Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101 This article is also available online at: www.elsevier.

com/locate/mineng

Jameson Cell fundamentalsa revised perspective

G. Harbort
a

a,*

, S. De Bono b, D. Carr c, V. Lawson

Department of Mining and Mineral Processing, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4067 Australia b MIM Process Technologies, Australia c Macraes Gold, New Zealand d Mount Isa Mines, Australia Received 4 May 2003; accepted 23 June 2003

Abstract The Jameson Cell concept was developed by Graeme Jameson of the University of Newcastle and the technology was developed for commercial application by Mount Isa Mines Limited (MIM). Laboratory investigations highlighted signicant dierences between Jameson Cells and other otation technologies. The installation of Jameson Cells in MIMs copper concentrator in 2002 has allowed a detailed investigation of Jameson Cell fundamentals to be conducted within a mineral otation system. On line measurements, together with non-invasive measurement techniques for detailing operation within the primary contacting zone (the downcomer) and the secondary contacting zone (the tank) has allowed a detailed review of Jameson Cell operation to be conducted. This paper shows that assumptions based on mechanical otation cells, conventional and non-conventional otation columns and even pneumatic otation devices do not necessarily transfer to the Jameson Cell. The eects of feed ow rate, feed percent solids, froth depth and aeration rate are discussed in relation to the Jameson Cell downcomer residence time. Aeration eects within the Jameson Cell tank are also discussed. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Froth otation; Flotation kinetics; Column otation; Flotation machines

1. Introduction The Jameson Cell was a joint development between Mount Isa Mines and Prof. G.J. Jameson of the University of Newcastle, Australia (Jameson, 1988). Since its invention in 1986 there have been 225 Jameson Cells installed in a variety of applications. Although the Jameson Cell is widely installed in the otation industry there still remains a tendency to explain its fundamental operation in terms of more conventional otation technologies, such as mechanical otation cells, conventional otation columns and pneumatic otation equipment. These assumptions do not necessarily transfer to the Jameson Cell and can lead to errors in design and operation giving sub-optimal performance. In terms of complexity the Jameson Cell can be considered little dierent to other otation technologies, only requiring understanding from a dierent perspective than that which is commonly used. It should be noted that the Denver sub-aeration machine was
*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +61-73202-8687. E-mail address: g.harbort@minmet.uq.edu.au (G. Harbort).

considered revolutionary in the 1930s and that wide acceptance of mechanical otation cells only became a reality in the 1950s (Jameson, 1992). The modern otation column dates from the early 1960s, although it was not until the 1980s that there was a surge in commercial interest and understanding, Finch and Dobby (1990). A review by Honaker et al. (1995) comparing the Jameson Cell with a variety of otation columns, Table 1 together with comparisons of mechanical otation cells (Harbort et al., 1997), Table 2 indicate major differences in respect to residence time, supercial air rise velocity (Jg ), aeration requirements and carrying rates. In terms of classic fundamental parameters such as tank residence time and supercial air velocity the Jameson Cell can not be easily grouped with either otation columns or mechanical otation cells. The most likely category for the Jameson Cell would be that of recent pneumatic otation cells such as the air sparged hydrocyclone or Centriot. Common features include small tank residence times, high concentrate production rates and a high shear rate to produce very ne bubbles. The Jameson Cell however operates with no compressed

0892-6875/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2003.06.008

1092

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

Nomenclature dd do g h hI jg jl Ld Lnoz Patm P0 P1 Qg downcomer diameter orice plate diameter acceleration due to gravity height of bubbly mixture within downcomer depth of downcomer immersion into pulp supercial gas velocity supercial liquid velocity downcomer length nozzle length atmospheric pressure downcomer head space pressure downcomer exit pressure gas volumetric ow Ql Uj V e k lg ll qd qm ql r sd st liquid volumetric ow jet velocity downcomer head space vacuum air void fraction air to pulp ratio gas viscosity liquid viscosity downcomer feed density downcomer bubbly mixture density liquid density surface tension downcomer residence time tank residence time

Table 1 Comparison of the Jameson Cell with a variety of otation columns (Honaker et al., 1995) Technology Canadian column Flotaire Microcel Packed column Turbo air Jameson Cell Tank residence time (min) 21.3 22.9 18.0 25.6 19.1 5.0 Jg (cm/sec) 4.8 3.8 2.3 11.9 3.2 1.4 Aeration pressure (psi) 40 35 36 22 60 0 Carrying capacity (g/min/cm2 ) 1.8 1.95 2.36 1.92 1.85 2.77

Table 2 Comparison of the Jameson Cell with mechanical otation cells (Harbort et al., 1997) Duty Jameson Cell circuit residence time (min) 2.93 7.46 Mechanical cell circuit residence time (min) 30.0 17.9

Copper scavenging Copper roughing/scavenging

air input and the vacuum developed within the downcomer produces interactions unlike conventional pneumatic devices. 1.1. Jameson Cell operation The principles of Jameson Cell operation have been discussed by numerous authors including Jameson et al. (1988) and Evans et al. (1995) and recently by Harbort et al. (2002). The Jameson Cell can be divided into three main zones as described with reference to Fig. 1. 1. The downcomer is where primary contacting of bubbles and particles occurs. Feed pulp is pumped into the downcomer through an orice plate, creating a high-pressure jet. The plunging jet of liquid shears and then entrains air, which has been naturally aspirated. Due to a high mixing velocity and a large inter-

facial area there is rapid contact and collection of particles. 2. The tank pulp zone is where secondary contacting of bubbles and particles occurs and bubbles disengage from the pulp. The aerated mixture exits the downcomer and enters the pulp zone of the otation tank. The velocity of the mixture and large density dierential between it and the remainder of pulp in the tank results in recirculating uid patterns, keeping particles in suspension without the need for mechanical agitation. 3. The tank froth zone is where entrained materials are removed from the froth by froth drainage and/or froth washing.

2. Experimental 2.1. Experimental arrangements Investigation into Jameson Cell operation was conducted in the copper concentrator at Mount Isa Mines. Table 3 details the various test arrangements used. Preliminary operation was conducted with a 100 mm diameter downcomer in a 500 mm diameter Jameson Cell in a water frother system. This was compared with operation in a 250 mm diameter downcomer as a check on downcomer model validity.

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

1093

Fig. 1. Jameson Cell operation.

Table 3 The various arrangements used for Jameson Cell evaluations Investigation Fundamental operation System Air/water Jameson Model J500/1 E2532/6 E2514/3 J500/1 E2532/6 E2514/3 E2514/3 E2514/3 Downcomer details Number 1 6 3 1 6 3 3 3 Diameter (mm) 100 250 250 100 250 250 250 250 Tank otation area (m2 ) 0.19 7.63 3.32 0.19 7.63 3.32 3.32 Variable 1.603.32

Tank residence time Pulp density Pulp zone in tank Downcomer residence time

Chalcopyrite Copper slag Talc Air/water Talc

Operation was also conducted with the 100 mm downcomer treating chalcopyrite ore to determine the eects of pulp ow variation/tank residence time on recovery. Further operation was conducted using 250 mm diameter downcomers treating either smelter slag or talc preoat concentrate to determine the eect of pulp density on downcomer operation. During operation on talc otation a variable otation area was used to maintain froth zone Jg constant at varying downcomer residence times. 2.2. Measurements Critical downcomer parameters, which were measured during experimentation, included the downcomer vacuum, air ow rate, downcomer feed pressure and the pulp density. As the dierent investigations operated with diering downcomer congurations the air ow

rate tended to be cell and duty specic. As such an air to pulp ratio was calculated for each specic test case. When plotted against the corresponding vacuum in the downcomer this provided a series of curves that were distinct for each application. The air to pulp ratio versus vacuum curves for the investigation are shown in Fig. 2. Measurements were transmitted to the Yokagowa operating system and stored within the PI data management software for analysis. To determine contact volume within the downcomer an ultrasonic ow meter was used. The meter produced a distinct variation in signal strength between dierent zones within the downcomer allowing an accurate bubbly mixture height within the downcomer to be measured. Aeration eects within the tank were determined by removing pulp under vacuum and measuring the void fraction within a known volume. Plotting of tank void fractions was done using Origin 6.0 statistical software.

1094

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

Fig. 2. Air to pulp ratio versus downcomer vacuum curves.

3. Discussion 3.1. Residence time The classical approach to otation cell residence time refers to tank residence time, st , where residence time equals the active tank volume, Vt , divided by the volumetric pulp ow, Qp , i.e. st Vt =Qp 1 Fig. 3 compares copper recovery versus tank residence time for single stage Jameson Cell tests in the Mount Isa copper concentrator with a standard bench scale mechanical cell test and the existing mechanical cell circuit. The bench scale test achieved a copper recovery of 95% at a residence time of 5 min. By comparison the operating circuit achieved similar recovery after 15 min, indicating a scale up factor of approximately 3.0. Both the bench tests and the mechanical circuit survey clearly show an increase in copper re-

covery over time. In contrast the Jameson Cell shows a rapid increase in copper recovery until a tank residence time of 1.5 min, reaching a maximum recovery of 85%. After this, copper recovery decreases as tank residence time increases until the recovery reaches zero at a tank residence time of 4.1 min. This seemingly irregular performance is caused by a number of factors, the two which are discussed in this paper being downcomer residence time and tank pulp dynamics. One important consideration in regard to the Jameson Cell is to clearly dene between operation within the downcomer and operation within the Jameson Cell tank. Unlike otation tanks the contact volume within the downcomer is variable. The relationship between downcomer variables and the height of the bubbly mixture within the downcomer can be derived from the conservation of momentum equation around the downcomer. This states that the momentum of material entering the downcomer is equivalent to the momentum of material exiting the downcomer plus any momentum gain and minus any momentum loss within the downcomer, i.e. deqUi k =dxi 0, or deqUi Uj k =dxi d=dxi lk dUjk =dxi dUi;k =dxj ek dP =dxj ek qk gj bj Uj1 Ujg 2 where e is the volume fraction, q the density, U the velocity, l the viscosity, k indicates the specic component, i.e. liquid or gas, b the gasliquid drag coecient, g the gravity acceleration and i, j indicates direction in x- or y plane. As described by Atkinson (1994) the momentum balance around the downcomer can be described by P0 Ad P1 Ad qm ghAd ql Qg Ql ql Uj Ql qg lg Qg 3

Fig. 3. Copper recovery versus timeMount Isa.

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

1095

with P0 being the pressure in the head space of the downcomer; P1 the pressure at the discharge end of the downcomer, where P1 Patm ql ghi , with Patm the atmospheric pressure, ql the density of the liquid and hi the depth of immersion of the downcomer into the pulp. h the height of the bubbly mix within the downcomer; Ad the area of the downcomer; Qg and Ql being the volumetric ow of gas and liquid respectively; ql the density of the liquid, Uj the jet velocity; qm the density of the bubbly mixture, where qm 1 eql , where e is the air void fraction. The downcomer residence time, sd can therefore be dened by
2 s d h d d P =4= Q l Q g

hfin c lnhinfin =hfin max hfin max d or

hfin c lnf1 a exped b ql ghi ql jl jg jl Uj V g=f1 ed ql gg hi =hfin max hfin max d 9 As such the downcomer residence time can be redened as
2 sd h fin dd P=4=Ql Qg

10

where dd is the downcomer diameter. Rearrangement of Eq. (3) provides a calculation for h: h ql ghi ql j1 jg Jl Uj V =f1 ed ql gg hI 5 where V is the head space vacuum measured as gauge vacuum, with V Patm P0 . Initial validation with a 100 mm diameter downcomer indicated that the assumption that the density within the tank was the same as the feed density of the liquid and that tank dynamics, other than depth of immersion do not aect the downcomer was awed. The rise of air bubbles around the downcomer resulted in a reduction of density and hence aected the pressure acting on the downcomer from within the tank. It was found that frother concentration and the pulp ow through the downcomer aected the density of the mixture within the tank in the immediate vicinity of the downcomer. The relationship between the downcomer void (ed ) and the voidage in the tank (et ) for various downcomer ow rates was found to be et av expbjled 6

A comparison of measured downcomer bubbly mixture height in an air/water system versus that predicted from Eq. (9) is shown in Fig. 4. This conrmed that the revised model holds for an increase in downcomer diameter from 100 mm to a production sized 250 mm downcomer. Alterations in liquid and air ows as well as the downcomer vacuum resulted in changes occurring as predicted. This now allows prediction of the eect of varying air ow and pulp ow on the residence time within the downcomer. 3.2. Eect of tank volume on downcomer residence time 3.2.1. Change in tank cross-sectional area Variation in otation tank volume provides an initial simple comparison of downcomer and Jameson Cell tank residence times. Reduction in tank volume through alteration in the cross-sectional area will result in a linear decrease in tank residence time, at a xed ow. In terms of downcomer residence time a change in tank cross-sectional area does not eect any of the variables referred to in Eq. (9). As such, as cross-sectional area decreases the downcomer residence time does not change. This is illustrated in Fig. 5. 3.2.2. Change in tank height Reduction in tank volume by a reduction in height once again results in a linear decrease in tank residence time. For purposes of predicting the downcomer

where a is a constant based on downcomer geometry and bfr is a constant related to frother concentration. Further comparison of calculated and experimental results shows that the model was inaccurate at high bubbly mixture heights. This appears due to the model allowing a downcomer of innite length allowing an innite height of the bubbly mixture, hinfin . The downcomer is a nite length with the maximum height of the bubbly mixture hfin max being governed by this. The maximum height is governed by the length of the downcomer, the length of the nozzle and the distance that the bubbly mixture is carried above the orice plate by momentum, i.e.: hfin max ld lnoz lmom 7

Typically lmom was found to be 0.1 m. The relationship between hfin and hinfin was found to be:

Fig. 4. Comparison of measured and predicted downcomer bubbly mixture height.

1096

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

Fig. 5. The eect on tank and downcomer residence time of a change in tank volume via a reduction in cross-sectional area.

residence time the height of the tank has been reduced by increasing the froth depth, as shown in Fig. 6. This results in reduction in the forces acting on the bubbly mixture within the downcomer from the tank and hence results in a decrease in residence time. Although the decrease is linear in relationship to the height reduction it is signicantly less than that of the otation tank and in most cases can largely be ignored. The dramatic fall in residence time at a froth depth of 900 mm has occurred due to the pulp level within the tank actually being below the downcomer and the hydraulic seal at the downcomer exit being broken.

3.2.3. Change in aeration rate Altering the aeration rate to the downcomer has a more complex eect on the momentum balance, bubbly mixture height within the downcomer and hence the downcomer residence time. An increase in Qg results in: an increase in total ow to the downcomer leading to a decrease in sd , an increase in ed resulting in a decrease in bubbly mixture height and a decrease in sd , an increase in downcomer jg resulting in an increase in bubbly mixture height and an increase in sd ,

Fig. 6. The eect on tank and downcomer residence time of a change in tank volume via a reduction in height.

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

1097

a decrease in V resulting in a decrease in bubbly mixture height and a decrease in sd , an increase in et resulting in an increase in bubbly mixture height and an increase in sd . The major variables used for predicting the eect of aeration rate on the downcomer residence time are shown in Table 4. Fig. 7 shows the predicted eect of increasing the aeration rate to the Jameson Cell for operation on water, preoat and copper slag treatment. Also shown for comparison are the changes in tank residence time for each of the three dierent Jameson Cells. Even though the preliminary air to pulp and vacuum data indicated signicant dierences in downcomer performance all downcomer operation excepting that for slag show very similar residence time responses as the air to pulp ratio is changed. In the classic case of tank residence time the Jameson Cells have a residence time of between 1.20 and 1.55 min with no air addition. As the air rate is increased the available residence time volume decreases due to the presence of air voidage and the tank residence time shows a thirteen percent decrease at an air to pulp ratio of 0.6. A similar rate of decrease is predicted within the downcomer at lower air rates. It is evident that higher aeration rates to a Jameson Cell has a more signicant

eect on the downcomer residence time than on the tank residence time. Of interest is the downcomer residence time for copper slag otation. This operation shows a residence time signicantly below the others and also exhibits a dramatic decrease in downcomer residence time at an air to pulp ratio of 0.35. Slag otation results in formation of a dry, brittle froth, which leads to an increase in instability within the downcomer. Above an air to pulp ratio of 0.3 stable operation cannot be maintained and the bubbly mixture within the downcomer begins to collapse. 3.2.4. Change in pulp feed rate Altering the pulp ow to the downcomer, without changing the aeration rate also has a signicant eect on the momentum balance and the downcomer residence time. An increase in Ql brought about by increasing the jet velocity through the orice plate results in an increase in total ow to the downcomer leading to a decrease in sd , a decrease in et resulting in an increase in bubbly mixture height and an increase in sd , an increase in downcomer jl resulting in an increase in bubbly mixture height and an increase in sd , an increase in V resulting in an increase in bubbly mixture height and an increase in sd , an increase in Uj resulting in a decrease in bubbly mixture height and a decrease in sd , a decrease in ed resulting in a decrease in bubbly mixture height and a decrease in sd . The major variables used for predicting this eect of pulp ow rate on the downcomer residence time are shown in Table 5. Fig. 8 shows the predicted eect of

Table 4 Key variables used for prediction of residence time based on alteration of the air to pulp ratio Variable Air ow (m3 /h) Pulp ow (m3 /h) Jet velocity (m/sec) Water 7.545.0 75.0 15.0 Preoat 7.560.0 75.0 15.0 Slag 7.522.5 75.0 15.0

Fig. 7. Predicted eect on residence time of a change in the downcomer air to pulp ratio.

1098

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

Table 5 Key variables used for prediction of residence time based on alteration of the jet velocity Variable Air ow (m3 /h) Pulp ow (m3 /h) Jet velocity (m/sec) Water 25.52 39.9149.6 8.030.0 Preoat 35.89 39.9149.6 8.030.0 Slag 13.55 39.9149.6 8.030.0

varying the pulp ow, through varying the jet velocity to the Jameson Cell for operation on water, preoat and copper slag treatment. Also shown for comparison are the changes in tank residence time for the preoat tank. The rst item of note is that for the downcomer residence time no data points exist below a pulp ow of 40 m3 /h. With the variables used in the prediction this area represents unstable downcomer operation. The second item of note is that for both preoat operation and operation on water an increase in pulp ow has actually resulted in an increase in residence time, prior to a residence time decrease being witnessed. In general the effect of increasing pulp ow on downcomer residence time is signicantly less than the eect on tank residence time. An alternative method of increasing pulp ow to a Jameson Cell is by increasing the diameter of the orice plate. Fig. 9 shows that increasing ow by either increasing jet velocity or increasing orice plate size has a similar eect on the downcomer residence time. In the case of increasing pulp ow from a low ow it is benecial to operate with a higher jet velocity. Conversely, when increasing pulp ow at higher ow rates it is benecial to operate with larger orice plate diameters, rather than higher jet velocities.

3.2.5. Eect of feed percent solids Operation of the Jameson Cell on slag otation allowed measurement of the downcomer bubbly mixture height to be conducted from pulp densities ranging from 1.000 to 1.644 kg/l. It was found that up to a pulp density of 1.356 kg/l (37% solids) the calculated downcomer height agreed with that measured, Fig. 10. At a pulp density of 1.644 kg/l (55% solids) the model collapsed with predicted data showing no correlation to measured data. Further investigation is required to determine at what percent solids this occurs. In terms of the eect of pulp density between 1.000 and 1.400 kg/l on residence time it can be seen that varying the pulp density between 1.000 and 1.400 kg/l while maintaining the air and pulp ow rates constant has no eect on the tank residence time, but has resulted in a 10% decrease in the downcomer residence time, Fig. 11. 3.2.6. Downcomer residence time and recovery Detailed evaluation of the eect of downcomer residence time on the recovery within the downcomer is yet to be conducted. As an initial evaluation the average downcomer residence time for a series of tests were compared against recovery. The duty used was otation of talc concentrate. The talc present was naturally hydrophobic and freely liberated allowing the eects of collectors and liberation to largely be ignored. The Jameson Cell used in the preoat circuit also operated with a variable concentrate launder which allowed froth area manipulation so that the Jg in the froth zone could be held constant and thus maintain froth recovery. Fig. 12 compares the downcomer residence time and a bench mechanical otation test, in relation to recovery of talc

Fig. 8. Predicted eect on residence time of a change in the downcomer jet velocity.

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

1099

Fig. 9. Comparison of the eect on downcomer residence time of either changing the jet velocity or increase the orice plate size.

Fig. 10. The eect of pulp density on the measured and predicted downcomer bubbly mixture height. Fig. 11. Predicted eect on residence time of a change in density from 1.0 to 1.4 kg/l.

over time. This indicates that recovery within the Jameson Cell downcomer can be directly related to the average downcomer residence time. This work also shows the stark contrast between the classical residence time of the bench mechanical otation cell test and the Jameson Cell downcomer residence time. Both achieved similar recoveries, however the downcomer residence time was approximately 4.5 s, compared to 8 min for the bench test. 3.3. Jameson Cell tank dynamics Flotation equipment such as mechanical otation cells and otation columns are commonly designed to provide even dispersal of bubbles within the pulp zone

of the tank. The mapping of void fraction in the volume surrounding the downcomer for air to pulp ratios of 0.3, 0.54, and 0.94 shows that this is not the case for the Jameson Cell, Fig. 13. For operation at an air to pulp ratio of 0.2 in 50% of the tank volume investigated was found to be devoid of air bubbles. An increase in the air to pulp ratio to 0.54 resulted in 40% of the volume being devoid of bubbles. In both these case bubbles rose close to the downcomer, before spreading out to the sides of the cell. At an air to pulp ratio of 0.94 only 10% of the volume was devoid of bubbles. At the high air ow a secondary recirculating pattern is evident with bubbles being drawn downward toward the tank oor and in

1100

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101

this case into the tailing outlet. In each case there was no homogeneous distribution of air. In terms of operation within the Jameson Cell, tank void fraction measurements show that bubble patterns in general form a central, air swept cone surrounding each downcomer, as described by Taggart in 1945. The Jameson Cell tank contains areas of high, localised air void throughout the pulp zone. The rising swarm of bubbles is governed by a number of factors including recirculating patterns within the tank, pulp ow volumes and air ow volumes. Should the copper recovery results in Fig. 3 be reviewed it can be surmised that
Fig. 12. Eect of residence time on talc recovery.
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

Void percent 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Y Axis Title

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

1. Low recoveries at low tank residence times are due to uid patterns within the tank resulting in mineral laden bubbles being drawn to tailing, under high ow conditions. 2. The maximum recovery is due to optimum downcomer performance. 3. The decrease in recovery after this point is due to instability within the downcomer caused by low ow.

4. Conclusions Jameson Cell recovery is largely insensitive to tank residence time but can be aected by the downcomer residence time. Altered uid patterns within the Jameson Cell tank can eect recovery. The downcomer residence time is aected by a signicant amount of operating variables and can be modelled using the momentum balance around the downcomer as a basis. The model successfully scales up from 100 mm diameter pilot downcomers to 250 mm diameter production downcomers. Above a pulp density of 1.356 kg/l measured results deviate from predicted results, until at a pulp density of 1.7 kg/l collapse of the model occurs. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mount Isa Mines Limited, MIM Process Technologies and the University of Queensland for permission to publish this paper. The assistance of Hydrometallurgy Research Laboratories is also acknowledged. One of the authors (GJH) is a recipient of an Australian Postgraduate Research Award (Industry) scholarship.

0
200 400 600 800

X Axis Title

Void percent 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Y Axis Title

1000 800 600 400 200

0
0

2000 1800

200

400 600

800

X Axis Title

Void percent 16

1600

14
1400

12
1200

Y Axis Title

10
1000 800

8 6

600

4
400

2
200

0
0 0 200 400 600 800

References
Atkinson, B.W., 1994. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a plunging jet reactor. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle.

X Axis Title

Fig. 13. Jameson Cell tank void fractions at air-to-pulp rations of 0.3, 0.54, and 0.94.

G. Harbort et al. / Minerals Engineering 16 (2003) 10911101 Evans, G.M., Atkinson, B.W., Jameson, G.J., 1995. The Jameson Cell. Flotation Sci. Eng. 11, 331363. Finch, J.A., Dobby, G.S., 1990. Column Flotation. Pergamon Press, Toronto, Canada. Harbort, G.J., Manlapig, E.V., DeBono, S.K., 2002. A discussion of particle collection within the Jameson Cell downcomer. Trans IMM (Section C: Mineral Process. Extr. Metall), 111/Proc. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall., 307, January/April, 2002, pp. C1 C10. Harbort, G.J., Murphy, A.S., Budod, A., 1997. Jameson Cell developments at Philex Mining Corporation. In: Proceedings of 6th Mill Operators Conference, Medang, 1997, AusIMM, pp. 105 114.

1101

Honaker, R.Q., Manoj, M.K., Ho, K., 1995. Comparison of column otation cells. In: Proceedings 12th International Coal Preparation Exhibit and Conference, Lexington, KY, USA, pp. 175189. Jameson, G.J., 1988. A new concept in otation column design. In: Sastry, KV (Ed.), Column 88Proceedings of an International Symposium on Column Flotation, SME, Phoenix, AZ, 1988, pp. 281289. Jameson, G.J., Belk, M., Johnson, N.W., Espinosa-Gomez, R., Andreaditis, J.P., 1988. Mineral otation in a high intensity column. In: Chemeca 88, 16th Australian Conference on Chemical Engineering, Sydney, 1988, pp. 507510. Jameson, G.J., 1992. Flotation cell development. In: Proceedings of the AusIMM Annual Conference, Broken Hill, Australia, 1992, pp. 4550.