CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AC-AC POWER converters are ubiquitous in practical applications such as adjustable speed motor drives, wind

generation s stems, electronic trans!ormers, and man others" Among the plenti!ul ac-ac converter topologies available, the traditional bac#-to-bac# converter, comprising a common dc lin# capacitor and two voltage-source inverters, is !requentl used" $he main drawbac# o! this topolog is its requirement !or a bul# electrol tic capacitor at its dc-lin# !or !iltering and short-term energ storing purposes" $his capacitor has alwa s been the main source o! premature !ailures, a!!ecting converter reliabilit " Another shortcoming e%perienced b the bac#-to bac# converter is its requirement !or two bul# sets o! three phase line inductors, whose si&es would limit its compactness, when implemented" Other than the bac#-to-bac# topolog , di!!erent ac-ac matri% converters can be considered, including the direct matri% converter, indirect matri% converter '()C*, sparse matri% converter, ultra-sparse matri% converter, and others" $hese matri% converters can convert an three-phase input ac source to an ac output with controllable amplitude, !requenc and phase" Without the intermediate dc-lin# capacitor, matri% converters, being +all-semiconductor,, are more easil pac#ed to a smaller enclosure, which is probabl their main attraction" (t should however be noted that although matri% converters do not have an dc-lin# capacitor, the name +dc-lin#, is still !requentl used with the indirect, sparse and ultra-sparse matri% converters" $o illustrate wh , the ()C shown in -ig" . is considered, where a !ictitious dc-lin# is undeniabl !ormed, a!ter cascading the !ront-end current-source recti!ier 'C/R* to the rear-end voltage source inverter '0/(*" Although man matri% topologies have been proposed, the are mostl o! the single-output t pe, there!ore not suitable !or applications li#e electric traction locomotives and elevators, where two 'or more* motors need to be driven

independent" -or the ()C shown in -ig", the most straight!orward solution is to use one rear-end inverter !or each ac load, which means N inverters with 1N switches !or N loads, where N is an integer" $he resulting topolog might unnecessaril be costl and bul# , since sharing o! switches has not et been properl considered" (n !act, !or the speci!ic case o! N 2 3k 'or 3k 4 .* loads, the total number o! switches can be reduced !rom .3k to 5k 'or 5k 4 1*, based on the nine-switch topological concept proposed in and redrawn" Conceptuall , the nine switch inverter merges two si%-switch inverters together b sharing three switches, there!ore also has two three-phase ac outputs and a common dc-lin#" $he shared switches are in !act the middle three switches ' ST3, ST6, and ST7* with them !orming the !irst inverter with the upper three switches ' ST., ST8, and ST9* and the second inverter with the lower three switches ' ST:, ST1, and ST5*" )ore than two outputs can also be catered b paralleling more nine-switch inverters and si%-switch inverters with the latter mainl needed onl when the number o! outputs demanded is odd '3k 4 .*" ;owever, application o! the nine-switch inverter is less than per!ect at present due to its higher rated dc-lin# capacitor, needed to produce the same ac output voltages as per the case o! two individual inverters" $he reason is mainl lin#ed to the !act that the sum o! modulation indices o! its two outputs must be lesser or equal to unit when their !requencies are di!!erent" advanced the concept b adding a <-source networ# to the dc-lin# o! the nine-switch inverter to introduce an additional degree o! buc#-boost !reedom to its dual outputs, but it still requires bul# and higher rated passive components and in !act is worsened since two inductors and two capacitors are now present" $here!ore, bul# volume and relativel low reliabilit are the presentl unsolved shortcomings o! e%isting nine-switch inverters" $o !irml remove passive components !rom its dc-lin#, the idea o!

appl ing the indirect +all semiconductor, matri% conversion concept to the nine-

switch inverter is proposed here" $he resulting topolog still has dual outputs but can better match industrial conditions, where the primar electrical suppl is ac and unit power !actor operation is commonl sought !or" )odulation scheme !or the new single-input=dual-output matri% converter would certainl be more comple%, particularl i! !eatures li#e sinusoidal input and outputs, unit power !actor and minimum commutation count have to be achieved simultaneousl " $his comple%it is resolved in this paper with !ull mathematical details provided !or validation" ;idden conceptual details !or easier implementation, while producing the correct modulation state sequences, are also discussed be!ore being veri!ied in simulation and e%periment together with other !indings" $he contents o! this project are discussed in !ollowing chapters, Chapter 3, deals with the e%isting s stem" (t gives the description and wor#ing o! welding jig along with is disadvantages" (t also gives the need !or control and error proo!ing techniques to be implemented in the jig" Chapter :, provides the list o! literature review o! the project Chapter 8, describes the proposed s stem 'i"e* Automation" (t provides the in!ormation about the components needed !or automation along with the operation o! ever used in this process" Chapter 6, E%plains the wor# process !or automation" $his includes Algorithm -low chart, >adder logic, (=O, Power circuit, control circuit, panel board, wiring etc"

CHAPTER 2 INDIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER OVERVIEW: ?erived !rom the indirect trans!er !unction approach, the indirect matri% converter consists o! a current source recti!ication stage and a voltage source inversion stage" As shown in -igure, the recti!ication stage is a three-phase to two-phase matri% converter !ormed with si% bi-directional switches so that the indirect matri% converter topolog recti!ication stage sequentiall is able to per!orm the !our-quadrant operation as the direct matri% converter" When the converter is in operation, the connects the positive input voltage to the p terminal and negative input voltage to the n-terminal o! the ?C-lin# to build a switching +?C-lin# voltage Vpn, !or the inversion stage" @ased on this +?Clin# voltage,, the inversion stage, which is a conventional two-level voltage source inverter, is modulated to generate the desired output voltages"

@ased on the mathematical anal sis o! the indirect trans!er !unction approach, the abilit o! the indirect matri% converter to generate input and output wave!orms with the same qualit as those o! a direct matri% converter has been demonstrated" $his abilit can also be e%plained with the instantaneous trans!er matri%" -or instance, the instantaneous output phase voltages generated b the indirect matri% converter based on an switching combination can be determined using the instantaneous trans!er matri% presented belowA

Where TINV is the instantaneous trans!er matri% o! the inversion stage and TREC is the instantaneous trans!er matri% o! the recti!ication stage" >et us consider an e%ample based on the switching states given belowA

According to TREC, the recti!ication stage connects the input phase voltage VA to the pterminal while VB is connected to the n-terminal o! the ?Clin#, which generates a ?Clin# voltage Vpn 2 VAB" $hen, based on TINV, the inversion stage applies the voltage VA to the output terminals BaC and BbC and the voltage VB to the terminal BcC" $his switching combination generates the output voltages equivalent to the switching combinations o! the direct matri% converter presented below

As a result, an valid switching combination o! the indirect matri% converter is actuall equivalent to one o! the Droup (( or Droup ((( switching combinations presented in $able" @ appl ing the /0) on each stage to s nthesi&e the SPACE VECTOR MODULATION FOR THE INDIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER TOPOLOGY: Re!erence vector identical to the direct matri% converter, the generated input and output wave!orms are equal to the direct matri% converter that is modulated using /0)" (n order to generate a set o! balanced and sinusoidal input and output wave!orms, the indirect matri% converter is modulated in such a wa that the recti!ication stage and inversion stage are individuall modulated using /0)"

(n each stage, /0) produces a combination o! vectors to s nthesi&e a re!erence vector" A!ter determining the vectors and their dut c cles, the modulation pattern o! the indirect matri% converter topolog then combines the switching states !rom both stages uni!orml so that a correct balance o! the input currents and the output voltages is obtained !or each switching period" THE RECTIFICATION STAGE: $o !acilitate e%planation, the recti!ication stage o! the indirect matri% converter is !irstl considered as a stand-alone current source recti!ier" ?ue to the inductive nature o! t pical load and the high switching !requenc operation, the output current, ip, is assumed constant !or each switching period" As a result, as shown in -igure 3"8, theload o! the recti!ier can be assumed to be a ?C current generator with a current o! ip = IDC" At an instant, the switches o! the recti!ier are controlled so that the input lines must never be short-circuited"

Where Sqk is the switching !unction o! a bi-directional switch identical "$able presents all valid switching combinations o! the recti!ier and their generated voltages and currents" (n order to generate input wave!orms identical to the direct matri% converter, the recti!ier not onl generates the ?C-lin# voltage Vpn but also has to maintain a set o! sinusoidal and balanced input currents with controllable displacement angle with respect to the input voltages" As mentioned earlier, /0) is applied to control the recti!ier" @ using the space vector trans!ormation , the input currents generated b the !irst si% switching combinations are trans!ormed into si% distinctive input current space vectors with !i%ed directions, as shown in -igure " Each current vector re!ers to the

connections o! the input phase voltages to the ?C-lin#" -or e%ample, the current vector I1 'AC* represents the connection o! the input phase voltage VA to the pterminal and VC to the n-terminal o! the ?C lin#" $he magnitudes o! the current vectors depend on the instantaneous value o! the current ip" -or the last three switching combinations, the &ero current vectors, I0, are !ormed and positioned at the origin o! the space vector diagram"

$o maintain a set o! input currents with controllable displacement angle with respect to the input voltages, the input currents have to be s nchronised with the

input voltages" @

using the space vector trans!ormation, this set o! input

currents can be trans!ormed into a re!erence input current space vector, I in , which can be e%pressed asA

Where Iim is the magnitude and I is the direction o! the re!erence vector" ?isplacement angle o! the input currents with respect to the input voltages "the space vector diagram o! the recti!ier, shown in -igure 3, is divided into si% /ector" @ased on /0), the re!erence vector can be s nthesi&ed b two adjacent spaces vectors 'IEFand IE* and the &ero-current vector, I0, in a given sector demonstrated in !igure" $he proportion between two adjacent vectors gives the direction and the &ero vector controls the magnitude o! the re!erence vector" -or a switching period, TSW, the re!erence vector can be s nthesi&ed as belowA

Where dEFand dEFare the dut belowA c cles !or appl ing the vector IEFand IEFwithin the switching period" $hese dut c cles are calculated using the equations given

Where mR is the modulation inde% o! the recti!ierA

And theta in is the angle o! the re!erence vector, I in , within the sector" @ determining the dut c cles dEFand dE, the dut c cle o! the &ero current vector, I0, can be determined as

@ appl ing /0), the input currents generated b the current source recti!ier consist o! discrete values with !ast transition o! di/dt, as shown in -igure "$he distortion o! the input currents is high, which can cause the detrimental e!!ects to other electrical equipment sharing the same electrical suppl " (n addition, due to the presence o! inherent line inductance at the suppl side, the !ast transition o! di/dt can cause unwanted large voltage spi#es" $here!ore, a low pass >C !ilter is required at the suppl side to !ilter out high !requenc harmonics so that a set o! sinusoidal and balanced input currents can be obtained

'a* $he input current vectors !ormed b the valid switching combinations o! the current source recti!ier 'b* $o s nthesis a re!erence vector in a given sector 'c* $he position o! the input current vectors in the time domain o! the input current wave!orms"

-igure 'a* the input current iA generated b the current source recti!ier based on the space vector modulation 'b* $he input current wave!orms that are smoothed out b the >ow-pass >C !ilter @ obtaining the desired input current wave!orms, the average o! the ?C-lin# voltage Vpn, generated b the current source recti!ier, can be determined using the !ollowing equationA

Where in VG is the pea# amplitude o! the input phase voltages" @ased on , with the ma%imum input voltage suppl , the current source recti!ier can be modulated to generate ma%imum average ?C-lin# voltage level, HFIpn in V VG when the modulation inde% mR 2 . and the displacement !actor, i, is controlled to &ero" -igure shows the ?C-lin# voltage, Vpn, generated b the current source recti!ier using space vector modulation scheme with mR 2 . and i 2 J" $he spi#es to the &ero voltage level in the wave!orm are due to the use o! &ero current vectors"

-igure A $he +?C-lin# voltage Vpn, generated b the recti!ier when mR 2 ."

THE INVERSION STAGE: (n the same wa as !or the recti!ication stage, to e%plain the operating principle, the inversion stage is initiall considered as a stand-alone, three ib ic 2 phase, two-level voltage source inverter that supplied with a ?C voltage source, 3K0?C '-igure*" @ecause o! the balanced star-connected load ' ia use!ul as a re!erence 'ground* !or the output voltages" $he switches o! the voltage source inverter are modulated based on the constraint that the top and bottom switches o! each phase leg must never be turned on simultaneousl to prevent a short circuit" ;ence, the switches o! each phase leg are modulated based on the !ollowing e%pressionA J*, the middle point B!" does not need to be ph sicall present, but remains

Where S#p and S#n are the switching !unctions o! the top and bottom unidirectional switches, respectivel " $here are eight valid switching combinations available !or a three-phase voltage source inverter, as listed in $able" $he output phase 'line-to output neutral-point $* voltages generated b the switching combination based on the ?C-lin# voltage Vpn '2 3KVDC* can be determined using the !ollowing equations

@ using space vector trans!ormation '3".J*, the output phase voltages generated b the !irst si% switching combinations are trans!ormed into si% distinctive output voltage space vectors with !i%ed directions, as shown in -igure " Each voltage vector re!ers to the switching combination that represents the connections o! the output terminals 'a, b and c* to the ?C-lin# terminals 'p and n*L e"g" 0. '%NN* represents theconnection o! the output terminal BaC to point BpC and the terminals BbC and BcC to point Bn"" $he magnitude o! each voltage vector is proportional to the ?C-lin# voltage Vpn" -or the switching combinations that connect all output terminals to one ?C-lin# point, &ero voltage vectors V0 are !ormed and positioned at the origin o! the space vector diagram"

-igureA $he circuit con!iguration o! a three-phase two-level voltage source inverter

0alid switching combinations !or the voltage source inverter and the generated output phase voltages '. 2 OM, J 2 O--* -or a three-phase voltage source inverter, a set o! sinusoidal and balanced output phase voltages is the desired outputs" @ using space vector trans!ormation, this set o! timevar ing signals is trans!ormed into a re!erence output voltage vector, V !&t , that rotates along a circular trajector with the !requenc N! in the space vector diagram" $his re!erence vector can be e%pressed asA

$he space vector diagram o! the voltage source inverter is divided into si% sectors, as shown in -igure 'a*" $he re!erence vector can be s nthesi&ed b two adjacent space vectors, VO and VP, and the &ero voltage vector, V0, in a given

sector" -or a switching period, TSW, the output re!erence vector can be s nthesi&ed as belowA

$he equations !or determining the dut c cles dO and dP areA

Where mI is the modulation inde% o! the voltage source inverterA

And Q!&t is the angle o! the re!erence vector, V !&t , within the sector" @ calculating the dut c cles dO and dP, the dut c cle o! the &ero voltage vector, V0, can be determinedA

-igureA 'a* $he output voltage vectors !ormed b combinations o! the voltage source inverter 'b* $o s nthesis a re!erence vector in a given sector

the valid switching

'c* $he position o! the output voltage vectors in the time domain o! the output phase voltage wave!orms"

$he output terminal 'line-to-midpoint B!"* voltages generated b

a voltage

source inverter consists o! two discrete voltage levels '40?C and R0?C* with !ast transition d'/dt, as shown in -igure 'a*" $he inductive nature o! t pical loads generates smooth output currents, as shown in -igure'b*"

-igureA 'a* $he output line-to-midpoint voltage, Va!, generated b the voltage source inverter using space vector modulation" 'b* /imulation result o! the output currents SYNCHRONIZATION INVERSION STAGES: Ssing the modulation schemes applied to the recti!ication and inversion stages, this section describes the modulation pattern that combines the switching states !rom both stages in such a wa that a correct balance o! the input currents and the output voltages is obtained !or each switching period" -or the indirect matri% converter topolog , the recti!ication stage is modulated to suppl inde% !or the ma%imum average ?C-lin# voltage so that ma%imum overall voltage trans!er ratio can be obtained" -or this reason, the modulation recti!ication stage, mR, is set to unit and the displacement !actor is controlled to &ero" @esides that, to simpli! the overall modulation, onl the modulation on the inversion stage produces the &ero vectors" ;ence, BETWEEN THE RECTIFICATION AND

the &ero current vector o! the recti!ication stage is eliminated and the recti!ication stageCs switching sequence onl consists o! the two adjacent current vectors 'IT and IU*" @ determining the dut c cles dT and dU '3".6* with the modulation inde% mR 2 ., the recti!ication stageCs dut c cles are then adjusted using '3"31* to occup the whole switching period"

?ue to the &ero current vector cancellation, the average ?C-lin# voltage is no longer constant " /o this value needs to be recalculated using equation belowA

With the ma%imum ?C-lin# voltage, Vpn(a'), supplied b the recti!ication stage, the modulation on the inversion stage controls the overall voltage trans!er ratio" $he ma%imum ?C-lin# voltage, Vpn(a'), is applied in '3"37* to compensate the modulation inde% o! the inversion stage, mIA

@ selecting the appropriate vectors and determining their dut c cles, the modulation pattern combines the switching states o! the recti!ication stage ' IT and IU* and the inversion stage 'VO, VP and V0* uni!orml , producing a switching pattern shown in -igure" Considering an e%ample where the vector I in is located at sector 3 while the vector V !&t is located at sector ." $he selected active current vectors !or the recti!ication stage are (. ' IT* and (3 'IU* while the voltage vectors 0. 'VO*, 03 'VP* and 0J are selected !or the inversion stage"

$o ensure the minimum switching transition between each vector, the selected voltage vectors are arranged in a double-sided switching sequenceA 0J R 03 R 0. R 0J R 0J R 0. R 03 R 0J, but with unequal halves because each hal! should appl on the recti!ier switching sequenceA I1 R I*" Re!erring to -igure , the time interval !or each vector in this switching sequence can be determined using the !ollowing equationsA

-igure A $he switching pattern o! the indirect matri% converter

CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM OVERVIEW DEMERA> @>OCV ?(ADRA) O- PROPO/E? /W/$E)A

AC Supply

LC Filter circuit

Unidirecti onal Current source Rectifier Driver Circuit

Inverter with nine MOSFE Switches

Filter Circuit Filter Circuit

AC LOAD

output
AC LOAD

!"M Control

AC SUPPLY: $he main source is obtained !rom 3:J0,:X,6J;< suppl " $his source is step down using a step down trans!ormer to 6J0"

LC FILTER: An >C circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tan# circuit, or tuned circuit, consists o! an inductor, represented b the letter >, and a capacitor, represented b the letter C" When connected together, the can act as an electrical resonator, an electrical analogue o! a tuning !or#, storing energ circuitYs resonant !requenc " >C circuits are used either !or generating signals at a particular !requenc , or pic#ing out a signal at a particular !requenc comple% signal" $he particularl radio are #e components in man used in equipment, !rom a more such electronic devices, circuits oscillating at the

as oscillators, !ilters, tuners and !requenc mi%ers" An >C circuit is an ideali&ed model since it assumes there is no dissipation o! energ due to resistance" An practical implementation o! an >C circuit will alwa s include loss resulting !rom small but non-&ero resistance in the wires connecting the circuit elements, as well as series and shunt resistances within the elements themselves" O!ten, the purpose o! an >C circuit is to oscillate with minimal damping, and in this case their resistance is made as low as possible" While no practical circuit is without losses, it is nonetheless instructive to stud this ideal !orm o! the circuit to gain understanding and ph sical intuition"

UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT SOURCE: A recti!ier is an electrical device that converts alternating current 'AC*, which periodicall reverses direction, to direct current '?C*, which !lows in onl one direction" $he process is #nown as recti!ication" Ph sicall , recti!iers ta#e a number o! !orms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercur -arc valves, solid-state diodes, silicon-controlled recti!iers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches" ;istoricall , even s nchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used" PWM CONTROL: Output voltage !rom an inverter can also be adjusted b e%ercising a control within the inverter itsel!" $he most e!!icient method o! doing this is b pulse-width modulation control used within an inverter" (n this method, a !i%ed dc input voltage is given to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is obtained b adjusting the on and o!! periods o! the inverter components" $his is the most popular method o! controlling the output voltage and this method is termed as Pulse-Width )odulation 'PW)* Control" $he advantages possessed b PW) techniques are as underA 'i* 'ii* $he output voltage control with this method can be obtained without an additional components" With the method, lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimi&ed along with its output voltage control" As higher order harmonics can be !iltered easil , the !iltering requirements are minimi&ed" $he main disadvantage o! this method is that /CRs are e%pensive as the must possess low turn-on and turn-o!! times"

PW) inverters are quite popular in industrial applications" PW) techniques are characteri&ed b constant amplitude pulses" $he width o! these pulses is however modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content" $he di!!erent PW) techniques are as underA 'a* /ingle-pulse modulation 'b* )ultiple pulse modulations 'c* /inusoidal pulse width modulation 'Carrier based Pulse Width )odulation $echnique* ;ere we studied about /inusoidal Pulse Width )odulation !or permanent magnet s nchronous motor drive" SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION: $he switches in the voltage source inverter can be turned on and o!! as required" (n the simplest approach, the top switch is turned on and o!! onl once in each c cle, a square wave wave!orm results" ;owever, i! turned on several times in a c cle an improved harmonic pro!ile ma be achieved" (n the most straight!orward implementation, generation o! the desired output voltage is achieved b comparing the desired re!erence wave!orm 'modulating signal* with a high-!requenc triangular BcarrierC wave as depicted schematicall in -ig" ?epending on whether the signal voltage is larger or smaller than the carrier wave!orm, either the positive or negative dc bus voltage is applied at the output" Mote that over the period o! one triangle wave, the average voltage applied to the load is proportional to the amplitude o! the signal 'assumed constant* during this period" $he resulting chopped square wave!orm contains a replica o! the desired wave!orm in its low !requenc components, with the higher !requenc components being at !requencies o! a close to the carrier !requenc " Motice that the root mean square value o! the ac voltage wave!orm is still equal to the dc bus voltage, and hence the total harmonic distortion is not a!!ected b the PW) process" $he harmonic components are merel shi!ted into the higher !requenc

range and are automaticall !iltered due to inductances in the ac s stem" When the modulating signal is a sinusoid o! amplitude Am, and the amplitude o! the triangular carrier is Ac, the ratio m2Am=Ac is #nown as the modulation inde%" Mote that controlling the modulation inde% there!ore controls the amplitude o! the applied output voltage" With a su!!icientl high carrier !requenc 'see -igA drawn !or !c=!m 2 3. and t 2 >=R 2 $=:L $ 2 period o! !undamental*, the high !requenc components do not propagate signi!icantl in the ac networ# 'or load*" ;owever, a higher carrier !requenc does result in a larger number o! switchingCs per c cle and hence in an increased power loss" $ picall switching -requencies in the 3-.6 #;& range are considered adequate !or power s stems applications" Also in three-phase s stems it is advisable to use so that all three wave!orms are / mmetric"

-or, there are periods o! the triangle wave in which there is no intersection o! the carrier and the signal" ;owever, a certain amount o! this +overmodulation, is o!ten allowed in the interest o! obtaining a larger ac voltage magnitude even though the spectral content o! the voltage is rendered somewhat poorer" Mote that with an odd ratio !or !c=!m, the wave!orm is anti-s mmetric over a :1J degree c cle" With an even number, there are harmonics o! even order, but in particular also a small dc component" ;ence an even number is not recommended !or single phase inverters, particularl !or small ratio o! !c=!m"

SPWM Spec !": Although the /PW) wave!orm has harmonics o! several orders in the phase voltage wave!orm, $he dominant ones other than the !undamental are o! order n and nZ3 where n 2 !c=!m" $his is evident !or the spectrum !or n2.6 and m 2 J"7 shown in -ig"6" Mote that i! the other two phases are identicall generated but .3Jo apart in phase, the line-line voltage will not have an triplen harmonics" ;ence it is advisable to choose, as then the dominant harmonic will be eliminated" (t is evident !rom -ig 6b, that the dominant .6th harmonic in -ig" 6a is e!!ectivel

eliminated in the line voltage" Choosing a multiple o! : is also convenient as then the same triangular Wave!orm can be used as the carrier in all three phases, leading to some simpli!ication in hardware" (t is readil seen that as the where E is the dc bus voltage, that the rms value o! the output voltage signal is una!!ected b the PW) process" $his is strictl true !or the phase voltage as triplen harmonic orders are cancelled in the line voltage" ;owever, the problematic harmonics are shi!ted to higher orders, thereb ma#ing !iltering much easier" O!ten, the !iltering is carried out via the natural high-impedance characteristic o! the load"

DRIVER CIRCUIT:

$he (R3..J=(R3..: are high voltage, high speed power )O/-E$ and (D@$ drivers with independent high and low side re!erenced output channels" Proprietar ;0(C and latch immune C)O/ technologies enable ruggedi&ed monolithic construction" >ogic inputs are compatible with standard C)O/ or

>/$$> output, down to :":0 logic" $he output drivers !eature a high pulse current bu!!er stage designed !or minimum driver cross-conduction" Propagation dela s are matched to simpli! use in high !requenc applications" $he !loating channel can be used to drive an M-channel power )O/-E$ or (D@$ in the high side con!iguration which operates up to 6JJ or 1JJ volts" Fe" #!e$: -loating channel designed !or bootstrap operation -ull operational to 46JJ0 or 41JJ0 $olerant to negative transient voltage d0=dt immune Date drive suppl range !rom .J to 3J0

Snder voltage loc#out !or both channels :":0 logic compatible

/eparate logic suppl range !rom :":0 to 3J0 >ogic and power ground Z60 o!!set C)O/ /chmitt-triggered inputs with pull-down C cle b c cle edge-triggered shutdown logic )atched propagation dela !or both channels Outputs in phase with inputs

MOSFET SWITCHES %INVERTER CIRCUIT&: $he )O/-E$, or )etal-O%ide-/emiconductor, -ield-E!!ect $ransistor is b !ar the most common !ield e!!ect transistor in both digital and analog called an M)O/-E$ or a circuits" $he )O/-E$ is composed o! a channel o! n-t pe or p-t pe semiconductor material, and is accordingl P)O/-E$" Sn!ortunatel , man semiconductors with better electrical

properties than silicon, such as gallium arsenide, do not !orm good gate o%ides and thus are not suitable !or )O/-E$s" $he gate terminal is a la er o! pol silicon 'pol cr stalline silicon* or aluminum placed over the channel, but separated !rom the channel b a thin la er o! insulating silicon dio%ide"

-ig 3"33 power )O/-E$

FEATURES OF POWER MOSFET'S: ." Power )O/-E$ has lower switching losses but its on-resistance and conduction losses are more" 3" )O/-E$ is a voltage-controlled device"

:"

)O/-E$ has positive temperature co-e!!icient !or resistance" $his ma#es parallel operation o! )O/-E$ eas " (! a )O/-E$ shares increased current initiall , it heats up !aster its resistance rises and this increased resistance causes this current to shi!t to other devices in parallel

8"

(n )O/-E$ secondar brea# down does not occur, because it has positive temperature co-e!!icient"

6"

Power )O/-E$Cs in higher voltage ratings have more conduction losses

1"

$he state o! the art )O/-E$Cs are available with ratings up to 6JJ0, .8JA"

A simpli!ied diagram o! an M-channel enhancement )O/-E$ is shown in !igure 9"." ?rain and source connections are made to higher conduction high doped regions" $he metal gate is electricall isolated !rom the Rt pe substrate b a la er o! non-conducting silicon o%ide '/iO1*" When a positive voltage is applied to the gate with respect to the source an electric !ield will be created pointing awa !rom the base and across the P-region directl under the base" $he electric !ield will case positive charges in the P-region to move awa !rom the base inducing or enhancing an M-region in its place" Conduction can then ta#e place between the M4 'drain* M 'enhanced region* M4 'sources*" (ncreasing or decreasing the gate voltage will cause the induced M channel to grow or decrease in si&e thus controlling conduction" 0ar ing the voltage between the gate and bod modulates the conductivit o! this la er and ma#es it possible to control the current !low between drain and source" (n practice, a !airl large current in the order o! . R 1A can be required to charge the gate capacitance at turn OM to ensure that switching time are small"

?ue to gate lea#age current, nano-amps are needed to maintain the gate voltage once the device is OM"

D R A I N N +
V d s

G A T E
V g s

P
N + L O A D

S O U R C E

-ig 3"3: /imple model o! M-channel enhancement t pe )O/-E$ A negative voltage is o!ten applied at turn O-- to discharge the gate !or speed switch O--" (t is obvious that !aster switching speeds can be obtained with well designed gate driver circuits" PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET $he trans!er characteristic o! an M-channel )O/-E$ is shown in !ig below

-ig 3"38 $rans!er characteristic o! M-channel )O/-E$ $hreshold voltage 0t1 is de!ined as the minimum gate electrode bias required strongl inverting the sur!ace under the pol and !orming a conducting channel between the source and the drain regions" 0t is usuall measured at a drain-source current o! 16JmA" Common values are 1-80 !or high voltage

devices with thic#er gate o%ides, and .-10 !or lower voltage, logic-compatible devices with thinner gate o%ides" Denerall the gate-source voltage is chosen somewhere in the linear region o! the trans!er characteristics" $he )O/-E$ has three modes o! operation, one o! which that acts li#e a switch that is o!!, and two !or which the )O/-E$ acts as a switch that is on" -or the M)O/-E$ the modes areA 1( C# )*++: When 0D/[0th where 0th is the threshold voltage o! the device" ;ere the switch is turned o!!, and there is no conduction between drain and source" While the current between drain and source should ideall be J since the switch is turned o!!, there is a wea#-inversion current or sub threshold lea#age" 2( T!,*-e: When 0D/\0th and 0?/[0D/-0th, the switch is turned on, and a channel has been created which allows current to !low between the drain and source" $he )O/-E$ operates li#e a resistor" .( S" #!" ,*/: When 0D/\0th and 0?/\0D/-0th, the switch is turned on, and a channel has been created which allows current to !low between the drain and source, but the current is not a !unction o! the voltage di!!erence in the channel, and thus the )O/-E$ does not operate as a resistor, but instead it operates as an ampli!ier" N)CHANNEL TRENCHMOS TRANSISTOR %IRF041&: FEATURES: $rench technolog " >ow OM-state resistance" -ast switching"

 >ow thermal resistance"

CHAPTER SIMULATION INTRODUCTION A simulation o! a s stem is the operation o! a model o! the s stem" $he model can be recon!igured and e%perimented with" $he operation o! the model can be studied, and hence, properties concerning the behavior o! the actual s stem or its subs stem can be in!erred" (n its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the per!ormance o! a s stem, e%isting or proposed, under di!!erent con!igurations o! interest and over long periods o! real time" /imulation is used be!ore an e%isting s stem is altered or a new s stem built, to reduce the chances o! !ailure to meet speci!ications, to eliminate un!oreseen bottlenec#s, to prevent under or over-utili&ation o! resources, and to optimi&e s stem per!ormance" $he iterative nature o! the process is indicated b the s stem under stud becoming the altered s stem which then becomes the s stem under stud and the c cle repeats"

(n a simulation stud , human decision ma#ing is required at all stages, namel , model development, e%periment design, output anal sis, conclusion !ormulation, and ma#ing decisions to alter the s stem under stud " $he onl stage where human intervention is not required is the running o! the simulations, which most simulation so!tware pac#ages per!orm e!!icientl " $he important point is that power!ul simulation so!tware is merel a h giene !actor its absence can hurt a simulation stud but its presence will not ensure success" $he steps involved in developing a simulation model, designing a simulation e%periment, and per!orming simulation anal sis areA /tep .A (denti! the problem" /tep 3A -ormulate the problem" /tep :A Collect and process real s stem data" /tep 8A -ormulate and develop a model" /tep 6A 0alidate the model" /tep 1A ?ocument model !or !uture use" /tep 9A /elect appropriate e%perimental design" /tep 7A Establish e%perimental conditions !or runs" /tep 5A Per!orm simulation runs" /tep .JA (nterpret and present results" /tep ..A Recommend !urther course o! action" Although this is a logical ordering o! steps in a simulation stud , several iterations at various sub-stages ma be required be!ore the objectives o! a simulation stud are achieved" Mot all the steps ma be possible and=or required" On the other hand, additional steps ma have to be per!ormed"

+i) ,-1. Sim&/ati!n B/!ck Dia)0am

4(2 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB )A$>A@ 'matri% laborator * is a numerical computing

environment and !ourth-generation programming language" ?eveloped b )ath Wor#s, )A$>A@ allows matri% manipulations, plotting o! !unctions and data, implementation o! algorithms, creation o! user inter!aces, and inter!acing with programs written in other languages, including C, C44, ]ava, and -OR$RAM" An additional pac#age, /imulin#, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and )odel-@ased ?esign !or d namic and embedded s stems" )A$>A@ is a special-purpose computer program optimi&ed to per!orm engineering and scienti!ic calculations" (t is a high-per!ormance language !or technical computing" (t integrates computation, visuali&ation, and programming in an eas -to-use environment where problems and solutions are e%pressed in !amiliar mathematical notation" $ pical uses includeA

 )ath and computation Algorithm development )odeling, simulation and protot ping ?ata anal sis, e%ploration and visuali&ation /cienti!ic and engineering graphics Application development, including Draphical Sser (nter!ace 'DS(* building

(n 3JJ8, )A$>A@ had around one million users across industr and academia" )A$>A@ users come !rom various bac#grounds o! engineering, science, and economics" )A$>A@ is widel used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises )A$>A@ !eatures a !amil learn and appl o! application-speci!ic solution called

$oolbo%es" 0er important to most users o! )A$>A@, toolbo%es allow ou to speciali&ed technolog " $oolbo%es are comprehensive collections o! )A$>A@ !unction 'm-!iles* that e%tend the )A$>A@ environment to solve particular classes o! problems" Areas in which toolbo%es are available include signal processing, control s stems, neural networ#s, !u&& logic, wavelets, image processing, simulation and man others"

4(. ADVANTAGES OF MATLAB )A$>A@ has man advantages compared to conventional computer languages !or technical problem solving" Among them areA E"$e *+ U$e: )A$>A@ is an interpreted language" Program ma be easil written and modi!ied with the built-in integrated development

environment and debugged with the )A$>A@ debugger" @ecause the language is so eas to use, it is ideal !or the rapid protot ping o! new programs" P2" +*!3 I/-epe/-e/ce: )A$>A@ is supported on man di!!erent

computer s stems, providing a large measure o! plat!orm independence" At the time o! this writing, the language is supported on Windows M$=3JJJ=^P, >inu%, several versions o! SM(^ and the )acintosh" P!e-e+,/e- F#/c ,*/: )A$>A@ comes complete with an e%tensive librar o! prede!ined !unctions that provide tested and pre-pac#aged solutions to man basic technical tas#s" (n addition to the large librar o! !unction built into the basic )A$>A@ language, there are man special-purpose toolbo%es available to help solve comple% problems in speci!ic areas" $here is also an e%tensive collection o! !ree user-contributed )A$>A@ programs that are shared through the )A$>A@ Web site" De4,ce)I/-epe/-e/ P2* ,/5: Snli#e most other computer languages, )A$>A@ has man integral plotting and imaging commands" $he plots and images can be displa ed on an graphical output device supported b the computer on which )A$>A@ is running" G!"p6,c"2 U$e! I/ e!+"ce: )A$>A@ includes tools that allow a programmer to interactivel construct a graphical user inter!ace, 'DS(* !or his or her program" With this capabilit , the programmer can design sophisticated data-anal sis programs that can be operated b relativel ine%perienced users"

4(4 SIMULATION CIRCUIT: