

In the end, each

subscribe Shahbash

certain sum,

and earned
from the

loud

"

!" (well

done)

speaker.
After the War
was

Loan,

recruiting meeting
"

^ "ng

Recruit-

held, with
"

the result that each

lumba-

Meeting.

dar
"

promised to find two recruits. The old each wearing sirdars," Indian officers,
medals,
a

many

came

round their

afterwardseyes

for

chat.
on

How

would

glisten

mentioning of their old regiments ! They are truly the grand old grey-beards of the village, and many the are stories they tell of nights to an opened-mouth audience of villagers.

the

ii4

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Afterwards
Characteristic Meal.
mv oner
new

was

offered

meal,
as

although.
what
a

uost
me.

Wa9

(lllite perplexed
The
town
was

to

to

scoured,

branda

American

penknife
with
a

with

six blades, and

tea

knife,
were

shaky
!

discoloured Such This

a were

bone
my

handle,

discovered.
the meal

plements imof

for
boiled
a

consisted

rice, millet, chapatis,

of.soda
on

chicken,
guests
around

and
had
a

bottle

water.

The

other

their
white into

meal

the
All

floor, and
ate

reclined

cloth.
the
common

by dipping their fingers

I sat with
at
a

dish. best I could From

round

table

and novel
aware

did

the

my to

rough
time
eyes

and
was

implements.
of
many
me

time

flashing pairs of through

The
a

that

watched
stained

door
over, al

consisting of
water
a

glass.
in
a

meal like

was

brought
pan
was a

brass
on

vessel the of

kettle,
with
soap,

brass1 aid

placed

floor, and

the

of
was

tiny piece
considered
to
an

Sunlight
hands
out

which
I
trived con-

immense
in

luxury,
the

wash
was

my

stream
one

of
the

water

that

poured
method defiled

by

of

attendants.
that
no

This
was

of

washing
my

ensured

vessel

by

touch.

The account
company

journey back
of of the
a

was

pleasanter both
on

on

shade certain

and

account

of

the

Indian
tea

lawyer.
with this

I had

the

pleasure of having

gentle-

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

n5

man

afterwards.
eggs,_

This

meal

consisted
grapes, to
see

of
and

hard-boiled black
tea.

sweetmeats,
very

It

was

amusing
the
to me;

this
egg to be

gentleman
and hand

carefully take
the latter the
same over

shell oft' an
so

I,

not

beaten,
return.

did

and

handed

hira

one

in

During
I

one

tour

in

the

Charpar
at

District,

stayed making
visited

in the
this

canal
my

rest-house

Jaghera:
while
1

^inct

place
served
as

headquarters villages. railway, Ahmedgarh

amount
so

the

surrounding by
as
a

This that
I

trict diswas

is well

able
With
as a

to
me

go

far
a

by

train.
of

I had

considerable for
a

kit,

I carried

food

fortnight's tour.
a

With

little

persuasion
was

local
to

zamindar
convey
on

(land-owner)
my

induced
rest-house

kit

to

the

his

heavy,
two
oxen,
as

cumbrous
while
the with
season
a

byle-wagon,
I
went
was across

drawn the

by
fields.
were

These,
covered maize.

early
crop

autumn,

ripening
there

of

millet

and

Here

and

sugar-cane my

in smaller

patches prevailed.
crops
were

During
of I
saw

stay all these agricultural

used
were

in the
cut

process

being harvested.
nu

All

were

bv and

hand. all the and

machinery,
very

implements
constructed

primitive

chiefly

of

wood. The local

folk
wore

the

dhoti

(kilt),and

n6

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

generally
time shoes
worn

walked
met

without

footgear.
them from

Many

"a

I
on

have

travellers
to
save

carrying

their

their heads
too
soon.

being

out

To
I had

all the

villages I
sent

had
on

proposed visiting,
recruits
to prepare

previously
I visited which
away.

the

inhabitants

for
in
came

my

arrival. usual from

These

lages vil-

the

rough

country
five

tonga,
miles
Inter-

daily

Dehlon,

Once

off

the

main

macadamised

British

Communications.

engineered
among to
mere

roads,

inter-communication
was

the

villages

practically confined
that wound sand in

tortuous

tracks

nilly across
amongst
but the
so

irrigated fields, over clumps

in
a

willydunes,

of tall grass;

fact, anywhere
fields
taining con-

straight line.
were

The

track

irrigated periodically,
a

that

tonga

traffic at such of

period

leaves

an

inheritance
hot
sun soon

deep

wheel hard. and

tracks, deeper,
cart

which

the

bakes

In process
so

of time that
two

the
a

ruts

sink

deeper
to

it is feet

common

sight
the
in

meet

tracks of the

below
To it the

general
a

level

ground.
while

remain

springless tonga
roads
of
a

negotiated
I

such

would

disturb
ingly, Accord-

equanimity
at

god.

preferred
was

this

times

walking, although equally trying, for my

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

117

heavy boots sank into the damp soil,or sand, had playful habit of a and prickly thorns getting
In but other
we

in

through the lace-holes places the

road
up
was

of my

boots.

wide

enough,
to

had
an

to

pull

suddenly
We

in order channel

negotiate
that
across,

occasional
at

banked-up
much

crossed
but

right angles.
horse
a

easily got persuasion,

the
to

the

took

accompanied

by

lengthy expletive from

it could be

tonga-walla, before drag the tonga over.

On
my

induced

generally to the dharmsala, conducted guest-house, or and there, seated in an armchair, if the village boasted of one, or on a string-bed, if not, the
arrival at
a

village I

was

Dharmsala.

greybeards would squat around me in business. while I explained my

dharmsala is
a sure

circle semiThe
perity pros-

indication
In

of

the

of the

village.

large villages the

best-built of the is one guest-house with adorned often is buildings, and lages quaint carvings and paintings. In small vilthe guestthe village main house. gate forms

After

the

recruiting
In

meeting
in
a

was

usually offered boiled goat's milk

brass
vessel.
one

shallow
men

village white
in
a

usually signed their

was

names

register.

It

noticeable

that the date of

previous sig-

k8

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

nature

to

mine

was

over

year

old.
on

White

officers

only

\isited sake

the

village

recruiting
"

duty, or for the (deer) hunting.

of the

good

heron

'

j|sW

The

boundary
in the
is

between

native

and

British

territories District island British

neighbourhood

of Ludhiana
some
cases

extremely irregular. In

Thanas

(Police-districts), under but surrounded administration, territory, occur.

Thanas in the of Such Shakna

by
are

native the

examples
and These
off the

Dhapali,
Thanas
are

Jagraon
much reached

Tehsil.

very

isolated,being only by

railway
roads.

track, and

rough

Attempts

have

been

made

to

re-form

the

boundary
of the
of taxation.

line

by making
as

mutual Thanas.

exchanges
ever, How-

territory, such
root

island trouble
up

of the To
as

is the
revenue

question
of

keep

the

tiny
the

States, such

Malerkotla
sometimes

and

Jhind,

villagers are neighbouring Naturally,

prospect
for the
of

taxed

treble that

of
one.

British
latter

administered

the

villagers object
present
of
taxes

to

the

having

their

trebled

doubtful

advantage

being governed

by
j

native

potentate.
ravages

The
fl

great

made

by

the

influenza results.

Outbreak.

outbreak

greatly

affected

recruiting

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

119

The
some

epidemic
the
to

seized

on

young

and

old.

In

villages every
walls the

house

had
pyres

its victim, and smoked

nature

outside

funeral

daily.
of the
of

Owing

thickly populated
their crowded of in
was

villages with
drains, and
or

courts,
oxen

absence

the presence

in the
rooms

yards court-

sometimes

the fed

living
and

of

houses, the plague

The

nourished.
to

sufferers

made looked tell

was

little effort
on man

seek

medical from from

aid, but
To influenza him
to

it

as

visitation

Allah.

he

was

suffering
same
was as

practically the
death,
so

ordering
fear

his

great

the

of it.
it
was a

good
newspaper

to

return

to

Ludhiana

again,
and

to lead

and of

to watch

the Calcutta

mail white.

with

its

load

humanity

black

The The well

countryside
laid with
out

looked

very

inviting. doubly foliage

The
one

gardens
masses

looked of dense flowers. roads

were

attractive and bold

their

colour-wastes

of the
some

hedge-rows
mass

bordering
trees met
a

of

pink
The

flowering

creeper

and roads

giant
from

cacti.

overhung
sometimes veritable

the

each
so as

side, and
to

in the of

middle

form
of the

Instead

foliage. dull-plumed English hedgerow flights

of
green

tunnel

birds,

one

saw

screaming

120

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

parrots
shelter

or

frightened peacock undergrowth. they jumped

with
across

seeking
rats

the

of the
;

Tree

were

everywhere
front
unconcern

the

road

in

of

one

the greatest

effrontery and

imaginable.
the
many return to

Dak-

Bungalow

only regret was bungalow life,with its My

In fell such into one's
on

dak-

inconveniences. abound.

places flies always

soup,

bumped
nape

They against the

neck
a
a

lamp, settled
one

the
to

of one's

until
quito mos-

was

forced
net.

seek when
one

refuge under
in
"

Even
gave

bed

under time

net,
"

the

sand-flies form
' '

rough

in

the

of

bites, while
up

their

larger

"

freres con-

kept

afperpetual hum

through the

darker

hours

of the

night.
to

Getting
Treasury
""sy

money

pay

the

men

was

no an

task. had of time

to

-"-11 ^ne
to

absence
on

of any

bank,
silver.

order
issue

be

obtained

the

Treasury
by

for At

the

required
silver

amount
was

of

this

little the

paid

banks

owing

great
action.

shortage, necessitating
Such
a

Government

shortage

was

brought about
banks. All

by the Orientals'
silver

little faith in
was no

available

doubt
of the

buried
natives. The

in

the

ground

by

millions

treasury

was

built

on

the

same

lines

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

121

as

fort.

It had

high, walls,
a

and

only
and this

ono an

entrance

through

porched gateway,
at

armed

guard
The

was

always posted
of the

way. gatewas

business

treasury

entirely conducted
on

by
the floor
; near

native

who officials,

sat

their

heels

on

floor before
were

miniature silver
a

desks. aluminium
wooden entries with This
a

On

the coins

piles of
at

and

hand

was

rough
All

box
were

containing piles
made
pen

of notes. in

by
on

the

cashier

Arabic

reed

buff-coloured
to

ledgers.
all the

pen

enabled

the writer

get the desired

with

thickening speed of
With
message
a

of Arabic shorthand
news

characters
writer. of

the from

the

armistice,
to to

came

yhe

headquarters
now

close

the

Armistice,

depot.
But it

Recruits

flocked
of

join the

colours, tempted by the bonus

was

fifty rupees.
were

too

late, for

no

more

recruits

required. Very
reduce
now
soon

afterwards
to
a

came

the

order
A

to

regiments
arose

certain
to that

cadre.
which did

tion situa-

contrary
The

existed
not

with
to

white

troops.
;

Sikhs
were

want
as

be demobilised

they

far too

happy

soldiers

earning
to set to

more

than

they
the

could

from

Deraobilisatlon-

agriculture.
staff had
men

Accordingly
work

administrative
All de-

with

discretion.
were

below

the peace-time

standard

122

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

mobilised,
weeded
out.

then

one

by

one

the

men

were

Tk" Afghan
War.

army

was

in
war

this with

disorganised Afghanistan
at

state

when
out.

the

recent

broke
were

The the

Sikh first with in the

regiments
in

Peshawar

among

action,

and

distinguished
dash Fort. and

themselves

their

accustomed

bravery
The
the and

action

before

Dacca

Sikh

soldier
of He

now

plays
frontiers

large
in

part
Near
worthy. trust-

in

garrisoning
Far East. To make
a

our

the and

is

loyal,
a

brave,
fine

such

example
peasant
of

of

soldier
no

from

rough
on

ungainly
the
so

reflects British of

small who

praise
control

handful

officers native under

ably

the work

fortunes

regiments.
the

They
of
a

cheerfully climate;
seen un-

rigours public
uncalled-for hcnour

tropical
which

by
their

the

eye,

often

levies

on

heads with

criticism, integrity
of

they
the

tain main-

the

British

race.

INDEX.

123

124

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB
Sahib

Dehlon Deer
Durbar

36, 41, 95,

100 96

Granth Gurus Golden

12, 14
52

12,

51 14 41

Sahib Badshah Grantli

14 ki 14 21 34 118

Temple
Pir

Daswen Dress Death

Guga
Gadda Govind

99

Rites

Singh 13, 15, 16, 19, 61

24
28

Dhapali Dak- bungalow

Diwali
Dhoti Dacca Delhi

Giijars
Garba Granthi

life 120 42

Gharra
Gurm Garbi

24,
Fort

46 122

29, 32 28, 46, 49 28, 36, 58

28

14, 15, 61, 69

Gurudwara

29,

30

Dharmsala Dal

77, 80, 101 50, 59,

117 27

Gopalpur Ghit"-log
Galis Ghanna

36
39

44,

48 94 49

Doabs

69,84
79 85
Tree

Gateways
Heron Harrows
Har

Drought
Doaba
Deodar

96

Sikh
of

92, 99
13, 15 13, 15 13, 15

Gdviud

Density Population
Education
Fairs

Har
102

R"i
Kishin

Har Hal Holi

53,

58

92,

99 41 54

40, 99

Ferozepore
Food Frishta

19, 84
26
52

Haqr
Hissa

44,

57 38 48

Hockey
Houses

Fords
Forts Frosts Forests

69
70

81
88

Influenza Industries
Jat Sikh

35, 50
100

Football Fuel

109
61

Jaghera' Jangpur
Jhatka

21,26 71,95
54

Gurumukhi
Goats

14, 58

12, 27
37

Jumping

THE

SIKHS
57

OF

THE

PUNJAB
19, 36, 41, 69, 81, 95, 100
of 20
60 27

^5

Jagraon Tehsil
Jawar

Ludhiana

25,

93

Jhinwara Jharmat Jurah Jhind Jandiali Jussa Jats

27 36 30

Love Litigation, Lohar

84, 118 3G, 56, 95

17, 60
65

Langa-Khana
Lumbadar Lahra Lahore

49,

57

Singh

50

Jheluin

64,

6b

77, 80, 83, 89, 101

60

95 Karpar ka Khana Kulhur 34, 36, 73, 96

Leather-Dressers
Ladakh Malwa
Sikhs

64, 102

Kos
Kabul Kannai
17

32 99 12, 32
14 58

Kirpan
Kara Parshad Kabir

Kannungo
Khalsa
Kes

12, 15, 21, 29

12 12 12, 21

84, 86 Manjha Sikhs 85, 86 Maize 45, 93, 115 Mukhi 45, 93 Mazbhi Sikhs 15, 61 Mullanpur 54, 111 Mela 39, 99 Moghuls 15, 16, 17 Mahrattas 16, 17
Muklawa
Multan Misls
33

Kunga
Kachh
Kashmir

18, 77, 82,

91
17

18, 64,

102

Karaha Katora Knanda

Kursti

29 28 12

MoneylenderMalerkotla

23

56, 84,
118
38

ka Khel

36

Kara
Khatri

12 23
50 64 103 94 94

Mugdars
Minstrels Music Monsoons Maha Parshad

38 38
74

Kursti-Log
Kangra
Karachi Karuad Kamadi Kurta
Laws

District

93,

28 93
94

Marriage
Millet Minerals

21, 46
87

of Inheritance

Nanakpur-Jaghera
71

126

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB
38 41

Quoit Throwing
Razai Raikot Ram
Das

99, 111

12,

14 14 18 37 60 13

Rajnanand

Oxen

68, 96

Outward
Sikhism

Signs

of 11

Ranjit Singh Running Ramgarhias Religion

Roads

69, 116
Doab
69

Ornaments
Persian

24, 26'
Wells
States

Rechna

Rawalpindi 77, SO,

67,
97

94 Rivers
of

Phulkian

89,93

Punjab 67, 72,

Punjab

73 69

Plough.
Patiala
Persian

92, 99 16, 77, 82

Invasions
17 81 22 27 28

Ravi Rainfall Annua.l Summer Winter Rath

of

82 77 80

Peshawar

Vallev

18, 69, 79,

Pagri Pangat
Pital

40, 100
110

Recruiting Tours Sugar-cane

Sand-dunes Sialhur

Pipal
Palml Pahir Puranas

Tree

53, 88

91, 94
115

11, 15,

29 36 52 21 57

34,

72, 95 36, 53, 96

Paijamaa
Patta

Suhaga
Sirhind
Sirdars

92, 99
17

P/anchaifc

58
58

18, 12, 15,

48 29 20 19

Patwari

Shadi

Singh Physique
Pir

of Sikhs

Sikh
64 94 Safa

19, 83

Wars Senussi
Saluna Soorts Samrala Shakna Tehsil

18, 85 21, 22
27

Panjal

Pass

Petroleum

Population of Punjab
102
Posteen

3T
57 118

Coat

81

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

127

Sunt

52
53 58

Travel, Love
Toba
Tehsildar
Thai-

of

23
56

Schools

Safedpost

57

Sirpanch
SiHii
Shamlat

59 35
59

Desert

62, 65,
72

Temperature
Tamarisk Trade

74, 81,
83
89

Sauti
Streets

Phanka

37

44, 48

Tree

Sweepers
Simla

GO,

61 64

102
120

Treasury
Tobacco

Sutlej
Soil

64, 69, 77, 84

67 Doab

12

Siiul Sagar Simimer

Snow

Underground
69,89
77

Water
67

Rainfall

80

Sakangas
Sahukar Sal
Tree

Emperor
14

43 Villages 44, 49 Village Gates 59 Village Council land Village Common

23 89
Tree 83 89 11 109

59

Rhisham Salt

Village Wall Vegetation

Women

53

88

Range

Signs of Sikhism Singing

Thanas

Wrestling
Ward

24, 46 37, 44, 50

57

Tonga Tegh Bahadur

Tindo
Tori

57, 118 40, 116

Wells, Persian
Winter

67, 97
80 88
90

Rainfall

Woodland Wheat
27
27

13, 15, 61

Tliali
Tehsil

28
57 28 60

Tawa Tarkhan

128

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Cunningham

History
Notes
on

of

the

Sikhs.

Cedwthee
Falcon

Sikhs.
Sikhs
for

Handbook
"

on

Regimental
ev

Officers
East.

Candler

The

Mantle
Sikhs

of and

the the

GouGH"I"WES...The

Sikh
Wars

McGregor Rice...
Macatjliffe

History
Notes The
on

of the
Sikhs.

Sikhs.

Sikh

Religion
Sacred
"

Its "c

Gurus,
M.\cauliefe Article

Writings,
Sikhism
"

on

Encyclopaedia
Bingiey Sikhs
"

Britannica.
for the

Handbooks Indian

Army.

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surprising and
with
a

of the dramatic,
a

and
"

incident

ghost that

good

gives

one

moment's

thrill." that she has

Standard.
power

"Great Wotnan.

merit, proves

of putting character

on

paper."
"

"Lady
other

Napier evidently does

with

not

approve

of modern

society; ihe looks

manners

back

to

days

regret
so
.

and
.
.

if her picture of modern the book

is
a

is correct,

she is.

justifiedin
sentiment." "A
"

doing
Daily

curious

compound

of cynicism and

Mail.
"

novel

containing plentyof good material."

Lady.

THE

TUPPENNY
Fitz

BOX.
Author of

remarkable "Ikona

Story by
Crown

Colin

Gerald,

Camp.''
Times.
to

8vo.,

cloth, "is.
"Written
"A with
some

insightinto
it will

character."
repay

"

The

Gerald
"Is

puzzling title,but has a happy knack

written

the reader
in

investigate.
"

Mr.

Fits

of

showing good
humour,
is

all

things." Morning
and

Post.
"

with

spirit and

chatty, slangy,

fearless."

The

Sportsman.
Get the
"

book
South

and

make

the

acquaintance of old Daddy

Dodderlong.

It is

an

education.
Her

Africa.
copy

Majesty the Queen has graciouslyaccepted a

of "The

Tuppenny

Box.'"

THE

WHITE
Romance

LADY
of
Ranee's

OF By

THE
Dr.
Crown

ZENANA.
Helen 8yo.

Thrilling
author of
nett.

India.

Bouchier,
Cloth.

"The

Rubies."

Price 6s.

London:

DRANE'S,

Farringdon Street, E. C.

Comedies, * Dramas. Tragedies Plop:

THE NEW PLAYS. CINDERELLA

By
volume had

Lady 6s.

C.

M.

AND Gaskell.
the

OTHER
Crown

8vo, cloth.
The
which
can

Price

above be

contains in

following plays,
covers.

separately

paper

Price

6d.

each, post free 7d.

"The "'The New Course

Cinderella." of True
a

"The

Enchanted did
run

Garden."

Love

never

smooth."

"There's
"The

Slip 'Twixt Many of Spring." Return

Cloud
has
a

Cup

and

Lip."

"Love's

Triumph."
"

"Every
"All "God

Silver

Lining." Ways."

Boscobel."

is not

Gold

that

Glitters." in Many

Fulfils
New

Himself

"Our

Governess."

"Bright, short plays (which may

to
"

be had

well separately)

suited

amateur

performance."
"

The

Bookman.

Form

very

the dramatic News.

"

pleasant reading, and prove that the author has developed." Sportingand Dramatic facultystrongly
"

Clever, amusing, and

The
characters Irish Times.
. .
"

should
are

prove

suitable

for

well

constructed,and

performance. the dialogue

a

natural."
"

author The creditable dozen

congratulated on plays." LiteraryWorld.

may
"

be

having produced

THE

GREATER PLAYS. By
"

LOVE,"
Adelaide The St. small

AND Clare.
volume

OTHER
Author of contains

The

Iron

Ann."

three without cloth.

be performed delightful plays that can fee or Foolscap 8vo, limp premium. Price Is. 6d.
nett.

HEARTHRUG Comedies.
The
"

COMEDIES.

Contains

seven

short

By

D.

Limp

cloth.
"A
'

Is. nett.
volume would of
do

Sheffield Daily Telegraph says:

little
'

capital
well
to

little plays.'"

Bright
a

expend
London

amateurs pieces on which shilling." Oxford Magazine.

"

DRANE'S,

Farrinj^don

Street,

E.

C.

DRANE'S Three
AT
A

and
WITH
Lynn

Sixpenny
A HUNDRED
Price
3s. 6d. nctt.

Novels.
GIRLS.
Crown 8vo.

SEA
matron's

By Rivers
voyages

with

of her dozen adventurous delightful story of one the colonies the War. during emigrant girlsto
Crown 8vo.
a

JANE
A

ELLEN.

Price

3s.

6d.

nett.

Real sketches from

really"human"

the lifeof
"

Lancashire

Lass.

By H. M. Taylor.

story.

Thi

Timts.

SABINA'S
3s.
"A

TRAILS.
6d.
and his

Crown

8vo.

By

Rose

Collet.

Price

nett.
sentimental

wholesome soldier

story of domestic
Scotsman.

interest

mainly about the love making

of

girl."
"

MODERN
author
3s.
"It is

CINDERELLA.
of

By
Crown

Florence

B. Allcock,

"My

Facsimile."

8vo, cloth extra. Price

people." M.
"

6d. reading for

young

good, sound, wholesome

Rtddiick

Indicator.

WHEN
cloth

CARTER
extra.

RULED.
Price
3s. 6d.

By

M.

Guy.

Crown

8vo,

ON

THE
the
extra.

OUTER
Eternal
Price
is

EDGE
Instinct.
3s. ttd.
told..
and
..

OF

THE
Holt.

LAW.
Crown

By
we

J. M.

story of Svo, cloth

A
other books from

"The
so

story
a

admirably
"

shall be
Chroniclt.

glad

to

welcome

virile

pen."

Wal\auy

Wirral

THE

TENANT story. By
Cloth
extra.
us
....

OF
Mrs.
the
not

SEA
Tom

COTTAGE.
Crown
8vo.

An

engrossing
Ss.

Ritchie.

Price

6d.

"This
with her

gives

time

honoured
The
so

lady burglarmoving

accomplice, an
were

artist.

story would
obvious

DeLafield's business

quite

in country society successful if Miss be much more the beginning."" Tit Times. from

THE
"A
me

LAST
Grandson.
Great
Little

SOLDIER
Crown
Book
"

OF
read

NAPOLEON.
Price
3s.
a

Edited
6d.

by

his

8vo, cloth extra

never

....

book

of its character which

has given

Topics. greater pleasure.'* Town Btato*. "Especiallyinteresting and entertaining." Monmcmlhsltiri of Napoleonic literature.''Birmim^tmm "A notable addition to the mats
" "

Post.

"This

war

will

not

leave

many

such

stories delightful

to

be told."

"

Sluffitlp

Tdtcafk.

London:

DRANE'S,

Farringdon Street, E.

C.

CHILDRENS
GIFT
CHUPPER.
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Stiff
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cat

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in

return

for Kindness

good hone."

DREAM
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WEBS.
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for E.

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A.

Holloway.

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With
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by W. N. coloured pictures. twenty"five fullpage

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Pretty floral
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"It is
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Price 1/6.
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Scotsman. in the nurseries." heartily

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which

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"Very
"It

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a

"

Bookseller.

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littlefolk.''

"

Dundee

Advertiser.

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for Children selection of songs others. and Edited by Uncle with picture cover. Price 1/6.

by

Fred.

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Harry,

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"CHICKS
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A."

Treasury of Songs of Children

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By

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pleasant littlevolume

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Publishes' welcome "A for many a parent companion is most "view and originalityof expression which
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GIANT'S
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6d.

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By

Mackeeg.

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World.

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different

dramatis

ptrsonat."

"

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TALES.
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very
"

FORTUNE,
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AND
Thompson.
of
stories....

OTHER

FAIRY

Illustrated.Price 3b. 6tl.

will prove
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cleverly imagined
Madam.

great favourite with.

the young."

FARMYARD

STORIES.
3s.

By
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Madame

Karlott

Blossi.

Illustrated. Price

THE

TRUE TAKEY
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STORY
TUSS.

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TIDDLEY

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children

It is

quite

Tht entertaining.''"

Quten.

MR.
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TUMPSY.

By Charles
book.''
"

Croft.

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throughout
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by G.
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seem

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Handsomely
Morning
Leader. nursery

bound

in cloth. Price 3s.

Daily

"Will

"Briskly

realistic enough and not narrated

by

many

firesides."
"

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Ttle"r*ph.

lacking in originaltouches."

Guardian.

STORIES
With
3s.

OF
many

THE

WIND.

By Madame
W.

Karlott

Blossf Price

fulhpage illustrations by

F. Coles.

Od.

London:

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E.

C.

WORKS

OF

POETRY

AND

VERSE.
NEW
3
"

POEMS.
of the

By
8vo.

Clifford classical cloth

As

King.

complete collection
and other poems.

Author's

dramatic

vol., Crown

18/- nett.
a

reallyfine
power
is
....

work. The

wielder

of

words

great
Lucifer
"

dialogue
"

between Mail.

he possesses Anselmo and

grandly
will read
"

conceived."
of

Western and much

The

lyrics are

great

charm

sweetness

"

Welshmen

enjoyment."
THE WET Sea and

with these poems News. South Wales

and appreciation

HIGHWAY. of the

Breezy and arresting poems which will come thoughts haunting

on

of the
to

the
or

officer when
storm

alone
are

watch

In
....

calm

there
Harry

By
in

always little thought-voicesin the Crown Openshaw. 8vo., stronglybound

Price

air.

stiff

cover.

3s. 6d. nett.

Mr.
a

IN

AND

OUT

OF

HEAVEN. with with

HibbartGilson's
Price

latest

collection of poems

of the Author. life-like portrait

Beautifully bound
SOUL REST.
Fairelie

gilttop.
of

7s. 6d. nett. and

Being
Thornton
nett.

collection
in

verses

hymns

by

fancy stiff covers.

Crown

12mo.

Price FAREWELL

Is.

and

other Price

Poems

by

A.

T.

Turner.

In

fancy

stiff covers.

Is. nett. FROM Hornby. A Cloth THE

RHYMES
RING
verse.

THAT

SPRING George 8vo.

HAMMER'S
of

by
nett.

collection

spirited
boards.

Crown

extra,

bevelled

3s. M.

POEMS

AND

VERSES.
16mo.

By
Price

Morris Is.

Hawksley.

Fancy

boards, Royal
London

DRANE'S,

Farringdon

Street,

E. C.

POEMS

OF Wheeler
covers.

PASSION.
Wilcox.

Thousand. Seventy-fifth in Tastefully bound

By
stiff

Ella

fancy

Price Is. 6d.

POEMS
Ella
"

OF

PLEASURE.
Wilcox.

Thirty-second Thousand.
Price
runs

By
the the

Wheeler Wilcox She

Is. 6d. the

Mrs.

in this collection
is

whole

gamutof
of

emotions.

poetesses of the

decidedly the present day."

OTHER POEMS. Wilcox.

most

successful

MAURINE

AND Ella
'

Twentieth Price Is. 6d. and

Thousand,

by
"
'

Wheeler is
a

Maurine in Mrs.

told

Wilcox's

charming story of love delightful style." Fifty

Price

self-sacrifice,

POEMS
Wheeler

OF

LIFE. Wilcox.

second
Is. 6d.

Thousand.

By

Ella

POEMS

OF Is. 6d.

LOVE.

By
Poems

Ella

Wheeler

Wilcox.

Price

"

Mrs.

Wilcox's
a

are a

all

rich and

in

ideas.
the make

She

often

condenses

whole

sparkling and laboured argument."

"

page in clearer than

stanza,
the

leaves

great truth
it in
a

orator

would

May
A book

be

read

with

distinct

pleasure."
"

Manchester

"Guardian.
"

to

buy
an some

and

keep." Piccadilly.
"

"

The
run

Poems with

all have easy

the
"

supreme

note

of

brevity,

and

they
"

hit."

Sunday

Times. and musical verses."

"

Contains

very

charming

Scottish

Leader.

BACK

NUMBERS.

collection

of

Poems

that Is.

hare Duval.

appeared in "The 24mo. Paper cover

London
:

Onlooker."
in two

By

Dennis Price

colours.

DRANE'S,

Farringdon

Street,

E.

C.

ROSES

AND

RUE. Gamble.

selection

of

charming

poems

by

Kathleen Price Is.

"

Royal 16mo.,
The Times. and

Fancy

boards.

Pretty
Full

little Verses.""
sweet

"

of

melody
give voice
unaffected
one

graceful

sentiment."

"

Publishers
"

Circular. of these The

. .

Many
.

to sweet
ease

memories is written

and in

tender
is
a more more

regrets

of the versification

pleasing than pretentiousvein."

MENEAS Davis. AND

much
"

reads

that

Dundee

Courier.

PALIMA

and

other

Poems

by
Price

Lily Is.

Mary

Royal 16mo., Fancy

A

boards.

SOLITUDE.

Romance

of

Sherwood

Forest.

Poem

in four parts. Price boards.

By
Is.

Syria

Walker.

Royal 16mo., Fancy

AFTER

THE

CONFESSION. Adolphe Danziger.

Price

A Volume Author Is. 6d.

By

Dr.

of charming Verses. Helen Polska's of

"

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RUBAIYAT Endish Coles.

OF Price

OMAR Is. 6d.

KHAYYAM. Fitzgerald.

Translated Illustrated

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bv Edward

by

WREATH Credita Price

"

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O'Keleigh.

Fancy

Boards,
should The

Royal

We Simple gracefulRhvmes. Till the dav praise break," special and The Times. Sympathy."
" "
"

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for

Upper Casement,"

SONGS
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FOR

MUSIC.

bright

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of

Lvrics' by
Price Is. ^

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Londen

DRANE'S,

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By
Price

Morris Is.

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By

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THE

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LETTERS of emotional Is. 6d.

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VAGABOND.

smal1

By
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"

E.

Heron-Allen-

Price
"

very

good example
emotions of the

of

the

that

celebrates

the

fashionable

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Court

Circular.

FORTY

FANCIES Poems.

AND
Amelia

SEVEN M. Barker.

SONGS. Price The

volume

of

By

Is.

Dedicated

permissiontoH.R.H. by special
GLASS.

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BITS
"

OF Shows Full Miss

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"

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OF

EMPIRE.

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THE

JOSEPH
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JINGLE

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By

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"

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"

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SONGS

OF
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HOME
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AND

COUNTRY.

Rowe,
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By Alice B. 16mo., Fancy boards.

grave, and gay.

Is. collection
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small
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It leads and and and

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through
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the hearts of mankind." "Sweet, natural and healthy verse."

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'"

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By

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Cloth

Mr.
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Adams
He
.

sings pleasantly enough

has
a
"

of

home

and

early
and

life.

tuneful Dundee

ear

and

manages

rhyme
is
. .

rhythm
"

with

skill."

Advertiser.
. . .

The Very quaint and attractive. the rhythm is very pleasingand and chosen and enjoyed by many." be sure to be read
"

language
musical
"

weli
Will

Dundee
'

Courier.

There
"
"

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Grafton

Chimes.'

Liverpool Courier.
AT Crown WAR.
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GENIUS
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"

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Fancy

Is. 6d. nett.

A series of dramatic

in

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the

strife in the The

. . .

world
two

between sides
are

idealism.

showing diabolic the spirit aad put with equal power."

verse
"

Glasgow
"

Herald.
poem
verse.

dramatic of blank

which
The
. .

shows
poem

very reminds

uncommon
us

mand com-

at

times

of has
"

the second

part of Goeth's Faust.

his
own

The

author, however,
and

plenty of
Christian THE

both

in dramatic

conception

style."

World. WAVE.
A

WIND Fletcher.

Play.

By
Price

R.
Is. 6d.

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London

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BOOKS
THROUGH
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Asia
to

ON
THE
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ARCHIPELAGO.
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magnificent archipelago
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to

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trotter.

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But Miss

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tncogmt*

the
vege"

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tatioa, and
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Richings

has

penetrated the islands of dense

possesses

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the Liter

that

this disconnected and

group

charms

which

are

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"

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the archaeologist, and possiblythe mining: geologist,

engineer."

pool Daily

Post.

EVERYDAY

LIFE
Mary

ON

CEYLON

COCOA

ESTATE.

By

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Illustrated with
".

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The
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Co.,

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us

Price 6s.
a

book
"

gives

lively a"d

graphic picture of conditions

of life on

an

The be
in

Sptcialor.

"Will

found

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Ceylon Independent.

in

Ceylon

and

at

home,

more

especially

by those
of

quest of information
"

known concerning this stilllittle

but lovelyquarter

the

globe."

WITH

RUNDEL'S AFRICA.
berts. Being
1900
"

EIGHTH
Dedicated
a

DIVISION

IN
to

SOUTH
Lord
Ro*

by Special Permission
experience
Charles

Volunteer's
Thomas Field

with

the

Division,

1902.

By
23rd

Wetton,

ex"Volunteer,

R.A.M.C.,
talion

Hospital, and
With
580
THE

ex-Trooper 34th Bat*

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ImperialYeomanry.
extra.

many pages.
ABOVE.

8vo, cloth

Price 6s.
WITH

UNIFORM

WITH

METHUEN
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Price
6s.

IN

SOUTH

AFRICA.

By H. S.

THE

STORY
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OF

INDIA.

By John Thornton.

Crown

8vo,

An

interestingly-written historyof

our

great

dependency.

London:

DRANE'S,

Farringdon Street, E. C.

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