Documenti di Didattica
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Subject:
Mathematics
Why these?
Important from
examination point of
view
Application of formula
and calculation need
practice
Self understanding
Distance formula
Section formula
Area of triangle
Coordinate TGeometry
Topic:
Common Mistakes
Confusion in formula.
Understanding the question
and applying the right
formula.
While solving sums in
distance formula.
Distance formula
You will learn
a) Direct Method
1) caretsian plane
Distance between two points on the
coordinate axis can be calculated
using the distance formula.
2) coordinates of a point
3) quadrants
Distance fomula
The distance between any two points in the plane is the length of the line segment joining them.
The distance between two points p(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by
i.e.,
PQ =
( x 2 x1 )
PQ =
( Difference of abscissae )
+ ( y 2 y1 )
+ ( Difference of ordinates )
Can you mark any two points x1, y1 and x2 y2 on a graph sheet?
Find a point on X-axis which is equidistant from A(2, 5) and B(2, 9).
Solution:
We know that a point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0). So,
Let P(x, 0) be the point equidistant from A(2, 5) and B(2, 9).
Then, PA = PB
( x + 2) + ( 0 9)
2
2
( x + 2 ) + ( 9 )
2
x2 4x + 4 + 25
x2 + 4x + 4 + 81
4x 4x
85 29
8x
56
( x( 5x21)2))2+2++( 5((2)0++15)2)2
2
Illustration 2:
Show that the points (1, 1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution:
Let A(1, 1), B(5, 2) and C(9, 5) be the given points. Then, we have
AB
BC
And AC =
(5 9)
(1 9 )
+ ( 2 5)
+ ( 1 5 )
16 + 9
25
16 + 9
25
64 + 36
100
10
Illustration 3:
Show that four points (0, 1), (6, 7) , (2, 3) and (8, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle. Also find its area.
Solution.
Let A(0, 1), B(6, 7), C(2, 3) and D(8, 3) be the given points. Then
AD
(8 0 )
BC
(6 + 2)
AC
( 2 0 )
And BD
(8 6 )
+ (3 7)
+ ( 3 + 1)
64 + 16
80
= 4 5
+ ( 7 3)
64 + 16
80
= 4 5
4 + 16
20
= 2 5
4 + 16
20
= 2 5
+ ( 3 + 1)
AD = BC and AC = BD
Now, AB
(6 0)
+ ( 7 + 1)
And
(8 + 2 )
+ ( 3 3)
CD
36 + 64
100
10
100 + 0
100
10
) )
C(2,3)
4 3502 5
B(6,7)
sq.units = 40 sq.units.
Illustration 4:
A(0,1)
D(8,3)
If two vertices of an equilateral triangle is (0, 0), 3, 3 , find the third vertex.
Solution:
O(0,0) and A 3, 3 be the given points and let B(x, y) be the third vertex of equilateral
OAB . Then,
OA = OB = AB
OA2 = OB2 = AB2
We have, OA2 = (3 0)2 +
= 9 + 3 = 12
Y-axis
A(3,3)
X -axis
X-axis
O
(0,0)
OB2 = x2 + y2
B(x,y)
Y -axis
OB2 = x2 + y2
And
AB2 = (x 3)2 + y 3
AB2 = x2 6x + 9 + y2
AB2 = x2 + y2 6x + 12
+3
and
and 3x + 3y = 6
3x + 3y = 6
6 3x
y=
22 2
2
2222
12x
x 2223y
36
12
36x
=)12
93x
6x
+22+6+3y
3y
=3x
=
3
263x
236 =336
69=
(66636x
3x
=6y(23y
3)0 +=9x
=2 3
xy =+ = = 3===12
12
12
3
33333 3
x = 0 and x = 3
x=0
[Putting x = 0 in 3x + 3y = 0 ]
and
x=3
[Putting x = 3 in 3x + 3y = 6 ]
) (
Illustration 5:
If P(2, 1), Q(3, 4), R(2, 3) and S(3, 2) are four points in a plane, show that PQRS is a rhombus but
not a square. Find the area of the rhombus.
Solution:
The given points are P(2, 1), Q(3, 4), R(2, 3) and S(3, 2).
We have
S(3,2)
P(2,1)
PQ
(3 2)
+ ( 4 + 1)
QR
( 2 3)
RS
( 3 + 2 )
+ ( 2 3)
SP
( 3 2 )
+ ( 2 + 1)
PR
( 2 2 )
And QS =
( 3 3)
+ (3 4)
R(2,3)
Q(3,4)
1 + 25
26 units.
25 + 1
26 units.
1 + 25
26 units.
26 units.
=
25 + 1
1 26
4 2 6 2
2
=
16 + 16
32
= 4 2 units.
36 + 36
72
= 6 2 units.
+ ( 3 + 1)
+ ( 2 4 )
PQ = QR = RS = SP =
and
PR QS
i.e.,
PQRS is a quadrilateral in which all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal.
1
(PR QS)
2
=
=
units.
sq.units.
24 sq. units.
WORKSHEET 1
1.
If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in order,
find the value of p.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
If A(2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a and b.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points (a + b, b a) and (a b, a + b), prove that bx + ay.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
Show that the points A(a, a), B(a, a) and C( a 3, a 3) from an equilateral triangle.
5.
If A(3, 4); B(4, 2); C(5, 4) and D(4, 10) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ;
prove that ABCD is a rhombus.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
The diagonals AC and BD of a rhombus intersect at (5, 6). If A ? (3, 2) then equation of diagonal BD is
(A) y x = 1
(B) 2y x = 17
(C) y 2x + 4 = 0
(D) 2y + x = 17
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.
The coordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4, 1) and the coordinates of the centre
of the circle are (1, 3). Find the coordinates of the other end of the diameter
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
8.
Find the lengths of the medians of a ABC whose vertices are A(7, 3), B(5, 3) and C(3, 1).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
9.
If A(5, 1), B(3, 2) and C(1, 8) are the vertices of triangle ABC, find the length of median through
A and the coordinates of the centroid.
WORKSHEETS
1.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
If the distance between (4, 0) and (a, b) is twice the distance between (0, 0) and (a, b), find the relation
between a and b.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, 1) and (3, 2) is 5.
4.
Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from A(2, 5) and B( 2, 9).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, where A and B are the points (3, 6) and
( 3, 4) respectively. Also, find its point of intersection with (i) x-axis (ii) y-axis.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
Show that the points (1, 1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.
Do the points A(3, 2), B( 2, 3) and C(2, 3) form a triangle ? If so, name the type of triangle formed.
8.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
9.
Show that four points (1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10) and (3, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram.
(3,2a +3 ) 3a, 5a )
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
10. The points (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a) &
A) Equilateral triangle B) Isosceles triangle
C) Scalene triangle
D) Scalene triangle
forms an
11. Find the nature of the figure formed by the points A(2, 5), B(2, 3) and C(4, 3).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
12. Prove that the points (1, 1),
1 1
,
2 2
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
13. The points (0, 0), (0, 10), (8, 16) and (8, 6) are joined to form a quadrilateral. Find the type of the quadrilateral.
Section formula
You will learn To find
1) To divide a line
3) Midpoint
4) Centroid of a triangle
5) Bisect and trisect
SECTION FORMULA :
The co-ordinates of point P which divide the straight line joining two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) internally in the
ratio m1 : m2 are,
Corollary :
If P is the mid-point of AB, then it will divide AB in the ratio of 1 : 1, then co-ordinates of P are :
1
1
+ y=2 14
( y+1 820
) x m y + m y
2 ( x1 + x 2 ) , 32
m
x
+
m
=
12 1 , 1 2
1
2
2 1
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
If the point C(1, 2) divides internally the line segment joining A(2, 5) and B in ratio
3 : 4, find the co-ordinates of B.
Solution.
Let the co-ordinates of B be ( , ) in figure. It is given that AC : BC = 3 : 4. So,
the co-ordinates of C are :
3
A(2,5) C(1,2)
3 + 4 2 3 + 4 5
3 + 8 3 + 20
3+ 4 , 3+ 4 = 7 , 7
and
3 + 20
=2
7
= 7 ;
= 7 8 ; = 14 20 = 6
= 5 ; = 2
Hence, the co-ordinates of B are (5, 2).
4
B(, )
Illustration 7:
Find the ratio in which the point (3, p) divides the line segment joining the points
(5, 4) and (2, 3). Hence, find the value of p.
Solution.
Let the point P(3, p) divide the line segment joining points A(5, 4) and B(2, 3) in the ratio K : 1.
Then, the co-ordinates of P are
But, the co-ordinates of P are given as (3, p).
3K 4
=p
K +1
and
= 3K 3 and
K = 2 and p =
K = 2 and p =
2
.
3
Illustration 8:
3K
22K
x+425150 +3K
1+1
2K
2 4
3
,1= =, =p, 3
3KK
+
1
2
2
1
+
2 K2+ 1 2K +
1
The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
Find the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex.
Solution.
Let A(1, 0), B(3, 1), C(2, 2) and D(x, y) be the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD taken in order.
Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other :
Co-ordinates of the mid-point of AC = Co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD :
3 + x 1+ y
,
2
2
3 + x y +1
,
2
2
and
y +1
=1
2
x = 2 and y = 1
Illustration 9:
If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in order,
find the value of p.
Solution.
We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates of the midpoint of diagonal AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of diagonal BD.
8+ p 2+3
,
2
2
8+p 5
,
2 2
8+p
2
15 = 8 + p
p = 15 8 = 7
Illustration 10:
a15
6+
+1195+1b+ 4
15
21,2 , ,
2 22 2
If A(2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a
and b.
Solution.
We know that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates of the midpoint of AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD.
i.e.,
2 + 4 1 + b
a +1 0 + 2
,
,
2
2
2
2
a +1
,1
=
2
1=
and
a + 1 = 2 and b 1 = 2
a = 1 and b = 3
Hence, a = 1 and b = 3.
Illustration 11:
If the co-ordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2), (0, 1) and
(2, 1), find the co-ordinates of the vertices.
Solution.
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of triangle ABC. Let
D(1, 2), E(0, 1) and F(2, 1) be them id-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. In figure.
D is the mid-point of BC
and
y 2 + y3
=2
2
x2 + x3 = 2 and y2 + y3 = 4 (i)
y1 + y3
= 1
2
and y1 + y3 = 2 (ii)
A(x1,y 1)
x112 ++ xx333 = 0
== 01
x1 + x 2
y1 + y 2
= 2 and
= 1 x1 + x2 = 4 and y21 + y2 = 2 (iii)
and
2
2
F(2,1)
E(0,1)
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 0 (iv)
B(x2,y2)
D(1,2)
= 1 and y1
= 4
= 3 and y2
=2
= 1 and y3 = 2
C(x3,y3)
Illustration 12:
Find the lengths of the medians of a
B(5, 3) and C(3, 1).
Solution.
Let D, E, F be the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively in figure.
and
AD =
= 9 + 16 = 25
( 5 5)
= 5 units.
+ ( 2 3) = 0 + 25 = 25 = 5 units.
2
1224 +21+
2+A(7,3)
581321
2ABC
573+
33 + 1 1
= ( 2 29+,)+11 2(=, )2 + 110 = units.
CF = ( 6 3)2 + ( 0 + 1)2
BE =
And
7 + 5 3 + 3
F
,
= F(6, 0)
2
2
Illustration 13:
E(5,2)
F(6,0)
If A(5, 1), B(3, 2) and C(1, 8) are the vertices of ABC , find the length of median through
A and the co-ordinates of the centroid.
Solution.
Let AD be the median through the vertex A of
co-ordinates of D are
B(5,3)
D(4,1)
C(3,1)
i.e., (2, 3)
A(5,1)
B(3,2)
AD =
D(2,3)
C(1,8)
= 49 + 16 = 65 units.
Let G be the centroid of ABC , G lies on median AD and divides it in the ratio 2 : 1. So,
co-ordinates of G are :
4 + 5 6 1 1 5
,
= ,
3 3 3
3
WORKSHEET 2
1.
Show that the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the mid-point of
the line-segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
The co-ordinates of A and B are (1, 2) and (2, 3). Find the co-ordinates of R so that
AR 4
= .
RB 3
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
Find the co-ordinates of a point R which divides the line-segment joining the points P(2, 3) and Q(4, 7)
internally in the ratio
4
.
7
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
If A and B are (1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively, find the co-ordinates of P when
AP 3
= .
PB 4
5.
Find the co-ordinates of a point which divides internally the line-segment joining the points (3, 4)
and (8, 7) in the ratio 7 : 5.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
Prove that the points (2, 1), (1, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Is it a rectangle?
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.
The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
8.
If the coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2) (0, 1) and (2, 1).
Find the coordinates of its vertices.
9.
If A(3, 4); B(4, 2); C(5, 4) and D(4, 10) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ;
prove that ABCD is a rhombus.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
10.
Show that the mid-point of the line-segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the mid-point of
the line-segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
11.
If k1a k2b + k3c = 0, family of straight lines ax + by + c = 0 are always concurrent at a point whose
coordinate is k1 k 2
(A) k , k
3 3
k1
k2
(C) k , k
3
3
k1 k 2
(B) k , k
3 3
k
1
2
(D) k , k
3
3
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
12.
The diagonals AC and BD of a rhombus intersect at (5, 6). If A ? (3, 2) then equation of diagonal BD is
(A) y x = 1
(B) 2y x = 17
(C) y 2x + 4 = 0
(D) 2y + x = 17