Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
by
Anand Kumar
Abraham Dennyson K
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Background----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Methodology---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Discussions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
1. Mean Sea Level (MSL) Vs Water Table------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2. Surface Elevation Vs Water Table-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3. Dry Well Vs Depth-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
4. Coastline Vs Water Table------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
5. Soil Profile & Bore Well------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
6. 2004 Tsunami & Water Table------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Annexure
I. Survey Form------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
II. Soil Profiles of Wells Done by EHA-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
a. Bore Wells--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
b. Open Dug Wells--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
III Soil Profiles of Wells – Data Collected------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
a. Dry wells----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
b. Anarkali & Kodyaghat------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
c. Haddo--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
d. Aberdeen Bazar---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
e. Brookshabad & Beodnabad-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
f. Delanipur----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
g. Kamaraj Nagar------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31
h. Lilipur-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
i. Minnie Bay-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
j. Pongyjang---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
k. Sanjeevan Colony & Sippighat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
l. Wandoor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
m. Mayabunder------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
n. Diglipur------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
o.
Andaman Water Project was first to undertake Bore Well survey in South, Middle and North Andaman. We are
thankful to Mr. Jamal of Guru Bore wells for providing information on Bore Wells in different parts of the Islands. He
was willing to travel with our research team to the bore well sites and provide the needed information. We thank Mr.
Peter Shetler from US for helping us procure and put to use the ArcGIS Software which was used in the research
analysis in the study. We thank Mr. Daniel Shetler who was coordinating the data collection and analysis along with
Mr. Anand Kumar. It is because of their hard work it has been possible to undertake such a work in a very short
duration. We also want to thank the bore well users who came forward to share the information with us. Last but not
the least we thank the Staff Team and Volunteers for their cooperation without which this research would have been
impossible.
It was with this background Andaman Water Project decided to map and study the bore well that existed in the Island.
The data from this study will be published and made available for general public and government officials so that they
are little better equipped when dealing with groundwater status in their area. Drilling bore wells in the Andaman
Islands is problematic for a number of reasons and many attempted borewells fail. The hope is that this research will
help alleviate some of these problems.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in the analysis of the data. A GIS is a very powerful tool for
visualization and analysis in resource management. In a GIS, layers of information are used to create a digital map.
These data can include satellite imagery, elevation data, databases, roads, rivers, buildings, city, populations, etc
anything that has a geographic reference. The more information that is added to a GIS the more useful it becomes.
This borewell data alone on a GIS might be elemental but in combination with other layers of data GIS full potential
can be reached. Andaman Water Project will make available this GIS data, satellite imagery, and maps created other
organizations working with GIS on the Andaman Islands on request. Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI)
that is also putting together a GIS with watershed, land use, and population data under the direction of Dr. S. K.
Ambast, Head Natural Resource Management. In corporation of these two data will result in a powerful tool than any
on their own.
There are only two borewell drilling companies in the Island. Help was sought from both these companies to locate
and get data of the bore wells that existed or done by them. Mr. Jamal, Managing Partner & Technician of Guru Bore
wells came forward to help with the survey. The project team along with him visited different bore well sites met the
land owner and collected the needed information regarding the bore well.
A Garmin GPS was used to obtain the coordinates and thus locate the bore well on the earth coordinate. The survey
data was then maintained on a spreadsheet for analysis.
The software ArcGIS® was used to combine the survey data with the GPS locations. SRTM1 data was used to find the
altitudes of the borewells and thus the absolute depths of the bore wells, groundwater tables and soil layers. ArcGIS
was also used to find the distance of the wells from the ocean. Google Earth was used to visualize the borewell
distribution and the data was then analysed using ArcGIS and Excel. The datasheet Performa of the survey form is
attached for reference (annexure 1)
1
SRTM is elevation data gathered by radar from the Space Shuttle or satellites.
Among the 182 freshwater bore wells, with respect to Groundwater Table (See Graph 1)
1. 10% of the instances groundwater table is found below MSL, rest 89% of times groundwater table
was found above MSL
2. Only 1% of the instance groundwater table was found 50 feet below MSL.
4. 10% bore wells deliver water from aquifers below 100 feet MSL
5. 35% bore wells deliver water from aquifers below 50 feet MSL.
300
Surface Elevation
Water Table
Well Depth
200
Mean Sea Level
Dry Bore Well
Dry Bore Well Depth
100
Water Table Trendline
Elevation (ft MSL)
-100
-200
-300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
Wells
250
150
50
MSL (Feet)
-50
-150
-250
Wells
1. The groundwater table being reached most often at 35’ below the surface.
2. At a depth of less than 40 feet, which is the depth that ‘hand driven bores’ are capable of
there is fairly good chances of reaching water table (55%).
3. Only 1% instance table was found past 100 feet beneath the surface.
26 26
25
25
20
17
N u m b er o f W ells
15 14
12
11
10
10
8 8
7
5
3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
1 00
1 10
1 20
1 30
1 40
1 50
1 60
1 70
1 80
1 90
2 00
2 10
2 20
2 30
-5
Water Table Depth (ft Below Surface)
2. 78% of the dry wells are within 1000m of the coastline (see graph 5)
200
Surface Elevation
Dry Well bottom
100
Feet above sea level
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-100
-200
-300
Wells
1. 62% of the total bore well are within 1000m (1Km) of the coastline.
2. 78% of the dry bore wells (13% overall) lie within 1000 of the coastline
Water Table
200
Mean Sea Level
Dry Well Bottom
100
F eet M S L
-100
-300
Distance from Ocean (m)
1. 90% of dry wells have such soil formation; compressed sedimentary deposits resulting in soft
0r hard slate
2. Rocky sub soil formation tend to be more successful bore wells in comparisonf
The project experience has been that the bore wells drilled in North and Middle Andaman has not been very successful
in comparison to bore wells in South Andaman. Soil profile of the bore wells and the open dug wells done by the
project has been attached for reference.
300
200
100
Elevation (MSL)
0
1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217
-100
-200
-300
However there is difference in the average depth of the groundwater table found in borewells constructed before and
after the earthquake. The average depth of the groundwater table found in borewells constructed before December
2004 was found to be 49 feet after December 2004 the average depth was only 33 feet.
This finding corresponds to other research2 that indicates that the 2004 earthquake thrust the northern islands up and
caused the southern islands to sink. Since most of the borewells in this survey are located on the southern islands this
change in the average groundwater table elevation may indicate that the absolute water level stayed the same as the
ground sank around it causing the observed difference.
2
Tony Lowry “USU Geophysicist says Fault Movement Continues Since 2004 Tsunami” <http://www.usu.edu/ust/index.cfm?article=20502> (accessed Feb 18,
2009).
There are approximately 2000 borewells on the islands. Only 10% or 220 borewells were covered in this survey. If
more borewells are added to the survey the reliability of the data will increase and thus be more useful. Also adding
these data to other data sets will increase the functionality as a water resource management tool.
The bore well survey also focused on the South Andaman area. This is partially due to the greater number of
borewells drilled in this urban area. Bore wells are clumped in populated pockets and thus evenly spread data will not
be available. However it is assumed that there will be lot of similarity between these Islands and the result and
findings of South Andaman Islands can also be applied to other Islands.
Given the fragile eco system and high tectonic activity in Andaman it is absolutely imperative to do a detailed study of
the groundwater status and also regulate groundwater extraction. This survey is only the beginning and much more
work needs to be done and this work has the seed for such a detailed study in the future.
- Jai Hind
Annexure
Bore Wells
South Andaman Middle Andaman North Andaman
Feet Carbyn's Quary Carbyn's Quary 2 Attam Pahad McCarty Valley Kattakhari Rochlachang Pailoon Nallah Bhadur Tikrey Bhadur Tikrey 2 Lalit Katai
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Fresh * Fresh * Fresh * Fresh # Fresh # Saline # No Water # Saline # Dry * Saline #
* Machine Bore
# Hand Driven Bore (all ended with hard formation)
Legends
Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
Soft Slate
Hard Slate
Soft Rock
Hard Rock
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters
North Andaman
Narayan
Srinagar Parangara Navin nagar Ramnagar Keralapuram Milangram Swarajgram
Depth (Feet) Tikery
10
15
20
25
30
35
Middle Andaman
3 no. slope Foester Kaushilaya TV Center, Laukui
Bakuntala Rangat Bay Yerrata Deep Nagar Hari Nagar
Depth (Feet) Kadamtala valley Nagar Rangat Nallah
10
15
20
25
30
35
Legends
Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
Soft Slate
Hard Slate
Soft Rock
Hard Rock
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters
5
Legends
10 Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
15 Soft Slate
Hard Slate
20 Soft Rock
Hard Rock
25
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters
30
Baratang Island
Bamboo Bamboo Krishna
Feet
Roclachang Flat Bay
nallah1 Nallah 2 Nagar
10
15
20
25
30
35
Feet
Nayagaon Bada Balu Bada Balu 2 Brokshabad Attam Phard
10
15
20
25
Legends
Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
Soft Slate
Hard Slate
Soft Rock
Hard Rock
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters
Legends
Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
Soft Slate
Hard Slate
Soft Rock
Hard Rock
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters
Legends
Silty Clay/ Loamy soil c
Black Sedimentary Clay
Soft Slate
Hard Slate
Soft Rock
Hard Rock
Sand
Bouldres/ Splinters