social

mental

physical

Healthy city The concept Historical development of Health Cities Mental health Social health Physical health Waste Pollution Slum transport People Healthy city Rural health Sick Metros Safer cities basic concept Reasons for crime Physical environments affecting safety Disaster management Comilation of -CASE STUDY-Dhaka & Chittagaon, Bangladesh Social crimes in India

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

HEALTHY CITY THE CONCEPT 1977 1980 1842. 2

1984

British Government Health of Towns Chadwick report

World Health Assembly Alma Ata Declaration

European countries adopted Health for All

Toronto conference Beyond Health Care

1986

1988

1996

2004

Healthy Cities movement

1200 cities in europe & 7500 cities wordwide participated

Adelaide Declaration
local action needs political support and commitment to reorient policies towards achieving equity, health and disease prevention

WHO established Healthy Cities the theme of the WORLD HEALTH DAY

Alliance for Healthy Cities organized in Western Pacific region supported by WHO & WPRO

HEALTHY CITIES

CONCEPT

According to Hancock and Duhl, two founders of the Healthy Cities project, in Hong Kong a Healthy City is one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential. Hancock, T. and L. Duhl. Promoting Health in the Urban Context. WHO Healthy Cities Papers No. I. Copenhagen: WHO; 1988. The Healthy Cities concept focuses on the process, not just the outcome. It is obvious from the definition that a Healthy City requires a continuous development process that has no end point. lt is not necessarily one that has achieved a particular health status. It is conscious of health as an urban issue and is striving to

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

improve it. 3 Any city can be a Healthy City if it is committed to health and has a structure and process to work for its improvement Dependent on health determinants water supply, sanitation, nutrition, food safety, health services, housing conditions, working conditions, education, lifestyles, population changes, income
Building Healthy Cities - Guidelines for implementing a Helathy Cities Project in Hong Kong

physical and social environments are important determinants of health -in order to take effective actions to solve urban health problems, it is necessary to integrate the efforts of various sectors include not only the health and other departments of governments, but also non-governmental organizations, private companies as well as the communities

PUBLIC HEALTH & ITS IMPORTANCE IN SOCIETY

Understanding health in urban area..

-Diseases poverty and slums were the result of industrial revolution and urban growth. -The basic ideology of public health has now undergone many changes and includes several facts, a basic concern with conservation of life, health , and awareness of the need to apply medical knowledge to man in his social state, a broadened view of societys role in public life and recognition of health as a global matter. -However, in the developing countries like India, the public health problems continue to be the environmental sanitation, communicable disesaes, nutritional diseases, etc and certain medico- social problems such as illiteracy, ignorance, prejudicial social customs and beliefs, low standards of living and the population explosion. QoL - health in urban area is always related to QoL. -and The physical, mental and social health which are three sides of the same coin (if a coin could have three sides, that is). These three

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

components form what is popularly 4 known as the health triangle - need to have physical, mental and social health simultaneously to feel like you are living up to your full potential

SOCIAL HEALTH
-concerned with aspects of working and living circumstances of people -positive social atmosphere is always related to the health of people -Social inequality affects the health of city -Poor social and economic circumstances affect health throughout

the life.
-Relative difference in income of people cause the deprivation of use of some basic requirement of slum people such requirement include : healthcare, water, housing - Social cohesion is important for health

Social Problems

Social isolation -People become more isolated in low-density development in which people spend more time in cars and walk less. - Low-density development is linked with less civic engagement and weakened sense of community. -It can also lead to social exclusion for those who do not have a car. -Social isolation may result due to differences in income, racism, discrimination. -Most of the time this prevents people to use basic rights like education, health and housing which affects psychologically.

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

Mental health

The more are the disadvantages of such circumstances people are subjected to poor health. Individuals in communities with higher social cohesion tend to live longer, experience better cardiovascular health, recover faster from minor illness and be psychologically healthier Unemployment Job security increases health Health effects of unemployment are related to both psychological and financial.

Green spaces into built environments - improve learning effectiveness and work productivity, and help alleviate mental stress and illness. -Green space and natural settings help overcome fatigue by relaxing and restoring the mind. -The experience of nature helps to restore the mind from the mental fatigue of work - Exercise improves cognitive function, learning, and memory. - Urban nature, when provided as parks and walkways and incorporated into building design, provides calming and inspiring environments and encourages learning -Green space for physical activity -Green spaces provide necessary places and opportunities for physical activity -Play and exercise are an important part of childrens and adults development and brain function. -green spaces Are a more healing environment than indoor settings, with a greater positive effect on mental health -A neighbourhood than incorporates easily accessible green spaces into its design may also improve social cohesion and interaction which improves mental health.

PHYSICAL HEALTH

community physical health ( environmental health) The way urban areas are planned and laid out known as urban form shapes peoples life choices and has a strong bearing on health outcomes. Urban form affects where we live, how we travel to work or school, how clean our air and water

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

-whether we are active, and what shops or other facilities we use physical environment is important because it shapes peoples living environments and influences the decisions they make about their lifestyles public health originated over a century ago in the organised provision of potable drinking water, sewage disposal and general waste disposal to reduce infectious diseases Understanding a city as a person and its healthiness of its parts Transport Waste disposal Sanitation Slum people

ISSUES

Transport

Land use and urban health Urbanization and health

A street with well defined edges, sufficient pavement width, shade for pedestrian and strong vertical element to reduce the speed.

Barrier free Street furniture Cycle lane

-If designed appropriately, urban form and transport can increase physical activity, improve air quality, reduce road traffic injuries, increase social cohesion, and achieve maximum health benefits from services and facilities -Walking and cycling are some of the most accessible and effective ways to meet the required physical activity levels Road traffic injuries & Traffic accidents are strongly tied to certain features of contemporary urban areas Pedestrian injuries are and transport-related deaths more common in urban areas
SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

7 Populations most affected by urban environment..

The populations whose health is greatly affected by urban environments are those that are more constrained in getting around urban area Children Children are less likely to play outdoors or walk/cycle to school where there is limited access to recreational areas Children with asthma, for instance, are particularly affected by air pollution because of their lung Development Older people The outdoor environment greatly influences the extent to which older people remain active. older people who live in communities with quality footpaths, safe street crossings, and services close to home are more likely to walk and use public transport People with disabilities Urban areas are generally designed around the needs of an average commuter, rather than the more varied needs of other populations, including people with disabilities

WASTE DISPOSAL

-The concentration of populations in urban areas also means an increased accumulation of waste products. Removal of human waste and garbage is a major commitment in any city - in indian context waste collection on community level is a big problem leaving unhygienic big disposal bins. - apart from this when it comes to the disposal part of it the location has a major role to play on planning levels - acceptance and processing of urban waste has been welcomed by some economically suffering rural areas which certainly affects their health.

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

Pollution

water

Industries Vehicles

Gray water Improper sanitation

land

Waste disposal lands

air

Slum

It is seen that that most of the informal8 but essential services like laborers, waste pickers, domestic workers are provided by less educated/ illiterate people residing in unhealthy overcrowded dwelling units Small cities and towns house the vast majority of developing-country urban residents. Rates of poverty in these smaller settlements often exceed the rates in large cities, with shortages of health services similar to rural areas.

In India cities with population more than million 24% of it resides in slums. 1 billion people in a global population of 6 billion live in urban slums

-Levels of health and consumption expenditures are positively correlate RELATIVE PROPORTION OF Overcrowding (High levels of SLUM POPULATOIN IN overcrowding also make poor urban CITIES residents vulnerable to contracting communicable diseases such as tuberculosis) Poor housing Unhygienic environment (increases risk of malaria) deficient access to safe drinking water and sanitation SUPARNA DASGUPTA HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES 13AR60R-38

The quality of health care available in the poor neighborhoods are low Unaffordability to food shelter & other urban basic services generally leads to poor health conditions.

SAFETY IN CITY BASIC CONCEPT

Urban safety and security is vital for development At the same time, however, cities that attract economic power and foster growth can also spawn crime, violence, and overall insecurity Urban safety concerns itself with institutional, physical and environmental design, and social issues. The inclusion and empowerment of the urban poor, particularly poor women in issues of urban spatial design, planning, and management is an important component of inclusiveness and good governance. The causes of crime, violence, and insecurity are multiple and interconnected; they can however, be broadly attributed to social exclusion. Poor management of the urbanization process resulting in lack of services and facilities Failure to incorporate security related issues in urban management policies; Poorly protected and managed open spaces; Lack of ownership and informal protection of spaces by city residents; Lack of formal controls and overprotection of urban space by the private sector.

Urban and physical planning, design and management can contribute to the prevention of crime and violence within cities through integrated approaches that incorporate strategic and systematic upgrading of public spaces. A combination of design and management principles, when innovatively and consistently implemented, can create an environment that enhances urban safety, builds investor confidence, and strengthens social and cultural interaction. SUPARNA DASGUPTA HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES 13AR60R-38

Planning, designing and managing for safer cities

Crime and violence always occur within a physical setting, often public open spaces parks, streets, squares, formal and informal markets, and transportation nodes/facilities Approaches to improving safety in urban public spaces are multiple, some of which include: Security conscious design and management principles; Revision of city by laws and regulations; Mixed zoning and planning for diversity; Integrated management of public space; Conflict resolution and rapid responses in maintenance;

UN STRATEGIES FOR SAFE CITIES

PHASES FOR IMPLEMENTATION FIRST PHASE

Contribution of safety to sustainable urbanization Linkages with all focus areas of MTSIP The delivery of key outputs contributing to normative and global role of SC Identi cation of speci c deliverables and operating tools for UN-HABITAT, and their design in detail Mechanisms and ways of plugging them in the overall management mechanisms, under speci cally the planning, governance and management focus area of MTSIP.

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

11

In parallel, development of Regional Strategies (4 regions), RO led, to be validated against global strategy Relevant institutional set up to be negotiated and put in place THE SECOND PHASE, Delivery within the Enhanced Normative Operations Framework Setting up and operations of consolidated steering mechanism Partnerships in delivery Harmonization of regional and global strategy Development of specic country strategies This phase will run from 2009 to 2013 WORK PLAN: A tool for partnership development and maximization of synergies among networks members, and as a structured set of activities and outputs RESOURCES a combination of global, regional and country/city level resources Resources directly executed by UN-HABITAT should be complemented with partners resources being used on agreed outputs FOLLOW-UP AND MONITORING MECHANISMS International Steering Group will provide guidance and advice on major issues of coordination, policy development and advocacy.

A Consultative Group of key partners will be convened in order to ensure stakeholder participation in project formulation (yearly workplans design), implementation, follow-up, and evaluation Safer Cities Network will provide guidance on policy issues and coordinate the overall linkages.

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

UN STRATEGIES FOR SAFE CITIES

12

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

13

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, has a population exceeding 10 million. Rapid population increase over the past decade has resulted in its transport services becoming no longer able to respond to the travel needs of its residents. This demand has not been matched by sufficient investment in transport infrastructure, services and management. Greater Dhaka Integrated Transport Study (DITS, 1994) called for the 1st transport intervention in Bangladesh. Improve urban transport infrastructure and services in the dhaka metropolitan area (DMA) in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner; and strengthen institutional and policy framework and address longterm transport planning and coordination issues in the DMA KEY FEATURES IN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT AND MACRO CONTEXT
POLITICAL COMMITMENT ESTABLISH GENDER EQUALITY Women in decision-making levels Legislative and administrative framework

TRANSPORT POLICY regulate public transport fares; meet the public interests with proper standards of safety, securing transport provision for social needs transport planning and implementation process effective measures to improve public transport, reduce congestion and improve the environment.

give priority to pedestrians by promoting walking as a safe mode of transport; promote integration between pedestrians and other modes of transport; make facilities friendly, safe and accessible for pedestrians; continue a progressive ban on use of rickshaws on major arterial roads; reduce the number of trips made by rickshaw by half over the next 10 years; ensure that all auto-rickshaws in Dhaka are powered by 4-stroke CNG or petrol engine and banning use of two-stroke engine three-wheelers;

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

14 encourage the use of auto-rickshaw as a feeder mode to buses; increase the bus fleet to 5,000 operating buses by 2012; replace tempos and mini-buses by conventional buses; implement bus-only lanes on main roads; introduce route tendering; develop a comprehensive traffic management plan for the Dhaka City; introduce new technologies for traffic control; adopt a priority program for better pedestrian and crossing facilities; incorporate safety measures in road and traffic management, especially for vulnerable road users; DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: MIRPUR CORRIDOR The indicators to assess the impact of the first demonstration corridor (World Bank 2002) were: change in traffic flow; improvement of traffic safety, especially for pedestrian; improvement of public transport services; reduction in motor vehicle pollution in DMA; and progress in integrating transport planning and management in DMA

PROBLEMS WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCH STRATEGIES substantial contribution to transport in Dhaka with cycle rickshaws rickshaws are the preferred mode of transport for a significant population travel by rickshaw is not cheap (compared to buses) but offers considerable advantages in convenience, safety (although not always), flexibility and the ability to carry goods to or from markets PERCEPTIONS OF USERS AND OPERATORS Road congestion has been reduced on this route, according to 61% of the women and 81% of the men interviewed About half the respondents reported that better traffic management was due to better performance by police who were imposing high fines on this route About 47% of the women and 68% of the men thought that road accidents had been reduced by restrictions on rickshaws There has been an increase in congestion in buses, expressed by 36% women and 53% men. SUPARNA DASGUPTA HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES 13AR60R-38

15

Pedestrian facilities (e.g., foot paths) have improved according to 50% of the women and 82% of the men. This improvement has led many men to walk short distances. Users and operators at the Gabtoli bus terminal noted that congestion has been reduced by the efforts of DCC, police, bus and truck owners and drivers associations. Most counters have moved to the city center and women feel secure to travel from within the city.

IMPACT ON USERS

No knowledge of bus routes Bus: Journey is Interrupted (as compared to rikshaws) Rickshaw: Detour Journey rickshaw-more accessible, Safe, easily available. Women-friendly steps could include locating bus stops near schools, colleges and hospitals, with zebra crossings. Women consider foot over bridges to be arduous detours and unsafe as they are potential grounds for theft. They prefer zebra crossings to foot over bridges. Frequent zebra crossings with traffic signals are needed on the Shamoli to Gabtoli route, to reduce pedestrian accidents. Rickshaws not only dominate the transport system of Dhaka but also provide a major source of employment. The NMT restrictions on rickshaws/van pullers have reduced operators incomes by 25-50%. About 63% of garment workers walk to work. Bus services could be provided to them through a public-private partnership between BRTC and BGMEA. The NMT restrictions mean rickshaws have to travel in lanes that often have potholes and lack streetlights. Hence female users often face harassment by street boys and mugging. These lanes should be paved and streetlights should be provided. DTCB was established under this project for coordination. Better coordination among key stakeholders is need

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

16

LESSONS LEARNT

All data should be kept by gender (M/F) as is done for road accidents. Addressing womens needs through more frequent buses, frequent stops and sitting service, queuing and advance ticketing can mainstream gender. A gender needs assessment study should be done and its recommendations should be included in the design and implementation of the Project. Public Consultative Committees should be formed during preparatory and implementation stages, not only to sell the project but also to bring about changes in its design. Adequate preparation should be taken before implementing projects.

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

HEALTHY CITY, CASE STUDYChittagong, Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

17

Rapid urbanization and the lack of planned growth in Chittagong has led to serious environmental hazards. For example, nearly 25% of daily rubbish is not collected and left piles on roads and drains. Moreover, there are no sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. As a seaport, Chittagong is also ripe for natural disasters such as cyclones and tidal surges. These issues prompted government officials to seek disaster mitigation and environmental improvement that involved local communities. In 1993, the World Health Organization declared Chittagong as a participant in the Healthy Cities movement. Representatives of a multitude of organizations, both public and private, have committed themselves to using a holistic view of urban management as a means to address environmental degradation and the related health problems. Owing to limited resources, the project organizers started by dividing the city into several wards. The first area, the Jamal Khan Healthy Ward, is centrally located and thus makes supervision and monitoring by the Chittagong Healthy City Programme manageable. Their objective is to create success on a small level and then to replicate this success across other wards. The Jamal Khan Healthy Ward has reached many goals, but the most striking success is in creating a stronger and healthier urban environment through improved environmental services. Solid waste management has improved through a tricycle rickshaw programme that provides equal benefits for both rich and poor areas. It has also created a ripple effect: residents have been inspired to keep surrounding spaces clean and get involved in other Healthy City initiatives. Moreover, solid waste management efforts have created decent paying jobs for Chittagong residents. The positive effects have not only addressed environmental hazards, but have created broadly-based benefits that consider the whole (70).world, they can serve as a mentor to those considering taking on efforts that advocate for healthy public policies.

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

Disaster management
Emergencies, Disasters, and Catastrophes are not gradients, they are separate, distinct problems that require distinct strategies of response. Disasters are events distinguished from everyday emergencies by four factors: Organizations are forced into more and different kinds of interactions than normal; Organizations lose some of their normal autonomy; Performance standards change, and; More coordinated public sector/private sector relationships are required. Hazards are categorized by their cause, either natural or humanmade. and returning as close as possible to the state before the hazard incident.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

The role of emergency management in India falls to National Disaster Management Authority of India, a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs. In recent years there has been a shift in emphasis from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction, and from a government- centered approach to decentralized community participation. Disaster Management Act, 2005 3.1.1 The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the national, state, district and local levels. These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in close harmony. The new institutional framework is expected to usher in a paradigm shift in DM from relief-centric approach to a proactive regime that lays greater emphasis on preparedness, prevention and mitigation. The entire strategic management process is divided into four fields to aid in identification of the processes. The four fields normally deal with

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

risk reduction, preparing resources to respond to the hazard, responding to the actual damage caused by the hazard and limiting further damage (e.g., emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.),

Social crimes in India

Crime is present in various forms in India. Organized crime include drug trafficking, gunrunning, money laundering, extortion, murder for hire, fraud, human trafficking and poaching. Many criminal operations engage in black marketing, political violence, religiously motivated violence, terrorism, and abduction. Other crimes are homicide, robbery, assault etc. Property crimes include burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Corruption is a significant problem.

Root causes of committing a crime 1.Poor parenting skills 2. Peer influence 3. Drugs and alcohol 4. Income and education 5. TV violence 6. Easy access
Sightlines Lighting Predictable routes Entrapment spots Isolation Land use mix Activity generators Signs and information Overall design Areas of concern for safety: Transportation Neighborhood downtown SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38

Design inputs which can make the built environment safe

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

20

REFERENCES Building Healthy Cities - Guidelines for implementing a Helathy Cities Project in Hong Kong Strategic Plan for Safer Cities 2008-2013, Summary Document October 2007 HEALTHY CITIES AND THE CITY PLANNING PROCESS BACKGROUND DOCUMENT ON LINKS BETWEEN HEALTH AND URBAN PLANNING by L.J. Duhl & A.K. Sanchez

HEALTHY CITIES - SAFER CITIES

SUPARNA DASGUPTA 13AR60R-38