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Presentation by
Sudhir Mathur
Head Geotechnical Engineering Division Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
Indian Roads Congress Special Publication 58 Guidelines For Use Of Flyash In Road Embankment
Published in 2001
Bituminous Top
Selected
Earth Cover
FLYASH
1-3m
FLYASH
Design Consideration
The following major factors weighted heavily while designing the fly ash embankment
Adverse site condition location of site in flood plain area Low specific gravity of fly ash- may lose strength under submergence Non availability of specific data and specifications of using fly ash as structural fill
Slope stability analysis of fly ash embankment (Different side cover thickness)
Details 6 m high embankment, 1 m side cover throughout 1.5 m side cover throughout 2 m side cover upto mid height and remaining portion 1 m cover 2 m side cover throughout Case I Factor of safety Case I -Case II 1.05
1.30 1.42
1.20 1.36
1.48
1.41
Instrumentation Following instruments installed for monitoring performance of embankment Magnetic settlement gauges for settlement Pressure cells for base pressure Pore pressure transducers for pore water pressure measurement
Inferences from instrumentation data No settlement of the embankment structure (fly ash fill) No pressure variation with in embankment body No change in saturation level of fly ash fill
Techno-Economic Advantages
Direct saving of about Rs.One Crore in second Nizamuddin Bridge project for PWD Additional savings to Vidyut Board, saving of precious top soil In road projects savings to the extent of 15-20 per cent can be achieved Savings depend on cost of transportation of fly ash
.3 m (drain) ((drain)
7.0 m
Existing carriage way Existing Embankme nt Stone pitching to be removed Ground level
Pond ash0.2 m
Parameter bulk c
Sat.condition
1.06 1.2
AGENCIES INVOLVED
National Highways Authority of India Client M/s ICT, India and SNC-LALALIN,Canada Consultant M/s Road builders (M) Shd.Bhd, Malaysia - Contractor
Length of road - 60 km Height of embankment - 2 to 4 m Water logged conditions Soft sub-soil conditions
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SITE CONDITIONS Medium to High rainfall Water table is high Waterlogged conditions Subsoil generally weak
Silty clay or clayey soil up to 20 m depth SPT values in the range of 2 to 5 C = 0.25 kg/cm2, = 0o
Haul distance more than 100 km. High transportation cost Delays expected in the completion of the project
Median
Improved Subgrade of compacted thickness not less than 50 cm Granular sub-base Soil cover (1.5 m thick) Fly ash in compacted layers of 200 mm thickness 2m 2m
2 1
Min. 0.5 m
Existing embankment
Sand or bottom ash min. 0.5 m thick Temporary pond ash Proposed berm of pond ash bund after completion of embankment
Geotextile
COMPACTION OF FLY ASH OVER GEOTEXTILE LAID ON SOFT GROUND, (WORK ON THIS PROJECT IS IN PROGRESS)
7.8 m to 5.9 m
Laying of geogrids
Geogrid reinforced fly ash approach embankment Length of embankment - 138.4 m Height varied from 3.42 m to 1.0 m Opened to traffic in 1997
No of Layers = 16
7.4 6.8 6.2
No of Layers = 12
7 6.2
Vertical Sp acing (m)
5.6 5 4.4
5.4 4.6
Soil
Fly Ash
Causes and types of Failure Heavy Runoff from six lane carriageway discharged water on side slopes Sandy Silty soil was used as cover without proper slope protection Severe Erosion on superelevated sections Absence of longitudinal kerb channel and chutes allowed water to drain off along slope
Types of Failure
Failures observed on both sides of slope More pronounced on d/s side Deep cavities were observed exposing fly ash at many locations Undermining caused caving in of road pavement
Causes of Failure
Heavy flow of water intersected side slopes inspite of grass turfing Deep pits in slope to provide foundation for crash barrier and electric poles Pits were loosely backfilled
Remedial Measures
Conclusions
Ideally suited as back fill material for urban/ industrial areas and areas with weak sub soils Higher shear strength leads to greater stability Design is similar to earth embankments Intermediate soil layers for ease of construction and to provide confinement Side slope erosion needs to be controlled by providing soil cover Can be compacted under inclement weather conditions Use of vibratory rollers is preferred
In road projects savings to the extent of 15-25 per cent can be achieved. Savings depend on cost of transportation of fly ash Coarse ash is suitable as a fill material, finer part of the ash (fly ash) collected in dry form can be used to replace cement Fly ash collection and handling techniques need to be improved Use of ash for all road projects in the vicinity of thermal power plant should be made mandatory Conservation of conventional construction materials is possible by adopting fly ash for road construction
Thank you