EEE 267: Electrical and Electronic Technology

Mohammad Asif Zaman

Lecturer,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000.


Math problems regarding transformer equivalent circuits. (25
th
March, 2011)


Problem 1: A 75 kVA, 4800 240 V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has the following parameters:

R
LS
=0.0060 R
HS
= 2.4880
X
LS
= 0.0121 X
HS
= 4.8384

The transformer is operating in step down mode. It is delivering one-half rated load at a rated voltage
and 0.96 pf lagging. Determine:

a. Load current and load impedance.
b. Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to the primary side.
c. The input impedance of the transformer and load.
d. Actual input voltage at high side.


Solution:

The transformer is operating in step down mode. So, the load is connected to the low voltage side.
Therefore, the secondary side is the low voltage side and the primary side is the high voltage side.

R
S
=R
LS
=0.0060 R
P
=R
HS
= 2.4880
X
S
=X
LS
= 0.0121 X
P
=X
HS
= 4.8384

The turns ratio,
4800
20
240
a ~ =

a. Load current and load impedance:

The load kVA is given by
load load load
S V I =
But, as the load is attached to the secondary side of the transformer, the load current is the secondary
side current and the load voltage is the secondary side voltage.
So,
load s s
S V I =

It is also given that the transformer delivers one-half rated load (S is half of rated value) at rated
voltage (V
S
is same as rated value).






So,

3
3
75 10
, 240
2
75 10
2
, 156.25
240
load s
load s s
load
s
s
S VA V V
S V I
S
or I A
V

= =
=

= = =


Also, the load pf is,

1
cos 0.96( )
, cos (0.96) 16.26
lagging
so

=
= =



As the pf is lagging, the current will lag the voltage, and therefore the angle will be negative. If we take
the secondary voltage as the reference phasor, then:

240 0
S
V V = Z



156.25 16.26
S
I A = Z

(Ans.)

[Note: Students must put a bar over the variable when writing phasors. This bar is not shown in
typed documents and text books.]

Now, the load impedance is given by:

240 0
1.536 16.26
156.25 16.26
s
load
s
V
Z
I
Z
= = = Z O
Z

(Ans.)



b. Equivalent impedance referred to the primary side:

2 2
,
2 2
,
2.488 (20) 0.006 4.888
4.8384 (20) 0.0121 9.678
eq p p s
eq p p s
R R a R
X X a X
= + = + = O
= + = + = O


, , ,
4.888 9.678 10.84 63.2
eq p eq p eq p
Z R jX j = + = + = Z O

(Ans.)






c. Input impedance of the transformer and load:


The input impedance of the transformer and load is the impedance seen from the input side (where the
source is attached, implying the primary side) with the load attached. Using the approximate equivalent
circuit referred to the primary side:

2 2
,
10.84 63.2 (20) 1.536 16.26 621.85 16.99
in eq p load
Z Z a Z = + = Z + Z = Z O

(Ans.)




















+

+

V
P
aV
S

I
P
I
S
/a
a
2
Z
Load

R
eq,p
jX
eq,p

Z
in



d. Actual input voltage at high side:

Using the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the primary side, we write the
KVL equation:

( )
, ,
0
s
p eq p eq p s
I
V R jX aV
a
+ + + =
( )
, ,
,
,
156.25 16.25
20 240 0 10.84 63.2
20
4858.19 0.729
s
p s eq p eq p
s
s eq p
I
or V aV R jX
a
I
aV Z
a
V
= + +
= +
Z
= Z + Z
= Z

So, the input primary side voltage (high side voltage) is, 4858.19 0.729
p
V V = Z

(Ans.)
+

+

V
P
aV
S

I
P
I
S
/a
a
2
Z
Load

R
eq,p
jX
eq,p