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Chapter I Introduction to EXIM Bank

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Profile of EXIM Bank:

The Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) completed 24 years of operations in March 2006. It was established by an Act of Parliament known as the Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981 and commenced operations in March 1982. Exim Bank is wholly owned by the Government of India. Exim Bank was set up for the purpose of financing, facilitating and promoting foreign trade in India and also to provide financial assistance to exporters and importers and for functioning as the principal financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the countrys international trade. It has a high-powered Board of Directors comprising: A Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Chairmen of IDBI, ECGC, Representatives of the Ministries of Finance, Commerce, Industry, External Affairs and Planning, Chairmen of scheduled banks and professionals from trade and industry. Over the years, Exim Bank has developed 35 lending programmes covering all stages of the export cycle namely Import of Technology, Export Product Development, Export Production, Export Marketing , Preshipment, Post-shipment, Investment Abroad

EXIM BANK EXIM BANK :: OBJECTIVES

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for providing financial assistance to exporters and importers, and for functioning as the principal financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the countrys international trade shall act on business principles with due regard to public interest : The Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981

Evolving Vision

Genesis

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SET

UP

BY

AN

ACT

OF

PARLIAMENT

IN

SEPTEMBER 1981

WHOLLY OWNED BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA COMMENCED OPERATIONS IN MARCH 1982

Financial Highlights
2000-01 2001-02 Paid up Capital Reserves Net Profit Dividend Loan Outstanding Staff (Numbers) 154 163 167 190 193 1,066.38 1,202.64 1,317.09 1,493.30 154.14 38.00 171.16 42.00 206.60 45.00 229.23 47.00 1,662.50 257.91 65.44 549.99 649.99 2002-03 2003-04 649.99 649.99 2004-05 849.99

5,644.30 6,826.00 8,773.64 10,775.11 13,410.39

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Evolving Vision

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Offices
Head office -Mumbai A network of 14 offices in India and Overseas Domestic Offices: Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune.

EXIM BANK Overseas Offices:

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Budapest, Johannesburg, London, Singapore, Washington DC.

Head Office Centre One Building, Floor 21, World Trade Centre Complex, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400 005. Phone: 22185272, Fax: 22182572 E-mail: eximcord@vsnl.com

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Exim Bank - Business Profile

THE OPERATIONS ARE GROUPED AS BELOW:

EXPORT CREDITS

Bank provides exports of Indian machinery, manufactured goods, consultancy and technology services on deferred payment terms

Lines of credit/buyer's credits are extended to overseas entities i.e. governments, central banks, commercial banks, development finance institutions, regional development banks for financing export of goods and services from India

1. Project Finance 2. Trade Finance EXPORT CAPABILITY CREATION

Export Product Development Export Marketing Finance Export Oriented Units 1. Project Finance 2. Working Capital 3. Production Equipment Finance

European Community Investment Partners (ECIP) Asian Country Investment Partners (ACIP) Overseas Investment Finance Export Facilitation Programmes 1. Software Training Institutes 2. Minor Ports Development

EXPORT SERVICES

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In addition to finance, Bank provides a range of information and advisory services to Indian companies to supplement their efforts aimed at globalisation of Indian business.

SUPPORTING GROUPS 1. Planning & Research 2. Corporate Finance 3. Legal 4. Corporate Affairs 5. Human Resource Management 6. Establishment

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Exim Bank: An Organisational Environment conducive to achieving excellence

Organisational Chart

ORGANISATIONAL CHART

Exim Bank is fully owned by the Government of India and is managed by a Board of Directors with representation from Government, financial institutions, banks, business community.

The Bank is professionally run with a total staff of 190 who are drawn from six major streams: commercial and development banking, engineering, economics, accountancy, computer

technology and business school graduates ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE

Bank offers a congenial and challenging work environment. Salient features of the work environment are emphasis on office automation, an open office system, an independent 'doer's' work culture, minimization of hierarchical constraints in organisational functioning, and multi-disciplinary inputs in decision making.

Skill upgradation is a continuing process in the Bank. Bank's professionals undergo training in areas of relevance to the Bank in India and abroad.

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The training programmes are chosen and designed to develop technical and managerial skills in the professionals and an ability to initiate and innovate.

Size and Nature In comparison with other organisations with similar asset levels, Exim Bank's staff strength is lean. As of March, 2005, total personnel in the Bank numbered 193. Highly automated office systems ensure that personnel are equipped with timely and complete information and streamlined work processes. The human resources of the Bank include 139 professionals who are drawn from a variety of backgrounds embodying various disciplines which are required for the Bank's functions. They include bankers, business school graduates, chartered accountants, economists, engineers and computer specialists. Nature of work Right from its inception, Exim Bank has attached a great deal of importance to a congenial and challenging work environment. The objective has been to achieve excellence in its area of operations, not only in comparison with national organisations but also in a global context. The bank has a private sector work ethic, while drawing upon the advantages thrown up by way of its public sector ownership. An important reason for this has been the relatively young age of the organisation which enabled the Bank to cast itself in a different mould right from inception without being saddled with a legacy of outmoded work practices. Some salient features of the work environment are the emphasis on office automation, an open office system, an independent "doer's" work culture, minimisation of hierarchical constraints in organisational functioning, and multi-disciplinary inputs in decision making. Exim Bank is an officer oriented organisation. Officers work
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independently and self-sufficiently in all the activities that their job entails. A sense of togetherness and common purpose is sought to be fostered by the Bank's in-house publication Eximius, and the annual staff get-together. The Eminent Persons Lecture Series brings persons who have achieved eminence in diverse fields to interact and share their experience with officers. Degree Of Emphasis Exim Bank operates at the frontier of available office automation and technology. The Bank believes that human resources should primarily be utilized for activities that require knowledge, skills, analysis and discretionary choices. An array of state-of-the-art computer hardware, software, and telecommunications are available to the Bank's personnel. Members of the staff make use of these facilities to the fullest extent feasible not only for non-discretionary activities but also as necessary tools for optimizing their work output both in terms of quantity and quality. The lean staff strength makes it possible for the Bank to provide each officer with his/her own personal computer as well as unlimited access to office automation and technology.

Multi-disciplinary inputs The complexity of the Bank's functions requires cross-disciplinary inputs for effective and correct decision-making. Thus, all important decisions are taken with the aid of inputs from relevant specialists within the Bank. This enables a comprehensive micro and macro level assessment of risks and rewards. Through this process of collegiate decision making, team work and inter personal skills are deployed to the fullest extent so as to make optimum use of the Bank's diverse human resources.

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EXIM BANK Objective of the Young Professionals Programme

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The Young Professionals Programme is the entry-point for a career with Exim Bank. The Bank requires skills relating to various disciplines e.g. business management, banking, economics, accountancy and engineering. Prior work experience is neither expected, nor considered necessary. Right from the very first year, young professionals will be working independently on challenging assignments. The Young Professionals Programme offers an exciting and challenging career to those with the capability and desire to operate at the cutting edge of India's globalisation process. Long-term career prospects Except for those positions where highly specialised skills are needed, the Bank does not normally recruit directly to higher professional positions. Thus, young professionals who are committed to a long-term career in the bank, can expect to rise to the upper echelons of the Bank's management in due course of time. Career growth is determined by performance and merit, based on an objective and structured system of evaluation. The Bank anticipates a major expansion and diversification of its activities in the medium and long run, largely because of the opportunities arising from India's ongoing globalisation efforts. Therefore, young professionals can look forward to a fruitful career with the Bank. Training Programme Given the complexity of the Bank's operations, as reflected by the many specialised groups and work-skills, young professionals need to spend time gaining exposure and knowledge of the various activities and skills utilised in the Bank. This is especially necessary because efficient decision making in the Bank requires knowledge of a variety of skills and practices. Working with various groups, young professionals become
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fully conversant with all the critical functions and activities. They are also actively involved in appropriate assignments entailing individual responsibility. The Bank is unique in its global and national network of institutional and professional linkages. The five overseas offices - at Washington D.C., Singapore, Budapest, London and Johannesburg - have helped forge strategic institutional linkages for the Bank with multilateral agencies such as Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, Export Credit Agencies, Trade and Investment Promotion Agencies abroad. The Bank's extensive global network, supported by the Indian Missions abroad facilitates interaction with such agencies and opens up new opportunities for knowledge building and upgradation of skills. Learning opportunities are created for officers by way of participation in seminars and exhibitions (in India and abroad) sponsored by the Bank, with a view to preparing them to perform roles / jobs which they may be required to take up in the future as they go up in the organisational hierarchy, or if the Bank is venturing into new areas through joint ventures or expansion. State-of-the-art training in highly specialised areas is furthered by the new initiatives of the Bank, establishing links with multilateral agencies such as MIGA, IFC Washington and the World Bank. Special programmes organised in coordination with these agencies are customised to meet the specific requirements of the Bank.

Salary During the training period, young professionals are paid a monthly stipend of Rs. 15,000/-. Thereafter, upon absorption as Manager, salaries would correspond to the scale for this cadre. Currently, gross emoluments
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at the minimum of the scale amount to about Rs. 17,900/-. "Dearness Allowance," which constitutes a component of salaries, changes at quarterly intervals to reflect movements in the price index. Therefore, actual salaries in the scales alter periodically.

Perquisites Apart from the salary, the Bank provides attractive perquisites, the monetary equivalent of which is considerable, in relation to the salary. A major perquisite which the Bank endeavours to provide to young professionals is furnished bachelor accommodation, based on need and subject to availability. Individual rooms in the Bank's furnished flats with common kitchen and lounge are allotted to young professionals wherever possible. Until now, all young professionals joining the Bank have been provided with accommodation. As regards family accommodation, the Bank can consider the same subject to availability. Another valuable perquisite is the scheme for reimbursement of fees for the purpose of acquisition of skills considered useful to the Bank - for instance, computer skills, foreign languages.

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EXIM BANK Eximius Display Centre

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Bank offers to Indian companies, product display facilities of international standards in India and abroad Display centre at the Head office was set up in mid 1994. Centre exhibits range of products manufactured and exported by Indian companies to discerning markets including USA and Japan Around 50 companies whose products are displayed at H.O are among the five hundred that have been financed and nurtured by Bank The products represent three broad categories: industrial products, consumer durables and consumer products Our offices in Budapest and London have display centres which allow Indian companies to display their products for longer periods Eximius Centre For Learning : A Place of Global Excellence THE CONCEPT

Eximius, from the Latin language means 'set apart and eminent'. It is Exim's initiative addressed at enhancing the capabilities of the industrial and financial communities in India and other developing countries, and bringing proposals of trade and investment to them. It offers them access to contemporary thinking in international trade and finance, entry to markets and technologies, and support in joining the global economy.

The programmes are result-oriented and practical, designed to ensure that concrete outcomes emerge from every meeting.

The eventual aim is to establish an international hub of information interchange between industries and institutions, and amongst industries in different countries;, a beacon for all developing
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counties and a place of global excellence, in learning and in business. ACTIVITIES

The Centre aims to keep the companies, which wants to go global, abreast of the changing global scenario. It conducts two events viz., organizes meeting between industry groups in different countries and businesspersons in India, involves skill building through interactive workshops and seminars that involve the participant in the learning process thus enhancing the competencies of the participants. "Virtual Faculty"- a concept which enables it to source the best available instructors to address the issues of the day.

The Centre has tailor-made courses for the officials of the export credit agencies in other developing countries. It has also holds inhouse programmes.

Apart from organizing the above programmes, it also conducts research on issues of importance to its constituency that focuses on generating information, its usefulness and its immediate

implementation within reasonable time frame.

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EXIM BANK

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Chapter II Finance by EXIM Bank

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Finance by EXIM Bank

EXIM INDIA offers a range of financing programmes that match the menu of Exim Banks of the industrialised countries. However, the Bank is atypical in the universe of Exim Banks in that it has over the years evolved, so as to anticipate and meet the special needs of a developing country. The Bank provides competitive finance at various stages of the export cycle covering:

EXIM INDIA operates a wide range of financing and promotional programmes. The Bank finances exports of Indian machinery, manufactured goods, consultancy and technology services on deferred payment terms. EXIM INDIA also seeks to co finance projects with global and regional development agencies to assist Indian exporters in their efforts to participate in such overseas projects.

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The Bank is involved in promotion of two-way technology transfer through the outward flow of investment in Indian joint ventures overseas and foreign direct investment flow into India. EXIM INDIA is also a Partner Institution with European Union and operates for facilitating promotion of joint ventures in India through technical and financial collaboration with medium sized firms of the European Union.

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EXIM BANK FINANCE: Guidelines on Project & Services Exports

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Issued by RBI under Sec. 47 of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999

Types of Exports covered :

o

Export of Goods on Deferred Payment Terms (e.g. Export of machinery, equipment, manufactured products)

Turnkey Projects (e.g. Setting up of Sugar Plant, Cement Plant)

Construction Projects (e.g. Construction of Roads, Dams, Bridges)

Consultancy & Technical Services (e.g. Operation & Maintenance Contracts)

Collectively referred to as 'PROJECT & SERVICES EXPORTS'

Definition of Deferred Payment Exports

In terms of Regulation 9 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999, the amount representing the full export value of goods exported must be realised and repadriated to India within 6 months of date of export.

Exports where more than 10% of the value is realised beyond the prescribed period, i.e., 6 months from date of shipment, are treated as Deferred Payment Exports

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EXIM BANK Delegation of Powers

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Post-Award Clearance of Export Contracts

TURNKEY, CONSTRUCTION & SUPPLY BIDS / CONTRACTS: Upto Rs. 50 crores Upto Rs. 200 crores Above Rs. 200 crores : Scheduled Commercial Banks : Exim Bank : Working Group

SERVICES BIDS / CONTRACTS : On Cash Terms : Upto Rs. 5 crores Upto Rs. 10 crores Above Rs. 10 crores : Scheduled Commercial Banks : Exim Bank : Working Group

On Deferred Payment Terms : For any amount : Working Group

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FUNDED:
Lines Of Credit:
General Guidelines on Exim Lines of credit: Introduction: Exim Bank extends lines of credit to overseas

governments/agencies nominated by them or financial institutions overseas to enable buyers in those countries to import capital/engineering goods, industrial manufactures and related services from India on deferred payment terms. This facility enables importers in those countries to import from India on deferred credit terms as per the terms and conditions already negotiated between Exim Bank and the overseas agency. The Indian exporters can obtain payment of eligible value from Exim Bank against negotiation of shipping documents, without recourse to them. Features The lines of credit are denominated in convertible foreign currencies or Indian Rupees and extended to sovereign

governments/agencies nominated by them or financial institutions. Such governments/agencies/institutions are the borrowers and Exim Bank the lender. Terms and conditions of different lines of credit are varying and details in respect of each line of credit can be obtained from Exim Bank. It would need to be ascertained from time to time that the lines of credit have come into effect and uncommitted balance is still available for utilization. Indian exporters also need to ascertain the quantum of service fees payable to Exim Bank on account of pro rata export credit insurance premium and / or interest rate differential cost that they can then paid up in their prices to their importers

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EXIM BANK How it works

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The buyer arranges to obtain allocation of funds under the credit line from the borrower. The exporter then enters into contract with the buyer, for the eligible items covered under the line of credit. The contracts would need to conform to the basic terms and conditions of the respective credit lines. (Particulars of effective lines of credit are available separately)

The delivery period stipulated in the contracts should be such that credit can be drawn from Exim Bank within the terminal disbursement date stipulated under the respective line of credit agreements. Also, all contracts should provide for pre-shipment inspection by the buyer or agent nominated by buyer.

The buyer arranges to comply with procedural formalities as applicable in his country and then submits the contract to the borrower for approval. The borrower in turn forwards copies of the contract to Exim Bank for approval.

Exim Bank advises approval of the contract to the borrower, with copy to exporter, indicating approval number, eligible contract value, last date for disbursement, and other conditions subject to which approval is granted.

The Buyer, on advice from the borrower, establishes an irrevocable sight letter of credit(L/C). A single L/C is to be opened, covering the full eligible value of the contract including, freight and/or insurance as laid down in the contract.

The letter of credit is advised through a bank in India designated by Exim Bank.

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Exporter ships the goods covered under the contract and presents documents for negotiation to the designated bank. The Bank forwards negotiated documents to the buyer.

On receipt of clean non-negotiable set of shipment documents along with the relative invoices, inspection certificate and a certificate that documents negotiated are as per terms of L/C and without reserve from the negotiating bank and after having satisfied itself, that all formalities have been complied with in conformity with the terms of the Credit Agreement, Exim Bank reimburses the eligible value of shipment in equivalent rupees at spot exchange rate to the negotiating bank for payment to the exporter.

Exim Bank debits the borrower's account and arranges to collect interest and principal receivable on due dates as per the terms of the line of credit agreement between Exim Bank and the borrower.

It may be noted:

Any bank charges, commission expenses payable in India as also pro-rata export credit insurance premium and / or interest rate differential cost, as may be applicable shall be to the account of the exporter. The exporter is advised to ascertain from EXIM Bank the amount service fee payable by the exporter, before entering into commercial contract with the overseas buyer.

Exim Bank will not be liable to pay interest for the period between dates of negotiation and actual reimbursement from EXIM Bank.

A Variety of LINE OF CREDIT Programmes Particulars of the Line of Credit to Seychelles Marketing Board(SMB), Seychelles
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Particulars of the Line of Credit to Vneshtorgbank (Bank For Foreign Trade), Russian Federation Particulars of the Line of Credit to Banco Bradesco S.A., Brazil Particulars of the Line of Credit to Banco Industrial De Venezuela, C.A. Particulars of the Line of Credit to Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia S.A. Confirmation Of Letters Of Credit(L/C) By Exim Bank Under The Trade Facilitation Programme Of The European Bank For Reconstruction And Development (EBRD) Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme for Textile and Jute Industries

SUPPLIER'S CREDIT:

Supplier's Credit for deferred payment exports What is on offer? Exim Bank offers Supplier's Credit in Rupees or in Foreign Currency at post-shipment stage to finance export of eligible goods and services on deferred payment terms. An illustrative list of eligible goods is at Annexure 1. Supplier's Credit is available both for supply contracts as well as project exports; the latter includes construction, turnkey or consultancy contracts undertaken overseas. Who can seek finance? Exporters can seek Supplier's Credit in Rupees/ Foreign Currency from Exim Bank in respect of export contracts on deferred payment terms irrespective of value of export contracts.

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EXIM BANK What are the general terms of Supplier's Credit? a. Extent of Supplier's Credit

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100% of post-shipment credit extended by exporter to overseas buyer. b. Currency of Credit Supplier's Credit from Exim Bank is available in Indian Rupees or in Foreign Currency. c. Rate of Interest The rate of interest for Supplier's Credit in Rupees is a fixed rate and is available on request. Supplier's Credit in Foreign Currency is offered by Exim Bank on a floating rate basis at a margin over LIBOR dependent upon cost of funds. d. Security Adequate security by way of acceptable letter of credit and/or guarantee from a bank in the country of import or any third country is necessary, as per RBI guidelines. e. Period of Credit and Repayment Period of credit is determined for each proposal having regard to the value of contract, nature of goods covered, security, competition. Repayment period for Supplier's Credit facility is fixed coinciding with the repayment of post-shipment credit extended by Indian exporter to overseas buyer. However, the Indian exporter will repay the credit to Exim Bank as per agreed repayment schedule, irrespective of whether or not the overseas buyer has paid the Indian exporter.

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EXIM BANK Utilization of Credit

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Exim Bank enters into Supplier's Credit Agreement with Indian exporter as also with exporter's commercial bank in the event of the latter's participation in the Supplier's Credit. The Agreement covers details of draw-down, repayment, and includes an affirmation by Indian exporter that repayment to Exim Bank would be made on due date, regardless of whether due payments have or have not been received from overseas buyer. i. Negotiation of Documents Commercial bank negotiates export documents and seeks reimbursement of Supplier's Credit amount. ii. Supplier's Credit Claims Commercial bank seeks reimbursement of Supplier's Credit from Exam Bank along with a. Annexure containing particulars of shipment/s made (drawal form and Annexure format are provided to banks at the time of issue of sanction). b. Copies of shipping documents. On satisfying itself that the disbursement claim is in order, Exim Bank either credits the amount in Rupees under Rupee Supplier's Credit into the account of the commercial bank, maintained with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) at Mumbai, or the commercial bank's Nostro Account under Foreign currency Supplier's Credit and advises details of the amount credited to bank/exporter. iii. Repayment of Supplier's Credit

The exporter repays principal amount of credit to Exim Bank as per agreed repayment schedule. Interest amounts are payable to Exim Bank half-yearly without any moratorium.
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EXIM BANK Supplier's Credit [Regulatory Norms]

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Supply/Turnkey/Construction RBI has laid down guidelines for project exports and export of goods from India on deferred payment terms. RBI's guidelines relating to Project Export contracts are contained in Memorandum PEM published by RBI. It is a priced publication and available at any of the Regional Offices of RBI throughout India

Overseas Buyer's Credit:

This is offered directly to foreign importers for the import of Indian capital goods and relative services with repayment terms spread over a period of years. Loan under FREPEC Programme: Financing Rupee Expenditure for Project Export Contracts About FREPEC This programme seeks to Finance Rupee Expenditure for Project Export Contracts, incurred by Indian companies. Purpose To enable Indian project exporters to meet Rupee expenditure incurred/required to be incurred for execution of overseas project export contracts such as for mobilisation/purchase/acquisition of materials and equipment, mobilisation of personnel, payments to be made in India to staff, sub-contractors, consultants and to meet project related overheads in Indian Rupees.

Pre-Shipment Rupee Credit

Pre-shipment Rupee Credit is extended to finance temporary funding requirement of export contracts. This facility enables provision of rupee mobilisation expenses for construction/ turnkey
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projects. Exporters could also avail of pre-shipment credit in foreign currencies to finance cost of imported inputs for manufacture of export products to be supplied under the projects. Commercial banks also extend this facility for definite periods.

Pre-Shipment Finance
An application for pre-shipment advance should be made by you to your banker along with the following documents:

Confirmed export order/contract or L/C etc. in original. Where it is not available, an undertaking to the effect that the same will be produced to the bank within a reasonable time for verification and endorsement should be given.

An undertaking that the advance will be utilised for the specific purpose of procuring/manufacturing/shipping etc., of the goods meant for export only, as stated in the relative confirmed export order or the L/C.

If you are a sub-supplier and want to supply the goods to the Export/Trading/Star Trading House or Merchant Exporter, an undertaking from the Merchant Exporter or Export/Trading/Star Trading House stating that they have not/will 7 3 not avail themselves of packing credit facility against the same transaction for the same purpose till the original packing credit is liquidated.

Copies of Income Tax/Wealth Tax assessment Order for the last 23 years in the case of sole proprietary and partnership firm.

Copy of Exporter's Code Number (CNX). Copy of a valid RCMC (Registration-cum-Membership Certificate) held by you and/or the Export/Trading/Star Trading House Certificate.

Appropriate policy/guarantee of the ECGC.

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Any other document required by the Bank. For encouraging exports, R.B.I. has instructed the banks to grant preshipment advance at a concessional rate of interest. The present rate of interest is 10% p.a. for pre-shipment advance upto an initial period of 180 days. Pre-shipment advance for a further period of 90 days is given at the concessional rate of 13% p.a. Banks are free to determine the interest rate for advances beyond 270 days and upto 360 days.

Following special schemes are also available in respect of pre-shipment finance:

Exim Bank's scheme for grant of foreign currency pre-shipment credit to exporters for financing cost of imported inputs for manufacture of export products.

Scheme of export packing credit to sub-suppliers from export order.

Packing credit for deemed exports. Pre-shipment Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC). For further details refer to Nabhi's "How to Borrow from Financial and Banking Institutions".

Post Shipment Finance Post-shipment finance is the finance provided against shipping documents. It is also provided against duty drawback claims. It is provided in the following forms:
o

Purchase of Export Documents drawn under Export Order: Purchase or discount facilities in respect of export bills drawn under confirmed export order are generally granted to the customers who are enjoying Bill Purchase/Discounting limits from
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EXIM BANK the Bank. As in case of purchase or discounting of export

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documents drawn under export order, the security offered under L/C by way of substitution of credit-worthiness of the buyer by the issuing bank is not available, the bank financing is totally dependent upon the credit worthiness of the buyer, i.e. the importer, as well as that of the exporter or the beneficiary. The documents dawn on DP basis are parted with through foreign correspondent only when payment is received while in case of DA bills documents (including that of title to the goods) are passed on to the overseas importer against the acceptance of the draft to make payment on maturity. DA bills are thus unsecured. The bank financing against export bills is open to the risk of non-payment. Banks, in order to enhance security, generally opt for ECGC policies and guarantees which are issued in favor of the exporter/banks to protect their interest on percentage basis in case of non-payment or delayed payment which is not on account of mischief, mistake or negligence on the part of exporter. Within the total limit of policy issued to the customer, drawee-wise limits are generally fixed for individual customers. At the time of purchasing the bill bank has to ascertain that this drawee limit is not exceeded so as to make the bank ineligible for claim in case of non-payment.
o

Advances against Export Bills Sent on Collection: It may sometimes be possible to avail advance against export bills sent on collection. In such cases the export bills are sent by the bank on collection basis as against their purchase/discounting by the bank. Advance against such bills is granted by way of a 'separate loan' usually termed as 'post-shipment loan'. This facility is, in fact, another form of post- shipment advance and is sanctioned by the bank on the same terms and conditions as applicable to the facility
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of Negotiation/Purchase/Discount of export bills. A margin of 10 to 25% is, however, stipulated in such cases. The rates of interest etc., chargeable on this facility are also governed by the same rules. This type of facility is, however, not very popular and most of the advances against export bills are made by the bank by way of negotiation/purchase/discount.
o

Advance against Goods Sent on Consignment Basis: When the goods are exported on consignment basis at the risk of the exporter for sale and eventual remittance of sale proceeds to him by the agent/consignee, bank may finance against such transaction subject to the customer enjoying specific limit to that effect. However, the bank should ensure while forwarding shipping documents to its overseas branch/correspondent to instruct the latter to deliver the document only against Trust Receipt/Undertaking to deliver the sale proceeds by specified date, which should be within the prescribed date even if according to the practice in certain trades a bill for part of the estimated value is drawn in advance against the exports.

Advance against Undrawn Balance: In certain lines of export it is the trade practice that bills are not to be drawn for the full invoice value of the goods but to leave small part undrawn for payment after adjustment due to difference in rates, weight, quality etc. to be ascertained after approval and inspection of the goods. Banks do finance against the undrawn balance if undrawn balance is in conformity with the normal level of balance left undrawn in the particular line of export subject to a maximum of 10% of the value of export and an undertaking is obtained from the exporter that he will, within 6 months from due date of payment or the date of shipment of the goods, whichever is earlier surrender balance
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proceeds of the shipment. Against the specific prior approval from Reserve Bank of India the percentage of undrawn balance can be enhanced by the exporter and the finance can be made available accordingly at higher rate. Since the actual amount to be realised out of the undrawn balance, may be less than the undrawn balance, it is necessary to keep a margin on such advance.
o

Advance against Retention Money: Banks also grant advances against retention money, which is payable within one year from the date of shipment, at a concessional rate of interest up to 90 days. If such advances extend beyond one year, they are treated as deferred payment advances which are also eligible for concessional rate of interest.

Advances against Claims of Duty Drawback: Duty Drawback is permitted against exports of different categories of goods under the 'Customs and Central Excise Duty Drawback Rules, 1995'. Drawback in relation to goods manufactured in India and exported means a rebate of duties chargeable on any imported materials or excisable materials used in manufacture of such goods in India or rebate on excise duty chargeable under Central Excises Act, 1944 on certain specified goods. The Duty Drawback Scheme is administered by Directorate of Duty Drawback in the Ministry of Finance. The claims of duty drawback are settled by Custom House at the rates determined and notified by the Directorate. As per the present procedure, no separate claim of duty drawback is to be filed by the exporter. A copy of the shipping bill presented by the exporter at the time of making shipment of goods serves the purpose of claim of duty drawback as well. This claim is provisionally accepted by the customs at the time of shipment and the shipping bill is duly verified. The claim is settled by customs
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office later. As a further incentive to exporters, Customs Houses at Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Chandigarh, Hyderabad have evolved a simplified procedure under which claims of duty drawback are settled immediately after shipment and no funds of exporter are blocked. However, where settlement is not possible under the simplified procedure exporters may obtain advances against claims of duty drawback as provisionally certified by customs.
o

Negotiation of Export documents Drawn under L/C: This aspect has been discussed in the chapter on Special Care for negotiation of Export Documents under Letter of Credit.

Refinance of Export Loans

Authorised Dealers in foreign exchange can obtain from Exim Bank, hundred percent refinance of deferred payment loans extended for export of eligible Indian goods.

Forfeiting

Forfeiting is a mechanism of financing exports.

by discounting export receivables evidenced by bills of exchange or promissory notes without recourse to the seller (viz. exporter) carrying medium to long term maturities on a fixed rate basis (discount)

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upto 100 percent of the contract value.

The word `forfeit' is derived from the French word `a forfait' which means the surrender of rights. Simply put, forfeiting is the non-recourse discounting of export receivables. In a forfeiting transaction, the exporter surrenders, without recourse to him, his rights to claim for payment on goods delivered to an importer, in return for immediate cash payment from a forfaiter. As a result, an exporter in India can convert a credit sale into a cash sale, with no recourse to the exporter or his banker.

Non-Funded
Exim Bank issues following guarantees directly or in participation with other banks, for project export contract.

Bid Bond Advance Payment Guarantee

Bid Bond is generally issued for a period of six months.

Exporters are expected to secure a mobilisation advance of 10-20% of the contract value which is normally released against bank guarantee and is generally recovered on a pro-rata basis from the progress payments during project execution.

Performance Guarantee

Performance guarantee for 5-10% of contract is issued, valid upto completion of maintenance period normally one year after completion of contract period and/or grant of Final Acceptance Certificate (FAC) by the
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overseas employer. Format of guarantee is expected to be furnished by exporter, at least four weeks before actual issue, to facilitate discussions and formal approval.

Guarantee for Release of Retention Money:

This enables the exporter to obtain the release of retention money (normally 10% of contract value) before obtaining Final Acceptance Certificate (FAC) from client.

Guarantee for Raising Borrowings Overseas

Bridge finance may be needed at the earlier phases of the contracts to supplement the mobilisation advance. Bridge finance upto 25% of the contract value may be raised in foreign currency from an overseas bank against this guarantee issued by a bank in India. Request for overseas borrowings must be supported by currency-wise cash flows, also indicating the outstanding letters of credit and L/C drawal schedule

Other Guarantees e.g. in lieu of customs duty or security deposit for expatriate labour.

Guarantee commission is charged at rates stipulated by the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI) or as stepulated by guarantee issuing bank. Margin requirement for issue of guarantee is generally waived by banks for Export Performance Guarantee. However, appropriate securities are availed of.

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Lending Programme for Export Oriented Units Production Equipment Finance Programme Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme for Textile and Jute Industries

Overseas Investment Finance Programme Equity Investment in Indian Ventures Abroad Asian Countries Investment Partners Programme Export Marketing Finance Programme Export Product Development Programme Export Vendor Development Programme Programme for Export Facilitation
o o

Port Development Software Training Institutes

Foreign Currency Pre-shipment Credit Working Capital Term Loan Programme for Export Oriented Units Bulk Import Finance Finance for Research & Development for Export Oriented Units Long Term Working Capital Import Finance

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CHAPTER III Services rendered by EXIM Bank

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Export Services

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ADVISORY SERVICES
MULTILATERAL AGENCIES FUNDED PROJECTS OVERSEAS (MFPO)

Services Information and support services to Indian companies to help improve their prospects for securing business in multilateral agencies funded projects.

Dissemination of business opportunities in funded projects Providing detailed information on projects of interest Information on Procurement Guidelines, Policies, Practices of Multilateral Agencies Assistance for Registration with Multilateral Agencies Advising Indian companies on preparation of Expression of Interest, Capability Profile

Bid Intervention

PROMOTING INDIAN CONSULTANCY Tie-up with

International Finance Corporation, Washington D.C.

o o o o

Africa Project Development Facility Africa Enterprise Fund Technical Assistance & Trust Funds Mekong Project Development Facility

Eastern & Southern African Trade & Development Bank (PTA Bank)

African Management Services Company (AMSCO), Netherlands

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Examples Gems & Jewellery - Zambia Study Cement Project Cameroon Wool Knitting Refrigeration - Vietnam - Ghana Textile Financial Training Financial Mission Software Madagascar - Nigeria - Poland Training - Kenya

EXIM BANK AS A CONSULTANT

Feasibility study for establishment of an export credit and guarantee facility for Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

Regional cooperation in export finance and export credit guarantees for ESCAP.

Study on promotion of international competitiveness and exports of manufactured goods for ESCAP.

Setting up the Afrexim Bank Designing of Export Financing Programmes - Turkey Setting up an Exim Bank in Malaysia Design of Export Marketing Seminars for SMEs in Vietnam Export Development Project : Ukraine Enterprise Support Fund : Armenia Establishing an Export Credit Guarantee Company in Zimbabwe
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Advisory services to Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa for international finance products

KNOWLEDGE BUILDING EXIMIUS CENTRE FOR LEARNING, BANGALORE

Set up, in October 1994, to organise seminars and workshops in areas such as international trade & investment, export marketing, quality, packaging, business opportunities in multilateral agencies funded projects, sector and country specific programmes

Guest faculty from network partners such as IFC, World Bank, EBRD, UNIDO.

Number of Programmes Conducted : 53

RESEARCH STUDIES

Research Studies on products, sectors, countries, macro economic issues relevant to international trade and investment

Number of research studies published as Occasional Papers : 85

Sector Studies Computer - Floriculture Medicinal

Software -

Plants Electric - Machine Tools Goods Financial Sports

Components - Chemicals

Pharmaceuticals Services

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Bilateral Trade and Investment Studies - Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan : Study of India's Trade - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan : Trade Potential - SAARC Countries: Trade & Investment Potential Macro Economic Environment Studies - International Technology Transfer - Transaction Costs of Indian Exports : An Analysis INFORMATION 1. Exporters/Importers 2. Industry/Market Reports 3. Trade Regulations & Laws 4. Country Reports 5. International Quality Standards 6. Partner Identification 7. Product Display Examples of Information Services

Hungarian Pharmaceutical Sector Importers of Sanitary ware, Castings in North America Importers of Agro-chemicals in Eastern Europe Study for ear buds market in Hungary Study of the Indian Wine market for a Hungarian Company Partner identification for an Italian Sanitary ware manufacturer Study of the Indian Crane Industry for a Finnish company Regulatory Framework for setting up a Pharma Project in China Market report for Computer Monitors in India for a Singaporean firm
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Study on Bicycle market in Eastern Europe for Indian Cycle exporter

Market Potential for Denim in South East Asia.

PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMMES
Project Preparatory Services Overseas Programme

Set up in 1987 to promote Indian consultancy at preparatory stages in projects overseas with potential of Multilateral Funding and downstream linkages for Indian exports.

Eligible Costs Project feasibility studies, project formulation and related advisory services

Examples
o

Railway Sector Study - Vietnam * Thermal Power Macedonia

Road Rehabilitation - Uzbekistan * Agriculture - Egypt

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CHAPTER VI Conclusion

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Conclusion
Many economists argued that EXIM Bank sector represented the new beginning of the international capitalism. They traced the evolution of the EXIM Bank sector to the development of transnational corporations. In this context the evolution of the international banking came as a response to the modern phenomenon of capital which obviously goes beyond national borders. At the same time the rapid growth and boom of the technology sector gave a great incentive and facilitated the creation of the international EXIM Bank area. This permitted global access of world market information and subsequently its management and control. Under the traditional national and international sectors there were several constraints which gave the possibility for offshore activity to grow. These are: the extension of national tax bases; intermittent fiscal and monetary instabilities; the existence of foreign exchange controls and fluctuations; limiting cross-border controls; conservative banking laws and regulations with regard to foreign and domestic industrial entry, systems of supervision and liquidity requirements, constraints on the issue of foreign and domestic bonds, the admission of securities to capital markets, stock exchange, insurance regulations ; company laws which restricted business. Also it has to be mentioned from the international perspective there was a lack of coherent set of international fiscal principles and laws in which transnational company could operate across border. The evolution of the EXIM Bank center is described from the perspective of its tax and banking functions. More recently, however, other constraints onshore have served as an incentive element which pushed for offshore investment and have emphasized the importance of
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that investment. These include: the need to provide for what is seen as the vulnerability of professionals and investors to creditors; the desire to avoid onshore laws and regulations which mandate the reservation of assets to spouses and heirs; the need for savings and investment vehicle for ordinary persons. EXIM Bank center came with innovative solutions to all these constraints that were mentioned above. Let us refer for example to taxation. There are 3 models of EXIM Bank centers from the perspective of taxation: with zero-tax (here even residents do not pay taxes); with low-tax; tax at normal rates but exemption or other preferential treatment is granted to non-resident investors or investment for certain categories of income. Notwithstanding the fact that the above categories refers only to tax aspects of EXIM Bank activity, it clearly shows the scope of such centers.

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Bibliography
From the International Banking & Insurance textbook of T.Y. B&I. INTERNATIONAL BANKING K VISWANATHAN INTERNATIONAL BANKING DEEPAK ABHYANKAR

Webilography
www. Wikipedia.com www.ANSWERS.COM www.EXIM.com www.google com

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